Part 5

=Gilboa=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Range of hills, on one of which King Saul and his three sons were killed in battle.

=Gingi=, Madras. 12N. 79E. Captured by Bandaullah Khan, 1638; by Sivaji, 1677; besieged for eight years by Zulfikar Khan, 1690; taken by French, 1750; by British, 1761; abandoned to Hyder Ali, 1780.

=Giria=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Celebrated for defeat of Sarfaraz Khan, 1740; and Mir Kasim, 1763.

=Giridhi=, Bengal. 24N. 86E. Centre of Karharbari coal-fields, and described in Kipling's 'Giridih Coal-Fields.'

=Goa=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Taken by Mohammedans, 1469; by Albuquerque, 1510; by British, 1807; recaptured by Portuguese, 1815. Contains tomb of St. Francis Xavier. (See Marryat's 'Phantom Ship,' Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Gobardanga=, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Alleged place where Krishna guarded his flocks.

=Gobardhan=, Rajputana. 27N. 77E. Said to have been a favourite res. of Krishna.

=Gokana=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Contains tomb of Saint Shah Zia-ud-din Mohammed.

=Gokarn=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Place of pilgrimage for Hindus; mentioned in 'Mahabharata' and 'Ramayana.'

=Golconda=, Haidarabad. 18N. 78E. A ruined city, f. by Rajah of Warangal; destroyed by Aurungzebe, 1687.

=Gooruncondah= ('horse-hill'), Madras. 14N. 79E. Taken by Hyder Ali, 1768; yielded to Trimbak Rao, 1771; captured by Tippoo Sahib, 1773; British possession, 1800.

=Granicus=, Asia Minor. 40N. 27E. River on the banks of which Alexander the Great first defeated the Persians, 334 B.C.; Lucullus defeated Mithridates, 74 B.C.

=Gujranwala=, Punjab. 32N. 74E. Bp. of Ranjit Singh, and burial-place of his father and of himself.

=Gujrat=, Punjab. 33N. 74E. Sikhs conquered by Sir Hugh Gough, 1849. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Gulbarga=, Haidarabad. 17N. 77E. Taken by Zafar Khan, 1347; by Mir Jumla, 1657. Contains tomb of Khwaja Band Nawaz, Mussulman saint.

=Gumush-Khaneh= ('place of silver'), Asiatic Turkey. 41N. 38E. Pasha of Trebizond defeated by Russians, 1829.

=Gutti=, Madras. 15N. 78E. Res. of Morari Rao. Fell to Hyder Ali, 1775; British possession, 1800.

=Gwalior=, Central India. 26N. 78E. Contains palace of Man Singh, f. 1486, and Victoria College; also tombs of Sheik Mohammed Ghaus and of Tan Sen. Maharajah faithful to England, though his army rebelled during Mutiny, 1857.

=Haidarabad=, Haidarabad. 17N. 79E. Capital of the Nizam's dominions; f. by Cuttub-Shah, 1585. Taken and plundered by Aurungzebe, 1687.

=Hakata=, Japan. 34N. 130E. Formerly an independent town; now forming part of Tukuoka. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East.')

=Halicarnassus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 27E. Mausoleum erected here by Artemisia in honour of her husband, Mausolus. Bp. of Herodotus and Dionysius.

=Hamadan=, Persia. 35N. 48E. F. on the site of ancient Ecbatana, containing tombs alleged to be of Mordecai and Esther, also those of Avicenna, Attar, and Abul-Hasi.

=Hamah=, Syria. 35N. 37E. Often mentioned in the Old Testament. Fell into the hands of Tancred, 1108; of Togtekin, 1115; of Saladin, 1178. Abulfeda, the Arabian geographer, was emir, 1342-54.

=Hami=, China. 43N. 94E. Described in the 'Travels of Marco Polo.'

=Hang-Chau=, China. 30N. 120E. Capital of Che-kiang. Visited by Marco Polo and Barrow. Successfully stormed by Taiping rebels, 1861; open to foreign trade and res., 1896. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Han-kau= ('Han-mouth'), China. 31N. 114E. Greatest commercial city of empire; mentioned by F. J. Little in 'The Far East.'

=Hanoi= ('within the river'), Indo-China. 21N. 106E. F. by a Chinese governor, c. 767, became capital of Annam. Citadel built in 808. Contains a colossal Buddha, also statue to Paul Bert. French possession since 1882. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Hansi=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. Alleged to have been f. by Anang Pal. Seized by Masud, 1036; by Mohammed of Ghor, 1192. Contains tomb of Kulb Jamal-ud-din.

=Hanumangarh=, Rajputana. 30N. 74E. Tamerlane defeated by Dul Chand, 1398; taken by Kamran, 1549.

=Harbin=, Manchuria. 46N. 127E. Military base of Russians during Russo-Japanese War. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Hardwar= ('gate of Vishnu'), United Provs. 30N. 78E. Famous resort of pilgrims; battle between two rival sects, 1760; terrible epidemic of cholera, 1847.

=Harnai=, Bombay. 18N. 73E. Attacked by Commodore James, 1755; captured by Colonel Kennedy, 1818.

=Hattia=, Bengal. 23N. 91E. Captured by Portuguese pirates, 1607. Destroyed by cyclone, 1876.

=Hayil=, Arabia. 28N. 42E. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Hebron=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Frequently mentioned in the Bible, especially in connection with David. Traditionally supposed to have been f. by Adam. The cave of Macpelah reputed to be here, containing Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah. The tombs are shown of Ruth, Jesse, and Abner. Conquered by Saladin, 1187; destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha, 1834 and 1837. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Hei-ku-tai=, Manchuria. 42N. 123E. Seized by the Russians, 1904.

=Herat=, Afghanistan. 34N. 62E. Foundation attributed to Alexander the Great. Taken by Arabs, 661; by Nadir Shah, 1730; Persians defeated by British, 1837; fell to Yar Mohammed Khan, 1842; to Dost Mohammed, 1862. (See Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East.')

=Heshbon=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Mentioned in the Bible, and described by C. M. Doughty in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Hikone=, Japan. 35N. 137E. Contains remains of ancient Daimio castle. Battle of Sekigahare fought near here, 1600.

=Hinomizaki=, Japan. 35N. 132E. Described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'

=Hissar=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. F. by Firoz Shah Tughlak, 1356; captured by the adventurer, George Thomas, 1783; mutinied 1857.

=Homs=, Syria. 35N. 37E. Aurelian conquered Zenobia, 272; city captured by Saracens, 636; by Crusaders, 1099; Turks defeated by Ibrahim Pasha in command of Egyptian forces, 1832. Bp. of Heliogabalus. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Honawar=, Bombay. 14N. 74E. Visited by Ibn Batatu, 1342. Occupied by Portuguese, 1505; captured by British, 1783, 1799.

=Hong-Kong= ('fragrant streams'), China. 22N. 114E. Occupied by British troops, 1841; ceded to Britain, 1842. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Hor= ('mountain'), Arabia Petræa. 30N. 36E. Mountain on which tradition relates the death of Aaron took place.

=Horeb=, Arabia Petræa. 29N. 34E. Mountain on which Moses is said to have seen the burning bush, and to which Elijah fled from Jezebel. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Hsi-ngan= ('west tranquil city'), China. 34N. 109E. Visited by Marco Polo; contains oldest mosque in China and tablet with Chinese and Syriac inscription dating from 781. Emperor and dowager empress sought refuge here, 1900.

=Hubli= ('old village'), Bombay. 15N. 75E. Captured by Muazzam, 1685; by General Munro, 1818.

=Hue=, Indo-China. 16N. 108E. Capital of Annam; forts taken by French, 1883. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Hugli=, Bengal. 22N. 88E. F. by Portuguese, 1537; besieged by Shah Jahan, 1629; Mohammedans made it royal port, 1632; East India Company established factory, 1640; destroyed by fire, 1685.

=Ida=, Asia Minor. 40N. 27E. Range of mountains celebrated by Homer. In them the Simois, Granicus and Scamander had their origin, and Troy lay in the valley. Supposed scene of rape of Ganymede and judgment of Paris.

=Ipsus=, Asia Minor. 39N. 31E. Seleucus and Lysimachus conquered Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes, 301 B.C. or 300 B.C.

=Irkutsk=, Siberia. 52N. 104E. F. by Cossacks, 1653; proclaimed town, and first church built, 1686; government headquarters, 1736; devastated by fire, 1879. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')

=Isker=, Siberia. 58N. 67E. Captured by Russians under Yermak, 1579.

=Ismid=, Asia Minor. 41N. 30E. Formerly capital of Bithynia under name of Nicomedia; given to the Romans by Nicomede III. Destroyed by Goths, and by earthquake, 358. Taken by Turks, 1326.

=Isnik=, Asia Minor. 40N. 30E. F. by Antigone. Nicene creed formed here by a council held against Arius, 325.

=Ispahan=, Persia. 33N. 52E. Said to have been f. by Jews who were taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar; former capital of Persia. Tamerlane massacred the inhabitants, 1392; besieged and plundered by Afghans, 1722; re-taken by Nadir Shah, 1729. (See Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Issus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 36E. Alexander the Great conquered Darius in a decisive battle, 333 B.C.; Septimus Severus defeated Niger, 194; Heraclius overthrew Persians, 622.

=Istalif=, Afghanistan. 35N. 69E. Destroyed by British, 1842.

=Jabbok= ('copious river'), Palestine. 32N. 36E. River on the banks of which Jacob is supposed to have wrestled with an angel. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.')

=Jaffa=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Celebrated in heathen mythology as the scene of the adventure of Perseus and Andromeda, in Scripture history as the port from which Jonas embarked and city in which Peter raised Tabitha. Cæsar yielded town to the Jews, but it returned to Rome, 6; taken by El-Malik el-Adil, Saladin's brother, 1188; ceded to Christians, 1204; restored by Frederick II., 1228; fortified by St. Louis, 1252; dismantled by Beybars, 1267; taken by Napoleon, 1799; by Mehemet Ali, 1832; by Turks, 1840. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1838. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Jalalabad=, Afghanistan. 34N. 70E. F. by Akbar, 1570. Sir Robert Sale made a successful resistance against Afghans, 1842.

=Jalandhar=, Punjab. 31N. 76E. Visited by Hiuen Tsiang. Destroyed by Sikhs, 1757; taken by Ranjit Singh, 1811.

=Jamalpur=, Bengal. 25N. 86E. Chief locomotive centre of East Indian Railway, described by Kipling in 'Among the Railway Folk.'

=Jaypur=, Rajputana. 27N. 76E. F. by Sawai Jai Singh, 1728; greatest city of Rajputana. (See Kipling's 'Letters of Marque.')

=Jericho=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city frequently mentioned in biblical history, and also by Josephus and Strabo. It was destroyed by Joshua, but rebuilt in Ahab's reign. Here Christ healed blind Bartimæus. (See Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Jerusalem=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient capital of Palestine, mentioned in Egyptian record c. 1400 B.C. Destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, 586 B.C.; Jews permitted to return by Cyrus, 536 B.C.; Jews massacred by Antiochus IV., 168 B.C.; fortified by Judas Maccabæus, 165 B.C.; captured by Pompey, 63 B.C.; taken and destroyed by Titus, 70; new city f. by Hadrian, 71; Godfrey de Bouillon reigned, 1099; passed into hands of Ottoman Turks, 1516. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Firdausi's 'Sha Name,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Jezreel= ('God sows'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. A town near which Saul fell in battle, containing the res. of Jezebel and Ahab.

=Jhansi=, Central India. 26N. 79E. F. by Bir Singh Deo. Massacre of Europeans in the Mutiny, 1857.

=Jhelum=, Punjab. 31N. 72E. The Hydaspes of classical literature, on the banks of which Alexander the Great defeated the Indian chief Porus.

=Jidda=, Arabia. 22N. 39E. Taken by Turks, 1840; massacre of Christian missionaries, 1858. Contains supposed tomb of Eve. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')

=Jind=, Punjab. 29N. 76E. Attacked by Gajpat Singh, 1755; Rahim Dad Khan here met his death, 1775.

=Joonir=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. F. by Malik-ut-Tujar, 1436; pillaged by Sivaji, 1657.

=Jordan=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Chief river of Palestine, of which mention occurs frequently in biblical history. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')

=Jugduluk=, Afghanistan. 35N. 70E. British troops massacred, 1842.

=Kabbaldurga=, Madras. 12N. 77E. Chama Rajah imprisoned here in 1734, and Morari Rao by Hyder Ali.

=Kabul=, Afghanistan. 35N. 69E. Conquered by Nadir Shah, 1739; by British, 1839; massacre of British soldiers, 1842; retaken by British, 1842; by Shere Ali, 1868; massacre of Major Cavagnari, 1879; Lord Roberts subdued city in his campaign, 1878-80. (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name.')

=Kagoshima=, Japan. 35N. 140E. Destroyed by British fleet, 1863; Satsuma Rebellion had its origin here, but was crushed, 1877.

=Kaithal=, Punjab. 30N. 76E. Contains tomb of Mohammedan saint Salah-ud-din of Balkh. Captured by Bhai Desu Singh, 1767.

=Kalat=, Baluchistan. 29N. 67E. Unsuccessfully attacked by Ahmad Shah Durrani, 1758; captured by British, 1839.

=Kalgan=, China. 41N. 115E. Walled city mentioned by A. J. Little in 'The Far East.'

=Kallinjar=, Bengal. 25N. 80E. Connected with worship of Siva. Attacked by Mahmoud of Ghazni, 1023; captured by Kutb-ud-din, 1203; besieged by Humayun, 1530; taken by Akbar, 1569; by British, 1812.

=Kalpi=, United Provs. 26N. 80E. Said to have been f. by Basdeo. Captured by Kutb-ud-din, 1196; by Humayun, 1527; by British, 1798.

=Kalyan=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Captured by Portuguese, 1536; by Mohammedans, 1660; by British, 1780.

=Kamagawa=, Japan. 35N. 140E. Town at which treaty was signed opening Japan to Europeans, 1854.

=Kamakura=, Japan. 35N. 140E. Former capital of Shogunate, and contains colossal statue of Buddha. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')

=Kampil=, Bengal. 28N. 79E. Mentioned in 'Mahabharata' as scene of wedding of Draupadi.

=Kan-chow=, China. 39N. 101E. Described in 'Travels of Marco Polo.'

=Kanchrapara=, Bengal. 22N. 88E. Bp. of Iswar Chandra Gupta.

=Kandahar=, Afghanistan. 32N. 66E. F. by Ahmed Shah, 1747, near site of city f. by Alexander the Great, 330 B.C. Taken by British, 1839, 1879. Stormed by Ayub Khan, but relieved by Lord Roberts, 1880.

=Kandy=, Ceylon. 7N. 81E. Contained temple in which was supposed to be a tooth of Buddha; destroyed by Portuguese. Capital of Ceylon, 1592; taken by Portuguese, 1796; entered by British, 1803; became British possession, 1815.

=Kang-hwa= ('river-flower'), Korea. 38N. 127E. Plundered by French under Admiral Roze, 1866; attacked by Americans, 1871; peace established by treaty, 1875.

=Kangra=, Punjab. 32N. 76E. Pillaged by Firoz Shah, 1360; taken by Sansar Chand, 1785.

=Kapilavastu=, Nepal. 28N. 83E. Site of city not definitely known, but was ancient capital of Sakyas, and bp. of Buddha. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia.')

=Karachi=, Sind. 25N. 67E. F. in 1725; ceded by Talpur Amirs to British, 1842.

=Karakoram=, China. 46N. 102E. Said to be ancient capital of Genghis Khan. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Karazan=, China. 25N. 103E. Capital of province of Yun-Nan. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Karikal=, Madras, 11N. 80E. Ceded to French by Rajah of Tanjaur, 1739; seized by British, 1803; restored to French, 1814.

=Karnal=, Punjab. 30N. 77E. Contains tomb of Bu-Ali Kalandar. Pillaged by Ibrahim Husain Mirza, 1573; captured by Mahrattas, 1787; by British, 1805.

=Kars=, Armenia. 41N. 43E. Taken by Turks, 1546; fortified, 1579; conquered by Persians, 1744; by Russians, under Paskevitch, 1828; Ismael Pasha and General Williams held it unsuccessfully against Russians, 1855; stormed by Russians, 1877; and ceded to them, 1878.

=Karur= ('embryo town'), Madras. 11N. 78E. Seized by British, 1760; by Hyder Ali, 1768; by General Medows, 1790.

=Kashgar=, Eastern Turkestan. 39N. 76E. Rebelled against China, and became capital of Yakub Beg's dominions, 1865; retaken by Chinese, 1877. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Kashmir, Vale of=, Kashmir. 34N. 75E. Scene of the story of 'The Light of the Haram' in Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.'

=Kasur=, Punjab. 31N. 75E. Alleged to have been f. by Kusa, son of Rama. Besieged by Bhangi chiefs, 1763, 1770; Ranjit Singh defeated Kutb-ud-din Khan, 1807.

=Katwa=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Sacred town as res. of apostle Chaitanya.

=Kaveripak=, Madras. 13N. 79E. Rajah Sahib and French defeated by Clive, 1752. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Kaveripatnam=, Madras. 12N. 78E. Taken from Hyder Ali by British, 1767.

=Kendubilwa=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Bp. and burial-place of Jayadeva, composer of 'Gita Govinda.' (See R. C. Dutt's 'Lit. of Bengal.')

=Kerbela=, Asiatic Turkey. 33N. 44E. Hosein, son of Caliph Ali, killed in battle with rival Yazid, 680; chief building of the city, visited by many pilgrims, is mosque containing Hosein's tomb. Subdued by Turks, 1843.

=Kerkouk=, Kurdistan. 35N. 44E. Stormed and taken by Nadir Shah, 1741. Tomb is shown supposed to be of Daniel and other 'children of the furnace.'

=Kerman=, Persia. 30N. 56E. Taken and plundered by Mahomed Khan, 1794.

=Khaiba=, Arabia. 26N. 40E. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Khaiber Pass=, Afghanistan. 34N. 71E. In Afghan wars opposition to British passage overcome, 1839; terrible loss encountered in retreat, 1842; held by neighbouring Afridis, 1879.

=Khatmandu=, Nepal. 28N. 85E. Believed to have been f. c. 723. Massacre of British, 1846.

=Khios=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 26E. Famous as bp. of Ion, Theocritus, and Theopompus; contained the 'school of Homer.'

=Khiva=, Russian Turkestan. 42N. 60E. Captured by Russians under General Kaufmann, 1873. (See Rawlinson's 'England and Russia in the East.')

=Khuldabad=, Haidarabad. 20N. 75E. Contains many tombs of famous men, among others those of Nasir Jang and Aurungzebe.

=Kiakhta=, Siberia. 50N. 107E. Described by Bishop Sheepshanks in 'My Life in Mongolia and Siberia.'

=Kidron=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Valley which was the scene of many incidents in biblical narratives; David crossed the River Kidron when fleeing from Absalom. Believed will be scene of Last Judgment. Mentioned by Jerome and Eusebius.

=Kin-chau=, Manchuria. 39N. 121E. Japanese defeated Russians, 1904.

=King-te-shen=, China. 29N. 117E. Partially destroyed by Tai-ping rebels, 1855.

=Kioto=, Japan. 35N. 136E. F. by Kuwammu. Former capital of Japan. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')

=Kirtipur=, Punjab. 32N. 75E. Nanek, founder of Sikh religion, and compiler of 'Adi-Granth' died here.

=Kishon=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Scene of defeat of Sisera, and Elijah's destruction of the prophets of Baal. Battle fought on banks of river between Turks and French, 1799.

=Kizuki=, Japan. 35N. 133E. Great centre of Shinto religion in Japan. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')

=Kobe=, Japan. 35N. 135E. Formerly an independent town, but united to Hiogo, 1892. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')

=Kolar=, Mysore. 13N. 78E. Contains tomb of father of Hyder Ali. Given to Hyder Ali, 1761; captured by British, 1768; by Mahrattas, 1770; by British, 1791.

=Kondapalli=, Madras. 17N. 81E. F. c. 1360. Seized by Krishna Deva, c. 1515; by Aurungzebe, 1687; by British, 1766.

=Konieh=, Asia Minor. 38N. 33E. City in which Paul and Barnabas preached. Taken by Seljuks 1075; by Frederick Barbarossa, 1190; by Mohammed II., 1466. Mentioned by Xenophon in the 'Anabasis.'

=Kos=, Asia Minor. 37N. 27E. Site of famous temple of Æsculapius. Bp. of Hippocrates, Apelles, Philetas, Ariston. Theocritus also lived here.

=Kotagherry=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Res. of Sir R. Burton, described in 'Goa and the Blue Mountains.'

=Koum=, Persia. 29N. 56E. Celebrated place of pilgrimage and contains shrine of Fatima, sister of Reza. (See Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes.')

=Kuldja=, East Turkestan. 44N. 81E. City f. after destruction of Tatar Kulja, 1865; taken by Russians, 1871; restored to China, 1881.

=Kumarhatta=, Bengal. 24N. 89E. Bp. of poet Ram Prasad Sen.

=Kunnoj=, United Provs. 27N. 80E. Contains two Mohammedan mausoleums in memory of Bala Pir and his son, 1650. King of Kanauj conquered by Sultan of Delhi, 1193.

=Lahore=, Punjab. 32N. 74E. Taken by Mahmoud, 1013, 1021; by Mohammed the Gouride, 1186; plundered and destroyed by Moguls, 1241; rebuilt, 1269; conquered by Baber, 1522; by Sikhs, 1758; Sikhs defeated by British, 1846; became incorporated with British Empire, 1849. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Kipling's 'Kim.')

=Lampsacus=, Asia Minor. 40N. 27E. Ancient centre of worship of Priapus. Bp. of Charon, Anaximenus, and Metrodorus.

=Lang-son=, Indo-China. 22N. 107E. Taken by the French under General de Négrier, 1885.

=Laswari=, Rajputana. 28N. 77E. Total defeat of Mahrattas by British, 1803. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Latakia=, Syria. 36N. 36E. Scene of Dolabella's last siege, 43 B.C.; taken by Tancred, 1102; by Saladin, 1188. Experienced severe earthquakes, 1170, 1287, 1822. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Lebanon, Mounts.=, Palestine. 34N. 36E. Mountain range mentioned in the Bible as famous for cedars. Visited by Lamartine, 1832. (See 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')

=Leh=, Kashmir. 34N. 78E. Contains tomb of Stolitzka, the Austrian geologist, who died here, 1874.

=Leiah=, Punjab. 31N. 71E. F. by Kamal Khan, c. 1550; Humayun Shah captured near here, 1794.

=Lhasa= ('God's house'), Tibet. 31N. 91E. Sacred city of Lamas, containing famous statue of Buddha. Forbidden to European explorers, but has been entered several times. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Liao-yang=, Manchuria. 41N. 123E. Japanese secured a victory over Russians, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')

=Ligor=, Siam. 8N. 100E. Taken by Burmese, 1760, 1785.

=Lohogarh=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Mentioned by Ptolemy. Taken by Sivaji, 1648; by British, 1818.

=Lonar=, Berar. 20N. 77E. Scene of struggle between Lonasur and an incarnation of Vishnu.

=Lucknow=, United Provs. 27N. 81E. Contains mausoleum of Asaf-ud-Daula. Seized by Humayun, 1526; by Babar, 1528; native insurrection against British, 1857; recaptured by British, 1858. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'On the Face of the Waters,' Kipling's 'Kim.')

=Macao=, China. 22N. 114E. Portuguese bought right to settle here, 1557; Chinese barricaded it from rest of island, 1573; occupied by British, 1802, 1808; port declared free, 1846. Camöens res. here in exile, and wrote part of his 'Lusiad.'

=Madakasira=, Madras. 14N. 77E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1728; by Hyder Ali, 1762; by Morari Rao, 1764; recaptured by Hyder Ali, 1776.

=Madras=, Madras. 13N. 80E. British established here, 1639; besieged by Aurungzebe's general, 1702; by the Mahrattas, 1741; Fort George f. by Francis Day, 1744; taken by French, 1746; recovered by British, 1748; San Thomé, Portuguese settlement, f. in 1504, annexed, 1749; unsuccessfully attacked by French under General Lally, 1758, 1759. Cathedral of Saint Thomé supposed to contain remains of Saint Thomas.

=Madura=, Madras, 10N. 78E. Taken by Malik Kafur, 1324; by Nawab of Carnatic, 1736; held by British for Mohammed Ali, 1764; ceded to British, 1801.

=Mahaban=, Bengal. 27N. 78E. Alleged scene of childhood of Krishna.

=Mahe=, Madras. 12N. 76E. Taken by French, 1722; by British, 1761, 1779, 1793; restored to French, 1815.

=Malatiyeh=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 38E. Khosros I. defeated by Romans, 577; taken by Bajazet, 1396; by Tamerlane, 1401. Polyeuctus martyred here; great massacre of Christians, 1895. (See Corneille's 'Polyeucte.')

=Mandalay=, Upper Burma. 22N. 96E. F. in 1859; became capital of Burma, 1878; occupied by British, 1885; partially destroyed by fire, 1892.

=Mandawar=, United Provs. 29N. 78E. Taken by Tamerlane, 1399; plundered by Amir Khan, 1805.

=Mangalore=, Madras. 13N. 75E. Visited by Ibn Batatu. Occupied by Portuguese, 1596; sustained terrible siege against Tippoo Sahib, 1782-3; taken by British, 1799.

=Manila=, Luzon. 15N. 121E. Capital of Philippine Islands; f. by Spaniard, Legazpi, 1571. Plundered by Chinese pirates, 1574; blockaded by Dutch, 1602; taken by British, 1762; Spanish fleet destroyed by Dewey off coast, 1898. Severe earthquakes, 1675, 1824, 1863.

=Manissa=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 27E. Ancient Magnesia, near which were supposed to be kingdom of Tantalulus, and scene of Niobe's sorrow. Antiochus the Great defeated by Romans, 190 B.C.; city occupied by Osman Turks, 1398.

=Maraglak=, Persia. 37N. 46E. Contains tomb of Hulaka Khan, and remains of observatory built by him for the great astronomer, Nasr-ud-din of Tus.

=Masulipatam=, Madras. 16N. 81E. British settled here, 1611; successfully stormed by Colonel Forde, 1759. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Matsuye=, Japan. 36N. 133E. Former capital of Idzumo, and contains numerous temples. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')

=Mecca=, Arabia. 21N. 40E. Bp. of Mohammed, c. 570. Contains the Kaaba, said to be built by Abraham and Ishmael with help from Angel Gabriel. Taken by Wahabis, 1803, 1807; by Mehemet Ali, 1813. (See Sir R. Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents' and 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')

=Medina= ('the city'), Arabia. 25N. 40E. Sacred city of Islam, whence Mohammed fled from Mecca, 622; contains tomb supposed to hold remains of the prophet, his daughter Fatima, Abu Bekr, and Omar. Forbidden city to all not Mohammedans, but visited by Burckhardt, 1811; Burton, 1852. (See Sir R. Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents' and 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')

=Meerut=, United Provs. 29N. 78E. Plundered by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1017; by Tamerlane, 1399; taken by British, 1803; first outbreak of Indian Mutiny, 1857.

=Megiddo=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city of Syria. Mentioned in Bible as being fortified by Solomon; refuge of Ahaziah fleeing from Jehu, 843 B.C.; Necho overcame Josiah, c. 609 B.C.

=Menderes=, Asia Minor. 38N. 28E. Said to be ancient Scamander, flowing past Troy, and sung of by Homer.

=Merta=, Rajputana. 27N. 74E. F. by Duda, c. 1488. Captured by Akbar, 1562.

=Merv=, Turkestan. 38N. 62E. Colonised by Alexander the Great, occupied by Arabs, 666; taken by Mongols, 1221; by Bokharians from Persians, 1787; occupied by Tekke-Turkomans, 1856; under Russian authority, 1884.

=Meshed=, Persia. 36N. 59E. Contains magnificent mausoleum of Imam Riza and Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid.

=Meshed Ali=, Asiatic Turkey. 32N. 44E. Contains tomb of Ali.