Part 6

=Miana=, Persia. 37N. 47E. The French traveller, Thévenot, died here, 1667.

=Miani=, Sind. 26N. 68E. Sir Charles Napier twice defeated Mohammedan emirs, 1843.

=Michmash=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Mentioned by Josephus and Eusebius, and in the Old Testament as the camping-place of the Philistines in the early part of reign of Saul.

=Midagesidurga=, Madras. 14N. 77E. Seized by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1767; by Tippoo Sahib, 1774.

=Miletus=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Cyrus defeated, 548 B.C.; city destroyed by Persians, 494 B.C. Res. of St. Paul for several days. Bp. of historians Cadmus and Hecatæus, philosophers Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes; also of poet Timothy, of Aristides, Æschines, and Aspasia.

=Mionoseki=, Japan. 36N. 132E. Described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'

=Mityleni=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 27E. Rebellion crushed by Athenians, 428 B.C.; ceded to Genoese family, 1355; taken by Mohammed II., 1462; unsuccessful rebellion against Turks, 1468; Venetian naval victories over Turks, 1690, 1698; Greek victory, 1821. Bp. of Sappho, Alcæus, Terpander, and Theophrastus; place of retirement of Agrippa.

=Monghyr=, Bengal. 25N. 86E. Taken by Mohammedans, 1195; became res. of Todar Mal, 1590; taken by British from Nawab Mir Kasim, 1763.

=Mosul=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. Taken by Moslems, 636; stormed by Saladin, 1182; occupied by Persians, 1623; unsuccessfully besieged by Nadir Shah, 1741.

=Mukden=, Manchuria. 42N. 124E. Contains relics of Nurhachu, and near town is his tomb. Boxer outbreak, 1900; in Russo-Japanese War, Russians defeated and Japanese occupied Mukden, 1905. (See Père Amiot for French translation of Emperor K'ien Lung's poem 'En Mukden.')

=Multan=, Punjab. 30N. 71E. Contains tombs of Rukn-i-Alam, Bhawal Hakk and Shams-i-Tabriz. Mahmud of Ghazni took it, 1005; Ranjit Singh, 1818; British, in Sikh War, 1849.

=Murshidabad=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Contains tomb of Jagath Singh. Last Mohammedan capital of Bengal; plundered by Mahrattas, 1742; entered by Clive, 1757; Warren Hastings removed civil and criminal courts to Calcutta, 1772.

=Muscat=, Arabia. 24N. 59E. Occupied by Albuquerque, 1507; besieged by Imam of Oman, 1648; Portuguese expelled by Oman, 1650.

=Mush=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 42E. Turks massacred Armenians, 1894. Visited by Xenophon, and supposed burial-place of Moses of Chorene.

=Muttra=, United Provs. 27N. 78E. Contains ruins of Jey Singh's observatory and of Akbar's fort. Supposed bp. of Krishna, whose childhood was spent here, and Balarama. Pillaged by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1017; taken by British, 1803; Sepoys murdered British officers, 1857.

=Nabadwip=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Chaitanya, supposed to be incarnation of Krishna; res. of Nityananda, Vasudeb, and Raghumath.

=Nabulus=, Palestine. 32N. 33E. On site of ancient Shechem mentioned in biblical history; later was rebuilt as Neapolis by Vespasian. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Nagar= ('the city'), Madras. 14N. 75E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1763; taken by British, 1783.

=Nagasaki=, Japan. 33N. 130E. Scene of Pierre Loti's 'Madame Chrysanthème.' (See also Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Nagpur= ('town of serpents'), Central Provs. 21N. 79E. Former capital of Mahratta principality, crushed by British, 1817.

=Nain=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Scene of Christ's miracle of raising from the dead the widow's son. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress.')

=Najibabad=, United Provs. 30N. 78E. F. by Najib-ud-dowlah, 1755. Destroyed by Mahrattas, 1772.

=Nakhitchevan=, Asiatic Russia. 40N. 45E. Said to be oldest city in world, f. by Noah. Taken by Seljuk Sultan, 1064; ceded to Russia by Persia, 1828.

=Nandidrug=, Madras. 13N. 78E. Captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791.

=Nan-king= ('southern capital'), China. 32N. 119E. Treaty which ended Opium War signed, 1842; city taken by Taipings, 1853; by Imperialists, 1864. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Nannur=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Bp. of Chandidas, the poet.

=Narnaul=, Punjab. 28N. 76E. Said to have been f. by Rajah Launkarn, and to be bp. of Sher Shah.

=Nasik=, Bombay. 20N. 74E. Noted for Lena caves with Buddhistic sculptures. Here, according to the 'Ramayana,' Ravana carried away Siva, Rama's wife.

=Nazareth=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Res. of the Virgin Mary and of Christ; Church of Annunciation f., c. 1620. Town captured by Moslems, 1291; Junot vanquished combined army of Turks and Arabs, 1799. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Negapatam=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Conquered by Dutch, 1660; by British, 1781. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Nehavend=, Persia. 34N. 48E. Great victory of Saracens which brought Persia under their sway, 641.

=Nellore=, Madras. 14N. 80E. Ancient fort of Sinhapur, 'the lion city;' repulsed British, 1757.

=Nertchinsk=, Siberia. 52N. 117E. Treaty signed between Russians and Chinese, 1689. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')

=Nicæa= ('city of victory'), Asia Minor. 40N. 30E. F. by Antigonus, c. 316 B.C. Taken by Seljuks, 1078; by Crusaders, 1097; by the Osmanlis, 1326. Bp. of historian Dion Cassius and astronomer Hipparchus. Council met, 325.

=Nicomedia=, Asiatic Turkey. 41N. 30E. F. by Nicomedes I., 264 B.C.; contains ruins of which Pliny the Younger boasted. Bp. of Arrian; res. of Diocletian, and of Constantine who died here; scene of Hannibal's suicide.

=Nicosia=, Cyprus. 35N. 33E. Capital of Cyprus since time of Lusignan kings. Taken by Richard Coeur de Lion, 1191; besieged by Turks, 1570.

=Nikaria=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 26E. Island near which it is fabled Icarus met his death.

=Nikko= ('sun's brightness'), Japan. 37N. 140E. Contains tomb of Iyeyasu, 1617; and that of his grandson, Iyemitsu, slain while visiting tomb of Iyeyasu, 1650. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')

=Nineveh=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. Said to have been f. c. 2680 B.C.; enlarged by Ninus, 1968 B.C. Conquered by Arbaces, 759 B.C.; by Nabopolassar, 625 B.C.; destroyed by Medes and Babylonians, c. 607 B.C. Excavations by Botta, 1842; Layard, 1845; also by Hormuzd Rassam and George Smith. Tobit said to have died here. (See 'Apocrypha.')

=Ning-po= ('calm waves'), China. 30N. 121E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1522; Portuguese massacred, 1545; taken by British, 1842. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Nishapur=, Persia. 36N. 59E. Famous as bp. of Omar Khayyam, whose tomb is also here. Res. of Nidhami-i-Arudi.

=Nisib=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 38E. Turks defeated by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, 1839.

=Nisibin=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 41E. Captured by Parthians, 149 B.C.; by Lucullus, 68 B.C.; by Trajan, 116; by Lucius Verus, 165; given to Persians by Jovian, 363.

=Oki Shima=, Japan. 36N. 133E. An island off the west coast of Houdo, fully described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'

=Omsk=, Asiatic Russia. 55N. 74E. Capital of Akmolinsk. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')

=Ophir, Mount=, Malay Peninsula. 2N. 103E. Gold-producing mountain often identified with the Ophir of the Bible. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Opon=, Philippine Islands. 11N. 124E. Magellan killed here by natives, 1521.

=Ormuz=, Persia. 27N. 56E. Visited by Nearchus, 325 B.C. Captured by Albuquerque, 1507, 1514; by Shah Abbas and British, 1622. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Osaka=, Japan. 35N. 136E. F. by Rennio Shonin, 1495; captured by Hideyoshi, 1580; castle secured by Iyeyasu, 1615; burnt by Tokugawa retainers, 1868. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East,' Diosy's 'New Far East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')

=Padang=, Sumatra. 1S. 100E. First Dutch settlement in Sumatra, 1666; captured by British, 1781; surrendered to Dutch, 1783; recaptured, 1794; yielded to Dutch, 1814.

=Padmanabham=, Madras. 18N. 83E. British defeated and killed Rajah of Vizianagram, 1794.

=Pakpatan= ('the holy ferry'), Punjab. 30N. 73E. Contains tomb of saint Farid-ul-Hakkwa-ud-din. Visited by Ibn Batuta; in subjection to Tamerlane, 1398.

=Palakkat=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Fort f. by Hyder Ali taken by British, 1768.

=Palembang=, Sumatra. 3S. 105E. Visited by Marco Polo, and contains an alleged tomb of Alexander the Great. Taken by British, 1812; by Dutch, 1821.

=Palmyra= ('city of palms'), Syria. 34N. 39E. Supposed to have been f. by Solomon; rebuilt by Hadrian, 130; Queen Zenobia conquered by Aurelian, 273; city taken by Arabs, 634; pillaged by Tamerlane, 1401. (See Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Pandavgarh=, Bombay. 18N. 74E. Seized by Sivaji, 1673; by Aurungzebe, 1701; by British, 1818.

=Pandharpur=, Bombay. 18N. 75E. Contains famous temple of Vishnu incarnation.

=Pandua=, Bengal. 25N. 88E. Bp. of poet Bharat Chandra Rai. Contains tombs of Jalal-ud-din Tabrizi and of Mir Kutb Alam.

=Panipat=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Afghans under Ibrahim Lodi defeated by Mogols under Baber, 1526; Afghans under Hermu defeated by Akbar, 1556; Ahmed Shah conquered Mahrattas, 1761.

=Panjim=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. (See Sir Richard Burton's 'Goa and the Blue Mountains.')

=Paphos=, Cyprus. 35N. 32E. Scene of conversion of Sergius Paulus by Saint Paul. Famous for worship of Aphrodite and scene of story of Pygmalion.

=Pasargada=, Persia. 30N. 53E. Ancient capital of Persia; said to have been f. by Cyrus, c. 555 B.C. Alleged tomb of Cyrus in vicinity.

=Patan=, Baroda. 24N. 72E. F. by Vanarajah, c. 746. Conquered by Mahmoud of Ghazni, 1024; by Ulugh Khan, 1298. Contains many Jain temples and has fine collection of Jain MSS.

=Patna=, Bengal. 26N. 85E. Buddha said to have assisted in foundation of city; mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian; contains shrine of Shah Arzani. Entered by Clive, 1759; captured by Major Adam, 1761; massacre of British, 1763; conspiracy of Sepoys, 1857; of Wahabis, 1864.

=Pegu=, Burma. 18N. 96E. Destroyed by Alompra, 1757; occupied by British, 1852.

=Peking= ('the northern capital'), China. 40N. 116E. Seized by Ghengis Khan, 1215; res. of Kubla Khan, 1264; occupied by British and French, 1860; by British and Americans in Boxer rising, 1900. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Penukonda=, Madras. 14N. 78E. Res. of Krishna Deva. Seized by Hyder Ali, 1762.

=Perambakkam=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Hyder Ali overcame British, 1780.

=Petra=, Syria. 30N. 36E. Mentioned by Strabo and Pliny, and probably Sela of the Bible. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Whittier's '"The Rock" in El Ghor.')

=Petropavlovsk=, Kamtchatka. 53N. 159E. French and British allies engaged in naval battle with Russians under Muravieff, 1854.

=Phyeng-yang=, Korea. 39N. 126E. Japanese won a victory over Chinese, 1894. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')

=Pinjaur=, Punjab. 31N. 77E. Besieged by Patiala, 1769; taken by Bourquin, 1793.

=Plassy=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Siraj-ud-Daula suffered great defeat at hands of Clive, 1757. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Pollanarrua=, Ceylon. 8N. 82E. Capital of Ceylon, 769; taken by Malabars, c. 1204.

=Pondicherri=, Madras. 12N. 80E. First French settlement, 1674; taken by Dutch, 1693; unsuccessfully besieged by Admiral Boscawen, 1748; taken by Eyre Coote, 1761; restored to French, 1763; recaptured by Sir Hector Monro, 1778; restored, 1783; retaken by British, 1793; finally restored to French, 1816.

=Poona=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Destroyed by Nizam Ali, 1763; captured by British, 1818.

=Port Arthur=, Manchuria. 39N. 121E. Fortified by Chinese, 1891; seized by Japanese, 1894; leased to Russia, 1898; besieged during Russo-Japanese War, 1904; surrendered to Japanese, 1905. (See Diosy's 'New Far East.')

=Porto Novo=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Occupied by Danes and English, 1682; Sir Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ali, 1781; ceded to British by Dutch, 1823. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Pratapgarh=, Bombay. 18N. 74E. Res. of Sivaji, and scene of his murder of Afzal Khan, 1659.

=Priene=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. One of twelve cities of Ionian League, supposed to have been f. by Æpytus. Bp. of Bias and Achelaus.

=Prome=, Burma. 19N. 95E. Captured by British, 1825, 1852; partially destroyed by fire, 1856.

=Pulicat=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Occupied by Dutch, 1609; conquered by British, 1781; ceded to Dutch, 1818; to British, 1825.

=Punna=, Rajputana. 25N. 80E. Besieged by Sikander Lodi, 1494; taken by Ram Chandra Deo, 1563. Here Pran Nath is held sacred, and his tomb exists.

=Puri=, Bengal. 20N. 86E. Contained Gold Tooth of the Buddha for many centuries; now famous for the temple of Vishnu in his incarnation of Juggernaut.

=Quilon=, Madras. 9N. 77E. Visited by Marco Polo; Portuguese residents defeated by Dutch, 1662.

=Radhanagar=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Ram Mohan Rai, first writer of Bengali prose.

=Rahun=, Punjab. 31N. 76E. Believed to have been f. by Rajah Raghab. Taken by Tara Singh, 1759.

=Rajgir=, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Visited by Fa Hian and Hiuen Tsiang. Identified with Rajagriha, res. of Buddha. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia.')

=Rajpur= ('the royal town'), United Provs. 30N. 78E. Scene of story entitled 'The Potter's Thumb,' by Mrs. Flora Annie Steel.

=Ramleh=, Syria. 32N. 35E. Visited by W. M. Thomson, and described in 'The Land and the Book.' (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Ramnad=, Madras. 9N. 79E. Captured by British, 1772.

=Ramnagar=, Punjab. 32N. 74E. Besieged by Ranjit Singh, 1795; Lord Gough defeated Sikhs, 1848.

=Rangoon= ('the end of the war'), Burma. 17N. 96E. F. as Dagon, c. 588 B.C.; rebuilt by Alompra, 1755; captured by British, 1824, 1852. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')

=Ranibennur=, Bombay. 15N. 76E. Seized by Colonel Wellesley, 1800; occupied by British, 1818.

=Rattihalli=, Bombay. 14N. 76E. Defeat of Hyder Ali by Mahrattas, 1764.

=Rawal Pindi=, Punjab. 34N. 73E. Scene of surrender of Sikhs after Sir Hugh Gough's defeat at Gujrat, 1849.

=Rhodes=, Asia Minor. 36N. 28E. F. in 408 B.C. Citizens massacred by Cassius, 42 B.C.; held by knights of St. John of Jerusalem, 1309; besieged by Mohammed II., 1480; taken by Solyman the Magnificent, 1522. Bp. of Panaetius, Stratocles, Andronicus, Eudemus, Hieronymus, Pisander, Simmias, and Aristides. Res. of Apollonius Rhodius and Posidionius. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Rohanked=, Berar. 21N. 76E. Nasir Khan defeated, 1437; Jamal Khan here slain in battle, 1590.

=Rohtak=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Scene of murder of Kai Khusru, c. 1286; besieged by Khizr Khan, 1410.

=Rungpur= ('abode of bliss'), Bengal. 26N. 89E. Alleged res. of Rajah Bhagadatta. Taken by British, 1765.

=Sabraon=, Punjab. 31N. 75E. First Sikh War ended by Sir Hugh Gough's defeat of Sikhs, 1846. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Safed=, Palestine. 33N. 36E. Believed by Jews Messiah will make city his capital. Scene of siege of Holophernes and murder of Judith. Bp. of Tobias. Castle f. by Christians, 1140; taken by Saladin, 1189; destroyed by Sultan of Damascus, 1220; rebuilt by Templars, 1240; destroyed by Bibars of Egypt, 1266. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Sagandari=, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Bp. of Madhu Sudan Datta, writer of 'Meghanad-Badh' and 'Krishna Kumari.'

=Saigon=, Cochin-China. 11N. 107E. Captured by French, 1858. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=St. Thomé=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Suburb of Madras; scene of victory of French under Paradis over Maphuz Khan, 1746. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')

=Salem=, Madras. 12N. 78E. Seized by British, 1768; ceded to British by treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.

=Samana=, Punjab. 30N. 76E. Conquered by Mohammed of Ghor, 1192; by Banda Bairagi, 1708.

=Samaria=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. F. by Omri, 912 B.C.; captured by Sargon, 722 B.C.; by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C.; by Antiochus the Great, 203 B.C.; by John Hyrcanus, 120 B.C.; given by Augustus to Herod the Great.

=Samarkand=, Turkestan. 40N. 67E. Bp. of Nidhami-i-Arudi, author of 'Chahar Maqala.' Ancient city destroyed by Alexander the Great, 329 B.C.; conquered by Kotaiba ibn Moslim, 711; by Genghis Khan, 1220; by Amir of Bokhara, 1504; by Russians, 1868. Contains mosque of Shah-Zindeh, and tomb of Tamerlane. Bp. of Aboul-Mansour-Matoudiri. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.')

=Sambhal=, United Provs. 29N. 79E. Bp. of Amir Khan.

=Samiaveram=, Madras. 11N. 78E. Occupied by Clive, 1752.

=Samsat=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 39E. Bp. of Bishop Paul of Samosata and of Lucian.

=Sana=, Arabia. 15N. 45E. Capital of Yemen, captured by Turks, 1872.

=San-de-pu=, Manchuria. 42N. 123E. Unsuccessfully attacked by Russians under General Grippenberg, 1904.

=Sanjan=, Bombay. 20N. 73E. Visited by Polish scholar, Hove, 1787. Taken by Portuguese, 1534.

=Sante Bennur=, Madras. 14N. 76E. Taken by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1791.

=Santipur=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Res. of Chaitanya, and bp. of Adyaita.

=Sarafand=, Syria. 33N. 35E. Ancient city, known in the Bible as Zareptath. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Sardhana=, United Provs. 29N. 78E. Celebrated as res. of Begam Sumru.

=Sardis=, Asia Minor. 39N. 28E. Occupied by Cyrus, 548 B.C.; burned by Ionians, c. 409 B.C.; destroyed by Tamerlane, 1402. Mentioned by Æschylus and Herodotus; res. of Xerxes; contains ruins of temple of Cybele and tomb of Alyattes.

=Sasseram= ('one thousand toys'), Bengal. 25N. 84E. Contains tombs of Sher Shah and his father.

=Satyamangalam=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Taken by Hyder Ali, 1768; by Tippoo Sahib, 1790.

=Savandurga=, Madras. 13N. 77E. Captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791.

=Selefke=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 34E. F. by Seleucus Nicator; bp. of Xenarchus.

=Seleucia Pieria=, Asia Minor. 36N. 36E. F. by Seleucus Nicator; captured by Ptolemy Euergetes, 246 B.C.; by Antiochus the Great, 219 B.C.

=Seoul=, Korea. 38N. 127E. Capital of Korea since 1392. Contains fine temple of Confucius. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Sephora=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Mentioned in the Bible; visited by Lamartine, 1832.

=Seringapatam= ('city of Vishnu'), Mysore. 12N. 77E. Besieged by Lord Cornwallis, 1792; taken by British and Tippoo Sahib killed, 1799. Contains ancient temple of Vishnu, and tombs of Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sahib.

=Seroda=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Res. of Sir R. Burton; described in 'Goa and the Blue Mountains.'

=Sha River=, Manchuria. 42N. 123E. Russians under General Kuropatkin conquered by Japanese, 1904.

=Shahabad=, United Provs. 28N. 80E. F. by Diler Khan, whose tomb is here, 1677; visited by Bishop Heber, 1824.

=Shang-hai= ('above the sea'), China. 31N. 121E. Taken by Triads, 1853; occupied by British and French, 1860. (See Little's 'Far East.')

=Shehr=, Arabia. 15N. 50E. City described in 'Travels of Marco Polo' as Escier.

=Shehr-i-Sebz=, Turkestan. 39N. 67E. F. on site of Kesh, bp. of Tamerlane.

=Shimoga=, Madras. 14N. 76E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1798; destroyed by Dhundia Wagh, 1799.

=Shimonosoki=, Japan. 34N. 131E. Bombarded by American, British, Dutch, and French fleet, 1864; treaty signed here, 1895. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis,' Little's 'Far East.')

=Shiraz=, Persia. 30N. 53E. F. c. 697; capital of Persia, 1760. Near by are tombs of Saadi and Hafiz.

=Shivner=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Bp. of Sivaji.

=Sholapur=, Bombay. 18N. 76E. The Baji Rao suffered defeat at hands of British, 1818.

=Shwebo=, Upper Burma. 23N. 96E. Bp. of Maung Aung Zeya.

=Sidon=, Syria. 34N. 35E. Taken by Crusaders, 1110; by Saladin, 1187; recaptured by Crusaders, 1197; destroyed by Mongols, 1260; captured by Mussulmans, 1291; bombarded by Napier, 1840; persecution of Christians, 1860. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')

=Sikandarabad=, United Provs. 28N. 78E. F. by Sikandar Lodi, 1498; suffered during Mutiny, 1857.

=Sikandra=, United Provs. 27N. 78E. Res. of Sikandar Lodi, and contains tomb of Akbar.

=Siloam=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Pool near Jerusalem mentioned in the Bible. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')

=Simla=, Punjab. 31N. 77E. Fashionable health-resort of Europeans in India, frequently the scene of Kipling's stories, e.g., 'Under the Deodars,' 'The Phantom 'Rickshaw.'

=Sinai, Mount=, Arabia Petræa. 28N. 34E. Mentioned in the Bible as the mountain on which God revealed himself to Moses. (See Flinders Petrie's 'Researches in Sinai,' also 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')

=Singapore=, Malay Peninsula. 1N. 104E. F. by Sir Stamford Raffles, 1819; ceded to British by Sultan of Johore, =1824=. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')

=Singarh= ('lion's fort'), Bombay. 18N. 74E. Taken by Sivaji, 1647; by Tanaji Malusre, 1670; by British, 1818.

=Singi=, Bengal. 28N. 81E. Bp. of Kasiram Das, translator into Bengali of 'Mahabharata.' (See R. C. Dutt's 'Lit. of Bengal.')

=Sinhur=, Rajputana. 23N. 77E. Jaswaut Rao here attacked Captain Jean Baptiste Filose, 1814.

=Sinope=, Asia Minor. 42N. 35E. F. by Ionians of Miletus, 630 B.C.; unsuccessfully attacked by Mithradates IV., 220 B.C.; captured by Pharnaces, 183 B.C.; by Lucullus, 70 B.C.; fleet and town partially destroyed by Russians, 1853. Bp. of Diogenes.

=Sira=, Madras. 14N. 77E. Taken by Mahrattas, 1757; by Hyder Ali; recaptured by Mahrattas, 1766; by Tippoo Sahib, 1774.

=Sirhind=, Punjab. 31N. 76E. Sarang Khan overcome by Khizr Khan, 1420; Bazid Khan killed by Banda Bairagi, 1708.

=Sivas=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 37E. Destroyed by Tamerlane, 1400.

=Skutari=, Asia Minor. 41N. 29E. Scene of Florence Nightingale's activities during Crimean War, 1854-6; destroyed by fire, 1872.

=Smyrna=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Ancient city celebrated by Pindar, Aristides, and Himerius, containing famous relics of Homer. Destroyed by Alyattes, c. 575 B.C.; rebuilt by Antigonus and Lysimachus, but suffered from earthquake, 179; seized by Turks, 1084; conquered by Aidin, c. 1330; by Tamerlane, 1402. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes.')

=Sohar=, Arabia. 24N. 57E. Visited by Marco Polo and Ibn Batatu. Occupied by Portuguese, 1508.

=Somnath=, Bombay. 21N. 70E. Pillaged by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1025. Alleged place in which Krishna died.

=Sopara=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Sacred place of Buddha, and mentioned in the 'Mahabharata.'

=Su-Chau=, China. 31N. 121E. F. c. 500 B.C.; captured by Taiping rebels, 1860; became treaty-port, 1896.

=Sukkur=, Sind. 28N. 69E. Talpurs defeated by Shah Shuja, 1833; British possession, 1842.

=Sur= ('rock'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. Ancient Tyre. Besieged by Nebuchadnezzar II., 572 B.C.; by Alexander the Great, 332 B.C.; captured by Crusaders, 1124; destroyed by Malik al-Ashraf, 1291; suffered from earthquake, 1837. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')

=Surat=, Bombay. 21N. 73E. Overcome by Akbar, 1572; British settlement, 1612; under British rule, 1800. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')

=Susa=, Persia. 32N. 48E. Capital of Elamite kingdom, c. 2280 B.C.; conquered by Assyrians, 645 B.C. Contains tomb alleged to be of Daniel.

=Tabariah=, Syria. 33N. 36E. F. by Herod Antipas, c. 16; Saladin defeated Christians, 1187; given to France, 1240; taken by Mussulmans, 1247. Mentioned by Josephus; contains tomb of Arabian philosopher Lokman; Mishna compiled here, 190, and part of Talmud. (See Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')

=Tabor=, Mount, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Scene of assembly of army of Barak and Deborah against Sisera; alleged scene of Christ's Transfiguration. Gabinius overcame Jews, 53 B.C.; fortified by Malik-el-Adil, 1212; French victory over British and Turks, 1799. (See Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')

=Tabreez=, Persia. 38N. 46E. Foundation attributed to Zobeida, wife of Haroun-al-Raschid, 791. Destroyed by Tamerlane, 1392; taken from Turks by Nadir Shah, 1730; by Russians, 1827. The Bab here put to death, 1850.

=Taif=, Arabia. 22N. 41E. Visited by Burckhardt, and described in 'Travels in Arabia.'

=Talwaudy=, Punjab. 32N. 75E. Village near Lahore which is bp. of Nanek, founder of Sikh religion.

=Tanjore=, Madras. 11N. 79E. Unsuccessfully attacked by Lally, 1758; taken by British, 1773; under British control, 1799.

=Tarsus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 35E. Traditionally f. by Sennacherib. Meeting-place of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, 38 B.C. Contains tomb of Sardanapalus, and is bp. of St. Paul, Athenodorus, and Hermogenes.

=Tchesme=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Turkish fleet defeated by Russian under Orloff and Elphinstowe, 1770.

=Teheran=, Persia. 36N. 51E. Treaty signed between British and Persians, 1857. Near city are ruins of Rhages, bp. of Haroun-al-Raschid.

=Teima=, Arabia. 28N. 39E. The Tema of the Bible. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in 'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'

=Tekrit=, Asiatic Turkey. 35N. 44E. Bp. of Saladin.

=Tiberias, Sea of=, Palestine. 33N. 36E. Frequently mentioned in the Bible as Lake of Galilee or Gennesaret, and by Josephus. Bp. of disciples Simon, Andrew, James the Great, and John. Visited by Lamartine, 1832. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Adam Smith's 'Historical Geography of the Holy Land,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')

=Tien-tsin= ('Heaven's ford'), China. 39N. 117E. Besieged by Taiping rebels, 1853; treaty signed with French and British, 1858; occupied by French and British, 1860; foreign inhabitants murdered, 1870; res. of Li Hung-Chang for 20 years, 1874.

=Tokat=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 37E. Severely damaged by earthquake, 1825; massacre of Armenians, 1895.

=Tokio=, Japan. 36N. 140E. Seat of government for Tokugawa Ieyasu, 1603; eastern capital of Japan, 1868; opened to foreign res., 1869. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')

=Tomsk=, Siberia. 56N. 85E. F. in 1604; capital of Tomsk. Contains university f. in 1888. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia,' Tolstoi's 'Resurrection.')

=Tortosa=, Syria. 35N. 36E. Ceded to Templars, c. 1161; taken by Saladin, 1188; by Mussulmans, 1291.