Part 2

I. WARS OF THE UNITED STATES:—First War with Barbary States— Indian Wars—War of 1812—Battles by Land and Sea—Exploits on the Lakes—Victory of New Orleans—Second War with Barbary States —The Mexican War—General Taylor’s Victories—Siege of Vera Cruz—General Scott’s March and Battles—Capture of Mexico— Results of the War—The Civil War, 1861–65—Secession of States —Calling out the Armies—Building of the Navies—The First Battles—Operations in 1862—Battles of 1863—The Emancipation Proclamation—The Turning Point at Gettysburg—Opening of the Mississippi—Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge—Battles of 1864 —Appomattox and Surrender—The Spanish-American War—Its Causes—Destruction of Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay—Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet—Capitulation of Santiago—Invasion of Porto Rico. II. FOREIGN WARS:—Wars of Napoleon—Battle of Marengo —Treaty of Amiens—Third Coalition against France—Battle of Austerlitz—Nelson’s Victory at Trafalgar—Wars of the Fourth Coalition—Wars of the Fifth Coalition—Wars of the Sixth Coalition—Battle of Waterloo—Final Defeat of Napoleon—Greek Wars for Independence—Battle of Navarino—Greek Independence— French Revolution of 1830—Polish Insurrection—England’s Wars in India—French Republic of 1848—Hungarian Wars for Independence —Italian Wars—The Crimean War—Sebastopol and Balaklava— Peace of Paris—The Indian Mutiny—Wars of the Alliance against Austria—Battle of Solferino—Danish Wars—Wars for German Unity—Verdict of Sadowa—The Franco-Prussian War—Siege and Capture of Paris—The French Republic—The Turco-Russian War— Chino-Japanese War—Greco-Turkish War—Interference of the Powers —Wars in the Soudan—Review of the Century’s Martial Results 375–420

THE CENTURY’S FAIRS AND EXPOSITIONS

The Primitive Fair—Growth and Influence of Fairs—Their History in Different Countries—Of Agricultural Fairs, Societies, and Institutes—Their Origin and Purpose—National and State Agricultural Departments—Sanitary Fairs—Special Exhibitions —Evolution of International Expositions—The First World’s Exposition at London—Expositions at Dublin, Paris, New York— Continental Expositions—Second and Third Expositions at London and Paris—The Vienna Exposition—The Centennial at Philadelphia —Description of Subsequent Expositions at Atlanta, Louisville, New Orleans, Chicago, Nashville, and Omaha—The American Commercial Museums 421–442

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN COINAGE, CURRENCY, AND BANKING

I. BANKS AND BANKING RESOURCES:—Banks as Gauges of Wealth— Civilization reflected in Monetary Machinery—Features of United States Financial Policy—Gold Store of Various Countries— Banking Resources—Number and Resources of Banks. II. COINAGE AND PRODUCTION OF PRECIOUS METALS:—Why Gold is a Standard— Primitive Measures of Value—History of Coinage—First United States Mint—Coin Ratios—Gold and Silver Production and Mintage —Exports and Imports of Precious Metals—Circulation per Capita —Coinage Act of 1873. III. EARLY BANKING IN THE UNITED STATES: —First Banking Associations—First United States Bank and its Branches—Early State Banks—Second United States Bank—How it fell—State Banks and Independent Treasury. IV. HISTORY OF LEGAL TENDER NOTES:—The Treasury Reserve—Treasury Notes— Manner of Issue and Redemption. V. THE NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM:— Formation of National Banks—Law’s and Regulations—Number and Circulation. VI. FOREIGN BANKING AND FINANCE:—Banks of England and the Continent of Europe—Their Strength and Methods. VII. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DEBT SINCE 1857:—Gross Receipts and Expenditures —Interest Charges. VIII. POSTAL SAVINGS BANKS:—Why they are not adopted in the United States. IX. SAVINGS BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES:—Their Number and Strength. X. THE CLEARING HOUSE:—How conducted—Its Economic Uses. XI. PANICS OF THE CENTURY AND THEIR CAUSES 443–470

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN FRUIT CULTURE

Early Cultivation of Fruits—Beauty and Uses of Fruits—Fruits brought to the New World—Culture at the Beginning of the Century —Early Fruit Districts—The Experimental Stage—Pioneers in Culture—The Age of Progress—First Commercial Orchards—The Age of Triumph—Spread of Culture in Various States and Areas— Revolution in Science of Fruit Growing—Success and Failure of Different Species—Vine Culture—Improved Culture with Implements —Home Consumption and Export of Fruits—Our Fruits a Favorite in Europe—Apple Culture—Uses of Apples—Typical Orchards— Notable Varieties—Extent of Apple Orchards—Apple Exports— Progress in the Culture of Other Fruits—Varieties and Best Soils —History and Progress of Berry Culture—The Citrous Fruits— Where and how grown—Their Great Value to Man—General Review of Fruit Culture and Fruits 471–490

THE CENTURY’S COMMERCIAL PROGRESS

I. WORLD’S COMMERCE AT END OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY:—Methods of Traffic —Volume of Trade. II. REVOLUTION IN COMMERCE:—Change from Sails to Steam—First Ocean Steamers—Steamship Lines—Change from Wood to Iron—The Compound Engine—Advent of Steel Vessels— The Twin Screw—Immense Size of Ships—Their Great Velocity— Appointment and Service. III. IMPROVEMENT IN COMMERCIAL AUXILIARIES: —Betterment of Waterways—Ship Canals—Harbor Improvements— Cable and Banking Facilities. IV. EXPANSION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE: —European Commercial Growth—Food Importations. V. TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES:—Extent of Domestic and Foreign—Vast Extension —Imports and Exports—Character of. VI. THE AMERICAN MARINE:— Former Carrying Trade—Modern Carrying Trade—Decline of United States Maritime Importance. VII. AMERICAN SHIPBUILDING. VIII. CAUSES FOR THE CENTURY’S COMMERCIAL PROGRESS:—Economic, Political, and Social Causes. IX. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY PROSPECT 491–514

EDUCATION DURING THE CENTURY

Education a Hundred Years ago—Pestalozzi’s Influence—Froebel’s Kindergarten System—Its Introduction into the United States— English and German Schools—Great European Teachers—Foundation of Public School Systems in the United States—The Battles for Public Schools—Immensity of Common School Systems—Number of Schools and Pupils—Expenditure for Schools—Primitive Schoolhouses—Old-time Teachers and Methods—The Modern Schoolhouse—Improvements in Teachers and Methods—Of the High School—College and University—Teachers’ Institutes—State Associations—School Publications—National Bureau of Education —Normal Schools—Teachers’ Salaries—Girls’ Seminaries— Change to Female Teachers—Modern School Furnishings—Text-books —University Courses of Lectures—Schools of Manual Training and Business—Education of the Negro Race—Experiment of Booker T. Washington—School Funds—Compulsory Education 515–542

“THE ART PRESERVATIVE”

I. THE PRINTING PRESS:—Printing Art in the Eighteenth Century— Franklin’s Influence—The Hand Press—Various Improved Presses —Coming of the Power Press—Order of the Countries in Printing Progress—Impetus to Printing in the United States—Wonderful Improvement in Presses—How a Swift-motioned Press operates— Quadruple Presses—Printing, Folding, and Pasting—Counting and Delivering—The Sextuple Press—Its Wonderful Achievements— Color Printing Presses. II. THE SETTING OF TYPE:—The Art at the Beginning of the Century—Dawn of Mechanical Composition—First Type-setting Machines—The Linotype—How it sets Type. III. OTHER EVENTS IN THE PRINTING LINE:—Old Methods of spreading News— Modern Electric Methods—Cables and Overland Wires—Vast Extent of Newspapers—Code Systems. IV. TYPE-MAKING, STEREOTYPING, AND PICTURE-MAKING:—From Wood to Metal Type—Introduction of the Type Foundry—The Stereotyping Process—How it preserves Type —Introduction of Electrotyping—Its Advantages in Printing— Disappearance of Wood Engraving—The Art of Illustration—Triumph of Mechanical Processes in Printing—Tendency of the Future 543–570

PROGRESS IN MINES AND MINING

Search for American Mines—Progress of Mining prior to 1800— Methods at Beginning of the Century—Coal Mining Methods— Hoisting and Ventilation—Introduction of Steam—European and South American Mines—Mining in the United States—Opening of Mines—Various Working Appliances—Invention of Davy’s Safety Lamp—The Safety Fuse—Mine Elevators—Mining at the Middle of the Century—Gold and Copper Mines of United States—Uses of Man Engine—Hoisting Machines—Pumping Engines—Introduction of Machine and Dynamite—Uses of Compressed Air—Mine Ventilation— Improved Fans—Coal-cutting Machines—Placer and Hydraulic Mining for Gold—The Timbering of Mines—Lake Superior Iron Mining— Room Mining—Rise of Mining Schools and Societies—Mining Laws in England and United States—Unwise Action of Congress—Mining Claims and Rights—Miners’ Qualifications 571–586

ART PROGRESS OF THE CENTURY

I. PAINTING:—Effect of the French Revolution on Fine Art—Rapid Advance of French Art—Artists and their Works—Revolution of 1830—English Art and Artists—Landscape Art—Millet’s “Angelus”—The Landseer Family—Ruskin’s Influence on English Art—Edwin Abbey as a Colorist—Works of Rosa Bonheur—Later English Masters—Continental Artists—American Masters—Rise of American Art Schools—Their Influence on Art—Some Distinguished Schools—Era of Excessive Coloring—American Landscapes—Women Artists of America—Their Style and Influence—Scandinavian Artists—Modern Art in Scotland—Masterpieces in European Galleries—Masters of Current Art in America—Some of their Great Works. II. SCULPTURE:—Old World Sculptors at Beginning of Century—Centres of the Art—Advance in Different Countries— Masterpieces—American Sculpture—Notable Artists and their Works —Characteristics of Sculptors—Effect of the Columbian Exposition —Names and Works of Modern Sculptors 587–614

THE CENTURY’S ADVANCE IN SURGERY

Surgery at the Dawn of the Century—Methods in Early Part of the Century—Discovery of Anæsthesia—Its Great Advantages— Antiseptic Surgery—Healing by First Intent—Setting of Fractures —Modern Treatment of Bone Diseases—Of Amputations—Control of Hemorrhages—Advance in Wound Treatment—Surgery of the Alimentary Canal—Stomach Surgery—Kidney and Bladder Surgery— Hernia or Rupture—Of Diseases of Female Organs—Modern Brain Surgery—Its Wonderful Advance—Astounding Operations—The Röntgen or X Rays—Their Value in Surgery—General Review of Surgical Progress 615–630

PROGRESS OF MEDICINE

Early Medical Science—Progress to Beginning of Nineteenth Century —Famous Ancient Physicians—Noted Schools of Medicine—Medical Charlatans—Evolution of Medical Remedies—Important Changes in Treatment—First American Schools of Medicine—Advance in Materia Medica—Growth of Medical Associations—Medical Literature— High Standard of Modern Medical Education—Students and Colleges —Tendency to Special Practice—Great Importance of Modern Medical Discoveries—Use of Anæsthetics in Medicine—Advance in Physiology and Anatomy—Importance of Trained Nurses—Review of Medical Progress 631–642

EVOLUTION OF THE RAILWAY

First Railways—Vast Development—Uses of Railways—Importance to Farmers and Producers—Various Railway Systems—Government Ownership and Operation—Mileage of Railways—The World’s Great Railways—Methods of building and operating Railways in Different Countries—Bridge Structures—Use of Steel Rails—Railway Signals—The Block System—Single and Double Tracks—First Steam Locomotives—Weight and Power of Modern Locomotives—The Old-fashioned Passenger Car—Luxury of the Modern Palace Car— Improvement in Freight Cars—The Modern Air-brake—Advance in Train Equipment and Service—Rates of Speed—Railway Mail Service —Passenger and Freight Rates—Railway as compared with Water Transportation—Railway Labor—Relief Associations and Insurance —Mountain Railways—Rapid Transit—Military Railways— Portable and Ship Railways 643–664

ADVANCE IN LAW AND JUSTICE

Progress in International Law—Its Subdivisions—Law-making Bodies —Powers and Duties of Legislators—Courts of Justice—Duties of Judges—Of Jurors—Of Civil Procedure—Codification of Laws—Criminal Jurisprudence—Punishments for Crimes—Capital Punishment—Police Powers—Rights of Married Women under Law— Laws regarding Parents and Children—Transfer of Real Estate— Copyright Laws—Their Effect on Publication—Admiralty Laws—Of Seamen and Shipping—Advance in Corporation Laws—Laws relating to Religion—Of Religious Freedom—General Review of Legal Progress 665–676

EVOLUTION OF BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES:—Objects and Uses of Building Associations— Explanation of the System—The Various Plans of Operation—Loan Series—Maturity and Payment of Shares—Cost of Shares and Loans —Early History of These Associations—Their Character abroad— History of American Associations—The First Founded—Eulogies of Building Societies—Vast Membership and Capital—Management in Respective States—Amounts returned to Members—Teachers of Practical Thrift—Value of One’s Own Home—Comfort for Those of Modest Means—Makers of Better Citizens—Duties of Officers and Members—Responsibility of Members—Size and Cost of Houses usually built—Typical Houses—The Social Features of Building Societies 677–690

EPOCH-MAKERS OF THE CENTURY

Statesmen, Orators, and Jurists—Great Generals—Naval Heroes— Noted Preachers and Teachers—Eminent Historians—Distinguished Editors—Noted Scientists—Leading Philanthropists—Famous Inventors—Popular Novelists—Greatest Poets—Best Actors and Lyric Dramatists 691–720

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

“Triumphs and Wonders of the XIX Century” _Frontispiece_

Puck 19

Old Franklin Electrical Machine 20

Leyden Jar 22

Franklin Institute, Philadelphia 23

Induction Coil 25

Magnetic Fields of Force 26

Daniell’s Cells 27

Morse Telegraph and Battery 27

Samuel Finley Breese Morse 28

Cyrus W. Field 28

Ocean Cable 29

Great Eastern laying an Ocean Cable 31

A String Telephone 32

Thomas Alva Edison. _Full page_ 32

A Graphophone 35

A Dynamo 37

The Golden Candlestick 39

An Ancient Lamp 39

A Tallow Dip 40

Modern Lamp 40

Electric Arc Light 43

Electric Locomotive. From _Electrical Age_ 45

Electric Railway—Third Rail System 47

Geissler’s Tubes 49

Sciagraph or Shadow Picture 50

An August Morning with Farragut 56

British Battleship Majestic 57

French Battleship Magenta 57

German Battleship Woerth 58

Italian Battleship Sardegna 59

Nelson’s Flagship Victory 60

Constitution (1812) under Sail. Permission of the artist. _Full page_ 61

Side View of Constitution. _Full page_ 63

The U. S. Steamship Oregon. Copyright by W. H. Rau. _Full page_ 65

Action between Monitor and Merrimac 66

The Turbinia—Fastest Craft afloat. Permission of S. S. McClure Co. 67

Engine of U. S. Steamship Powhatan, A. D. 1849. _Full page_ 68

Engine of U. S. Steamer Ericcson 69

Battle of Trafalgar. _Full page_ 71

The Growth of Ordnance. Four cuts. _Full page_ 73

The Distribution of Armor. Twelve cuts. _Full page_ 78–79

The Growth of Armor. Eight cuts. _Full page_ 81

The Movement of Uranus and Neptune 89

Professor James H. Coffin 91

The Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, Cal. _Full page_ 93

The Spectroscope 94

Yerkes Telescope, University of Chicago. _Full page_ 95

Professor William Harkness 97

Zenith Telescope, made for University of Pennsylvania 100

Three-inch Transit. By Warner & Swasey 103

Carolus Linnæus of Sweden 105

The Green Rose 106

Head of White Clover, with Branch from Centre 107

The Peanut-Pod Magnified 108

Outline of White Dogwood Flower 109

Yellow Toad-Flax in Peloria State 110

Grained Corn-Tassel 111

Banana Flowers 112

The Cruel Plant 113

Old Potato penetrated by Rootlet 113

Fungus growing from Head of Caterpillar 114

Mary Elizabeth Lease 117

Emma Willard 119

George Eliot 121

Frances Willard 123

Distaff and Spindle 126

Spinning Wheel 126

Primitive Hand Loom 127

Early Spinning Jenny 128

Ginning Cotton. Old way prior to 1800 129

Ginning Cotton. New way 129

The Modern Mule 130

Hand Comb of the Eighteenth Century 131

Noble Comb of 1890 132

Plain Power Loom, 1840 133

Weaving. The Old Way 135

Weaving. The New Way 135

Loom of 1890 136

Jacquard Machine 137

Smith and Skinner Loom for Moquette Carpets 139

Circular Loom 141

The First Knitting Machine, Lee 143

Knitting in the Old Way 145

Knitting in the New Way 146

Ancient Birmingham Meeting-house 148

Salisbury Cathedral, England. _Full page_ 148

P. E. Cathedral of St. John the Divine (?) 150

Father Damien, Missionary to Leper Colony 151

Young Men’s Christian Association, Philadelphia 153

Baptist Mission School, Japan 155

Methodist Episcopal Hospital 157

The New Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. _Full page_ 161

Ridgway Branch of Philadelphia Library. _Full page_ 163

Public Library of the City of Boston. By permission of librarian. _Full page_ 164

John Russell Young 166

Carnegie Free Library, Pittsburgh. _Full page_ 169

Arc de l’Étoile, Paris 173

Natural History Museum, Kensington, London. _Full page_ 175

Glass Covered Arcade, Milan 177

United States Capitol, Washington, D. C. _Full page_ 179

The White House, Washington, D. C. _Full page_ 180

Library Building, University of Virginia 181

Trinity Church, New York. _Full page_ 183

St. George’s Hall, Philadelphia 185

Trinity Church, Boston 187

American Surety Company’s Building, New York 188

Sir Humphrey Davy 192

Michael Faraday 197

William Crookes, F. R. S. 200

Sir Henry Bessemer 202

Louis Jacques Daguerre 203

Louis Pasteur 205

Beethoven in His Study. _Full page_ 208

Giuseppe Verdi 208

Grand Opera House, Paris 209

Metropolitan Opera House, New York 210

William Richard Wagner 211

Edwin Forrest 211

Charlotte Saunders Cushman 212

Scenes from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. _Full page_ 213

George Bancroft 216

John G. Whittier 217

Alfred Tennyson 218

Henry W. Longfellow 219

Benjamin Franklin 223

Horace Greeley 224

John W. Forney 225

Joseph Medill 226

Record Building, Philadelphia. _Full page_ 227

The “Black Obelisk” of Shalmaneser II 232

The Moabite Stone. _Full page_ 232

Ruins of Philæ, Egypt. _Full page_ 235

So-called Sarcophagus of Alexander the Great 239

Cuneiform Letters from Lachish 241

Arch of Titus, Rome 242

Hittite Inscription from Jerabis. _Full page_ 243

A Typical Dairy Farm. _Full page_ 247

Modern Creamery and Cheese Factory 249

A Typical Dairy Cow—Ayrshire 251

Centrifugal Cream Separator in Operation. _Full page_ 253

Milk Tester (Open) 254

Butter-making on Farm—The Old Way. _Full page_ 255

Butter-making—The New Way 257

The Dairy Maid. _Full page_ 259

Czar Alexander II., of Russia 265

Sir Edward Bulwer 266

Captain Alfred Dreyfus 269

Mortality Chart 273

Map Showing “Registration States” 275

Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania. _Full page_ 277

Sand Filter Bed 279

A Quarantine Station 281

Old Style Shrapnel 284

Congreve Rocket 285

Minié Ball 286

United States Rifle Musket, 1855 286

General Winfield Scott. _Full page_ 286

Armstrong Field Gun 287

Rodman Gun 288

Old Smooth-bore Mortar 289

Spencer Carbine 291

Metallic Cartridge of 1864–65 292

Prismatic Powder 298

Mortar on Revolving Hoist. _Full page_ 299

Modern Shrapnel 301

Krag-Jorgensen Rifle 302

Penetrating Power of Guns and Bullets. _Full page_ 303

Gatling Gun 304

Nordenfeldt Rapid Fire Gun 305

Soil Pulverizer. Furnished by author 309

Columbia Harvester and Binder. Furnished by author 311

Improved Thresher, with Blower and Self-feeder. Furnished by author 312

Automatic Stacker with Folding Attachment. Furnished by author 313

Disc Harrow. H. P. Denocher & Co., Hamilton, Ont. 314

Acme Harrow. Furnished by author 315

Double Corn Cultivator. Long-Alstatten Co., Hamilton, Ont. 317

Modern Clover Huller. Gaar, Scoot & Co., Richmond, Ind. 319

Hereford Cow, “Lady Laurel.” Furnished by author 320

Group of Aberdeen-Angus Cattle. Courtesy of D. Bradford & Son, Aberdeen, O. 321

Jersey Cow, “Ida,” of St. Lambert. Miller & Sibley, Franklin, Pa. 322

Poland-China Hog. Furnished by author 323

Merino Sheep. John Pow & Son, Salem, O. 325

Double Corn Planter. H. P. Denocher & Co., Hamilton, Ont. 326

Hand Garden Plow. H. P. Denocher & Co., Hamilton, Ont. 327

Success Anti-Clog Weeder. D. Y. Hallock & Co., York, Pa. 331

Aspinwall Potato Planter. Furnished by author 335

Brooklyn Suspension Bridge. _Full page_ 341

The Niagara Railway Arch. Courtesy of Grand Trunk R. R. _Full page_ 343

The Firth of Forth Bridge, General View. Credit “Bridges,” Chicago. _Full page_ 344

Pecos River Viaduct 345

Formal Opening of Suez Canal 347

Manchester Ship Canal 349

Complete Rock Cut Chicago Drainage Canal. Courtesy of Lidgerwood Man. Co. _Full page_ 351

An “Atlas” Powder Blast under Cableway. Copyright by Charles Stadler, Chicago. _Full page_ 353

American Portal of St. Clair Tunnel. Courtesy of Grand Trunk R. R. 358

Interior of St. Clair Tunnel. Courtesy of Grand Trunk R. R. 359

Thoroughbred. _Full page_ 363

Watering the Cows 365

A Temperance Society. (Herring) 367

Art Critics. (Gebler) 368

French Coach-Horse “Gladiator” 369

Pacing Horse “Star Pointer.” Time 1m. 59 1-4s 371

Automobile or Horseless Carriage. Courtesy of Electric Automobile Co. 373

Commodore Stephen Decatur 376

Commodore Perry at Battle of Lake Erie 377

Schoolship Saratoga. Courtesy of Philadelphia Bourse Book 379

Robert E. Lee at Battle of Chapultepec. _Full page_ 381

Castle William. Military Prison, New York Harbor 383

Generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson 385

General Ulysses S. Grant. _Full page_ 387

Sherman’s March to the Sea. _Full page_ 389

Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox 391

Morro Castle, Santiago Harbor 392

Admiral George Dewey. _Full page_ 393

Main Deck of Cruiser Chicago 394

Dewey’s Guns at Manila. _Full page_ 395

General Joseph Wheeler 397

The Truce before Santiago 398

Aguinaldo, the Tagal Leader 399

Napoleon, 1814. (Meissonier.) _Full page_ 401

Admiral Horatio Nelson 403

Napoleon’s Retreat from Waterloo. _Full page_ 405

Capture of the Malakoff. _Full page_ 409

Battle of Magenta. _Full page_ 411

Louis Adolphe Theirs 415

Cavalry Charge at Gravelotte. _Full page_ 416

Battle of Yalu River. _Full page_ 417

Munich Exposition, 1854 423

New Orleans Exposition, 1884. _Full page_ 425

Eiffel Tower, Paris Exposition, 1888 427

Court of Honor, Chicago Exposition, 1893 429

Women’s Building, Chicago Exposition, 1893 431

Agricultural Building, Atlanta Exposition, 1895 433

Machinery Hall, Atlanta Exposition, 1895 434

Women’s Building, Nashville Exposition, 1897 435

Art Building, Nashville Exposition, 1897 437

Grand Court, Omaha Exposition, 1898. Photograph by H. C. Hersey 439

National Export Exposition, Philadelphia, Sept. 14 to Nov. 30, 1899. Electro supplied by Commercial Museum. _Full page_ 441

Old United States Mint, Philadelphia 447

New United States Mint, Philadelphia. Courtesy of Philadelphia Bourse Book. _Full page_ 451

Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia, First Site of First United States Bank. _Full page_ 453

Girard Bank, Philadelphia, Second Site of First United States Bank 455

Second United States Bank, Philadelphia, now Custom House 457

Bank of England, London 463

German Bank, Bremen 464

The Bourse, Paris. _Full page_ 464

New York Clearing House 468

Cocoanut Tree, Palm Beach, Fla. Photograph by author. _Full page_ 473

Packing Apples for Export, St. Catherines, Ont. _Full page_ 477

Lady de Coverly Grapes, Maryville, Cal. Photograph by author. _Full page_ 483

Orange Orchard, Sanford, Fla. Photograph by author 487

Olive Orchard, San José, Cal. Photograph by author 488

Pineapple Field, Palm Beach, Fla. Photograph by author 489

A Clipper Ship. Permission of Whittaker & Co. 493

Robert Fulton 494

The Clermont, Fulton’s First Steamboat 495

S. Cunard, Founder of First Ocean Packet Line. Courtesy of Cunard S. S. Co. 497

The Oceanic, 1899—Largest Ship Afloat. Courtesy of White Star Line. _Full page_ 499

Steamer Campania, of Cunard Line. Courtesy of Cunard S. S. Co. _Full page_ 509

Cramps’ Shipyard on the Delaware. _Full page_ 512

Pestalozzi, of Yverdun 517

Froebel, Founder of Kindergartens 519

Dr. Thomas Arnold, Rugby, England 520

An Old Log Schoolhouse 521

Schoolhouse at Sleepy Hollow 524

Interior of Sleepy Hollow Schoolhouse 525

Child’s Guide. _Full page_ 527

Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University 531

William T. Harris 533

Ideal Schoolhouse and Grounds 534

Suggestions for planting a Schoolground 535

New High School, Philadelphia. _Full page_ 537

Dr. William H. Maxwell, Superintendent “Greater New York” Schools 538

Booker T. Washington, Principal Tuskegee Institute 539

Dr. E. Benj. Andrews, Superintendent of Schools, Chicago, Ill. 541

Early Hand Printing Press 543

The Columbian Press 545

Washington Hand Press 546

Old Wooden Frame Adams Press 547

Double Cylinder Press 549

First Perfecting Press 551

Four-roller Two-Revolution Press 553

Lithographic Press 555

Numbering Card Press 557

Linotype (Type-setting) Machine—Front View 559

Octuple Stereotype Perfecting Press and Folder. _Full page_ 560

Outline of Type-setting Machine 561

Sinking, Drifting, and Stoping in Mining 573

Air Compressor 574

The “Sergeant” Rock Drill 575

Steam-Driven Air Compressor 576

Driving a Railway Tunnel. _Full page_ 577

Straight Line Air Compressor 578

Duplex Air Compressor 579

Electric Coal-Mining Machine. _Full page_ 581

Gold Dredging on Swan River, Colorado. _Full page_ 583

Power Plant at Jerome Park 585

The Holy Women at the Tomb 589

Christmas Chimes. (Blashfield.) _Full page_ 591

Whispers of Love. (Bouguereau.) _Full page_ 592

Greek Girls playing at Ball. (Leighton) 593

Landseer and his Favorites. (By himself.) _Full page_ 595

The Horse Fair. (Rosa Bonheur.) _Full page_ 597

At the Shrine of Venus. (Alma Tadema) 601

Napoleon I. (Canova) 603

Statue of Benjamin Franklin. (Boyle) 605

The Washington Monument, Fairmount Park 607

Photographic View of New York City 611

Surgical Operating Room, Howard Hospital, Philadelphia 617

Clinical Amphitheatre, Pennsylvania Hospital. _Full page_ 621

Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia. From its “History.” _Full page_ 624

X-Ray Photograph of a Compound Fracture of Forearm 628

X-Ray Picture of a Dislocated Elbow. _Full page_ 629

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes 637

Dr. Nathan Smith Davis, of Chicago. Courtesy of Dr. Davis 639

Starling Medical College and St. Francis Hospital, Columbus, Ohio. Courtesy of Spahr & Glenn. _Full page_ 640

J. Marion Sims, A. B., M. D., New York. Courtesy of Wm. Wood & Co. 641

The Old Stage Coach 644

First Train of Steam Cars 645

A Railway Train in Belgium 647

Loop in the Selkirks, showing Four Tracks. _Full page_ 649

Entrance to St. Gothard Tunnel, Switzerland 651

Railway Signals 652

An American Express Locomotive 653

An American Freight Locomotive 655

Exterior of Latest Sleeping Car 656

Interior of Pullman Sleeping Car 657

Railway Suspension Bridge, Niagara Falls. From American Society of Civil Engineers. _Full page_ 659

Hagerman Pass on Colorado Midland R. R. 661

View near Verrugas, on line of Oroya Railway, Peru 663

Independence Hall and Square—Winter Scene 666

Hon. Melville Fuller, Chief Justice U. S. Supreme Court 669

State, War, and Navy Building, Washington, D. C. 673

Portia and Bassanio. Trial Scene from “Merchant of Venice.” _Full page_ 675

Paying their Dues. _Full page_ 679

First Building and Loan Association Advertisement 681

Row of $1400 Houses 686

Plan of $1400 Houses 687

Building Association Banquet. _Full page_ 689

Abraham Lincoln 691

Jefferson Davis 692

William E. Gladstone 693

Thomas Jefferson 695

Otto E. L. Von Bismarck 697

William McKinley 698

Grant’s Tomb, Riverside Drive, New York City 699

Duke of Wellington 700

Count Von Moltke 701

General Giuseppe Garibaldi 703

Charles H. Spurgeon 705

William Wilberforce 706

Thomas B. Macaulay 707

Florence Nightingale 712

Clara Barton 713

Sir Walter Scott 715

Charles Dickens 716

Lord Byron 717

Queen Victoria 723

[Illustration: PUCK.]

WONDERS OF ELECTRICITY

BY JAMES P. BOYD, A.M., L.B.

I. AT THE DAWN OF THE CENTURY.

When, in his “Midsummer Night’s Dream,” Shakespeare placed in the mouth of Puck, prince of fairies, the playful speech,—

“I’ll put a girdle round about the earth In forty minutes,”

he had no thought that the undertaking of a boastful and prankish sprite could ever be outdone by human agency. Could the immortal bard have lived to witness the time when the girdling of the earth by means of the electric current became easier and swifter than elfin promise or possibility, he must have speedily remodeled his splendid comedy and denied to the world its delightful, fairy-like features.