Part 3

[Illustration: MARTIN LUTHER'S HOUSE, FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY.--Here is a historic relic which justly excites the admiration of the beholder. This is where Martin Luther lived for a time after he had nailed to a church-door in Wittenberg the theses in which he contested the doctrine at the root of the detestable traffic carried on for the Pope by Tetzel and his accomplices. This brought to the front a man who had certainly many faults, but who amply made up for them by his force of intellect and the loftiness of his aims.]

[Illustration: ARIADNE ON THE PANTHER, BETHMANN'S MUSEUM, FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY.--This exquisite piece of sculpture is the masterpiece of Dannecker, a sculptor of Stuttgart, who is likewise famous for his bust of Schiller. Of the many subjects sculptured by Dannecker, Ariadne, especially, has a peculiar charm of novelty, which has made it a European favorite in a reduced size. It is perhaps the contrast between the delicacy of the female human form and the subdued rude force of the panther she rides, that attracts the admiration.]

[Illustration: UNIVERSITY BUILDING, LEIPSIC, GERMANY.--Leipsic is one of the great commercial cities of Germany, the centre of the German book-trade, the seat of the supreme law-courts of the German Empire, and contains one of the most ancient and important universities in Europe. The interior of the city consists of lofty and closely built houses, dating chiefly from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and is surrounded by five handsome suburbs, beyond which is a series of villages, almost adjacent to the town. The above picture represents one of the University buildings.]

[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This palace, six hundred and fifty feet long, three hundred and eighty feet wide, and rectangular in form, rises in four stories to the height of one hundred feet, while the dome on the right is two hundred and thirty feet high. In the time of Frederick the Great, it served as a residence for all the members of the royal family, contained all the royal collections, and was the seat of several government officials. Now it is used for reception rooms, and a dwelling for royal officials. The exterior of the palace is massive and imposing; the interior is beautifully embellished.]

[Illustration: BERLIN, GERMANY.--Berlin, the capital of Prussia and the home of the emperor, with its large and beautiful buildings and its regularity of streets, ranks among the finest cities in Europe. The most noted street is that called "Unter den Linden," the city's pride, a broad and imposing thoroughfare, resembling the boulevards of Paris. It contains four rows of trees, ornamented at one end by the Brandenburg Gate, and at the other by the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great, well represented by this photograph. The palace of the king, different gardens, the aquarial museum and many other noted buildings border on "Unter den Linden," which is nearly a mile long, and thronged all day with pedestrians.]

[Illustration: STATUE OF FREDERICK THE GREAT, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This impressive and masterly work was erected in 1851 at one end of the "Linden," and is probably the grandest monument of its kind in Europe. The great King is represented on horse-back, with his coronation-robes and walking-stick. The pedestal is divided into four sections. The upper one contains allegorical figures and scenes in Frederick's life, with the figures Moderation, Justice, Wisdom and Strength at the corners; the second section contains figures of the King's officers, and the lower section, the names of other distinguished men.]

[Illustration: THE BRANDENBURG GATE, BERLIN, GERMANY.--The Brandenburg Gate, forming the entrance to Berlin, from the Thiergarten, was erected in 1793 in imitation of the Propylaea at Athens. It is 85 feet high and 205 feet wide, and has five different passages, separated by massive Doric columns. It is at the one end of "Unter den Linden," and its middle passage is reserved for royal carriages only. The material is sandstone, and it is surmounted by a Quadriga of Victory from copper, taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1807, but restored in 1814. On the side are two wings resembling Grecian Temples, one of which is a pneumatic post-office and the other a guard-house. Both combine in their construction, strength, elegance and beauty.]

[Illustration: MONUMENT OF VICTORY, BERLIN, GERMANY.--This monument, rising to a height of two hundred feet, stands on a circular terrace, approached by eight granite steps in the Thiergarten. It was dedicated on September 2, 1873, to commemorate the great victories of 1870 and 1871. The massive square pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bronze. Above, in the flutings of the column, which consists of yellow, grayish sandstone, are placed three rows of Danish, Austrian and French cannon, captured in the different battles fought with those nations.]

[Illustration: THE HISTORIC WINDMILL, POTSDAM, GERMANY.--Potsdam is almost entirely surrounded by a fringe of royal palaces, parks and pleasure-grounds. Here is located the palace of Sanssouci. Adjacent to the palace is the famous windmill, now royal property, which its owner refused to sell to the King, meeting threatened violence by an appeal to the judges of its supreme court.]

[Illustration: MADONNA DI SAN SISTO (BY RAPHAEL), DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN, GERMANY.--This masterpiece of Raphael, was photographed direct from the original painting, worth $400,000. It is an altar-piece, representing the Virgin and Child in clouds, with St. Sixtus on the right, St. Barbara on the left, and the cherubs beneath. A curtain has just been drawn back, and the Virgin issues, as it were, from the depth of Heaven, her large serene eyes seeming to embrace the whole world in their gaze. The most striking feature of the painting is the expression of naive innocence depicted on the faces of the cherubs.]

[Illustration: MAGDALENE (BY BATTONI), DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN, GERMANY.]

[Illustration: BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF PARIS, FRANCE.--Paris, the largest city in the French Republic, and its capital, covers an area of thirty square miles, with a population of about 2,000,000. The river Seine, which flows through the centre of the city, is spanned by twenty-eight bridges, of which the seven principal are shown on this photograph. The city is noted for its fine parks, magnificent churches, colossal buildings, and wide boulevards, of which the Champs Elysees is the most famous. Paris is the centre of the political, artistic, scientific, commercial and industrial life of the nation.]

[Illustration: PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, PARIS, FRANCE.--Place de la Concorde, one of the most beautiful and extensive public parks in Paris, being considered, by the best authorities, the finest in the world, is bounded by the Seine, Champs Elysees, Tuileries and Rue de Rivoli. Numerous historical associations are connected with the place. The guillotine did much bloody work here during 1793-4-5; upwards of 2800 people perished by it. Foreign troops frequently bivouacked on the square when Paris was in their power. The Obelisk of Luxor, a Monolith or single block of reddish granite 76 feet high, was presented to Louis Phillipi by Mohamed Ali and erected in the centre of the Place. It adds very much to the interest of the park.]

[Illustration: MADELEINE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The foundation of this church was laid by Louis XV. in 1764. The Revolution found the edifice unfinished, and Napoleon I. ordered the building to be completed as a "Temple of Glory." Louis XVIII., however, returned to the original intention of making it a church. The edifice was finally completed in 1842, and the amount of money expended was upwards of $2,500,000. It stands on a basement, surrounded by massive Corinthian columns. The building, which is destitute of windows, is constructed exclusively of stone, light being admitted through sky-lights in the roof.]

[Illustration: OPERA HOUSE, PARIS, FRANCE.--This is a most sumptuous edifice, completed in 1874, and covering an area of nearly three acres. Nothing can surpass the magnificence of the materials with which it is decorated, and for which almost all Europe has made contributions. Sweden and Scotland yielded a supply of green and red granite; from Italy were brought the yellow and white marbles; from Finland, red porphyry; from Spain, "brocatello;" and from France, other marbles of various colors. The cost of the site was over $2,000,000, and that of the building nearly $8,000,000.]

[Illustration: GREAT BOULEVARDS, PARIS, FRANCE.--The splendid line of streets, known as the Great Boulevards, which extend on the north side of the Seine, from the Madeleine at one end, to the Bastile at the other, was originally the line of fortifications or bulwarks of the City of Paris. In 1670, the city having extended northward far beyond the fortifications, the moats were filled up, the walls destroyed and the above Boulevards formed. This photograph represents the Grand Hotel at the corner of the Place de l'Opera.]

[Illustration: JULY COLUMN, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above monument was erected after the Revolution of July, 1830, in honor of the heroes who fell on that occasion, and solemnly dedicated in 1840. The total height of the monument is one hundred and fifty-four feet, resting on a massive round sub-struction of white marble, originally intended for Napoleon's Elephant, which he had planned to erect in bronze on this spot; but his plans were never consummated. On the sub-struction rises a square basement, on each side of which are four bronze medallions, symbolical of Justice, the Constitution, Strength and Freedom.]

[Illustration: STATUE OF THE REPUBLIC, PARIS, FRANCE.--This national statue is made of bronze, and was erected in 1883. The stone pedestal, fifty feet in height, is surrounded with seated bronze figures of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The statue, thirty-two feet high to the top of the olive branch, makes a striking and imposing appearance. In front is a brazen lion, with the urn of universal suffrage. On the stone pedestal are hewn the words, "To the Glory of the Republic of France, to the City of Paris, 1883." This statue was the model for the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.]

[Illustration: VENDOME COLUMN, PARIS, FRANCE.--Here is an imitation of Trajan's column at Rome. It is one hundred and forty-two feet high, and thirteen feet in diameter, and was erected by the order of Napoleon I., from 1806 to 1810, to commemorate his victories in 1805, over the Russians and Austrians. The figures on the spiral column represent memorable scenes, from the breaking up of the camp at Boulogne, to the battle of Austerlitz. The metal of these figures was obtained by melting 1200 Russian and Austrian cannons. The top is a statue of Napoleon.]

[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above palace, erected by Cardinal Richelieu in 1634, was occupied after his death by Anne of Austria, the widow of Louis XIII., with her sons Louis XIV., and Philip of Orleans, then in their minority. In 1815 the Orleans family regained possession of the Palais Royal; and it was occupied by Louis Philippe to 1830. Shortly before the outbreak of the revolution of July, he gave a sumptuous ball here in honor of Neapolitan notabilities then visiting Paris. In 1871, the Communists set the Palais Royal on fire, but it has since been carefully restored.]

[Illustration: HOTEL DE VILLE, PARIS, FRANCE.--The above edifice, in many respects one of the finest buildings in Paris, may be regarded as an enlarged reproduction of the original building, with richer ornamentation and more convenient arrangements. It has played a conspicuous part in the different revolutions, having been the usual rallying place of the Democratic party. Here was also celebrated the union of the July Monarchy with the Bourgeoisie, when Louis Philippe presented himself at one of the windows in August, 1830, and, in view of the populace, embraced Lafayette.]

[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME, PARIS, FRANCE.--Founded in 1163, but not completed until the thirteenth century. Since then the building has been frequently altered. During the Revolution the Cathedral was sadly desecrated. The side chapels were devoted to orgies of various kinds. In 1802 it was again re-opened by Napoleon as a place of divine worship. During 1871 Notre Dame was desecrated by the Communists. The treasury was rifled, and the building used as a military depot. When the insurgents were compelled to retreat, they set fire to the church, but fortunately little damage was done.]

[Illustration: PALACE OF JUSTICE, PARIS, FRANCE.--This palace, occupying the site of the ancient palace of the kings of France, was presented by Charles VIII., in 1431, to the Parliament or Supreme Court of Justice. The palace was so much injured by fire in 1618 and in 1776, that nothing of it now remains except the two round domes which are seen on the right of the picture. The bridge seen in connection with the avenue in the foreground, spans the Seine, having been built by Napoleon, while the avenue itself leads to the Exchange.]

[Illustration: ARC OF TRIUMPH, PARIS, FRANCE.--This is the finest triumphal arch in existence. It is situated at one end of the Champs Elysees, on an eminence, and can be seen from nearly every part of the city. Twelve magnificent avenues radiate from it, nearly all of them sloping upward to the arch. It was commenced by Napoleon I. in 1806, and completed by Louis Philippe in 1836, at a cost of $2,000,000.]

[Illustration: DOME DES INVALIDES, PARIS, FRANCE.--The beautiful gilded dome, three hundred and forty feet high, which surmounts the church of the Invalides, and which can be seen at a great distance, is built on the north side of the Seine, and forms a part of the Hotel des Invalides. The Hotel des Invalides, founded in 1670 by Louis XIV., for aged veterans, covers an area of thirty-one acres. Immediately under the gilded dome, is a crypt below the floor, containing the tomb of Napoleon.]

[Illustration: TOMB OF NAPOLEON, PARIS, FRANCE.--This tomb is situated beneath the Dome des Invalides, in an open circular crypt, twenty feet in depth and thirty-six feet in diameter. The walls are of polished granite, adorned with ten marble reliefs. On the mosaic pavement rises the Sarcophagus, thirteen feet long, six and one-half feet wide, and fourteen and one-half feet high, a huge block of reddish-brown granite weighing sixty-seven tons, and costing $30,000. At the further end of the crypt appears Napoleon's last request: "I wish that my ashes rest on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of the French people, whom I loved so well." To these words, as well as to the tomb of the great leader, every Frenchman reverts with pride.]

[Illustration: EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, FRANCE.--This enormous monument surpasses anything of the kind hitherto erected. From all parts of the city its graceful head may be seen, completely dwarfing into insignificance every public building and spire that Paris contains. It has three platforms. The first, of vast extent and comfortably arranged for many hundred visitors at a time, contains cafes and restaurants. The second is 376 feet from the ground, and the third, 863 feet. The total height of the Tower is 985 feet, being the loftiest monument in the world.]

[Illustration: PANTHEON, PARIS, FRANCE.--This structure standing on the highest ground in the City of Paris, occupies the site of the tomb of Ste. Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris. The present edifice was completed in 1790. The new church was dedicated to Ste. Genevieve, but in 1791 the Convention resolved to convert it into a kind of memorial temple, which they named the "Pantheon." In 1885 it was secularized for the obsequies of Victor Hugo. The edifice is of most imposing dimensions, in the form of a Greek cross. The building resembles the Pantheon in Rome.]

[Illustration: LOUVRE BUILDINGS, PARIS, FRANCE.--Here are presented the most important public buildings in Paris, both architecturally and on account of the treasures of art they contain. The oldest part of the Louvre has been the scene of many historical events. It is divided into two different sections, the ground floor being devoted to an Egyptian museum. The other apartments contain the Asiatic museum, collections of ancient sculpture, collections of Renaissance sculpture, collections of modern sculpture, a picture gallery, a saloon of the ancient bronzes, and a collection of Greek and other antiquities.]

[Illustration: VENUS DE MILO, LOUVRE GALLERY, PARIS.--This statue of Aphrodite, which was found on the Island of Melos, now Milo, at the entrance to the Greek Archipelago, was sold to the French Government for 6000 francs, and is now not for sale for its weight in gold. It is exhibited in the Louvre and represents one of the most celebrated treasures of the Gallery. Aphrodite is here represented, not only as a beautiful woman, but as a goddess, as is seen by her powerful and majestic form and the noble expression of the head, indicating her independence of human needs and the placid self-competence of her divine character. It is one of the masterpieces which constitute the great marvel of antiquity.]

[Illustration: TOMB OF PHILLIPPE POT, LOUVRE GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.]

[Illustration: PEACEMAKER OF THE VILLAGE (BY GREUZE), LOUVRE GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.--This painting was executed by the renowned French artist when nearly at the zenith of his powers, and is only one of the many giant masterpieces by this celebrated painter. Greuze, when quite young, showed considerable talent, which was encouraged by a Lyonese artist. At the advice of the latter, he drifted to Paris and produced several Biblical subjects, followed by others of the same class. He left France for Italy, but returned soon after and produced the above painting in 1759-61, followed by others, with increasing success.]

[Illustration: THE LAST VEIL (BY BOURET), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE]

[Illustration: ARREST IN THE VILLAGE (BY SALMSON), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.]

[Illustration: A MOTHER (BY LENOIR), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.]

[Illustration: JOAN OF ARC (BY CHAPU), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE--Known in France as Jeanne d'Arc, the maid of Orleans was born about 1411. In 1428, when Orleans, the key to the south of France, was infested by the English, she rode at the head of an army, clothed in a coat of mail, armed with an ancient sword, and carrying a white standard of her own design, embroidered with lilies, and having on the one side the image of God holding the world in His hand, on the other a representation of the annunciation. The siege of the town was broken, but she was often accused of being a heretic and sorcerer, and was burned at the stake May 30, 1431.]

[Illustration: PAYING THE REAPERS (BY LHERMITTE), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.--This famous painting, from which the photograph is a direct copy, represents a farm scene. The laborers have just finished their day's work. The man with the scythe, rolled-up sleeves and open shirt, is a genuine representation of an honest and industrious laborer. The expression on his face shows a tired look, but a spirit of contentment gently steals over his face, which nearly all true and honest country people possess after a day's hard labor.]

[Illustration: IGNORANCE (BY J. COMERRE PATON), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.--This is one of the most celebrated paintings by this popular artist. The outlines of the girl are perfect. The graceful curves of the arms, the sweet expression of the face and the tender look of the eyes are all charmingly beautiful. The tiny cap, the loose garment, the uncovered feet, the bare arms, and the comfortable position of the girl, all add to her beauty. In the photograph the blended colors of the original painting are lost, yet the subject can be well studied from this copy.]

[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--This palace presents a most imposing appearance; the principal facade is no less than one-fourth of a mile long. The building dates back, for the erection of its various parts, to several different periods, and was the royal residence of the various rulers of France. It has remained uninhabited since it was sacked by a Parisian mob, which included many thousand women. The various halls and rooms are now devoted to the use of most interesting picture galleries.]

[Illustration: ROYAL CARRIAGE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--In the Museum of Carriages at Versailles is a collection of royal vehicles from the time of the first Emperor to the baptism of the Prince Imperial in 1856, besides sledges of the time of Louis XIV., and sedan chairs. The royal carriage in the picture is that of Charles X., afterwards used by Napoleon on various occasions, the letter "N" being still seen on the drapery adorning the seat. The carriage is valued at $200,000, and considered one of the finest vehicles of its kind in the world.]

[Illustration: LAST VICTIMS OF THE REIGN OF TERROR (BY MULLER) VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--The French Revolution, more commonly termed the "Reign of Terror," is perhaps unparalleled in the history of civilized countries. Hundreds of citizens were guillotined, and when that process proved too slow, they were shot down by platoon-fire. The picture represents a prison scene crowded with "suspects." The officer to the right, with a list of condemned criminals, calls out the names of those to be put to death, each one fearing that his or her name will be next called to join the procession to the guillotine on the Place de la Concorde. The photograph presents a view of the last victims of that terrible war.]

[Illustration: NAPOLEON AT AUSTERLITZ (BY VERNET), VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--The conqueror here views the progress of the battle between the French troops, numbering 90,000 men, and the allied forces of fully 80,000. Napoleon, on his white horse, receives reports from his generals in the field, while with his field-glass he watches the advancing columns of both sides. This decisive battle was witnessed by three Emperors, those of France, Russia and Austria, and resulted in a glorious victory for Napoleon and the French. A treaty of peace followed between France and Austria; but it was of short duration, for the dangerous ambition of Napoleon could not fail to force all European nations into alliance.]

[Illustration: NAPOLEON (BY GOSSE), VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.--The above represents the "Little Corporal" on July 7, 1807, at Tilsit, a commercial town of Eastern Prussia, ratifying the treaty with Russia and Prussia. Russia needed rest, and Napoleon was not sorry to pause. It was the highest point of the Emperor's renown. His hand was felt throughout all Europe; it seemed as if England alone were beyond his power.]

[Illustration: ROYAL PALACE, FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE.--This palace, situated on the south-west side of the town, is said to occupy the site of a former fortified chateau, founded in 1162. It was Francis I., however, who converted the mediaeval fortress into a palace of almost unparalleled extent and magnificence. The exterior is less imposing than that of some other contemporaneous edifices, as the building, with the exception of several pavilions, is only two stories in height. It was a favorite residence of Napoleon.]

[Illustration: THRONE ROOM, FONTAINELEAU PALACE, FRANCE.--This magnificent hall, with a ceiling in relief, containing a chandelier in rock-crystal, and wainscoated in the reign of Louis XIV., is perhaps the most sumptuous apartment of the palace. From here Napoleon almost ruled the world. The canopy of the throne rises by graceful folds to the rim of the high crown. The bees and the letter "N" on the chair, and on either side of the throne, are symbolic of Napoleon. It was in this same room where the Emperor declared his divorce from Josephine.]

[Illustration: APARTMENT OF TAPESTRIES, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE, FRANCE.--This room is embellished with tapestry from Flanders, woven into the myth of Psyche. The ceiling is in relief, the old-fashioned mantel-piece dating back to the sixteenth century, while the vases and clock are the finest Sevres ware. The table in the centre is the same one on which Napoleon signed his abdication before taking his parting leave from his old Guard on the 20th of April, 1814, to go into exile at Elba. The floor of inlaid polished wood has been much worn by the feet of travelers passing through the palace daily.]