Chapter XI
., was adopted by the Greek vase-painters in Lucania at a later date.[2383] Mayer states that this form is only found in the “heel” of Italy, but Patroni seems to imply that it is typical of Central Apulia.[2384] It is painted in two colours—purple-red and dark brown or black; but the former colour is not found in the earlier examples. The decoration includes simple geometrical or vegetable patterns, such as wreaths, panels of lozenge-pattern, zigzags, and an ornament composed of two triangles point to point [hourglass], which Mayer calls the “hour-glass“ ornament. The more developed examples have figures in panels, ranging from rows of ducks to human figures. Among these are a man gathering fruit from a tree and two stags confronted. Lenormant published two very interesting specimens in the Louvre, one of which has two cocks confronted, the other a man swimming accompanied by a dolphin.[2385]
The latter, with others of the same class, styled by Lenormant “Iapygian,” appear to be imitations of B.F. amphorae[2386]; but if they are imitations they must be almost contemporaneous with their prototypes, and cannot be later than the fifth century. The man with the dolphin recalls the story of Taras and the coin-types of Tarentum; but Lenormant pointed out that a similar legend was current relating to Iapys, the eponymous hero of Iapygia,[2387] and he may therefore be intended. Some of these vases have painted inscriptions, one of which runs, [ΙΑΡ]; but they are apparently nothing more than names, partly Hellenised.
Among other shapes are a kind of askos with simple decoration, a jug or pitcher with discs attached to the handles, also with simple patterns, and a unique variety of the krater with four flat-topped column-handles. Signor Patroni[2388] calls attention to another class of Messapian vases from which the geometrical decorative element is absent, the ornament being arranged in bands of equal width, and varying between linear and natural forms. A characteristic motive is a sort of chain-pattern. The wave and rows of pomegranate-buds also occur, and animals, such as dogs and dolphins; also human heads and figures. The shapes are either the double-necked askos, as given in Fig. 185, with an arched handle between the mouths, or a kind of double situla, formed of two jars on a cylindrical stand with a vertical handle between.
As Mayer has pointed out, there cannot here be any question of a very ancient class of vases, but rather of one of eclectic character. The Geometrical tendency appears chiefly in the north of the district, where the influence of Peucetia (see below) was felt. The vegetable ornaments, he suggests, have affinities with those of “Rhodian” vases.[2389] The date can hardly be earlier than the fifth century.
[Illustration:
From _Notizie degli Scavi_.
FIG. 186. KRATER OF “PEUCETIAN” FABRIC WITH GEOMETRICAL DECORATION. ]
The fabrics of Central or Peucetian Apulia centre, as has been noted, round Bari. They are all of a strongly Geometrical type, but the system of ornamentation is freer and more varied than in the Messapian class. They are easily recognisable by their forms and characteristic designs, painted only in brown or black. Here, again, the typical form is a krater, in which the handles are either arched in vertical fashion or else form flat bands. It has a shallow, spreading lip. The patterns are arranged in panels and bands, and are often executed with great care. Fig. 186 gives an example from Sala Consilina in Lucania.[2390] The favourite motives are chequers, zigzags, the “hour-glass,” hook-armed crosses, and lozenges filled with reticulated pattern, neatly arranged in friezes or saltire-wise. Round the lower part of the vase is often found what may be described as a comb-pattern, and on some vases is a curious rudimentary form of the maeander, arranged in triangles or diagonal crosses. Among the other shapes are a small askos with ring-handle on the back, a sort of high stand like a fruit-dish, large cups and bowls, and the _orcio_ already mentioned. One of the finest examples is a krater from Ruvo in the Jatta collection,[2391] with twisted handles and a very elaborate system of ornamentation, chiefly diaper and maeander patterns.
Like the Messapian, the Peucetian or Apulian pottery seems to have flourished during the fifth century[2392]; but there are some vases which seem to form connecting-links with their Hellenic prototypes, and probably belong to the sixth century.[2393] In any case, both fabrics must be regarded as much earlier than previously supposed; they are certainly not late archaistic work, and time must be allowed for their disappearance when the Hellenic fabrics of Apulia begin. In placing the majority of the products between 600 and 450 B.C., we shall probably not be far from the truth, although M. Pottier[2394] would throw the origin of the fabrics as far back as the eighth century.
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Footnote 2246:
See especially Pottier, _Louvre Cat._ ii. p. 285 ff., and Gsell, _Fouilles de Vulci_, p. 315 ff.
Footnote 2247:
i. 94.
Footnote 2248:
_Sat._ i. 6, 1.
Footnote 2249:
i. 30.
Footnote 2250:
_Op. cit._ p. 297.
Footnote 2251:
_Frag. Hist. Graec._ ed. Didot, i. p. 45: ἐπὶ Σπινῆτι ποταμῷ (the name of one of the mouths). He calls them here Pelasgians.
Footnote 2252:
Bertrand and Reinach, _Les Celtes dans les vallées du Po et du Danube_, p. 73 ff.: cf. Bertrand, _Arch. celtique et gauloise_, p. 205.
Footnote 2253:
Cf. i. 27 with vii. 3.
Footnote 2254:
See Helbig, _Die Italiker in der Poebene_, for a full account of this period; also Von Duhn in _J.H.S._ xvi. p. 128, whose ethnographical views seem to differ in many details from those of other writers previously cited.
Footnote 2255:
See _Brit. Mus. Cat. of Bronzes_, p. xlv.
Footnote 2256:
See _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1884, p. 111.
Footnote 2257:
_Notizie degli Scavi_, 1881, pl. 5, Nos. 15, 16.
Footnote 2258:
_Il._ xi. 633; _Od._ iv. 615, vi. 232. See Dumont-Pottier, i. p. 152.
Footnote 2259:
On the ornamentation of the Villanuova period general reference may be made to Böhlau’s _Zur Ornamentik der Villanovaperiode_ (1895).
Footnote 2260:
Gsell, _Fouilles de Vulci_, p. 254.
Footnote 2261:
See _Brit. Mus. Cat. of Bronzes_, p. xlv, and references there given.
Footnote 2262:
The objects found at Hallstatt date from about the tenth to ninth centuries B.C., and are sometimes “sub-Mycenaean” in character.
Footnote 2263:
See on the subject of hut-urns the bibliographies given in Gsell, _Fouilles de Vulci_, p. 258; _Bonner Studien_, p. 24 (Von Duhn); and _J.H.S._ xvi. p. 127 (_id._).
Footnote 2264:
_J.H.S._ xvi. p. 125.
Footnote 2265:
See also for Narce _Mon. Antichi_, iv. pt. 1, p. 105 ff.
Footnote 2266:
M. Pottier states that a primitive kind of wheel was used for making the _impasto_ in the eighth century, and Helbig and Martha are certainly wrong in stating that it was not introduced till the sixth (see _Louvre Cat._ ii. p. 294).
Footnote 2267:
_Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1885, p. 118.
Footnote 2268:
_E.g._ _Brit. Mus. Cat._ Nos. 347 ff.
Footnote 2269:
_Op. cit._ p. 345 ff.
Footnote 2270:
_Notizie degli Scavi_, 1884, p. 186 = 338: cf. for the style a vase from Tamassos, Cyprus, in the British Museum (_Rev. Arch._ ix. 1887, p. 77).
Footnote 2271:
See generally Pottier, _Louvre Cat._ ii. p. 363 ff.
Footnote 2272:
See Vol. I. p. 153, and cf. Perrot, _Hist. de l’Art_, vi. p. 211, fig. 57, for examples from Troy.
Footnote 2273:
Abeken, _Mittelital._ p. 362 ff.; but see _Arch. Zeit._ 1881, p. 41.
Footnote 2274:
_E.g._ _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1884, pl. C.
Footnote 2275:
Hdt. i. 14, 25; Paus. x. 16.
Footnote 2276:
For Greek examples of early vases with reliefs see Vol. I. p. 497, and Plate XLVII.
Footnote 2277:
See for specimens _Gaz. Arch._ 1881, pls. 28, 29, 32-3; Pottier, _Vases du Louvre_, pls. 33-4.
Footnote 2278:
Louvre D 151.
Footnote 2279:
_Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1884, p. 163.
Footnote 2280:
_Röm. Mitth._ 1886, p. 135.
Footnote 2281:
See Pliny, _H.N._ xxxv. 152. The names are doubtless descriptive.
Footnote 2282:
Cf. _B.M. Cat. of Bronzes_, p. xlvii, and references there given.
Footnote 2283:
Nearly all the contents of this tomb are now in the British Museum (Etruscan Saloon, Cases 126-35): see Micali, _Mon. Ined._ pls. 4-8; Dennis, _Etruria_^2, i. p. 457 ff.; C. Smith in _J.H.S._ xiv. p. 206.
Footnote 2284:
A most trustworthy reproduction of this vase and its decoration, made by Mr. F. Anderson, is given in _J.H.S._ xiv. pls. 6-7.
Footnote 2285:
Cf. throughout the François vase.
Footnote 2286:
Micali, _op. cit._ pl. 5, fig. 2.
Footnote 2287:
_Cat._ 1543.
Footnote 2288:
_Cat._ C 617-18.
Footnote 2289:
_Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1881, p. 167, No. 26.
Footnote 2290:
The hydria is a form of essentially Ionic origin, the earliest examples being found in the “Caeretan” and Daphnae fabrics (see
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