chapter XXXVI

. it is recorded that in the year 1332 the prince Djang-ghi presented 170 Russian prisoners and received a pecuniary reward. On the same page we read that clothes and corn were bestowed on a thousand Russians. In the same year the prince Yen t’ie-mu-rh presented 1500 Russian prisoners to the Chinese emperor, and another prince, A-rh-ghia-shi-li, presented thirty.

“Finally, in the biography of Bo yen, chap. CXXXVIII., he is stated to have been appointed in 1334 commander of the emperor’s life-guard, composed of Mongols, Kipchaks, and Russians.” (E. BRETSCHNEIDER, _Mediæval Researches_, II., pp. 79–81.)

Prof. Parker (_Asiatic Q. Rev._, Jan., 1904, p. 148) mentions the appointment of a Russian Governor in 1337, and says: “It was the practice of Princes in the West to send ‘presents’ of Russian captives. In one case Yen Temur sent as many as 2500 in one batch.”

APPENDICES.

LIST OF MSS. OF MARCO POLO’S BOOK SO FAR AS THEY ARE KNOWN.[1]

II., p. 533.

GLASGOW, Hunterian Museum.[2] No. 84, vellum, 4to, Cent. XV.: 1. Guido de Colonna’s Destruction of Troy. 2. Julius Valerius’ History of Alexander the Great. 3. Archbishop Turpin’s Itinerary. 4. Marco Polo.

_Begins_ (25, 5 [f. 191 (197) _r_ᵒ, lines 1–3): ¶ [blue] Incipit liber domini marci Pauli de Venecijs | de condicionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium regionum [rubric] L [small illuminated initial] Ibrum prudentis honorabilis ac fidelissimi domini marci.

_Ends_ (33, 3 [f. 253 (259) _r_ᵒ, lines 8–12): girfalci et herodij qui inde postmodum ad diuersas prouincias | et regiones deferuntur et cetera. ¶ [blue] Explicit liber domini marci Pauli | de Venecijs de diuisionibus et consue- | tudinibus orientalium regionum [Pipino’s Version].

5. Frater Odoricus Forojuliensis.

6. Iohannis Mandeville, _De Mirabilibus_.

II., p. 533.

GLASGOW, Hunterian Museum, Cent. XIV.[3] No. 458, vellum, 4to. 1. Marci Pavli Veneti, _De Orientalibvs Regionibvs_.

_Begins_—after a preface by “Frater Franciscus Pipinus de Bononia” beginning (1, 1 _r_ᵒ, lines 1–4): Incipit liber primus domini marci pauli de venecijs de orien [rubric] | L [gilt historiated initial with gestures forming a floreated border.] Ibrum prudentis talibus regionibus. Prolo [last three words rubric] | honorabilis ac fidelissimi domini gus. [last word rubric] | marci pauli de venetijs de conditio | and ending (1, 2 _r_ᵒ, line 3): nostri ihesu christi cunctorum uisibilium et inuisibilium creatoris, after which comes a list of the chapters, titles and numbers (the latter rubricated) which concludes (1, 7 _r_ᵒ, line 1): D (small blue initial with red ornament) e prouincia ruthenorum, xlix.—(1, 7 _r_ᵒ, lines 2–5): Capitulum primum primi libri. Qualiter et quare dominus | nicholaus pauli de venetijs, et dominus marchus [rubric] | T [blue and red illuminated initial with minute spread eagle in centre] Empore quo transierunt ad partes [last three words rubric] | balduinus princeps orientales. [last words rubric.]

_Ends_ (14, 1 _r_ᵒ, lines 26, 27): et diuersas prouincias deferuntur. Explicit liber domini | marci pauli de venetis de diuisionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium.

2. Odoric.

II., p. 534.

PARIS, see No. 18—Bibliothèque Nationale Département des Manuscrits—Livre des Merveilles, Odoric de Pordenone, Mandeville, Hayton, etc.—Reproduction des 265 miniatures du Manuscrit français 2810 de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris, Imprimerie Berthaud frères, 31, rue de Bellefond, 2 vol. in–8.

Marco Polo, Planches, 1–84.

II., p. 539.

ANTWERP, Museum Plantin-Moretus. Exhibited in Room III., No. 61: _Extraits du Livre de Marco Polo de Venise_ et d’un livre sur l’origine de quelques villes belges.

132 leaves; 185 × 270 millimeters, XVth Century. Adorned initials, alternately blue and red. Headings of chapters underlined in red. Leather binding XVIth century, with small flowers de luce; copper clasps and ten nails. On the last leaf, in a running hand: _Este liber

## partinet Nicholao le buqueteur_; the name of _Abraham Vander Veken_

(Abrā Vander Veque), and the date 1600, 3/22, on the first and on the last but one leaves.

Fol. 2 _recto. Extracta de libro dn̄i Pauli de Venecijs de diversis provincijs et regnis maior[um] et de diversis moribus habitantiu[m] et de multis mirabilibus in hijs locis et Asije_. Eleven lines further: _Quomodo iverunt at Berchaman_. Fol. 95 _r: De Sancto Thoma apto ubi jacet et quo mortu(us) est_. Fol. 106 _r: Epilogatio de maiori Yndia_. F. 117 _v_, last chapter: _De dissentione orta inter Alandūm Tartaror[um] et B̄cha regem_. Ends, f. 118 _r: Hii tamen reges proximi parentis erant et ambo ex Chinchini imperialis progenie descendentes. Explicit_.

The end of the MS. (f. 118–132) has for object the origin of Belgian villages.

I owe this information to M. J. DENUCÉ.

II., p. 542.

FLORENCE, Riccardian Library, Catalan.

This manuscript has been discovered by Prof. Giovanni VACCA, who has kindly sent me the following information regarding this curious document not mentioned by Yule, Amat di S. Filippo, or Uzielli: MS., 2048 cartac. sec. XV. (?), bearing the following faulty title: Storia del Catay in lingua _spagnuola_; 66 leaves, the last of which with a note by Piero Vaglienti. Writing is pretty clear, much like that of the Catalan Map of 1375.

The text begins with the description of the city of Lop, and ends with Georgia.

Fol. 65 _v_: “anaquesta provencia sisfa molta de seda evy ciutatz e viles e castels assaiz e ay moltz bons azcos. Calre no se queus pusca dir er perque fas vos si anaquest libre veus na sra benefit.”

Somewhat similar to the end of MS. 2207, Ottob., sec. XIV., membr. of the Vatican Library (reproduced by Amat di S. Filippo):

“En ycelle province fait on moult de soyt. Et si y a moult de villes, cites et chasteaux, moult bons et beau. Autre chose ne vous en scay dire par quoi je vous fais fins en ce livre.”

Generally the text is correct; one does not find the great errors contained in the Italian text given by Bartoli; it seems to follow very closely the French text of the Société de Géographie edited in 1824.

Here is a description of the city of Gambalech (fol. 20 _r_–20 _v_) reproducing very closely a legend of the Catalan Map of 1375.

“Les ver _que costa la ciutat de Camalech avia una grant Ciutat antichament qui avi a nom garimbalu_ qui vol dir la Ciut del seyor _e lo gran cham troba per los strologians que aquesta ciutat se devia revelar contra el axi que feila desabitar a feu fer la ciutat de Sambaleth_ e axi .|. flum al miq evay fer venir poblar tota la jent que y staba, _e ha entorn a questa ciutat de Gambalech_. XXIIIJ. _legues e es ben murada e es acayre sique ha de cascun cayre_. VI. _legues e a dalt lo mur_ XX. _paces_ e es de terre _e ha._ X. _paces de gros_ e son totz los murs tant blanchs con a neu e a en cascun cayre. IIJ. portes & en cascuna porta ha .|. palau dela semblansa de les XII. que ditz vos aven e en cascun palau ha de beles cambres e sales plenes darmatures ops da quells qui garden la ciutat los carres son amples e lonchs e ayi que anant de la .|. porta alantre troba hom de bells alberchs e de bels palaus qui son de gran seyors ayi que ela es abitada de bells alberchs E en miss loch de la ciutat a 1. gran palau en que _ha_ ·1ⁿ· _gran torra enquesta .|. gran seny | sona ho abans axique pus que ha sonat no gosa anar ne gun per la vila_ si dons gran ops non ha e ab lum e _a cascuna porta garden. M. homes no per temensa_ que nayen _mes per honor del seyor_ e per latres e malfeitos.

“Per gardar la granea del seyor alo poder ell se fa gardar a XIJᵐ. homes a Caval e ape-lense casitans, qui vol dir leyals cavalers a son seyor a quests. XIJᵐ. homes an. IIIJ. capitans ...”

The words _underlined_ are included almost verbatim in the Catalan Map. Cf. H. CORDIER, _L’Extrême Orient dans l’Atlas Catalan_, p. 14.

The manuscript begins, fol. 1 _recto_: “Aci comensa lo libre de les provincies et de les encontrades que sont sotz la seyoria del gran Emperador del Catay | lo qual ha la seyoria del Gamballech et seyor de los Tartres ayi com ho reconta o messer March Pollo ciutada noble de Venecia. Et primerament diun ay de la provincia de Tangut hon el stech XXVI. anys per saber la veritat de les coses daval scrites.”

Cf. _Un manoscritto inedito dei viaggi di_ Marco Polo. Di Giovanni Vacca (_Riv. Geog. Ital._, XIV., 1907, pp. 107–108).

II., p. 546.

ESCURIAL, Latin, Pipino’s (?). See No. 60. This is probably the MS. mentioned by the second Viscount of Santarem, p. 574, in his volume, _Ineditos (Miscellanea)_, Lisboa, 1914, large 8vo: “Un Ms. de Marc Polo du XVᵉ. siècle qui est mal indiqué par le titre suivant: _Consuetudines et condiciones orientalium regionum descripto per mestrum Paulum de Venetiis scripto chartis vix saeculo XV. incipiente_, Q–ij—13.”

My late friend, Prof. H. Derenbourg, gives me a few notes regarding this Latin MS., paper, small 4to, ff. 1–95 _v_; contains 187 chapters with a special title in red ink. Begins: _Librum prudentis honorabilis ac fidelissimi viri Domini Marci Pauli De Venetiis de conditionibus orientalium ab me vulgari edictum et scriptum_.

II., p. 548.

NUREMBERG. Latin MS. containing _Marco Polo, St. Brandan, Mandeville, Odoric, Schildtberger_; bad handwriting. See French edition of Odoric, p. LXXXII.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] See _The Book of Ser Marco Polo_, Vol. II., pp. 530 _seq._

[2] Pages 89, 90 of _A Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of the Hunterian Museum in the University of Glasgow planned and begun by the late_ John Young ... _continued and completed under the direction of the Young Memorial Committee by_ P. Henderson Aitken.... Glasgow, James Maclehose and Sons, 1908, gr. in–4.

[3] Cf. Young’s _Catalogue_, p. 378.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MARCO POLO’S BOOK.[1]

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINTED EDITIONS.

1.—Die Reisen des Venezianers Marco Polo im 13. Jahrhundert Bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Dr. Hans Lemke Mit einem Bilde Marco Polos. Hamburg, Ernst Schultze, 1908, 8vo, pp. 573.

_Bibliothek wertvoller Memoiren_.

Lebensdokumente hervorragender Menschen aller Zeiten und Völker Herausgegeben von Dr. Ernst Schultze. 1 Band.

Revised edition of Bürck’s translation of Ramusio’s Italian text published in 1845.

2.—*Marco Polo: Abenteuerliche Fahrten. Neu herausgegeben von Dr. Otto St. Brandt. Mit 3 Spezialkarten. Druck und Verlag von August Scherl in Berlin, small 8vo, pp. 319.

Notices: _Mitt. K. K. Geogr. Ges. Wien_, Bd. LVI., 1913, pp. 258–259. Von E. G.—_Geog. Zeitschft. Leipzig_, XIX., 1913, pp. 531. By K. Kretschmer.

3.—Marco Polo Il Milione secondo il testo della “Crusca” reintegrato con gli altri codici italiani a cura di Dante Olivieri. Bari, Gius. Laterza & figli, 1912, in–8, 2 ff. n. ch. + pp. 317.

_Scrittori d’Italia_.

4.—Cosmographia breue introductoria en el libro d’ Marco Polo. Seville, 1518.—See II., p. 566.

The bookseller Karl W. Hiersemann, of Leipzig, has in his catalogue _America_, no. 336, in 1907, no. 2323, quoted M.11.000 a copy of the _Cosmographia_ with the colophon: Elq̄l se emprimio por Juan varela | d’salamāca en la muy noble y muy | leal ciudad de Seuilla. Año de | mill y qᵒnientos y diez y ocho | año a. XVI. dias de mayo.—Fol., 4 ff. not numbered + ff. 31 numbered on 2 columns.

5.—YULE-CORDIER.—_The Book of Ser Marco Polo_ ... Third Edition.... London, John Murray, 1903, 2 vols., 8vo.

Notices: _Glasgow Herald_, 11 June, 1903.—_Scotsman_, 11 June, 1903.—_Outlook_, 13 June, 1903.—_Morning Post_, 18 June, 1903.—_Bulletin Comité Asie française_, Juin, 1903.—_Standard_, 17 June, 1903.—_Daily Chronicle_, 20 June, 1903.—_Manchester Guardian_, 23 June, 1903.—_Pall Mall Gazette_, 15 July, 1903.—_Bombay Gazette_, 11 July, 1903.—_The Spectator_, 15 Aug., 1903.—_The Guardian_ (by C. Raymond Beazley), 2 Sept., 1903.—_Times_ (by H. J. Mackinder), 2 Oct., 1903.—_Blackwood’s Mag._ (by Charles Whibley), Oct., 1903.—_Illustrated Evening News_, Chicago, 26 Sept., 1903.—_The Sun_, New York, 4 Oct., 1903 (by M. W. H.).—_Hongkong Daily Press_, 10 and 11 Sept., 1903.—_The Athenæum_, 17 Oct., 1903.—_Outlook_, 14 Nov., 1903.—Some new Facts about Marco Polo’s Book, by E. H. Parker (_Imp. & Asiat. Quart. Review_, Jan., 1904, pp. 125–149).—_Saturday Review_, 27 Feb., 1904.—_T’oung Pao_, Oct., 1903, pp. 357–366, from _The Athenæum_.—_Geographical Journal_, March, 1904, pp. 379–380, by C. R. B.[eazley].—_Bul. Ecole franç. Ext. Orient_, IV, Juillet–Sept., 1904, pp. 768–772, by Paul Pelliot.—Marco Polo and his Followers in Central Asia, by Archibald R. Colquhoun (_Quarterly Review_, April, 1904, pp. 553–575).

6.—The most noble and famous Travels of Marco Polo one of the Nobility of the State of Venice, into the east Parts of the World, as Armenia, Persia, Arabia, Tartary, with many other Kingdoms and Provinces. The translation of Marsden revised by Thomas Wright, F.S.A.—London: George Newnes; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1904, 16mo, pp. xxxix–461, Portrait and maps.

7.—Voyages and Travels of Marco Polo, With an Introduction by Henry Morley. Cassell and Company, London, Paris, New York and Melbourne, MCMIV, 16mo, pp. 192, front.

8.—Everyman’s Library, edited by Ernest Rhys—Travel and Topography—Marco Polo’s Travels with an Introduction by John Masefield.

The Travels of Marco Polo the Venetian. London: Published by J. M. Dent & Co., and in New York by E. P. Dutton & Co., 16mo, pp. xvi–461, n. d. [1907].

9.—*Шемякинъ, А. Н.—Путешествія Венеціанца Марко Поло въ XIII столѣтіи, напечатанныя въ первый разъ вполнѣ на нѣмецкомъ по лучшимъ изданіямъ и съ объясненіями Авг. Бюркомъ. Съ дополненіями и поправками К. Ф. Нейманна. Переводъ съ нѣмецкаго. Москва, 1863.

Had been published in Чтеніяхъ въ Имп. Общ. Истопіи и Древностей Россійскихъ при Моск. Университетѣ.

Mentioned by Barthold in Minaev’s _Marco Polo_.

10.—*Marco Polo’s Resa i Asien ([Folkskrifter] allm. hist. No. 32) Stockholm, 1859, P. G. Berg.

11.—Venetianaren Marco Polos Resor i det XIII. århundraded Översättning samt inledning och anmärkningar av Bengt Thordeman.—Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag, n. d. [1917], 2 vol. 8vo, pp. xx–248, 249 to 490, genealogical table of the Tartars, Map.

Pages 345–480 are devoted to notes.

12.—There is a Japanese piratical edition of the second edition of Yule’s Marco Polo brought out by the firm Kyoyekishosha in 1900 and costing 8 _yen_. Cf. _Bulletin Ecole franç. Ext. Orient_, IV, p. 769, note.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] See II., pp. 554 _seq._

TITLES OF SUNDRY BOOKS AND PAPERS WHICH TREAT OF MARCO POLO AND HIS BOOK.

1.—_Histoire des Établissements européens aux Indes orientales par_ A. CHARDIN, suivie d’un extrait de l’article sur _Marco Polo_, de M. WALKENAER, Membre de l’Institut; d’un extrait de la vie de Jonh [_sic_] Mandeville, par Washington Irving; et d’une notice sur le Camoens, par Mᵐᵉ de Stael.—Paris, Rue et Place Saint-André des Arts, no. 30—1832, 12mo, pp. 104.

Marco Polo, p. 87.—John Mandeville, p. 94.

Marco Polo, after la _Biographie universelle_; Mandeville, after _l’Histoire de Christophe Colomb_, de W. Irving.

Fait partie de la _Bibliothèque populaire ou l’Instruction mise à la portée de toutes les classes et de toutes les intelligences par_ MM. ARAGO ... et AJASSON de GRANDSAGNE, chargé de la Direction.

2.—MAYERS, W. F.—_Marco Polo’s Legend concerning Bayan. (Notes and Queries on China and Japan_, Nov., 1868, p. 162.)

3.—PALLADIUS’ _Elucidations_. See II., p. 579, No. 63.

Notice in _Magazin für die Literatur des Auslandes_, 1876, p. 345.

4.—_Marco Polo und die Anianstrasse_. Von Prof. S. RUGE, Dresden. (_Globus_, LXIX., 1896, pp. 133–137.)

5.—_Un capitaine du règne de Philippe le Bel_ Thibaut de Chepoy _par_ Joseph PETIT. (_Le Moyen Age_, Paris, 1897, pp. 224–239).

6.—Комментарій Архимандрита Палладія Каөарова на путешествіе Марко Поло по сѢверному Китаю съ предисловіемъ Н. И. Веселовскаго. Санкпетербургъ, Тип. Имп. Акад. Наукъ, 1902, 8vo, pp. 47, portrait.

7.—MOULE, Rev. G. E.—_Notes on Col._ YULE’S _Edition of Marco Polo’s_ “Quinsay.” (_Jour. North-China Br. R. As. Soc._, N. S., IX., 1875, pp. 1–24.)

8.—_The_ Tarikh-i-Rashidi _of_ MIRZA MUHAMMAD HAIDAR, DUGHLÁT _A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia_, An English Version Edited, with Commentary, Notes, and Map by N. ELIAS. The Translation by E. Denison Ross.... London, Sampson Low, 1895, 8vo.

9.—A. Slieptsov.—Маркъ Поло и его странствованія по царству Монгольскому, по Китаю и Индіи.—small 8vo, pp. 83, fig. [St. Petersb., 1901.]

„Книжка за книжкой,“ кн. 108–ая.

10.—STEIN, Sir Aurel.—_Preliminary Report of a Journey of Archæological and Topographical Exploration in Chinese Turkestan_. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1901, 4to.

———— _Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan_. London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1903, 8vo, pp. xliii–524.

———— _Ancient Khotan_. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907, 2 vols., 4to.

———— _Ruins of Desert Cathay_. Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China. With numerous Illustrations, Colour Plates, Panoramas, and Maps from Original Surveys. Macmillan and Co., 1912, 2 vols. 8vo.

———— _Les Documents chinois découverts par_ Aurel STEIN _dans les sables du Turkestan oriental publiés et traduits par_ Edouard CHAVANNES. Oxford, Imprimerie de l’Université, 1913, 4to.

———— _Explorations in Central Asia_ (1906–1908). (_Geographical Journal_, July and Sept., 1909.)

———— _Expedition in Central Asia._ (_Geog. Journ._, May, 1915.)

———— _Expedition in Central Asia._ (_Geog. Journ._, Oct., 1915.)

———— _Expedition in Central Asia._ (_Geog. Journ._, May, 1916.)

———— _A Third Journey of Exploration in Central Asia_, 1913–16. (_Geog. Journ._, Aug. and Sept., 1916.)

———— _Marco Polo’s Account of a Mongol Inroad into Kashmir._ (_Geog. Journ._, Aug., 1919, pp. 92–103.)

11.—H. A. GILES’ _Dictionary_, Part III., pp. 1378–9.

List of Places mentioned by Marco Polo and identified by Yule.

12.—E. H. PARKER.—_Some New Facts about Marco Polo’s Book._

(_Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review_, Jan., 1904, pp. 125–149.)

———— _Notes on Yule_. (_Journ. N. C. B. R. A. Soc._, XXXVII., 1906, pp. 195, 196.)

13.—Cesare-Augusto LEVI.—_Il vero Segreto di Dante e Marco Polo_.—Comunicazione al Comitato di Treviso della “Dante Alighieri” letta la sera del 17 Novembre, 1905—Treviso, Zoppelli, 1905, 8vo, pp. 37.

14.—_The Dry Sea and the Carrenare_—John Livingstone LOWES. Printed at the University of Chicago Press, 8vo, pp. 46.

Reprinted from _Modern Philology_, Vol. III., No. 1, June, 1905.

15.—SYKES, Major P. Molesworth, H.B.M.’s Consulate-General, Meshed. (_Geog. Journ._, XXVI., Oct., 1905, pp. 462–466.)

I. Did Marco Polo visit Baghdad?—II. Did Marco Polo visit the Tabas?

Henri Cordier’s reply, _Ibid._, Dec., 1905, pp. 686, 687.

16.—_Noted Men who have helped China_.—II. _Marco Polo_. By Dr. Gilbert REID. (_North China Herald_, April 6, 1906.)

17.—C. Raymond BEAZLEY.—_The Dawn of Modern Geography_. Vol. III. _A History of Exploration and Geographical Science from the Middle of the Thirteenth to the early Years of the Fifteenth Century_ (c. A.D. 1260–1420). With reproductions of the Principal Maps of the Time. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906, 8vo, pp. xvi–638.

Chap. II. The Great Asiatic Travellers, 1260–1420. Part I. The Polos, 1260–1295, pp. 15–160.

18.—HALLBERG, Ivar.—_L’Extrême Orient dans la Littérature et la Cartographie de l’Occident des XIIIᵉ, XIVᵉ et XVᵉ siècles_—Étude sur l’histoire de la géographie.—Göteborg, 1906, 8vo, pp. viii–573.

19.—A. V. JACKSON.—_The Magi in Marco Polo and the Cities in Persia from which they came to worship the Infant Christ. (Journ. Amer. Orient. Soc._, XXVI., I., pp. 79–83.)

—— _Persia Past and Present_. A Book of Travel and Research with more than two hundred illustrations and a map by A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages, and sometime adjunct Professor of the English Language and Literature in Columbia University. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1906, 8vo, pp. xxxi–471.

20.—_Marco Polo’s Journey in Manzi_. By John C. FERGUSON. (_Journal North China Branch R. As. Soc._, XXXVII., 1906, pp. 190, 191.)

21.—_The Pulse of Asia: A Journey in Central Asia illustrating the Geographic Basis of History_, by Ellsworth HUNTINGTON. Illustrated. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1907, 8vo, pp. xxi–415.

22.—BRUCE, Major Clarence Dalrymple.—_In the Footsteps of Marco Polo_, Being the Account of a Journey Overland from Simla to Pekin. W. Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1907, 8vo, pp. xiv–379, ill., map.

23.—HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, A.—_Marco Polo’s Travels; New editions; his “Arbre Sol” not “Sun-tree,” but Cypress of Zoroaster (Journal R. As. Soc._, Jan., 1909, pp. 154–162.)

24.—SVEN HEDIN.—_Overland to India_, with 308 Illustrations from Photographs, Water-colour Sketches, and Drawings by the Author, and 2 Maps. Macmillan and Co., London, 1910, 2 vols., 8vo, pp. xix–416, xiv–357.

25.—_L’itinéraire de Marco Polo en Perse_, par M. Henri CORDIER, membre de l’Académie. (_Bull. Ac. Inscr. & Belles-Lettres_, Ctes. rendus, Mai, 1911, pp. 298–309.)

26.—Hirth, Friedrich, and Rockhill, W. W.—_Chau Ju-kua_: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, entitled _Chu-fan-chï_, Translated from the Chinese and Annotated. St. Petersburg, Printing Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1912, large 8vo, pp. x–288.

Mr. Rockhill has edited the Chinese Text of Chau Ju-kua at Tokyo, in 1914.

27.—Rockhill, W. W.—_Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and the Coast of the Indian Ocean during the Fourteenth Century_. (_T’oung Pao_, 1914, July; 1915, March, May, July, October, December.)

28.—Paul Pelliot.—_Kao-tch’ang Qočo, Houo-tcheou et Qarâ-khodja_, par M. Paul Pelliot, avec une note additionnelle de M. Robert Gauthiot. (_Journal Asiatique_, Mai–Juin, 1912, pp. 579–603.)

———— _Les documents chinois trouvés par la Mission_ Kozlov à _Khara-Khoto_. Ext. du _Journal Asiatique_ (Mai–Juin, 1914). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1914, 8vo, pp. 20.

———— Chrétiens d’Asie centrale et d’Extrême-Orient par Paul Pelliot. (_T’oung Pao_, December, 1914, pp. 623–644.)

29.—Ferrand, Gabriel.—_Relations des voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l’Extrême-Orient du VIIIᵉ au XVIIIᵉ siècles_, traduits, revus et annotés. Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1913–1914, 2 vols. 8vo.

_Documents historiques et géographiques relatifs à l’Indo-chine publiés sous la direction de_ MM. Henri CORDIER et Louis FINOT.

———— _La plus ancienne mention du nom de l’île de Sumatra_. Ext. du _Journal Asiatique_ (Mars–Avril, 1917). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1917, 8vo, pp. 7.

———— _Malaka le Malāyu et Malāyur_. Ext. du _Journal Asiatique_ (Mai–Juin et Juillet–Août, 1918). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1918, 8vo, pp. 202.

———— _Le nom de la girafe dans le Ying Yai Cheng Lan_. Ext. du _Journal Asiatique_ (Juillet–Août, 1918). Paris, Imp. Nat., 1918, 8vo, pp. 4.

30.—Yule—Cordier.—_Cathay and the Way Thither being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China_. New Edition. Vol. I. Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse between China and the Western Nations previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route. London, Hakluyt Society, 1915.—Vol. II. Odoric of Pordenone.—_Ibid._, 1913.—Vol. III. Missionary Friars—Rashíduddín—Pegolotti— Marignolli.—_Ibid._, 1914.—Vol. IV., Ibn Batuta.—Benedict Goës.—Index. _Ibid._, 1916; 4 vols., 8vo.

31.—_Karajang_, by B. LAUFER (Chicago). (_Journ. Roy. As. Soc._, Oct., 1915, pp. 781–784.)

Cf. _Geographical Journal_, Feb., 1916, p. 146.

32.—MOULE, Rev. A. C.—_Notices of Christianity_. Extracted from Marco Polo. (_Journ. North China Br. R. As. Soc._, XLVI., 1915, pp. 19–37.)

Facsimile of a page of French MS. 1116 in the Bibliothèque nationale.

———— _Marco Polo’s Sinjumatu_. (_T’oung Pao_, July, 1912, pp. 431–3.)

———— _Hang-chou to Shang-tu_, A.D. 1276. (_T’oung Pao_, July, 1915, pp. 393–419.)

———— _Documents relating to the Mission of the Minor Friars to China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries_. (_Jour. Roy. As. Soc._, July, 1914, pp. 533–599.)

———— A. C. M[OULE].—_A Note on the Chinese Atlas in the Magliabecchian Library, with reference to Kinsay in Marco Polo_. (_Jour. Roy. As. Soc._, July, 1919, pp. 393–395.)

33.—Charles V. LANGLOIS.—Marco Polo Voyageur. (_Histoire littéraire de la France_, XXXV.)

34.—CORDIER, Henri.—_Le Christianisme en Chine et en Asie sous les Mongols_. (Ext. du _T’oung Pao_, 2ᵉ Sér., XVIII., 1917). Leide, E. J. Brill, 1918, 8vo, pp. 67.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.

XII., pp. 307 _seq._

Sir Richard C. TEMPLE, has kindly sent me the following valuable notes:—

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS.

_General Note._

Both the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have been very closely studied by Indian Government officials for about fifty years, and they and the people occupying them are now thoroughly understood. There is a considerable literature about them, ethnographical, historical, geographical, and so on.

I have myself been Chief Commissioner, _i.e._, Administrator, of both groups for the Government of India for ten years, 1894–1903, and went deeply into the subjects connected with them, publishing a good many papers about them in the _Indian Antiquary_, _Journal of the Royal Society of Arts_, _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, and elsewhere. A general survey of all information to that date concerning the islands will be found in the _Census of India_, 1901, vol. III., which I wrote; in this volume there is an extensive bibliography. I also wrote the Andaman and Nicobar volumes of the Provincial and District _Gazetteers_, published in 1909, in which current information about them was again summarised. The most complete and reliable book on the subject is E. H. MAN’S _Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, London, 1883. KLOSS, _Andamans and Nicobars_, 1902, is a good book. GERINI’S _Researches on Ptolemy’s Geography of Eastern Asia_, 1909, is valuable for the present purpose.

The best books on the Nicobars are MAN’S _Nicobarese Vocabulary_, published in 1888, and MAN’S _Dictionary of the Central Nicobarese Language_, published in 1889. I am still publishing Mr. MAN’S _Dictionary of the South Andaman Language_ in the _Indian Antiquary_.

Recent information has so superseded old ideas about both groups of islands that I suggest several of the notes in the 1903 edition of Marco Polo be recast in reference to it.

With reference to the _Census Report_ noted above, I may remark that this was the first Census Report ever made on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and according to the custom of the Government of India, such a report has to summarise all available information under headings called Descriptive, Ethnography, Languages. Under the heading Descriptive are sub-heads, Geography, Meteorology, Geography, History, so that practically my _Census Report_ had to include in a summarised form all the available information there was about the islands at that time. It has a complete index, and I therefore suggest that it should be referred to for any point on which information is required.

NICOBARS.

P. 307. _No king or chief_.—This is incorrect. They have distinct village communities, governed each by its own chief, with definite rules of property and succession and marriage. See _Census Report_. pp. 214, 212.

Pp. 307–308, Note 1. For Pulo Gomez, see BOWREY, _Countries Round the Bay of Bengal_, ed. Temple, Hakluyt Society, p. 287 and footnote 4. Bowrey (_c._ 1675) calls it Pullo Gomus, and a marine journal of 1675 calls it Polo Gomos.

_Origin of the name Nicobars_.—On this point I quote my paragraph thereon on p. 185, _Census Report_.

“The situation of the Nicobars along the line of a very ancient trade has caused them to be reported by traders and sea-farers through all historical times. Gerini has fixed on Maniola for Car-Nicobar and Agathodaimonos for Great Nicobar as the right ascription of Ptolemy’s island names for this region. This ascription agrees generally with the mediæval editions of Ptolemy. Yule’s guess that Ptolemy’s Barussæ is the Nicobars is corrected by Gerini’s statement that it refers to Nias. In the 1490 edition of Ptolemy, the Satyrorum Insulæ placed to the south-east of the Malay Peninsula, where the Anamba islands east of Singapore, also on the line of the old route to China, really are, have opposite them the remark:—_qui has inhabitant caudas habere dicuntur_—no doubt in confusion with the Nicobars. They are without doubt the Lankhabalus of the _Arab Relations_ (851 A.D.), which term may be safely taken as a misapprehension or mistranscription of some form of Nicobar (through Nakkavar, Nankhabar), thus affording the earliest reference to the modern term. But there is an earlier mention of them by I-Tsing, the Chinese Buddhist monk, in his travels, 672 A.D., under the name of the Land of the Naked People (Lo-jen-kuo), and this seems to have been the recognised name for them in China at that time. ‘Land of the Naked’ translates Nakkavaram, the name by which the islands appear in the great Tanjore inscription of 1050. This name reappears in Marco Polo’s Necuveran 1292, in Rashiduddin’s Nakwaram 1300, and in Friar Odoric’s Nicoveran 1322, which are the lineal ancestors of the 15th and 16th Century Portuguese Nacabar and Nicubar and the modern Nicobar. The name has been Nicobar since at least 1560. The fanciful story of the tails is repeated by the Swede Kjœping as late as 1647.”

Nicobar clearly means the Land of the Naked, but that does not correctly describe the people. I have never seen either a naked man or woman in the Nicobars. The men are nearly naked, but they wear a string round the waist with a very small loincloth. The string is so tied as to leave two long streamers behind, which have very much the appearance of a tail as the man walks along, and no doubt this gave rise to the idea that they were tailed men. The women wear a petticoat coming below the knees, generally red.

The Nicobarese are not savages and live in well-built clean villages, are born traders, and can calculate accurately up to very high figures. They deliberately do not cultivate, because by using their cocoanuts as currency they can buy from Chinese, Malay, Burmese, Indian, and other traders all that they want in the way of food and comforts. They are good gardeners of fruit. They seem to have borne their present characteristics through all historical times.

Pp. 307–308, Note 1.—Nancowry is a native name for two adjacent islands, now known as Camorta and Nankauri, and I do not think it has anything to do with the name Nicobar. For a list of the geographical names of the islands, see _Census Report_, pp. 179–180.

_Race and Dialect_.—The Nicobarese are generally classed as Malays, _i.e._, they are “Wild Malays,” and probably in reality an overflow of Mon tribes from the mainland of the Malay Peninsula (_Census Report_, p. 250). They are a finely built race of people, but they have rendered their faces ugly by the habit of chewing betel with lime until they have destroyed their teeth by incrustations of lime, so that they cannot close their lips properly.

I think it is a mistake to class the Nicobarese as Rakshasas or demons, a term that would apply in Indian parlance more properly to the Andamanese.

The Nicobarese are all one race, including the Shom Pen, for long a mysterious tribe in the centre of Great Nicobar, but now well known. They speak dialects of one language, though the dialects as spoken are mutually unintelligible. There is no Negrito tribe in the Nicobars. A detailed grammar of the language will be found in the _Census Report_, pp. 255–284.

The Nicobarese have long been pirates, and one of the reasons for the occupation of their islands by the Indian Government was to put down the piracy which had become dangerous to general navigation, but which now no longer exists.

P. 309.—The great article of trade is the cocoanut, of which a detailed account will be found in the _Census Report_, pp. 169–174, 219–220, 243. I would suggest the recasting of the remarks on the products of the Nicobars in your note on p. 309 in view of the statements made in those pages of the Report, bearing in mind that the details of the Nicobar Islands are now practically as well known as those relating to any other part of the East.

P. 312.—The Nicobarese tradition is that they are descended from a man and a dog, but this is only one phase of the ordinary Far Eastern animal-descent story.

The projecting teeth mentioned by Colonel Man are common in the Nicobars in the case of adults only, usually confined to men and women advanced in life. They are not natural, but caused, as stated above, by the excessive use of betel and lime, which forms a dark unsightly incrustation on the teeth and finally destroys them. Children and youth of both sexes have good white normal teeth.

P. 312.

NARCONDAM.

Narcondam, an island I know well, has a separate bibliography of its own. It belongs to the Sunda group of volcanoes, but it has been so long extinct that there are no obvious signs now of its ever having been active. It has a species of hornbill which I have captured and shot that has differentiated itself from all others. I do not think, therefore, it can have been recognised as a volcano by mariners in historical times, and consequently the derivation of Narakakundam is to my mind doubtful. The obvious volcano in the neighbourhood is Barren Island, which is still alive.

ANDAMANS.

Pp. 309–310, Note 1.—The Andamanese are not an ill-looking race, and are not negroes in any sense, but it is true that they are Negritos in the lowest known state of barbarism, and that they are an isolated race. Reasons for the isolation will be found in the _Census Report_, p. 51, but I should not call their condition, mentally or physically, degraded. The mental characteristics of the race will be found on pp. 59–61 of the _Census Report_, and for your information I here extract from my remarks thereon the section on character.

“In childhood the Andamanese are possessed of a bright intelligence, which, however, soon reaches its climax, and the adult may be compared in this respect with the civilised child of ten or twelve. He has never had any sort of agriculture, nor until the English taught him the use of dogs did he ever domesticate any kind of animal or bird, nor did he teach himself to turn turtle or to use hook and line in fishing. He cannot count, and all his ideas are hazy, inaccurate, and ill-defined. He has never developed unaided any idea of drawing or making a tally or record for any purpose, but he readily understands a sketch or plan when shown him. He soon becomes mentally tired, and is apt to break down physically under mental training.

“He retains throughout life the main characteristics of the child: of very short but strong memory, suspicious of but hospitable to strangers, ungrateful, imitative and watchful of his companions and neighbours, vain, and under the spur of vanity industrious and persevering, teachable up to a quickly reached limit, fond of undefined games and practical jokes, too happy and careless to be affected in temperament by his superstitions, too careless indeed to store water even for a voyage, plucky but not courageous, reckless only from ignorance or from inappreciation of danger, selfish but not without generosity, chivalry or a sense of honour, petulant, hasty of temper, entirely irresponsible and childish in action in his wrath, and equally quick to forget, affectionate, lively in his movements, and exceedingly taking in his moments of good temper. At these times the Andamanese are gentle and pleasant to each other, considerate to the aged, the weakly or the helpless, and to captives, kind to their wives and proud of their children, whom they often over-pet; but when angered, cruel, jealous, treacherous and vindictive, and always unstable. They are bright and merry companions, talkative, inquisitive and restless, busy in their own pursuits, keen sportsmen and naturally independent, absorbed in the chase from sheer love of it and other physical occupations, and not lustful, indecent, or indecently abusive.

“As the years advance they are apt to become intractable, masterful, and quarrelsome. A people to like but not to trust. Exceedingly conservative and bound up in ancestral custom, not amenable to civilisation, all the teachings of years bestowed upon some of them having introduced no abstract ideas among the tribesmen, and changed no habit in practical matters affecting comfort, health, and mode of life. Irresponsibility is a characteristic, though instances of a keen sense of responsibility are not wanting. Several Andamanese can take charge of the steering of a large steam launch through dangerous channels, exercising then caution, daring, and skill though not to an European extent, and the present (1901) dynamo-man of the electric lighting on Ross Island is an Andamanese, while the wire-man is a Nicobarese, both of whom exhibit the liveliest sense of their responsibilities, though retaining a deep-rooted and unconquerable fear of the dynamo and wires when at work. The Nicobarese shows, as is to be expected, the higher order of intellect. Another Andamanese was used by Portman for years as an accountant and kept his accounts in English accurately and well.

“The intelligence of the women is good, though not as a rule equal to that of the men. In old age, however, they frequently exhibit a considerable mental capacity which is respected. Several women trained in a former local Mission Orphanage from early childhood have shown much mental aptitude and capacity, the ‘savagery’ in them, however, only dying down as they grew older. They can read and write well, understand and speak English correctly, have acquired European habits completely, and possess much shrewdness and common sense: one has herself taught her Andamanese husband, the dynamo-man above mentioned, to read and write English and induced him to join the Government House Press as a compositor. She writes a well-expressed and correctly-spelt letter in English, and has a shrewd notion of the value of money. Such women, when the instability of youth is past, make good ‘ayas,’ as their menkind make good waiters at table.

“The highest general type of intelligence yet noticed is in the Jarawa tribe.”

P. 310. _The name Andaman_.—To my mind the modern Andaman is the Malay Handuman = Hanuman, representing “monkey” or savage aboriginal antagonist of the Aryans = also the Rakshasa. Individuals of the race, when seen in the streets of Calcutta in 1883, were at once recognised as Rakshasas. It may amuse you to know that the Andamanese returned the compliment, and to them all Orientals are Chauga or Ancestral Ghosts, _i.e._, demons (see _Census Report_, pp. 44–45 for reasons). I agree with you that Angamanain is an Arabic dual, the Great and the Little Andaman. To a voyager who did not land, the North, Middle, and South Andaman would appear as one great island, whereas the strait separating these three islands from the Little Andaman would be quite distinctly seen.

P. 311. _Cannibalism_.—The charge of cannibalism is entirely untrue. I quote here my paragraph as to how it arose (_Census Report_, p. 48).

“The charge of cannibalism seems to have arisen from three observations of the old mariners. The Andamanese attacked and murdered without provocation every stranger they could on his landing; they burnt his body (as they did in fact that of every enemy); and they had weird all-night dances round fires. Combine these three observations with the unprovoked murder of one of themselves, and the fear aroused by such occurrences in a far land in ignorant mariners’ minds, century after century, and a persistent charge of cannibalism is almost certain to be the result.”

The real reason for the Andamanese taking and killing every stranger that they could was that for centuries the Malays had used the islands as one of their pirate bases, and had made a practice of capturing the inhabitants to sell as slaves in the Peninsula and Siam.

P. 311. _Navigation_.—It is true that they do not quit their own coasts in canoes, and I have always doubted the truth of the assertions that any of them ever found their way to any Nicobar island.

Andamanese men go naked, but the only Andamanese women that I have ever seen entirely naked in their own jungles are of the inland tribe of Jarawas.

R. C. TEMPLE.

_Nov._ 29, 1919.

INDEX

Names of Persons in CAPITAL Letters.—Subject Names in =thick= Letters.—Title of Books in _italics_.

Aas (The Alans), 95 Ab-i-Panja, 38 ABRAHAM, 94 ACHMED, 6, 7, 8 Acre, 4 ADAM of Bremen, 110 Aden, 124 Afghanistan, 20, 24, 33, 112 Africa, 19, 20, 21 AGHRUKJI, 68 Agror, 22, 24 AHMED, 6, 7, 8 AHMED SHIBAB EDDIN, 71 AIBUGA, 92 _Ain-i-Akbari_, 105 AI-YA-CH’IH, 68 Aksu, 39 A-KUO, 85, 88 A-LA-HAN, 103 Alans, 95–96 A-LA-PU-TAN, 95 Alashan, 62 A-LA-WA-TING, 95 ALBIRUNI, 41 ALFARIC, P., 112 AL FAKHRI, 17 =Aloes=, 105, 125 A-lo-sz’, 129 A-lu, 108 AMAR, E., 17 Amb, 24 =Ambergris=, 121, 124, 125 Amoy, 108 =A-nan=, 115 Andaman, 109, 144 _seq._ Angamanain, 109 =An-hsi-hsiang=, 125 =An-si-tsio=, 122 Antwerp, 134 Arabia, 19, 20 Arakan, 87 ARANZADI, Telesforo de, 86 =Arbre sec=, =arbre seul=, =arbre sol=, 31 ARGHÚN KHAN, 5, 8 =Arhat=, 8, 9, 10, 11 A-R-HUN, 8 Ariora, 22, 24 =Ärkägün=, 62, 94 Arménie, 24 Arnawal, 24, 36 Arsacie, 18 ARSLAN, 95 Aru, 108 ASEDIN SOLDAN, 22 Ashreth, 24 Asia Minor, 20 Asiot, 20 Asmar, 23, 24 A-TA-HAI, 103 Atyugrapura, 24 AVICENNE, 105 AYMONIER, 119 AZOO, R. F., 69

Badakhshan, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42 Badghis, 32 Baghdad, 5, 17 Bahabad, 28, 29, 30 Bahārak, 38 Baikal, 61 Bajistan, 30 Bājkatta, 36 BAKHSH, Maula, 21 Balkh, 33 Baltistán, 42 Baluchi, 29 Baluchistan, 29 Balur, 42, 43 Baluristán, 42 Bamian, 112 Barbary, 20 BARBOSA, 116 Bargu, Lake, 61 Barguchin, 61 Bargut, 61 =Bark of Trees=, 70, 71 _Barlaam_, 111 Baroghil, 41 BARROS, 107 Bashgol, 22, 23 Bastra, 17 Baudas, 17 BEAL, 106 BEAZLEY, C. R., 137, 141 BEHA ED-DIN AYAZ SEYFIN, 24 Belucha, 28, 29 Bend i-Turkestan, 33 BENT, Theo., 122 Bentam, 105 =Benzoin=, 125 Berbera, 122, 123 Be Tūmah, 105 =Beyamini=, 83 Bhamo, 87 BHUWANEKA BAHU I., 111 —— BAHU II., 111 Binshi Pass, 24 Bintang, 106 BLĀGDEN, C. O., 104 =Blows, Scale of=, 60 BOLOD, 8 Bolor, 34, 42 BOUSSAC, H., 69 BOWREY, 145 BRANDT, Otto St., 137 BRETSCHNEIDER, E., 4, 25, 56, 70, 75, 81, 82, 95, 123, 130 BROWN, Dr. Robert, 20 BRUCE, C. D., 141 =Buckram=, 80–81 BUDDHA, 10 Bujnurd, 21 Buner, 22, 24 Burch, 28, 29 BÜRCK, 137 =Burkhan=, 111 Burma, 85, 87–90 BUSHELL, S. W., 63, 67

CABATON, Ant., 119 Cachar Modun, 70 CAIN, John, 86, 87 Caiju, 93 Cail, 118 Caindu, 81, 82, 83 Cairo, 20 Cala Ataperistan, 18 Calamina, 118 Calicut, 125 Camadi, 21 Cambalu, 7 Cambodia, 115 =Camel crane=, 122 =Camelot=, 83 =Camels=, 17 =Camphor=, 114 Campichu, 52 Camul, 51 Canal, Grand, 91–93 Canton, 8, 31 Cape of Good Hope, 20 =Cape Sheep=, 20 Caraonas, 21 =Cardamom=, 114 Caroline Islands, 31 CARPINI, Plano, John of, 109 Casem, 34 Cashmeer, 36 Caspienne, 105 Caswin, 18 _Cathay_, 114 CATHERINE of COURTENAY, 11 Caugigu, 90 Ceylon, 110, 111, 112 Chagan jang, 68 Chagan nor, 6 CHAGATAÏ, 21, 22 Chah Khushab, 26 Chah Kuru, 26 Cha-i-beluch, 29 Chakdara, 36 Chakmak, Lake, 39 Chamba, Champa, 103, 104 CHANDE, 121 Changan, 96 Ch’ang Chau, Ch’angchou, 96, 100 Ch’ang lu, 91 =Chan tao=, 78 Charchan, 44, 46, 47, 48 CHARDIN, A., 139 Charklik, 47, 49 CHARLES de VALOIS, 11 Chasma Sufid, 29 Chau Chi, 76 CHAU JU-KWA, 17, 19, 25, 104, 107, 109, 110, 112, 115, 116, 118–125, 142 CHAVANNES, Ed., 73, 74, 76, 77, 106 Che Ch’an, 48 =Cheeta=, 69 Chehel Pai, 26 Chen Ch’ao, 96 Cherchen, 44; _see_ Charchan Chichiklik Pass, 39 Chi Chou, 92 =Chien-tao=, 78 Chih-li, 91, 92 Chingintalas, 51 CHINGIZ KHAN, 7, 21, 32, 54, 57, 60 =Ch’ing siang=, 73 CHIN KIN, 68 =Chinuchi=, 69 CHI-PI T’IE-MU-R, 82 _Chi p’u_, 71 Chira, 45, 46 Chitral, 22, 24, 35, 42 =Ch’ö-k’ü=, 109 _Chou Shu_, 58 =Christians=, 62 Chuan sha, 97 _Chu fan chí_; _see_ CHAU JU-KWA Ch’ui lan, 108 Chu lién, 112 Ch’ung K’ing, 79 Chung li, 121 CHUN YUEN, 49 Ciang lu, 91 =Cloves=, 114 =Coats of Mail=, 58 _seq._ Coilum, 119 Cophene, 19 CORDIER, H., 6, 7, 11, 39, 40, 136, 142 Coromandel Coast, 112 COSQUIN, Em., 112 COTES, Everard, 10 =Cotton=, 118, 120 =Couvade=, 85–86 =Cowries=, 82 CRAWFURD, 106 ÇRI PARAMEÇVARA, 107 =Cunichí=, 69, 70 =Cycle=, 73, 74 =Cypress= of ZOROASTER, 31 Cyprus, 81, 83

DAHLMANN, J., 116 Dambadenia, 111 Darbana, 26 Darband, 26, 36 =Dardic=, 23 =Darugachi=, 6 =Dates=, 17, 114 DEFRÉMERY, 17 Delhi, 22 DENNYS, N. B., 9, 106 DENUCÉ, J., 134 DERENBOURG, H., 136 =Deva-dāsī=, 115 DEVÉRIA, G., 77, 82, 95 =Diet= of the Gulf People, 25 Digargand, 38 Dilivar, 22 Dir, 22, 24, 35, 36 =Dirakht i sol=, 31 Djambi, 107 Djur djān, 105 =Dog-headed Barbarians=, 109–110 Dogana, 34 Dolonor, 6 DOMINICK, St., 25 =Dragon’s blood=, 125 DUDGEON, J., 75 =Dúdhá=, 30, 31 Dufar, 125 Duhuk, 26, 27, 28 DULAURIER, 110 DUTREUIL DE RHINS, 45

EDWARD, King, 4 EDRISI, 104 Egypt, 19, 20, 21 =Elephants’ tusks=, 124 ELIAS, Ney, 21, 42 ELLIOTT, Sir Walter, 113 Endereh, 45 Eptals, 34 _Eracles_, 4 Erukalavandlu, 86 Escurial, 136 Esher, 125 ESSEN TEMUR, 68 Etzina, 53, 54

Faeul la, 108 Fahanunch, 28, 29 Fa li la, 108 Fa li lang, 108 Fandaraina, 119 =Fang pu=, 118 FANG TS’IEN-LI, 86 _Fan kuo chi_, 19 FAN WEN-HU, 103 =Fat-tailed sheep=, 19 FELLOWS, 21 FERGUSON, Donald, 24, 25 FERGUSON, John C., 141 Ferlec, 108 FERRAND, Gabriel, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 123, 124, 142 FERRIER, 32 Firuz Kuh, 33 FLEET, J. F., 41, 111, 117 Florence, 135 Fong Joen hien, 91 Foochow, 98, 100 FORSYTH, Sir D. T., 50 Fou ning hien, 91 FRANCISQUE-MICHEL, 17, 18, 81, 83 =Frankincense=, 125 FRASER, 32 FRIEDMANN, Ed., 13 Fuh lin, 25 FUJITA, 114 Fu Kien, 98

Gabar Castle, 18 Galcha, 39 GAUBIL, 57 GENGIS KHAN; _see_ CHINGIZ KHAN GEORGE, Prince, 62 GERINI, Col., 105, 109, 144 GÉUKJU, 68 Gez, Defile, 39, 40 GHIASUDDIN, 22 GILES, H. A., 79, 140 Gilgit, 42 GILL, Capt., 84, 95 =Ginger=, 120 =Giraffes=, 123, 124, 125 Glasgow, 133 =Goblins=, 48 God, 28 God Hashtaki, 29 God-i-shah-taghi, 28, 29 Goëz, Benedict, 40 Goklán Turkomans, 21 =Gold=, coins, 125; native, 124; value of, 72–73 GONDOPHERNES, 117 Gozurat, 116, 120 GRAY, Archdeacon, 9 Great Desert, 48, 49 =Great Wall=, 57 GREGORY X., 4 GRENARD, F., 45 GRIERSON, Sir George, 23 GROENEVELDT, W. P., 107 Gurgán, 21 Gurun, 62 Guzerat, 116, 120

Ha ch’a mu touen, 70 Hadhramaut, 125 HAJI SUMUTRABHŪMI, 107 Ha-la T’u, 57 HALLBERG, Ivar, 141 Hami, 19, 51 Han chung, 78 Hang Chau, 11, 93, 96, 97 HAN LIN-EUL, 8 Han mo, 45 HA PI CH’I, 92 HARLEZ, C. de, 63 Harmuz; _see_ Hormuz Hasanábad, 26 Hata, 81 Hauz-i-Haji-Ramazan, 27 HAYAM WURUK, 105 Hazāra, 22, 24, 36 HEDIN, Sven, 26, 32, 46, 49, 141 HEIKEL, 58 Hei Shui, 53, 55 =Hei tiao=, 69 Herat, 32 HERODOTUS, 20 HETHUM, King, 110 HEYD, W., 5 Hia, 61 Hia lah, 18 HIEN FUNG, 73 =Hien yang=, 19 HIERSEMANN, Karl W., 137 Hindu Kush, 23, 35, 43 HIRTH, F., 19, 90, 109, 112, 115, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 142 _Hist. litt. de la France_, 4, 143 HIUAN TSANG, 34, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47 Hiu Heng, 74 Hiung Nu, 41, 58 HOANG, P., 73, 92 Ho Kien, 91 HOLM, Frits V., 76, 77 Ho Nan, 31 Ho Ni, 85 Hormos; _see_ Hormuz Hormuz, 5, 24, 25 =Horses=, 114 HO SE-HUI, 75 Ho sim, 34 HO T’IEN-TSIO, 85 Ho ts’z mi, 34 _Hou Han shu_, 122 HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, 31, 141 Hsen-wi, 89 Hsien nü miao, 94 Hsi hsia, 54 Hsin Chin Hsien, 78 HUBER, Ed., 85, 87, 88, 90 Hu Chou, 96 HUET, 18 Hui jen, 89 _Hui kiang chi_, 72 HUKAJI, 68 HULAGU, 95 =Humang=, 25 Hu Nan, 6 =Hung Fu=, 96 HUNG TS’A-KIU, 103 =Hunting Leopard=, 69 HUNTINGTON, E., 45, 46, 49, 141 Hunza, 39, 42 Hu Peh, 6 HUSSOT, 51 HU TU, 88 =Hu yang=, 19

IBN AL BAYTAR, 105 IBN BÂBAWAIH, 112 IBN BATUTA, 120 IBN KUSTRAJIM, 69 =Indigo=, 120 Indo-Scythy, 19 INDRAVARMAN VI., 103 Indus, 22, 23, 24, 36, 41 Irrawaddy, 90 Ishkáshm, 37, 38 Islands, Male and Female, 120 Ismaelites, 32 IVANOV, 55 =Ivory=, 107

JACK, R. Logan, 79, 80, 85 JACKSON, A. W. W., 18, 141 =Jade=, 46 Japan, 119 =Japanese War=, 103 Jatah, 21 JAYA SINHAVARMAN, 103 Jhelam, 22, 24, 36 JOANNO DOS SANCTOS, 121 JOHNSON, 44 JOSAPHAT, 111 Jou jan, 3, 63 =Ju hiang=, 125

Kabul, 23, 42 Kachins, 85 Kademgah, 33 Kafchi kué, 90 Kafir Valley, 23 Kafiristan, 23, 35, 42 Kafirs, 22 Kai, 36 Ka-i-lêh, 118 Kain, 26, 33 K’ai p’ing fu, 6 Kal’ah-i Atashparastān, 18 Kam chau, 53; _see_ Kan chau Kam pei, 108 Kan Chau, 4, 53, 54, 62 K’ANG HI, 31, 73 Kang ngai, 85 KANG YU-CHI, 60 Kan pai, 108 Kan Su, 53, 54, 76 Kao ch’ang, 44, 45, 76 Kao ch’ê, 58 KAO HSIEN-CHIH, 41 Kao yu, 94 Kapisa, 36 Karajang, 68, 84, 95 Kara Khitai, 56 Kara Khodja, 75 Kara Khoto, 53, 54, 55 Karakorum, 54, 95 Kara Kul, 39 Kara Shahr, 48 Karáwánás, 21 Kárnás, 21 Kasanna, 41 Kashan, 5, 18 Kashgar, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 50 K’a shi mih, 36 Kashmir, 22, 23, 24, 35, 36, 42 Kätäk, 48 Kaungsi, 85 Kaung sin, 87 Kaveripattanam, 112 Kayal, 118 Keirabad, 29, 56 Kenan, 45, 46 Keriya, 44, 45 Kerman, 5, 24, 26, 27, 28, 56 Kerulen, 57 =Keshikten=, 69 Keshimur, 36 Kevir, 27, 29, 30 Khanfu, 98 KHANIKOFF, 32 =Khakhan=, 3, 4 Khan Balig, 94 Khara Khoto; _see_ Kara Khoto Kheirabad, 29, 56 Khitán, 14, 93 Khorasan, 5, 21, 33 Khori, 61 Khotan, 4, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 72 Khoten; _see_ Khotan Khudafrin, 29 Khumdan, 77 =Khurma=, 25 Kiang si, 97 Kiao chi kwe, 90 Kia yu kwan, 52 Kieh sha, 41 Kieh shwang na, 41 Kien ch’ang, 82 Kien Kang, 79 K’IEN LUNG, 73 Kien tu, 81, 82, 83 K’ié t’ai, 48 KI HAN, 119 Kila Panja, 38 K’i lien, 57 K’i lien shan, 57 =K’i lin=, 124 KIN, 56, 60 King Shan, 68 KINGSMILL, T. W., 94 King tchao fu, 77 Ki ning, 75 Kin Kargalai, 36 Kinsay, 96, 97, 98 =Ki pe=, 118 =Ki pu=, 118 KIRSTE, John, 48 Kisi, 17 _Kitab u’l-Bazyarah_, 69 _K’i-t’ah-t’êh Pu-ha_, 32 K’itan, 14, 94 Kiu chen, 119 Kiung tu, 83 KLAPROTH, 72, 110 KLOSS, 144 Koh Tralàch, 104 Koko Nor, 62 Ko-ku-lo, 118 _Ko-pu-che-ma_, 118 Korano, 24 Košano, 24 Kou kuo, 109 K’ou wai, 62 KOZLOFF, Col., 53, 54, 55 KRETSCHMER, K., 137 _Kuang yü hsing shêng_, 93 _Kuang yü t’u_, 97 Kuba Sabz, 56 KÚBLÁI, 5, 6, 34, 68, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95 Kubunán, 26; _see_ Kuh-benan Kuche, 4, 19 _Kudatku Bilik_, 14 Kuh-benan, Kuh Banan, 26, 27, 28, 30 Ku li, 125 =K’u lu ma=, 25 K’u lun, 62 KUMAGUSU MINAKATA, 49, 50, 59 Kunar, 23, 24, 36 KUNICKE, Hugo, 85 Kúnkú, 67 K’un lun ts’öng ti, 122 Kurit, 28, 29 Kurun, 62 Kwa Chau, 93 Kwang Chau, 98 Kwei Chau, 86 K’WEI T’ENG, 79

Lahawar, 22 Lahore, 22 Lambri, 109 La meng, 89 Landjun, 73 Langar Kisht, 38 LANGLOIS, C. V., 4 Langszi, 86 Laṅkāçoka, 104 Lankhabalus, 145 Lan wu li, 109 Lao, 86 LAUFER, B., 8 _et seq._, 10, 20, 55, 58, 61, 69, 70, 75, 76, 81, 83, 84, 98, 111, 119, 142 =Lawáki=, 105 LEARY, Mrs. George, 77 LE COQ, 111 _Lei pien_, 89 LEMKE, Hans, 137 LEO AFRICANUS, 19, 20, 21 =Leopards=, 69, 125 LEVI, C. A., 140 LÉVI, Sylvain, 117 _Liang Shu_, 109 LIAO, 56 Li Chou, 82 Lien-yün, 41 Ligor, 105 Ling pei, 95 _Ling-wai-tai-ta_, 122 Ling ya ssi kia, 104 Lin Ngan, 94, 96 LI T’AN, 92 LITTON, 89 Livar, 22 Loan tcheou, 91 Lob Nor, 44, 47, 48, 49, 62 Locac, 104 Lo-ch’a, 108, 109 Lochac, 109 =Lo-han=, 8, 9, 10, 11 Lo hing man, 109 Lo lan, 112 Lo lo, 81 Lop; _see_ Lob Nor Lopou, 47 Lo t’ing-hien, 91 LOUIS, St., 4 Loulan, 45, 47 LOUREIRO, J. de, 119 Lovek, 105 Lowarai, 24 LOWES, J. L., 140 Luang Prabang, 90 Lu kü River, 57 Lulan, 45, 47 Lumghán, 42 Lut, 5, 26, 28

Maabar, 114, 115 MACKINDER, H. J., 137 MADROLLE, C., 9 Maga, 29 Magadha, 99 =Magi=, 18 Mahratta, 115 Mājapāhit, 105 Malabar, 118, 119 Malacca, 107 Ma-la-hi, 32 Malaiur, 105 =Malaria=, 84 Malaya, 105 Malayu, 107 Malāyur, 107 Ma lo pa, 125 Maluir, 105 MAN, E. H., 144 Mána, 21 Mandal Pass, 23 MANGALAI, 68 MANG-KU-TAI, 81 MANGU, 95 MANSUR KHÁN, 42 =Manuscripts of Marco Polo=, 135–136 Man Waing, 85 Mao Shan, 108, 109 =Mare’s Milk=, 63 MARQUART, J., 77, 110 =Marriage=, 58 =Marriage of the Dead=, 58–60 MAR SARGHIS, 96 MARSDEN, W., 22, 138 _Masálak al Absár_, 73 MASEFIELD, John, 138 MASPERO, G., 90, 103 MASPERO, H., 13 Mastūj, 39 MAS’UD, 24 MA TUAN-LIN, 48, 112 MAURO, Fra, 13 MAYERS, W. F., 9, 79, 139 Mazār-tapa, 38 MEDLYCOTT, A. E., 116 Mekrit, 61 Melibar, 80 Mescript, 61 Meshed, 21, 32, 33 MICHELANT, H., 4 Mien, Mien Kwé, 87, 88 MINAKATA, KUMAGUSU, 49, 50, 59 MING, 71, 73, 82, 94 _Ming Shi_, 8 MIRZA HAÏDAR, 21, 42 =Mi t’ang tsiu=, 119 Moghu, 28 Moghul, 21 MOHAMMED I. Dirhem Kub, 24 MONTE CORVINO, JOHN de, 62 MONG CH’ANG, 80 MONG CHI-SIANG, 80 MONGEZ, 17 Mongols, 24 MONTALTO DE JESUS, C. A., 9 MORLEY, Henry, 138 MORRISON, R., 73 MOSTAS’IM, 17 =Mongol Imperial Family=, 68–69 MOULE, A. C., 91, 92, 93, 96, 143 MOULE, G. E., 139 Mu bu pa, 78 MUHAMMAD, 25 Mu hu pa, 78 Muh Pang, 89 =Muh pieh tzŭ=, 125 Mukden, 68 Mu-la-i, 32 Mu lan p’i, 19 Mu-lei, 32 MÜLLER, F. W. K., 18 MÜLLER, Max, 77, 86 =Mu mién=, 118 Murābit, 19 Murgab, 33 Muzart, 49 Muztāgh-Ata, 39, 40 Muzzaffarabad, 24 Myin Saing, 88 =Myrobolans=, 120 =Myrrh=, 125

=Nac=, 17 _Nan fang ts’ao mi chuang_, 119 Na-fo-po, 45, 47 =Naft=, 30 Nafún, 103 Nagar, 42 _Nāgarakretāgama_, 105, 106 Naiband, Naibend, 26, 27, 28, 30 Negapatam, 113, 114 Necuveran, 108 Naïn, 18 =Nakh=, 17 Nam hkam, 85 Nam Ti, 85, 87, 88 Nan Chao, 86 Nan King, 79 Nan p’i, 118, 119 Nan Shan, 52 _Nan Shi_, 109, 110 Nan Sung, 90 Nan tien, 90 NARASĪHAPATI, 87, 88 Narcondam, 147 =Nasich=, 17 NASR ED-DIN, 87, 88 =Nassit=, 17 NAYAN, 67 Nga-çaung-khyam, 87, 88, 90 Nga Singu, 90 Ngan chen kue, 90 Ngan tung, 93 NGAO-LA-HAN, 94 NICHOLAS, Alan Prince, 95 Nicobar, 108, 109, 144 _seq._ NIGŪDAR, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36 Nilus, 20 Ning Yuan, 81, 82, 83 Nipon, 103 Nishapur, 32, 33 Niu Wang, 89 Niya, 45, 46, 47, 48 NOGODAR, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36 NONE, 37 Nüchen, 57 Nu-fa, 125 Nuksán Pass, 35 NUMUGAN, 68 =Nuntuh=, 62 Nuremberg, 136 =Nutuk=, 62

O’CONNELL, Col., 113 ODORIC, 5, 18, 94, 133, 134 OELJAITU, 5 OGDAI, OKKODAI, 79, 95 OLDENBOURG, S. d’, 112 OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAIN, 32 OLIVIERI, Dante, 137 OLOPUN, 76 =Ondanique=, 19 Öngut, 62 Ormus; _see_ Hormuz Oros, 129 =Ostriches=, 125 OTTEWILL, H. A., 85, 89, 90 Ouigour; _see_ Uighúr =Oxen= of Tibet, Wild, 83 Oxus, 23, 37, 38, 41

PACHATURUNZA, 25 Pagan, 87, 88 _Pagan Yazawin_, 87 =P’ai tzŭ=, 67 Palembang, 106, 107 =Palladius=, 51, 52, 57, 81, 139 Pálor, 42 Pamier, 38; _see_ Pamir Pamir, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40 PANDITA PRAKRAMA BAHU II., 111 Panjkora River, 22, 35 Panjkora Valley, 24 Panjshir Valley, 23, 35 Pan-shê, 36 Panyál, 42 =Pao=, 95 Paonano Pao, 41 Pao tch’e hien, 91 =Paper Money=, 71–72 Paris, 134 PARKER, E. H., 4, 5, 7, 8, 18, 19, 25, 31, 32, 34, 36, 41, 42, 45, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 67, 73, 78, 79, 86, 89, 91, 94, 95, 99, 100, 103, 118, 119, 130, 140 Paropamisus, 33 Pashai, 3, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36 Pashai-Dir, 22 Pa tan, 114 Pa ta shan, 34 =Pa tsz=, 82 PAUTHIER, 5, 6, 7, 8, 22 =Pearls=, 107, 114, 118 PEGOLOTTI, 13 _Peh Shi_, 99 Pein, 44, 45, 46 PELLIOT, 7, 8, 13, 14, 18, 24, 48, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84, 85, 92, 94, 96, 98, 104, 106, 107, 108, 114, 120, 142 Pentam, 105 _Pen ts’ao kang mu_, 25, 75, 123 =Pepper=, 120 PERI, N., 94 Persia, 5, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 33 =Persian=, knowledge of, 74 Peshawar, 22 PÉTIS DE LA CROIX, 60 PETIT, Joseph, 11, 139 =Petroleum=, 30 =Pharaoh’s rat=, 58 PHILIP the Fair, 11 PHILIPPS, W. R., 116, 118 PHILLIPS, G., 108, 109 PHILLOTT, Col. D. C., 69 PHILOSTRATE, 17 P’iao tien, 85 Pie-li-la, 108 P’i mo, 44, 45, 46 =Pin Iron=, 19 =Pin t’ieh=, 19 Pi p’a lo, 122, 123 PIPINO, F., 133 Pir Moral, 29 =Pisaca languages=, 23 Pi ssï lo, 17 POH LO, 6, 7 Poh lo, 34 POLO, Marco, Notes, 3; Statue at Canton, 8 _seq._; MSS., 133 _seq._ PO-LO, 8 =P’öng birds=, 122 =Po sze tao=, 25 Po Yi, 85 POZDNEIEV, A,, 13 PRAKAMA BAHU III., 111 PRAPAÑCA, 105 PRJEVALSKY, 49 Pudenum, 28 Puh hai, 93 PUH-LAN HI, 7 PUH-LO, 5, 6, 7 PUH-LO HI, 7 PUH-LO KADEI, 7 PULAD Chinsang, 8 Pulau Kundur, 104 Pulo Condor, 104 Pumpkin Island, 104 Punjab, 35 PURCHAS, 122

Qamul, 51 Qara Khodja; _see_ Kara Khodja QUINTE-CURCE, 17

RADLOFF, W., 61, 111 =Rāmjani=, 115 =Ramme=, African, 19 RAMSTEDT, 24 RAMUSIO, 3, 6 RASHID UD-DIN, 8, 90, 145 Rávar, 26 RAWLINSON, G., 20 RAYNAUD, G., 4 REID, Gilbert, 141 Reobarles, 19, 21 Rezu, 29 =Rhinoceros=, 107 Rhio Strait, 106 =Rhubarb=, 52 Riāu, 106 RICHTHOFEN, 49 Rizab, 28 ROBERT d’Artois, 11 ROCKHILL, W. W., 3, 19, 55, 56, 90, 109, 110, 112, 115, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 142 ROKN ED-DIN MAHMUD III. KALHATY, 24 Ross, E. D., 42 RUBRUCK, G. de, 109, 110 RUGE, S., 139 =Rukh=, 122 RUOMEDAN AHOMET, 24 Russia, 129 RUSTICIANO, 3, 4

Saba, 18 Sadfe, 27 Sad Ishtragh, 38 Sad Khandūt, 38 Sado, 36 Sad Sipang, 38 =Saffron=, 98 =Sagamoni Borcan=, 111 SAGATU, 103 =Saghlat=, 62 =Sago tree=, 108 =Sa-ha-la=, 62 Saianfu, 95 SAID KHÁN, 42 Saint Omer, 11 =Sakya Muni Burkhan=, 111 =Salt=, 91–92, 123 Salwen, 84, 85, 89 Sam, 18 Samarcand, 36 =Sandal Wood=, 124 San fo ts’i, 126 =Sangon=, 92 San Ta, 85 =Sappan=, 119 Sapurgan, 32, 33 Säracanco, 13 Sarai, 13 Sarhad, 36, 40, 41 Sarikol, 39, 40 Sar-i-Sar-hadd, 38 Sar i Sher, 67 =Sati=, 115 =Sa-tō=, 99 SCHEFER, Ch., 71 SCHLEGEL, G., 103, 108, 109 Scotra, 121 SCOTT, Sir G., 89 Sebsevar, 30, 32, 33 Sefid-ab, 28, 29 SEÏF ED-DIN NUSRAT, 24 Selat Tebrau, 106 Selenga, 62 Sendi Foulat, 104 =Sêng=, 18 Seng-i-Kal-i-deh, 33 Ser-i-julge, 28, 29 _Serindia_, 21 Sha Chou, 44, 47, 49, 50 SHAH RUKH, 52, 53 SHAMU HUST, 51 Shang Tu, 6, 13, 63, 96 SHAN CHU TSUN CHE, 10 _Shan Haï King_, 19 Shan Tung, 91 Shan Si, 75 Shao Hing, 96 =Sha t’ang=, 99 SHAW, E. B., 42 =Sheep=, 17, 19, 20 Shehr, 125 SHEMIAKIN, 138 Shen Chou, 61 Shen shen, 62 =Shen yü=, 58 Shibirkhan, 33 SHIEN TCHU, 10 Shi Ho, 125 =Shikamparast=, 21 =Shikári=, 21 Shï-k’i-ni, 34 Shik-nih, 34 Shi lang, 86 SHI T’IEN-TSE, 92 Shu, Kingdom of, 79, 80 =Shu-mih fu shi=, 6 SHU NGAN, 62 Shurab, 33 Siāh pōsh, 35 SIANG WU TA EUL, 87 Si Chou, 4 Sien pi, 55 Si fan, 80, 81 SĪHASŪRA, 88 Si Hia, 55 Si lan, 109, 112 Si lan ch’ï kuo, 112 =Si li ju eul su la=, 107 =Silky Fowls=, 98–99 SINCLAIR, William F., 24 Sindafu, 78, 79 Si-ngan fu, 76, 77 Singapore, 105 _Sing ch’a shêng lan_, 125 Singphos, 85 SINGTAUR, 87, 88 Si ning, 61 Sinju, 61 Sinjumatu, 92 SIRI PARAMISURA, 107 Sita river, 41 _Si yang ch’ao kung tien lu_, 72, 124 _Si yih kien wan luh_, 49 SLIEPTSOV, A., 139 Smyrna, 20 Soling river, 62 Somali Coast, 121 =Sorcerers=, 121 =So Tu=, 103 =Sounds=, 48, 49 Spain, 19 STEIN, Sir Aurel, 3, 21, 22, 23, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 55, 72, 140 =Stewart=, C. E., 26 =Storax=, 125 STUART, 75 =Süan wei shi=, 6, 82 Su Chou, 52 =Sugar=, 119, 123 SUI, 62 Sukchur, 52 Sultania, 5 Sumatra, 106, 107, 109 Sundar Fūlāt, 104 SUNG, 19, 31, 61, 93, 96 _Sung Shí_, 112 SUNG YUN, 45 =Sun tree=, 31 =Suttee=, 115 Swat, 22, 24 Syghinan, 34 SYKES, Major P. M., 4, 5, 25, 27, 28, 56, 140 Syria, 20 Sze Chw’an, 79, 81, 83 SZE-MA TS’IEN, 76 Szi lang, 86

Tabas, Tabbas, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Tabriz, 5; _see_ Tauris T’a-ch’ar Hu-nan, 8 Tagaung, 90 Tagharma, 39, 40 Ta Hsien, 78 Taichow, 94 T’ai hang Mountain, 75 =Táilgan=, 57 =Tái lin=,57 _T’aï p’ing yu lan_, 76 T’aï Yuan fu, 75 Ta-la-kien, 34 Talāsh, 22 Talecan, 32, 34 Ta-li, 68 Tamasak, 105 _Ta Ming yi t’ung che_, 90 Tanah, 106 Tanah Malaya, 105, 106, 107 _T’ang_, 18, 19, 25, 34 _T’ang hsi_, 96 _T’ang Shu_, 112 Tangut, 6, 50, 51, 54, 61 Tanjore, 112, 115 Tanjore inscription, 104, 145 TANNER, P. von, 97 _Tao yi chi lio_, 114, 120, 123 TAO KOANG, 73 Ta Ping, 85 _Tárikh-i-Rashidi_, 21, 42, 48, 139 Tarim, 41 =Tarsa=, 62 Ta Shi, 19, 120, 123, 125, 126 Tash Kurghán, 39, 40, 42 Tāshmalik, 39, 40 =Ta sz nung=, 6 Tatar, 55 Ta Ts’in, 120 Ta tu, 7, 129 Ta tu k’ou, 89 Ta T’ung, 57 Tauris, 5, 17, 18 =Tch’ang=, 91 Tch’eng Tu, 78, 79, 80 Tebbes, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 =Ṭeir al djamal=, 123 TEIXEIRA, Pedro, 24 Telugu, 86 TEMPLE, Sir R. C., 144 _seq._ Tenasserim, 87, 105 Tenduc, 62 Teng-i-Tebbes, 28 Tengri (Heaven), 58 =Tengri kudu=, 58 T’eng Yueh, 89, 90 Termed, 31 =Thardwehch=, 17 THIBAUT de CHEPOY, 4, 11 THOMAS, St., 116–118 THORDEMAN, B., 138 THORNHILL, Clarke, 31 =Three Kings=, 18 Thus, 34 Tiao men, 82 Tiao yü shan, 79 Tibet, 80, 83 Tibetans, 41 T’ie leh, 56 T’ien chu, 120 T’ien ning temple, 11 T’ien pu ma, 85 T’ien Shan, 57 T’ien tö, 62 T’ien Tsin, 91 Tiju, 94 =Tirandáz=, 21 TOB TIMUR, 129 TOBA, 4, 30, 31 Tokhara, 34 Tokuk Dawān, 40 Tölös, 56, 58 TOMASCHEK, W., 77, 104 TOMLINSON, C., 49 Tonocain, 25 _seq._, 26, 28, 31 TONONI, G., 4 TORUNXA, 25 =Tou iron=, 30 =Tou lo mién=, 118 _T’oung Pao_, 123, 124, 142 =T’ou-ore=, 30 Tourfan, 92; _see_ Turfan =T’ou shih=, 30 =T’ou t’ieh=, 30 =Tribut=, 93 TROTTER, Col., 38 =Ts’an chêng=, 7 Ts’ang Chou, 91 Ts’ao mu tse, 75 Ts’eng yao lo, 123 =Tsiang kiun=, 92 TS’IEN WU-SU, 97 TSIN, 93 Ts’i nan, 92 TS’ING, 94 Tsing hai hien, 91 Ts’ing ki hien, 82 Ts’ing shui, 57 Ts’i Ning chau, 92 _Tsoh mung luh_, 59 Ts’öng pa, 124 Ts’uän Chou, 100 TSUBOI KUMAZO, 123 Tsui lan, 108 =Tsu la=, 123 =Tsu la fa=, 125 T’u fan, 81, 82 Tu-ho-lo, 34 T’u kuh hun, 4 TU LI, 32 Tumat, 61 Tun, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33 T’ung kwan, 57 _Tung-si-yang-k’au_, 19 Tun huang, 49, 50 Tunis, 20 Tunocain, Tunokain, 25 _seq_., 26, 28, 31 Tun-o-Tabbas, 26 Tun va Kain, 26 Tun t’ien, 112 Turfan, 44, 76, 92, 111 Turshiz, 30 =Tutia=, 30, 31 TU TSUNG, 114

Uighúr, 14, 19, 58, 63 ULUG BEG, 21 Ulug Mazar, 45 Ulug Ziārat, 45 _Ulus Arbaa_, 21 Urasa, 24 Urga, 51, 58, 62 Uriangkut, 61 Uryangkit, 61 Ushi, 49 Uzun Tati, 45

VACCA, Giovanni, 135, 136 VALENTYN, 25 Vardoj river, 37, 38 Victoria, Lake, 38, 39 VIJAYA BAHU IV., 111 Vijayanagar, 114 =Vines=, 75–76 VINSON, 86 VISCONTI, Tedaldo, 4 VISDELOU, 88 VISSIÈRE, 96, 97 Vochan, 34, 88 Vociam, 82 Vokhan, 36, 37, 38 Vughin, 96 Vuju, 96

Wakhan, 36–40 WALKENAER, 139 Wa lo sz’, 129 WANG CHU, 6, 7 WANG KIEN, 79 WAN LI, 73 _Wan nien tsao_, 25 Wan sui shan, 69 Warai, 36 =Weather Conjuring=, 63 WEI, 93 Wei, river, 57 _Wei Shu_, 122 WHIBLEY, Ch., 137 WIESNER, J., 72 =Wine=, 75–76, 119 Wok-k’an, 34 Wo tuan, 48 WRIGHT, T., 138 WU, 79 Wu chên, 96 Wu chiang, 96 WU HI, 79 Wu hwan, 55 WU KIAI, 79 WU KIËN-HWANG, 72 WU K’UNG, 37 WU LIN, 79 WYLIE, A., 72

Ya chou fu, 82 Yaci, 82 Yamān yār river, 40 Yang Chau, 7, 94, 99 Yangi Hisar, 39 Yang Kiang, 98 Yanju, 94 Yap Island, 31 Yarkand, 40, 42, 44 Yasin, 41, 42 =Ya tsui tan fan=, 124 =Ye-li-k’o-wen=, 62, 94 Yemen, 24, Yen Chan hien, 91 YEN KWANG-TA, 96 YEN TEMUR, 130 Yen t’o man, 109 YE TSE-K’I, 75 Yezd, 5, 30 _Ying yai shêng lan_, 124, 125 _Yin shan cheng yao_, 75 Yin tu, 112 YISUN TIMUR, 88 Yi tsi nai, 55 _Yi wu chi_, 86 Yotkan, 44, 45 YOUNG, John, 133 YSEMAIN, 95 Y-SZ-MA-YIN, 95 YUAN, 71, 75, 93 _Yuan kien lei han_, 76 _Yüan shi_, 5, 7, 8, 32, 47, 56, 57, 61, 63, 69, 70, 81, 82, 84, 85, 92, 94, 95, 108, 119, 120, 129 Yueh Chi, 19, 41 _Yuen tien chang_, 94 Yu Ho, 93 YULE, Sir Henry, 7, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 108, 115, 118, 142 Yung ch’ang, 82, 88, 89, 90, 103 Yung chia chong, 78 Yun Nan, 6, 68, 83, 86, 87, 95 =Yü shi ta fu=, 6 Yu t’ien, 45

Zaitun, 100 Zakhama Pass, 24 Zanghibar, 123 Zanzibar, 121 Zardandan, 68, 84, 85 Zarew, 13 Zebak, 38 Zenagan, 26 Zimmé, 87 ZOROASTER, 31

Transcriber’s Notes:

- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - Text enclosed by pluses is in bold (+bold+). - Text enclosed by equals is in blackletter (=blackletter=). - Text enclosed by ‘|’ is emphasized normal font within an italicized paragraph (|emphasized|). - Blank pages have been removed. - Redundant half-title pages have been removed. - Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. - Names spelling, hyphenation, and diacritics are highly variable, some were standardized when there seemed to be a clear choice. - There are 3 types of footnotes: - Normal, marked as ‘[1]’ and moved after the notes. - Footnotes of footnotes, marked as ‘[A]’ and moved after the normal footnotes. - “Notes”, marked as ‘{1}, located and numbered as they are in the book. - Page and relative size information has been removed from illustrations.