Part 36

[A LAUGHING CHILD IS THE BEST PORTRAIT OF HAPPINESS.]

1414. Alabaster, Marble, and Stone.

Alabaster, marble, and stone, may be stained of a yellow, red, green, blue, purple, black, or any of the compound colours, by the stains used for wood.

1415. Bone and Ivory. _Black_.

i. Lay the article for several hours in a strong solution of nitrate of silver, and expose to the light.

ii. Boil the article for some time in a strained decoction of logwood, and then steep it in a solution of persulphate or acetate of iron.

iii. Immerse frequently in ink, until of sufficient depth of colour.

1416. Bone and Ivory. _Blue._

i. Immerse for some time in a dilute solution of sulphate of indigo--partly saturated with potash--and it will be fully stained.

ii. Steep in a strong solution of sulphate of copper.

1417. Bone and Ivory. _Green._

i. Dip blue-stained articles for a short time in nitro-hydrochlorate of tin, and then in a hot decoction of fustic.

ii. Boil in a solution of verdigris in vinegar until the desired colour is obtained.

1418. Bone and Ivory. _Red_.

i. Dip the articles first in the tin mordant used in dyeing, and then plunge into a hot decoction of Brazil wood--half a pound to a gallon of water--or cochineal.

ii. Steep in red ink until sufficiently stained.

1419. Bone and Ivory. _Scarlet._

Use lac dye instead of the preceding.

1420. Bone and Ivory. _Violet._

Dip in the tin mordant, and then immerse in a decoction of logwood.

1421. Bone and Ivory. _Yellow._

i. Impregnate with nitro-hydrochlorate of tin, and then digest with heat in a strained decoction of fustic.

ii. Steep for twenty-four hours in a strong solution of the neutral chromate of potash, and then plunge for some time in a boiling solution of acetate of lead.

iii. Boil the articles in a solution of alum--a pound to half a gallon--and then immerse for half an hour in the following mixture:--Take half a pound of turmeric, and a quarter of a pound of pearl-ash; boil in a gallon of water. When taken from this, the bone must be again dipped in the alum solution.

[AVOID YOURSELF WHAT YOU THINK WRONG IN YOUR NEIGHBOUR.]

1422. Horn.

Horn must be treated in the same manner as bone and ivory for the various colours given under that heading.

1423. Imitation of Tortoiseshell.

First steam and then press the horn into proper shapes, and afterwards lay the following mixture on with a small brush, in imitation of the mottle of tortoiseshell:--Take equal parts of quicklime and litharge, and mix with strong soap-lees; let this remain until it is thoroughly dry, brush off, and repeat two or three times, if necessary. Such parts as are required to be of a reddish brown should be covered with a mixture of whiting and the stain.

1424. Iron. _Black, for ships' guns, shots, &c._

To one gallon of vinegar add a quarter of a pound of iron rust, let it stand for a week; then add a pound of dry lampblack, and three-quarters of a pound of copperas; stir it up at intervals for a couple of days. Lay five or six coats on the gun, &c., with a sponge, allowing it to dry well between each. Polish with linseed oil and soft woollen rag, and it will look like ebony.

1425. Paper and Parchment._Blue._

i. Stain the material green with the verdigris stain given in No. 1433, and brush over with a solution of pearlash--two ounces to the pint--till it becomes blue.

ii. Use the blue stain for wood.

1426. Paper and Parchment. _Green_ and _Red._

The same as for wood.

1427. Paper and Parchment. _Orange._

Brush over with a tincture of turmeric, formed by infusing an ounce of the root in a pint of spirit of wine; let this dry, and give another coat of pearlash solution, made by dissolving two ounces of the salt in a quart of water.

1428. Paper and Parchment._Purple._

i. Brush over with the expressed juice of ripe privet berries.

ii. The same as for wood.

1429. Paper and Parchment._Yellow._

i. Brush over with tincture of turmeric.

ii. Add anatto or dragon's-blood to the tincture of turmeric, and brush over as usual.

1430. Wood. _Black._

i. Drop a little sulphuric acid into a small quantity of water, brush over the wood and hold to the fire; it will turn a fine black, and take a good polish.

ii. Take half a gallon of vinegar, an ounce of bruised nut galls, of logwood chips and copperas each half a pound--boil well; add half an ounce of the tincture of sesquichloride of iron, formerly called the muriated tincture and brush on hot.

iii. Use the stain given for ships' guns.

iv. Take half a gallon of vinegar, half a pound of dry lampblack, and three pounds of iron rust, sifted. Mix, and let stand for a week. Lay three coats of this on hot, and then rub with linseed oil, and you will have a fine deep black.

v. Add to the above stain an ounce of nut galls, half a pound of log-wood chips, and a quarter of a pound of copperas; lay on three coats, oil well, and you will have a black stain that will stand any kind of weather, and one that is well suited for ships' combings, &c.

vi. Take a pound of logwood chips, a quarter of a pound of Brazil wood, and boil for an hour and a half in a gallon of water. Brush the wood several times with this decoction while hot. Make a decoction of nut galls by simmering gently, for three or four days, a quarter of a pound of the galls in two quarts of water; give the wood three coats of this, and, while wet, lay on a solution of sulphate of iron (two ounces to a quart), and when dry, oil or varnish.

vii. Give three coats with a solution of copper filings in aquafortis, and repeatedly brush over with the logwood decoction, until the greenness of the copper is destroyed.

viii. Boil half a pound of logwood chips in two quarts of water, add an ounce of pearlash, and apply hot with a brush. Then take two quarts of the logwood decoction, and half an ounce of verdigris, and the same of copperas; strain, and throw in half a pound of iron rust. Brush the work well with this, and oil.

[THE HIGHEST HAPPINESS IS TO BE GOOD AND TO DO GOOD.]

1431. Wood. _Blue._

i. Dissolve copper filings in aquafortis, brush the wood with it, and then go over the work with a hot solution of pearlash (two ounces to a pint of water) till it assumes a perfectly blue colour.

ii. Boil a pound of indigo, two pounds of woad, and three ounces of alum, in a gallon of water; brush well over until thoroughly stained.

1432. Imitation of Botany Bay Wood.

Boil half a pound of French Berries (the unripe berries of the _rhamnus infectorius_) in two quarts of water till of a deep yellow, and while boiling hot give two or three coats to the work. If a deeper colour is desired, give a coat of logwood decoction over the yellow. When nearly dry form the grain with No. viii. _black stain_ (_see par_. 1430) used hot; and when dry, dust and varnish.

1433. Wood. _Green_.

Dissolve verdigris in vinegar, and brush over with the hot solution until of a proper colour.

1434. Wood. _Mahogany Colour_._Dark_.

i. Boil half a pound of madder and two ounces of logwood chips in a gallon of water, and brush well over while hot; when dry, go over the whole with pearlash solution, two drachms to the quart.

ii. Put two ounces of dragon's-blood, bruised, into a quart of oil of turpentine; let the bottle stand in a warm place, shake frequently, and, when dissolved, steep the work in the mixture.

1435. Wood. _Light Red Brown_.

i. Boil half a pound of madder and a quarter of a pound of fustic in a gallon of water; brush over the work when boiling hot, until properly stained.

ii. The surface of the work being quite smooth, brush over with a weak solution of aquafortis, half an ounce to the pint, and then finish with the following:--Put four ounces and a half of dragon's blood and an ounce of soda, both well bruised, to three pints of spirits of wine; let it stand in a warm place, shake frequently, strain, and lay on with a soft brush, repeating till of a proper colour; polish with linseed oil or varnish.

1436. Wood. _Purple_

Brush the work several times with the logwood decoction used for No. vi. _black_ (_see par_. 1430), and when perfectly dry, give a coat of pearlash solution--one drachm to a quart--taking care to lay it on evenly.

1437. Wood. _Red_.

i. Boil a pound of Brazil wood and an ounce of pearlash in a gallon of water, and while hot brush over the work until of a proper colour. Dissolve two ounces of alum in a quart of water, and brush the solution over the work before it dries.

ii. Take a gallon of the above stain, add two more ounces of pearlash; use hot, and brush often with the alum solution.

iii. Use a cold infusion of archil, and brush over with the pearlash solution used for No. 1434.

1438. Imitation of Rosewood.

i. Boil half a pound of logwood in three pints of water till it is of a very dark red, add half an ounce of salt of tartar; stain the work with the liquor while _boiling hot_, giving three coats; then, with a painter's graining brush, form streaks with No. viii. _black stain_ (_see par_. 1430); let the work dry, and varnish.

ii. Brush over with the logwood decoction used for No. vi. _black_, three or four times; put half a pound of iron filings into two quarts of vinegar; then with a graining brush, or cane bruised at the end, apply the iron filing solution in the form required, and polish with bees'-wax and turpentine when dry, or varnish.

1439. Wood. _Yellow_.

i. Brush over with the tincture of turmeric.

ii. Warm the work and brush over with weak aquafortis, then hold to the fire. Varnish or oil as usual.

1440. Laws of Employers and Employed.

1441. Hiring and Dismissal.

It is customary with respect to domestic servants, that if the terms are not otherwise defined, the hiring is by the month, and may be put an end to by either party giving a month's warning; or, at the will of the employer, a month's wages.

1442. Dismissal.

An employer may dismiss a servant upon paying wages for one month beyond the date of actual dismissal, the wages without service being deemed equivalent to the extra board and lodging with service.

1443. Distinctions.

There are Distinctions with respect to clerks, and servants of a superior class. A month's warning or wages will not determine the engagements of servants of this class.

1444. Terms.

The Terms on which clerks and superior servants are employed being very various, it is desirable to have some specific agreement, or other proof of the conditions of service and wages.

1445. Need for Stamping.

Agreements with menial servants need not be stamped; but contracts of a higher and special character should be.

1446. Terms of Agreement.

The Terms of an Agreement should be distinctly expressed, and be signed by both parties. And the conditions under which the agreement may be terminated by either party should be fully stated.

1447. Mutuality of Interest.

Every Agreement should bear Evidence of Mutuality of interest. If one party agrees to stay with another, and give gratuitous services, with the view of acquiring knowledge of a business, and the other party does not agree to employ and to _teach_, the agreement is void, as being without consideration.

1448. Contract.

An employer must Contract to employ, as well as a servant to _serve_, otherwise the employer may put an end to the contract at his own pleasure. In such a case a servant may be dismissed without notice.

1449. Permanency.

An Agreement to give Permanent Employment is received as extending only to a substantial and reasonable period of time, and that there shall be no immediate and peremptory dismissal, without cause.

1450. Stipulation.

When no Stipulation is made at the time of the hiring, or in the agreement, that a servant shall be liable for breakages, injuries from negligence, &c., the employer can only recover from the servant by due process of law.

1451. Prudent Stipulation.

It is a Prudent Stipulation that, if a servant quit his employ before the specified time, or without due notice, a certain amount of wages shall be forfeited; otherwise the employer can only recover by action for damages.

1452. Livery Servants.

In the case of Livery Servants, it should be agreed that, upon quitting service, they deliver up the liveries; otherwise disputes may arise that can only be determined by recourse to law.

1453. Change of Trade.

When a Master to whom an Apprentice is bound for a particular trade, changes that trade for another, the indenture binding the apprentice becomes null and void.

1454. Act of God.

If a Servant, retained for a year, happen within the period of his service to fall sick, or to be hurt or lamed, or otherwise to become of infirm body by the act of God, while doing his master's business, the master cannot put such servant away, nor abate any part of his wages for such time.

1455. Terms of Discharge.

But this does not interfere with the Right of an Employer to determine a contract for services in those cases where terms of discharge are specified in the contract of hiring. In such cases, inability to serve, through sickness or other infirmity, puts an end to right to wages, which are in consideration of such services.

1456. Forfeit.

When the Hiring of a Superior Servant is for a year, if the servant, prior to the expiration of the year, commits any act by which he may be lawfully discharged, he cannot claim wages for the part of the year which he may have served.

1457. Claim.

But a Menial Servant may claim up to the date of his dismissal, unless his discharge be for embezzlement or other felonious acts.

1458. Death.

Upon the Death of a Servant, his personal representative may claim arrears of wages due, unless the contract of employment specified and required the completion of any particular period.

1459. Bankrupt Master.

When a Master becomes Bankrupt, the wages or salary of any clerk or servant in his employ, not exceeding four months' wages or salary, and not more than £50, is payable in full before the general creditors receive anything. So also the wages of any labourer or workman not exceeding two months' wages. For any further sums due to him, the clerk, servant, or workman must prove against the bankrupt's estate the same as other creditors.

1460. Receipts.

Receipts should be taken for Wages paid. Where servants have been under age, it has been held that moneys advanced for fineries and extravagances unbecoming to a servant did not constitute payment of wages, and the employer has been compelled to pay again.

1461. Moneys paid to a Married Woman.

The receipt of a married woman is a good discharge for any wages or earnings, acquired or gained by her in any employment or occupation in which she is engaged separately from her husband.

1462. Medical Attendance.

A Master may bacome liable for Medical Attendance upon his sick servant if he calls in his own medical man, and orders him to attend to the servant.

1463. End of Claim.

When a Servant is Discharged for any just cause, he cannot claim wages beyond the last pay-day under the contract of hiring.

1464. General Hiring.

A General Hiring of a Clerk or warehouseman is for a year, even though the wages be paid by the month, unless a month's warning or wages be specified in the contract of employment.

1465. Special Privileges.

Where a Servant Reserves to Himself Special Privileges, such as

## particular portions of his time, the hiring becomes special, and

cannot be governed by the terms of general engagements. So, also, where a servant stipulates to be exempted from particular duties that usually belong to his situation.

1466. Refusal of Duty.

Should a Servant Refuse to perform any duty required from him, his right so to refuse will generally be determined by the usages prevailing among servants of a similar class.

1467. Seduction from Employment.

A Servant being Seduced from the Employment of a master, the latter has a right of action against the seducer for losses sustained.

1468. Masters Responsible.

It is an Established Maxim in Law, that whoever does an act by the hands of another shall be deemed to have done it himself. And hence, in many matters, masters are responsible for the acts of their servants. But if a servant does an unlawful act, not arising out of the discharge of his duties to his master, then the employer is not responsible.

1469. Purchase of Goods by Servants for Employer.

A servant cannot by buying goods for his employer's use pledge his master's credit, unless his master authorized him to do so, or unless the master has previously paid for goods bought by the servant in like manner on a former occasion. If a master contracts with a servant to provide certain things and pays him for so doing, a tradesman supplying the things can only sue the servant and not the master for his money.

1470. Privileged Communications.

An action will not lie against an employer for giving an unfavourable character of a servant, even though it be in writing. Communications of this nature, in answer to inquiries, are considered privileged. But if it can be proved that an employer has given a _false_ character from motives of _malice_, then an action for libel will lie against him; but the representations must be proved to be false as well as malicious.

1471. Laws of Landlord and Tenant.

1472. Leases.

A lease is a conveyance of premises or lands for a specified term of years, at a yearly rent, with definite conditions as to alterations, repairs, payment of rent, forfeiture, &c. Being an instrument of much importance, it should always be drawn by a respectable attorney, who will see that all the conditions, in the interest of the lessee, are fulfilled.

[SAVING AFFORDS THE MEANS OF GIVING.]

1473. Precaution.

In taking a lease, the tenant's solicitor should carefully examine the covenants, or if he take an underlease, he should ascertain the covenants of the original lease, otherwise, when too late, he may find himself so restricted in his occupation that the premises may be wholly useless for his purpose, or he may be involved in perpetual difficulties and annoyances; for instance, he may find himself restricted from making alterations convenient or necessary for his trade; he may find himself compelled to rebuild or pay rent in case of fire; he may find himself subject to forfeiture of his lease, or other penalty, if he should underlet or assign his interest, carry on some

## particular trade, &c.

1474. Covenants.

The covenants on the landlord's part are usually for the quiet enjoyment of the premises by the lessee. On the tenant's part, they are usually to pay the rent and taxes; to keep the premises in suitable repair; and to deliver up possession when the term has expired.

1475. Rent and Taxes.

The lessee covenants to pay the rent and all taxes, except the land and property taxes, which may be deducted from the rent.

1476. Assignments.

Unless there be a covenant against assignment, a lease may be assigned, that is, the whole interest of the lessee may be conveyed to another, or it may be underlet; if, therefore, it is intended that it should not, it is proper to insert a covenant to restrain the lessee from assigning or underletting. Tenants for terms of years may assign or underlet, but tenants at will cannot.

1477. Repairs.

A tenant who covenants to keep a house in repair is not answerable for its natural decay, but is bound to keep it wind and water tight, so that it does not decay for want of cover. A lessee who covenants to pay rent and keep the premises in repair, is liable to pay the rent although the premises may be burned down, unless a stipulation to the contrary be inserted in the lease.

1478. Neglect of Repairs by Landlord.

If a landlord covenant to repair, and neglect to do so, the tenant may do it, and withhold so much of the rent. But it is advisable that notice thereof should be given by the tenant to the landlord, in the presence of a witness, prior to commencing the repairs.

1479. Right of Landlord to Enter Premises.

A landlord may enter upon the premises (having given previous notice, although not expressed in the lease), for the purpose of viewing the state of the property.

1480. Termination of Leases.

A tenant must deliver up possession at the expiration of the term (the lease being sufficient notice), or he will continue liable to the rent as tenant by sufferance without any new contract; but if the landlord recognises such tenancy by accepting a payment of rent after the lease has expired, such acceptance will constitute a tenancy; but previous to accepting rent, the landlord may bring his ejectment without notice; for, the lease having expired, the tenant is a trespasser. A lease covenanted to be void if the rent be not paid upon the day appointed, is good, unless the landlord make an entry.

1481. Rights of Married Women.

Married Women, with the concurrence of their husbands, may grant leases by deed for any term. Husbands, seised in right of their wives, may grant leases for twenty-one years. If a wife is executrix, the husband and wife have the power of leasing, as in the ordinary case of husband and wife. A married woman living separate from her husband may by taking a lease bind her separate estate for payment of the rent and performance of the covenants.

1482. Copyholders.

Copyholders may not grant a lease for longer than one year, unless by custom, or permission of the lord: and the lease of a steward of a manor is not good, unless he is duly invested with a power for that purpose.

1483. Notices.

All notices, of whatever description, relating to tenancies, should be in writing, and the person serving the said notice should write on the back thereof a memorandum of the date on which it was served, and should keep a copy of the said notice, with a similar memorandum attached.

1484. Yearly Tenancies.

Houses are considered as _let_ for the year, and the tenants are subject to the laws affecting annual tenancies, unless there be an agreement in writing to the contrary.

1485. _Agreement for taking a House on an Annual Tenancy_.

Memorandum of Agreement, entered into this----day of-------18--, between R.A., of----, and L.O., of of----, as follows:

The said R.A. doth hereby let unto the said L.O. a dwelling-house, situate in----, in the parish of-----, for the term of one year certain, and so on from year to year, until half a year's notice to quit be given by or to either party, at the yearly rent of---- pounds, payable quarterly; the tenancy to commence at----day next.