Book 4 - Anatomy of Leaves, Flowers, Fruits and Seeds
Anatomy of Leaves Anatomy of Flowers Anatomy of Fruits Anatomy of Seeds LECTURES Mixture Luctation Lixivial Salts Marine Salts Colours of Plants Tasts in Plants Salts in Water INDEX EXPLICATION OF TABLES TABLES
_At a Meeting of the Council of the_ ROYAL SOCIETY, _Feb. 22. 1681/2_
Dr. _Grew_ having read several _Lectures_ of the _Anatomy_ of _Plants_, some whereof have been already printed at divers times, and some are not printed; with several other _Lectures_ of their _Colours_, _Odours_, _Tasts_, and _Salts_; as also of the _Solution_ of _Salts_ in _Water_; and of _Mixture_; all of them to the satisfaction of the said _Society_: It is therefore Ordered, That He be desired, to cause them to printed together in one Volume.
_CHR. WREN_ P.R.S.
THE
ANATOMY
OF
PLANTS.
WITH AN
IDEA
OF A
Philosophical History of Plants,
And several other
LECTURES,
Read before the
ROYAL SOCIETY.
By _NEHEMJAH GREW_ M.D. Fellow of the _ROYAL SOCIETY_, and of the _COLLEGE_ of _PHYSICIANS_.
Printed by _W. Rawlins_, for the Author, 1682.
TO HIS MOST
Sacred Majesty
CHARLES II.
King of Great Britain, &c.
May it please Your Majesty,
_The Dedication of one Part of the following_ Anatomy _having been very graciously received by Your Majesty: I am now emboldened most humbly to present the Whole into_ Your Royal Hands.
_By which Your Majesty will find, That there are_ Terræ Incognitæ _in_ Philosophy, _as well as_ Geography. _And for so much, as lies here, it comes to pass, I know not how, even in this Inquisitive Age, That I am the first, who have given a Map of the Country._
_Your Majesty will here see, That there are those things within a_ Plant, _little less admirable, than within an_ Animal. _That a_ Plant, _as well as an_ Animal, _is composed of several_ Organical Parts; _some whereof may be called its_ Bowels. _That every_ Plant _hath_ Bowels _of divers kinds, conteining divers kinds of_ Liquors. _That even a_ Plant _lives partly upon_ Aer; _for the reception whereof, it hath those Parts which are answerable to_ Lungs. _So that a_ Plant _is, as it were, an_ Animal _in Quires; as an_ Animal _is a_ Plant, _or rather several_ Plants _bound up into one_ Volume.
_Again, that all the said_ Organs, Bowels, _or other_ Parts, _are as artificially made; and for their_ Place _and_ Number, _as punctually set together; as all the_ Mathematick Lines _of a_ Flower _or_ Face. _That the_ Staple _of the_ Stuff _is so exquisitely fine, that no_ Silk-worm _is able to draw any thing near so small a_ Thred. _So that one who walks about with the meanest_ Stick, _holds a Piece of Natures Handicraft, which far surpasses the most elaborate_ Woof _or_ Needle-Work _in the World._
_That by all these Means, the_ Ascent _of the_ Sap, _the_ Distribution _of the_ Aer, _the_ Confection _of several sorts of_ Liquors, _as_ Lympha’s, Milks, Oyls, Balsames; _with other parts of_ Vegetation, _are all contrived and brought about in a Mechanical way. In sum, Your Majesty will find, that we are come ashore into a new World, whereof we see no end._
_It may be, that some will say, into another_ Utopia. _Yet not I, but Nature speaketh these things: the only true_ Pallas, _wherewith it is treasonable for the most couriously handed_ Arachne _to compare. In whose Name, I, the meanest of her Pupils, do in all humility crave Your Majesties Gracious Patronage. Whereof I cannot doubt, since Your Majesty hath been pleased to be the Founder, and to style Your Self the Patron of that_ Society, _of which I have the honour to be a Member. Your Majesty deeming it to be a more Noble Design, To enlarge the Territories of Knowledge, than those of Dominion: and the Highest Pitch of Human Glory, not to rule, in any sort, over many; but to be a Good Prince over Wise Men. I am_
Your Majesties most humble and most obedient Subject
_NEHEMJAH GREW._
THE PREFACE.
It is a _Politick_ or _Civil Virtue_ in every prudent mans Eye, To set himself an example, in what he doth, unto others. And in so doing, he looks upon himself as accountable, in some sort, to all Men. To those therefore, who may either expresly, or tacitly, expect the Reasons, upon which I first undertook the _Anatomy_ of _Plants_, and also made the after-progress therein; I shall summe them up as follows.
The first occasion of directing my Thoughts this way, was in the _Year 1664_, upon reading some, of the many and curious Inventions of Learned Men, in the _Bodies_ of _Animals_. For considering, that both of them came at first out of the same _Hand_; and were therefore the _Contrivances_ of the same _Wisdom_: I thence fully assured my self, that it could not be a vain Design; to seek it in both. And being then newly furnished with a good stock of _Seeds_, in order to raise a _Nursery_ of _Plants_; I resolved, besides what I first aimed at, to make the utmost use of them for that purpose: that so I might put somewhat upon that side the _Leaf_ which the best _Botanicks_ had left bare and empty. And in which, notwithstanding some other Learned Men had inferred somewhat of this nature; as Dr. _Highmore_ in his _Book_ of _Generation_, Dr. _Sharrock_ of the _Propagation_ of _Plants_, and Mr. _Hook_ in his _Micrography_: yet but collaterally, and whithout shewing any purpose of managing this _Part_ of _Natural History_. And although it seemed at first an Objection in my way, That the first projectors seldome bring their business to any good end: yet I also knew, That if Men should stay for an Example in every thing; nothing extraordinary would ever be done.
But notwithstanding the reasonableness of the Design; yet I did not forget, that, in respect of the Undertaker, there might be _Impar congressus_. And therefore, before I had ventured very far, in the Year 1668, I imparted it to my Brother-in-Law, the Learned Dr. _Henry Sampson_, now _Fellow_ of the _Colledge_ of _Physicians_ in _London_. Who not only very well liked the same; but also excited me to a vigorous and accurate prosecution of it. Which he did, partly, by mentioning a very pertinent passage of Dr. _Glisson_, in the _Preface_ to his _Book de Hepate_,[1] which I had not then read.
_Plantæ quoque in hunc censum_ (sc. Anatomicum) _veniunt; variâ enim Partium texturâ, & differentiis constant: & proculdubio, ex acurata earundem dissectione, utiles valde observationes nobis exurgerent: præstaretque in illis (inferioris licet ordinis) rebus examinandis operam impendere, quam in transcribendis ut sæpe sit, aliorum laboribus, inutiliter ætatem transigere. Quippe hoc pacto, ignavarum apum more, aliena duntaxat alvearia expilamus, nihilque bono publico adjicimus._
[1] Ch. 1.
After I had finished the _First Book_, that I might know the sense also of other Learned Men, whether the steps I had already taken, would warrant me to proceed any further: I put some part of it into the same Hand; who, in the Year 1670, communicated the same to Mr. _Oldenburge_, then _Secretary_ to the _Royal Society_: and after he had read it over, it was, upon his motion, delivered to that excellent Person Dr. _John Wilkins_ then _Bishop_ of _Chester_; who produced it at a Meeting of the _Royal Society_, and desired, they might see the rest. Which, or the greatest part, being also presented to them, the Right Honourable the Lord Vicount _Brouncker_, then _President_ of the _Royal Society_, was pleased to peruse the same. Presently, after which, at a Meeting of the Council of the said _Society_, the following _Order_ was made, and entred in their Council-Book with this Date, and in these words:
_May 11ᵗʰ 1671._
_Then was Licensed Dr._ Nehemjah Grew’_s Book, Entituled,_ The Anatomy of Vegetables _begun; together with an account of_ Vegetation _grounded thereupon. And Ordered to be Printed by the Printer to the_ Royal Society.
Hereupon, I was obliged to send the Book to the Press. And upon the 9ᵗʰ of _November_ following in the same Year 1671, when it was near being printed, my Lord _Brouncher_ signed the forementioned _Order_: the Printer, whose Name was to be inserted therein, not having received his _Diploma_ till that time.
The Book being quickly after printed off; I ordered it to be Presented to the _Royal Society_; which was accordingly done at one of their Meetings _December 7, 1671_. And also to be sent to the Bishop of _Chester_; who was pleased to signifie his acceptance thereof by a Letter dated at _Chester_, _December_ 26ᵗʰ 1671. now filed amongst others in the Custody of the _Royal Society_: part whereof, in regard it relates to matter of Fact, I shall here recite.
Sir,
_I did yesterday receive your Book; and am very sensible of the Honour you have done me in the Dedication of it. You was very happy in the choice of this Subject to write upon; one of the most Noble and the most Copious parts of_ Philosophy; _and such an one, as hath hitherto lain uncultivated. And you have been very successful in your first Attempt about it, in so many remarkable Observations and Discoveries, as you have made already. I could heartily wish, that you would still apply your self to this kind of Enquiries. You will find that Additionals will come in more copiously and easily. And it is not fit, that any one should, by his Superstructions, carry away the praise from him, who was the first Inventor, and who laid the Foundations, wherein the greatest difficulty doth consist, &c._
Having thus submitted my self to the Judgment of many Learned Men; I saw that my Journey must not here end. So that, like one who is got into a Wood, I thought I might as fairly find my way out, by going on, as by making a retreat. Whereupon, I began to draw up a _Scheme_ of the whole _Design_.
While I was doing this, I received news from _London_, that the same day, _December 7. 1671_, in which my Book, then printed, was presented to the _Royal Society_: there was also presented a _Manuscript_ (without _Figures_) from Seignior _Malpighi_, upon the same Subject; dated at _Bononia_, _November,_ 1ˢᵗ 1671. the same, which Mr. _Oldenburge_, when it came to be printed, calleth his _Idea_. And of this, entry was made in their Journal Book. So that the _Royal Society_ having now a Prospect of the good service of an Ancient _Member_, and one, who had highly merited by his Works then extant; from thence forward, I looked upon my self to be excused.
But soon after, receiving another Letter from the Bishop of _Chester_, dated at _London_, _Febr. 18. 1672_. I found the matter otherwise; and that the _Society_ were pleased to engage me to proceed. Whereof entry was made by the _Secretary_ in their Journal Book, at one of their Meetings, _April, 18. 1672_, in these words:
_The_ Society _was made acquainted with one particular lately passed in the Council;_ sc. _That the Bishop of_ Chester _had there proposed Dr._ Grew _to be a Curator to the_ Royal Society _for the_ Anatomy _of_ Plants: _and that the Council had approved of that_ Proposal. _Upon which, it was Ordered, That the Thanks of the_ Society _be returned to the Lord Bishop of_ Chester, _for this_ Proposal, _and to the Council for their Approbation of the same._
This they might be induced to do; upon considering, that it would be no disadvantage to the credit of those matters, which were so new and strange, to be offered to the World from a double Authority. For one, although he may have no mind to deceive; yet is it more likely for one, than for two, to be deceived. Likewise, that the same Subject, being prosecuted by two Hands, would be the more illustrated by the different Examples produced by both. And that, as in other matters, so here, the defects of both, would mutually be supplyed.
Whether for these, or other Reasons also, they were pleased to pass the forementioned _Order_; that being done, it had been very ill manners in me, not to have answered their expectation therein. And therefore reassuming the Design I had laid by, and having reduced it to some intelligible _Idea_, it was submitted to the Censure of the _Royal Society_: and it was thereupon ordered it should be printed.
Not long after, I received a Curious and Learned Book from Mons. _Dodart_, _Archiater_ to the Prince of _Conde_, and _Fellow_ of the _Royal Academy_ at _Paris_; in persuance of whose Order, it was by him composed and published. Which being a Design of a like Import, I was glad to see it so far justify’d by that Illustrious _Society_, as well as by our own.
In this _Idea_, one principal Thing I insist upon, for a _Philosophical History_ of _Plants_, is _Anatomy_. And, agreeing to the _Method_ therein proposed, all the Observations conteined in the _First Book_, except one or two, were made with the _Naked Eye_. To the end, I might first give a proof, How far it was possible for us to go, without the help of _Glasses_: which many Ingenious Men want; and more, the patience to manage them. For the Truth of these Observations, Seignior _Malpighi_, having procured my Book to be translated into Latin for his private use, speaks his own sense, in some of his Letters to Mr. _Oldenburge_, printed at the end of his _Anatomy_ of _Plants_. And some of them, have since been confirmed, both by our Learned Country-men Dr. _Wallis_, and Mr. _Lister_; and by the Ingenious Mr. _Lewenhoeck_, abroad.
Having thus begun with the bare Eye; I next proceeded to the use of the _Microscope_. And the Observations thereby made, first on _Roots_, and afterwards on _Trunks_ and _Branches_, together with the _Figures_, were all exhibited to the _Royal Society_ at several times from _May 15. 1672._ to _April 2. 1674_; being the _Materials_ for the _Second_ and _Third Parts_: and hereof _Memorials_ were inserted in their Journal Books.
After this, the _Royal Society_ received from Seignior _Malpighi_ his _Second Part_ of the _Anatomy_ of _Plants_, together with the _Figures_ therein described, and his _Letters_ to their _Secretary_, dated at _Bononia_ _Aug. 20ᵗʰ_ of the same year 1674. when, and not before, he gave leave that the two said _Parts_ should be printed.
So soon as I had finished the _Second_ and _Third Parts_, I proceeded to the _Last_, _sc._ of _Leaves_, _Flowers_, _Fruits_ and _Seeds_: and those Things I met with, more remarquable, were presented to the said _Society_ in the Years 1676 & 1677. And the publishing of the former _Parts_ successively, as well as of all together, hath been done in pursuance of their several _Orders_ for the same.
Having concluded the _History_ of _Perfect Plants_; I intended to have subjoyned the _Description_ of those which are _Imperfect_. As also of _Parasitical_, _Marine_, and _Sensitive Plants_. And lastly, a view of the chief Particulars, wherein the _Mechanisme_ of a _Plant_, is different from that of an _Animal_. But these things I leave to some other Hand.
The _First Book_, a little after it came forth; was translated into the French _Tongue_, by Mons. Le _Vasseur_ an Ingenious Gentleman in _Paris_; elegantly, and in the Judgment of those who are well skilled in that _Language_, with much exactness, as to the sense. He having taken special care, to have all the difficulties of our own, by Me, cleared to him. And in a late Book Entituled, _Philosophia vetus & nova_ printed at _Noriberg_ 1682. the Learned Author seems to have made use of this Translation, for all that he hath taken notice of in that my _First Book_.
By the Ingenious Collectors of the _German Ephemerides_, both my _First_, _Second_, and _Third Books_, are all published in _Latine_. But their unskilful Interpreter doth often fail of the _Grammatical Sense_. Whose Errors, many of them very gross, I desire may be imputed neither to them, nor to my self.
Besides these, the _Second Lecture_ of _Mixture_ is also translated into _French_, by Mons. _Mesmin_ a Learned Physician in _Paris_: whose _Version_ is very well approved by those who are competent Judges hereof.
This, and the rest which follow, are placed, not in the order of _Time_; but more according to their Nature or Relation one to another. All of them intended as a Commentary upon some particulars mentioned, either in the _First Lecture_, or in the _Idea_.
In the _Plates_, for the clearer conception of the _Part_ described, I have represented it, generally, as entire, as its being magnified to some good degree, would bear. So, for instance, not the _Barque_, _Wood_, or _Pith_ of a _Root_ or _Tree_, by it self; but at least, some portion of all three together: Whereby, both their _Texture_, and also their Relation one to another, and the _Fabrick_ of the whole, may be observed at one _View_. Yet have I not every where magnify’d the _Part_ to the same degree; but more or less, as was necessary to represent what is spoken of it. And very highly, only in some few Examples, as in _Tab. 40._ which may suffice to illustrate the rest. Some of the _Plates_, especially those which I did not draw to the _Engravers_ hand, are a little hard and stiff: but they are all well enough done, to represent what they intend.
AN
IDEA
OF A
Philosophical History
OF
PLANTS.
Read before the
ROYAL SOCIETY,
_January 8._ and _January 15. 1672_.
By _NEHEMJAH GREW_ M.D. Fellow of the _Royal Society_, and of the _College_ of _Physicians_.
=The Second Edition.=
_LONDON_,
Printed by _W. Rawlins_, 1682.
TO THE
Most Illustrious
THE
ROYAL SOCIETY,
The following
IDEA
Is most HUMBLY
PRESENTED.
AND,
In their NAMES also
PROPOSED
TO THE
_CONSIDERATION_
Of other
Learned Men.
By the AUTHOR
_NEHEMJAH GREW_.
THE CONTENTS.
_Unto what Degree the knowledge of_ Plants _is arrived, §. 1. Wherein defective, §. 2. Why concluded to be so, §. 3. Yet capable of Improvement, §. 4. And worthy of it, §. 5._
_Divers Instances given, wherein; first of the_ Organical Parts, _as to their external Accidents and Oeconomical Uses, 6. Then of their Contents, Qualities, and Powers, 7. And an_ Improvement _of this Part, will further that of divers other parts of knowledge; whereof Instances are given, 8._
_In order whereto,_ Five General Means _are propounded, 9. The_ First, _a particular and comparative Survey of whatever is of more_ External _consideration about_ Plants, _10. Instanced as to their Figures, 11, 12. Proportions, 13. Seasons, 14. Places, 15. Motions, 16._
_The_ Second, _A like_ Survey _of the_ Organical Parts _by_ Anatomy, _as that which is very necessary, 17. In what manner to be prosecuted, both without, and with the_ Microscope, _18. What thereupon to be observed, 19. And what, from observantion made, probably attainable, 20._
_The_ Third, _A like_ Survey _of the_ Contents _of_ Plants; _their several Kinds, 21. Of all which, their Receptacles, 22. Motions, 23. Qualities, 24. Consistence, 25. Colours, Smells, and Tastes, 26. Where also the same Qualities are to be inquired into, as generally belonging to_ Plants, _26. As their Colours, 27. Odours, 28. Tastes, 29. Also their Faculties, 30. All these to be further examined, 31. By Contusion, 32. Agitation, 33. Frigifaction, 34. Infusion, 35. Subsession, 36. Digestion, 37, 38. Decoction, 39. Destillation, 40. Arefaction, 41. Assation, 42. Ustion, 43. Calcination, 44. By Composition with other Bodies, 45. And by Compounding the Experiment it self, 46. What hence attainable, 47._
_The_ Fourth, _A like_ Survey _of the_ Principles, _as well as of the_ Contents, _of the_ Organical Parts, _48. The Difficulty hereof, in some respects cleared, 49. Further, by two_ Instances, _50, 51. Some Remarques hereupon, of the_ Principles _of_ Plants, _52. From hence will be attainable a further knowledge of the Modes of Vegetation, 53. Of the_ Qualities _of_ Vegetables, _54. And of their Powers, 55, 56._
_The_ Fifth, _A like_ Survey _of those_ Bodies, _either from which these_ Principles _are derived, or wherewith they have any communion, 57. Which are_ Four _in general,_ soil, Earth, _and all solid Receptacles, 58._ Water, _and all liquid Receptacles, 59._ Aer, 60. _And_ Sun, 61.
_A_ Sixth _General Inquiry, only hinted, 62._
_The Conclusion, 63._
AN
IDEA
OF A
Philosophical History
OF
PLANTS.
IF WE take an account of the _Degrees_ whereunto the Knowledge of _Vegetables_ is Advanced, it appeareth, That besides the great Varieties, which the Successful _Arts_ of _Florists_, or Transplantations from one _Climate_ to another, have produced; we have very many _Species_ brought to light, especially Natives of the _Indies_, which the _Ancients_, for any thing that appears in their _Writings_ now extant, were ignorant of. In which particular _Clusius_, _Columna_, _Baubinus_, _Boccone_, and others, have performed much. Withall, That their _Descriptions_ (of all Parts above ground) their _Places_ and _Seasons_, are with good diligence and preciseness set before us. Likewise their Order and Kindred: for the adjusting whereof our Learned Countryman Mr. _Ray_, and Dr. _Morrison_, have both taken very laudable pains. As also the ordering of them with respect to their _Alimental_ and _Mechanick_ Uses; for which, amongst others, Mr. _Evelyn_ and Dr. _Beal_ have deserved many thanks, and great praise. We are also informed, of the _Natures_ and infallible _Faculties_ of _many_ of them. Whereunto so many as have assisted, have much obliged their _Posterity_.
2. §. By due Reflection upon what hath been _Performed_; it also appears, what is left _Imperfect_, and what _Undone_. For the _Virtues_ of most _Plants_, are with much _uncertainty_, and too _promiscuously_ ascribed to them. So that if you turn over an _Herbal_, you shall find almost every _Herb_, to be good for every _Disease_. And of the _Virtues_ of many, they are altogether silent. And although, for the finding out, and just appropriation of them, they have left us some _Rules_, yet not all. The _Descriptions_ likewise of many, are yet to be perfected; especially as to their Roots. Those who are very curious about the other _Parts_, being yet here too remiss. And as for their _Figures_, it were much to be wished, That they were all drawn by one _Scale_; or, at most, by Two; one, for _Trees_ and _Shrubs_; and another for _Herbs_. Many likewise of their _Ranks_ and _Affinities_, are yet undetermined. And a great number of _Names_, both _English_ and _Latine_, not well given. So what we call _Goat’s-Rue_, is not at all of kin to that Plant, whose _Generical Name_ it bears. The like may be said of _Wild-Tansy_, _Stock-July-Flowers_, _Horse-Radish_, and many more. So also when we say _Bellis Major_, & _Minor_, as we commonly do, these _Names_ would intimate, That the _Plants_ to which they are given, differ (as the great double _Marigold_, doth from the less) only in Bulk: whereas, in truth, they are two _Species_ of _Plants_. So we commonly say, _Centaurium Majus & Minus_, _Chelidonium Majus & Minus_, and of others in like manner, which yet are distinct _Species_, and of very different _Tribes_. But for the _Reason_ of _Vegetation_, and the _Causes_ of all those infinite _Varieties_ therein observable (I mean so far as _Matter_, and the various _Affections_ hereof, are instrumental thereunto) almost all Men have seemed to be unconcerned.
3. §. That Nothing hereof remaineth further to be known, is a Thought not well Calculated. For if we consider how long and gradual a _Journey_ the _Knowledge_ of _Nature_ is; and how short a Time we have to proceed therein; as on the one hand, we shall conclude it our ease and profit, To see how far Others have gone before us: so shall we beware on the other, That we conceive not unduly of _Nature_, whilst we have a just value for Those, who were but her _Disciples_, and instructed by Her. Their Time and Abilities both, being short to her; which, as She was first Designed by _Divine Wisdom_; so may Her vast Dimensions best be adjudged of, in being compared Therewith. It will therefore be our Prudence, not to insist upon the Invidious Question, Which of Her _Scholars_ have taken the fairest measure of Her; but to be well satisfied, that as yet She hath not been Circumscribed by Any.
4. §. Nor doth it more behove us to consider, how much of the Nature of _Vegetation_ may lie before us yet _unknown_; Than, to believe, a great part thereof to be _knowable_. Not concluding from the acknowledged, much less supposed Insuccessfulnes, of any Mens Undertakings: but from what may be accounted Possible, as to the Nature of things themselves; and from _Divine Providence_, by Infinite Ways conducting to the knowledge of them. Neither can we determine how great a part This may be: Because, _It is impossible to Measure, what we See not_. And since we are most likely to under-measure, we shall hereby but intrench our Endeavours, which we are not wont to carry beyond the _Idea_, which we have of our _Work_.
5. §. And how far soever this kind of Knowledge may be attainable, its being so far also worthy our attainment will be granted. For beholding the Many and Elegant Varieties, wherewith a Field or Garden is adorned; Who would not say, That it were exceeding pleasant to know what we Se_e_: and not more delightful, to one who has _Eyes_, to discern that all is very fine; than to another who hath _Reason_, to understand _how_. This surely were for a Man to take a True Inventory of his Goods, and his best way to put a price upon them. Yea it seems, that this were not only to be _Partaker of Divine Bounty_; but also, in some degree, _To be Copartner in the Secrets of Divine Art_. That which were very desireable, unless we should think it impertinent for us to design the _Knowing_ of _That_, which _God_ hath once thought fit to _Do_.
6. §. If for these, and other _Reasons_, an inquiry into the Nature of _Vegetation_ may be of good Import; It will be requisite to see, first of all, What may offer it self to be enquired of; or to understand, what our _Scope_ is: That so doing, we may take our aim the better in making, and having made, in applying our Observations thereunto. Amongst other Inquiries therefore, such as these deserve to be proposed. First, by what means it is that a _Plant_, or any _Part_ of it, comes to _Grow_, a _Seed_ to put forth a _Root_ and _Trunk_; and this, all the other _Parts_, to the _Seed_ again; and all these being _formed_, by continual Nutrition still to be _increased_. How the Aliment by which a _Plant_ is fed, is duly prepared in its several _Parts_; which way it is _conveyed_ unto them; and in what manner it is _assimilated_ to their respective Natures in them all. Whence this Growth and Augmentation, is not made of one, but many differing Degrees, unto both extremes of _small_ and _great_; whether the comparison be made betwixt several _Plants_, or the several _Parts_ of one. How not only their _Sizes_, but also their _Shapes_ are so exceeding various; as of _Roots_, in being Thick or Slender, Short or Long, Entire or Parted, Stringed or Ramified, and the like: of _Trunks_, some being more Entire, others Branched, others Shrub’d: of _Leaves_, which are Long or Round, Even-edg’d or Escallop’d, and many other ways different, yet always Flat: and so for the other _Parts_. Then to inquire, What should be the reason of their various _Motions_; that the _Root_ should _descend_; that its descent should sometimes be _perpendicular_, sometimes more _level_: That the _Trunk_ doth _ascend_; and that the ascent thereof, as to the space of _Time_ wherein it is made, is of different _measures_: and of divers other _Motions_, as they are observable in the _Roots_, _Trunks_, and other _Parts_ of _Plants_. Whence again, these _Motions_ have their Different, and Stated _Terms_; that _Plants_ have their set and peculiar _Seasons_ for their _Spring_ or _Birth_, for their _Full Growth_, and for their _Teeming_; and the like. Further, what may be the Causes as of the _Seasons_ of their _Growth_; so of the _Periods_ of their _Lives_; some being _Annual_, others _Biennial_, others _Perennial_; some _Perennial_ both as to their _Roots_ and _Trunks_; and some as to their _Roots_ only. Then, as they pass through these several _Seasons_ of their _Lives_, in what manner their convenient _feeding_, _housing_, _cloathing_ or _protection_ otherwise, is contrived; wherein, in this kind and harmonious _Oeconomy_, one _Part_, may be officious to another, for the preservation of the health and life of the _whole_. And lastly, what care is taken, not only for themselves, but for their _Posterity_; in what manner the _Seed_ is prepared, formed and fitted for _Propagation_: and this being of so great concernment, how sometimes the other _Parts_ also, as _Roots_, in putting forth _Trunks_; _Trunks_ in putting forth _Roots_; yea in turning oftentimes into _Roots_ themselves; whereof, in the _Second Book of the Anatomy of Plants_, I shall give some instances. With other _Heads_ of Inquiry of this kind.
7. §. Nor are the _Natures_, _Faculties_, and _Contents_ of _Vegetables_ less various, or a particular Inspection hereinto, of less concernment. For since All, or Most, seem to grow in the same manner, with one _Sun_, one _Rain_, indifferently well upon one _Soil_, and, to outward appearance, to have the same _Common Parts_; it may be asked, _How_ it comes to pass that their _Liquors_, or other _Contained Parts_, are of such different _Kinds_; one being _Watry_, another _Winy_, a third _Oily_, a fourth _Milky_, and the like. _How_ also there is such a variety in their _Sensible Qualities_, as their _Colours_, _Tastes_, and _Smells_; what those _Materials_ are, which are necessary to the _Being_ of these _Qualities_; and those _Formalities_, wherein their _Essence_ doth consist; as what it is that makes a _Plant_, or _Flower_, to be _white_ or _red_; _fragrant_ or _fetid_; _bitter_ or _sweet_; or to be of any other _Colour_, _Smell_, or _Taste_. In like manner, their _Faculties_ and _Powers_, what that is, or those things are, by which they are constituted; as whence one becomes _Purgative_, another _Vomitory_, a third _Diaphoretick_, _&c._, These, I say, with many other particular Inquiries depending hereupon; as they cannot but much oblige the Reason of Man to be obsequious to them, so by bringing in, at least, some satisfaction, will no less reward it. Especially, if it be withal considered, that besides our satisfaction as to the _Nature_ of _Vegetation_; some further Light, to divers other parts of Knowledge, may likewise hence arise.
8. § For since the present Design will ingage us, to an accurate and multifarious Observation of _Plants_; we may hereby be enabled to _range_ and _sort_ them with more certainty, according to the Degrees of their _Affinity_. And all _Exoticks_, _Plants_ or _Parts_ of _Plants_, may probably be reduced to some such _Domesticks_, unto which they may bear the best Resemblance. Again, it may frequently conduct our minds to the consideration of the _State_ of _Animals_; as whether there are not divers material Agreements betwixt them both; and what they are. _Wherein_ also they may considerably differ, and what those things are which are more essential to their distinguishment. And _besides_, not only to compare what is already known of both; but also, by what may be observed in the _one_, to suggest and facilitate the finding out of what may yet be unobserved in the _other_. So _also_ the consideration of the _Colours_, _Smells_, and _Tastes_ of _Vegetables_, may conduce to the Knowledge of the same _Qualities_ in General; or of what it is, that constitutes them such, in any other Body: not as they are _actually_ received by _Sense_; but so far, as such _Materials_ or external _Circumstances_, are requisite to their becoming the _Adequate Objects_ thereof. _It may_ lead us also to inquire into further Ways of _Cultivation_, with respect to the whole _Plant_, or to the _Flower_, _Fruit_, or other _Part_: To amend them as to their _Sizes_, _Colours_, _Tastes_, _Fruitfulness_, or otherwise: To think of other Ways of _Propagation_; or to apply those already known to other _Plants_ than hath been used. Likewise the Knowledge of their _Mechanical_ Uses may hereby be enlarged; both as to the Reason of their use, in such particular _Trades_ and _Manufactures_, already known; and the discovery of other uses yet unknown. As also their _Alimental_, with respect both to _Meats_ and _Drinks_; the preparation of some, and the finding out of others. But especially their _Medicinal_; some _Plants_ which have hitherto been neglected, may be applied to use; the _Perverted_ uses of some, and the _Confused_ uses of others, may be rectified. What may best correct their _Malignancies_, or inforce their _Virtues_; When needful to add the preparations of _Art_ to That of _Nature_; How to Enlarge those of _Art_, and Rectifie those which are indeed Inartificial, may hereby be better conjectured. The knowledge of all which, that we may know how far it is accessible, and what probable Approaches may be made towards it; those several Means I have thought of, and suppose necessary thereunto, are next to be proposed.
9. §. Reflecting then upon the present Design, and seeing this to lie wide; we shall, in the first place, conclude the _Means_ attending thereon, should do so likewise. Wherefore, although some may present themselves unto us as more promising; yet let us suppose what several Persons, were they hereunto engaged, each according to his Sense and Genius, would possibly make choice of. Believing, that although Considering Men may vary, in the approval of their own Sense and Notion; yet not always mearly, because it is their own; but because each, may probably see somewhat more in his own, than others do. Wherefore it will be our surest Logick to conclude, Not because no _Mean_ may be approved by all Men, that all _Means_ should be rejected; but rather, because each may be approved by some, that therefore, all be made choice of. And these, I think, may be comprehended under Five General _Heads_ of Enquiry. _First_, Of those Things, which are of more _External_ Consideration about _Plants_, as their _Figures_, _&c._ _Secondly_, Of their Compounding _Parts_, as _Vessels_, _&c._ _Thirdly_, Of their _Liquors_, and other _Contents_. _Fourthly_, Of their _Principles_, as _Salts_, _&c._ _Fifthly_, Of their _Aliment_, as _Water_, and other Means of Growth.
10. §. AND FIRST of all, whatever is of more _External_ Consideration, ♦ The First General _Mean_. ♦ as the _Figures_, _Proportions_, _Motions_, _Seasons_, _Situations_ of _Vegetables_, and of their several _Parts_, should be observed. In doing which, a particular survey of all their Varieties should be taken. And then a Comparison made betwixt these, and the several _Plants_, or _Parts_ of _Plants_, whereof they are the _Properties_. To the end, We may, if possible, be thereby conducted to find out, what other, either sensible, or more recluse _Property_, any of them may agree together in. For it is not more certain, that the three Angles of every _Rectilinear Triangle_, because all ways equal to two _Right Angles_, are therefore, if put together, always the same: than that _one Property_, agreeing to divers _Vegetables_, should have one _Cause_: For although the _Scope_ and _End_ may vary; yet the _Cause_, as it is the _Cause_ of that _Property_, must be _one_: and consequently, must also import some _Identity_ in the _Nature_ of all those _Vegetables_ wherein it Acts. Wherefore by thus comparing of them, we shall be able more exactly to state the _Orders_ and _Degrees_ of their _Affinities_; Better to understand both the _Causes_ and _Ends_ of their _Varieties_: And more probably to conjecture of their _Natures_ and _Vertues_.
11. §. First then the various _Figures_ of their several _Parts_ should be observed; and that with respect both to the _Forms_, and the _Positions_, by which their _Roots_, _Trunks_, _Branches_, _Leaves_, _Flowers_, _Fruits_, and _Seeds_ may vary, or agree; and those several _Lines_, by which both the said _Varieties_ are determin’d. In which of these _Parts_, the agreement chiefly lies; this being both more observable, and more material in some of them; less in the Root, more in the Flower, or Seed. And in how many of these _Parts_ together; whether one, more, or all. By both which, the _Orders_ and _Degrees_ of _Affinity_, which are many, may be accounted; either as to what we strictly call _Kindred_, or else _Analogy_. For there are found, not only _Herbs_ accounted of several _Tribes_, which are ally’d; and some of the Smallest, which are of kin to the Greatest: But there are also, probably, some _Herbs_, which have a particular Relation, to many Kinds of _Shrubs_; and some _Shrubs_, to many Kinds of _Trees_. Thus the several sorts of _Letuce_, are of Kin, together in the _First Degree_; with _Endive_, in the _Second_. The several _Clarys_, amongst themselves in the _First_; with _Horehound_, in the _Second_; with _Lamium_, in the _Third_. All _Strawberries_ agree together, in the _First_ Degree; with _Cinquefoyl_, in the _Second_; with _Tormentil_ in the _Third_; and with _Avens_, _&c._ in other Degrees more remote. So _Agrimony_, hath alike Analogy unto _Strawberry_; as _Goats-Rue_, hath to _Claver_: And _Strawberry_, the like unto the _Rasp_; as _Goosberry_ to the _Vine_; or _Burnet_, to the _Rose_. Amongst the several _Sorts_ of _Grass_, there are some which match all those of _Corn_; which is but a greater kind of _Grass_. So again all _Pulse_, are not only of kin, in their several Degrees, to one another; but likewise, to almost all kinds of _Trefoyls_, as _Melilot_, _Fœnugreek_, and the common _Clavers_ themselves; as by comparing not only their _Leaves_, but _Flowers_, _Seeds_, and _Cods_ together, may be evident. For the several _parts_ of the _Flower_ of a _Trefoyl_, are so many more _Flowers_, containing so many _Cods_ of small _Seeds_, all, in shape, agreeable to the _Flowers_, _Cods_, and _Seeds_ of _Pulse_. The same Relation, which _Trefoyls_ have to the _Peas_ or other _Pulse_; _Colts-foot_, hath to _Buttyr-Bur_; _Chickweed_ to _Leucanthemum_; _Groundsell_, to _Jacobæa_; or _Scorodonia_, to _Foxglove_: Or, to go higher, as the _Leguminous_ Kinds of _Herbs_, have to _Sena_, or some other of the _Lobed Shrubs_ and _Trees_. And, as among _Animals_, there are some which connect several Kinds; as the _Batt_ doth _Beasts_ and _Birds_: So, among _Plants_, there are some also, which seem to stand between two _Tribes_; as _Lappa_, between _Knapweeds_ and _Thistles_; _Lampsana_, between the _Intybaceous_ Kind, and the _Mouse-ears_.
12. §. From hence likewise, the _Natures_ of _Plants_ may be conjectured. For in looking upon divers _Plants_, though of different _Names_ and _Kinds_; yet if some affinity may be found betwixt them, then the _Nature_ of any one of them being well known, we have thence ground of conjecture, as to the _Nature_ of all the rest. So that as every _Plant_ may have somewhat of _Nature individual_ to it self; so, as far as it obtaineth any _Visible Communities_ with other _Plants_, so far, may it partake of _Common Nature_ with those also. Thus the _Wild_, and _Garden Cucumers_, have this difference; that the one _purgeth_ strongly, the other, _not at all_: yet in being _Diuretick_, they both agree. The _Natures_ of _Umbelliferous Plants_, we know, are various; yet ’tis most probable, that they all agree in this one, _scil._ in being _Carminative_. The several sorts, both of _Corn_ and _Grass_, are all akin; there is no doubt therefore, but that the _Seeds_ of _Grass_ themselves (of _Rye_ and _Oats_ it is tryed) if it were worth the while to order them, as _Barley_, would yield an inflammable Spirit. So likewise the several Kinds of _Pulse_, have some one community in their Form, as is said: for which reason, I question not, but that in some Cases, wherein _Cicers_ are esteemed a good _Medicine_; a _Decoction_ of the better sort of _Pease_, especially that we call the _Sugar-Pease_, may go beyond them. As doth also the _Flower_ or _Meal_ of _Beans_, that of the _Seeds_ of _Fœnugreek_; even there, where they are accounted excellent. So _Tulips_, _Lillies_, _Crocuses_, _Jacynths_, and _Onions_ themselves, with many others, in their several Degrees, are all _allied_. If therefore _Crocuses_, _Onions_, _Lillies_, agree in one or more _Faculties_, then why may not all the rest? as in being _Anodyne_; or in some other _Common Nature_; whereby, in their _Vegetation_, their _Parts_ are Governed and Over-ruled, to one Common or _Analogous Form_.
13. §. The _Proportions_ likewise, amongst the several _Parts_ of _Vegetables_, for the same Reasons, deserve to be observed; the comparison being made, both betwixt the _Parts_ of several _Plants_, and the several _Parts_ of one. And here again, either betwixt any Two of the _Parts_, or any One of them, and the Whole besides, or all the rest put together. So some larger _Seeds_, produce a small _Root_; as those of _Cucumer_: and others smaller, produce one very great; as those of _Bryony_. Some _Plants_, as the _Melon_, though themselves but very slender, yet have a vast and bulky _Fruit_; others again, as _Thistles_, and many yet more substantial, have no other _Fruit_, besides their _Seed_. So the _Seeds_ of all _Pulse_, and especially, the _Garden Bean_, though large, yet produce but a small _Plant_: but those of _Foxglove_, _Mullen_, _Burdock_, _Sun-flower_, _&c._ being themselves much less, do yet produce a far greater. And especially, those _Seeds_, which are inclosed in the Thicker sort of _Cover_, (analogous to that I have elsewhere called the _Secondine_) as that of _Peony_; ♦ Anat. Plant. Book I. Chap. ult. ♦ whose _Seed_, so called, is only the _Nest_ wherein the true and real _Seed_ is lodged, no bigger than a little Pins head: which is also observable of the _Seeds_ of divers other _Plants_. These, and the like _Proportions_, as they lie betwixt the several _Parts_, should be noted: and to what _Plants_ or _Parts_ especially, any of them may agree: comparing also in what other kind of _Properties_ an agreement betwixt the said _Parts_ may be found: that so doing, we may, if possible, amongst all their _Individual Natures_, be instructed to single out those _Common Ones_, which are concomitant to such Agreeing _Properties_.
14. §. The several _Seasons_ also of _Plants_, and of their _Parts_, should be considered. Observing at what particular Times of the Year, any of them chiefly _Spring_, Early or Late. The Times wherein they _Germinate_; whether for some Space only, or all the Year long. Wherein they _Spring_, after Sowing; or _Flower_, after Springing, sooner, or slower. Which Flower, the _first_ Year, or not till the _second_. Which _after_ the _Leaves_ are put forth, or _before_ them; for so, some do, as the _Crocus Vernus_, _Bears-foot_, _Hepatica aurea_, and others; all the _Leaves_, at the time of their flowering, being old, or of the foregoing Year’s growth. So likewise the _Maturation_ of the _Fruit_ or _Seed_; how long after the _Flower_, and the like. All or some of which _Varieties_, being laid together, we may probably conjecture the _Causes_ thereof, and the _Natures_ of the _Plants_ in which they are seen: _scil._ as such a Degree of Heat may be necessary for the Fermentation, or the better Distribution of the _Sap_ of such a _Plant_; or for the Impregnation of the _Aer_, to be mixed therewith; or the due Disposing of the _Soil_, to render the most convenient Aliment thereunto. So the _Principles_ of such _Plants_, which flower all the Year, may be more equally proportion’d. Those which flower before the _Leaves_ put forth, as the _Crocus Vernus_, and those which flower in _Spring_, may be accounted _Rank_, and full of _Volatile Salt_. But _Autumn Plants_ especially, to abound with a Fixed: and the like.
15. §. The proper _Places_ also of _Plants_, or such wherein they have, from their _Seeds_, or other way of _Propagation_, a Spontaneous growth, should be considered. And that as to the _Climate_; whether in one Colder, Temperate, or more Hot. The _Region_; Continent, or Island. The _Seat_; as Sea, or Land, Watry, Boggy, or Dry; Hills, Plains, or Vallies; Open, in Woods, or under Hedges; Against _Walls_, rooted in them, or on their Tops: and the like. And perhaps the _Seeds_ of some _Plants_, as of _Mosses_, (which, through their smallness, will ascend like Moths in the Sun) may fly or swim for some time, in the Aer, _viz._ till they begin to shoot, and so become heavy enough, to fall down upon the Ground. From whence, in like manner, as from their _Seasons_, their particular _Natures_ may be directed unto. In that, so far as we may conjecture the nature of such an _Aer_, _Soil_, or _Seat_, we may also of such a _Plant_, to which they are _congenial_.
16. §. So likewise, those many Varieties observable in the _Motions_ of _Plants_, and of their Parts, both Kinds and Degrees; _Ascending_, _Descending_, and _Horizontal_; _Rectilinear_, and _Spiral Motions_, should be noted; to what _Plants_ they agree, and wherein any of these Motions may be analogous to those of _Animals_. And in a word, any other _Forensick Properties_ of _Plants_. And then, to Compare them all together; both being necessary. For _Thoughts_ cannot work upon nothing, no more than _Hands_. He that will build an House, must provide Materials. And on the contrary, the Materials will never become an House, unless, by certain Rules, we joyn them all together. So, it is not, _simply_, the Knowledge of _many things_, but a multifarious Copulation of them in the Mind, that becomes prolifick of further Knowledge. And thus much for the first General _Mean_.
17. §. THE NEXT which I propose, and that a most necessary one, is _Anatomy_. ♦ The Second General _Mean_. ♦ For when upon the Dissection of _Vegetables_, we see so great a difference in them, that not only their Outward _Figures_, but also their Inward _Structure_, is so Elegant; and in all, so Various; it must needs lead us thus to Think, That these Inward _Varieties_, were either to no _End_; or if they were, we must assign to what. To imagine the first, were exceeding vain; as if _Nature_, the Handmaid of _Divine Wisdom_, should with Her fine _Needle_ and _Thred_, stitch up so many several _Pieces_, of so difficult, and yet so groundless a Work. But if for some _End_, then either only to be looked upon, or some other besides. If for this only, then this must be such as in respect whereof, Her Work is at no time, nor in any degree frustrate; the contrary whereunto, is most manifest. For although Men do every where, with frequent pleasure, behold the Outward Elegancies of _Plants_; yet the Inward Ones, which, generally, are as Precise and Various as the Outward; we see, how usual it is, for the beholding of These, to be omitted by them. And besides, when we have observed _Nature’s_ Work, as well as we can; it may be no impediment to our best Endeavours, to believe, That some Parts of it, will still remain behind, _Unseen_. So that if to be _Seen_, were the only End of it, it must needs be wholly frustrate, as to the greater number of Men; and, in some part, as to all. Wherefore, we must suppose some other _Ends_ of the said Varieties, which should have their _Effect_, and so These, not be in vain, whether Men beheld them or not; which, are, therefore, such as have respect to _Vegetation_: That the _Corn_ might grow, _so_; and the _Flower_, _so_, whether or no Men had a mind, leisure, or ability, to understand _how_.
18. §. If then the _Anatomy_ of _Vegetables_ be so useful a _Mean_, we ought not to streighten it; but to force this, as well as the rest, to its utmost Extent. And therefore, first of all, To go through all the _Parts_, with equal care; examining the _Root_, _Trunk_, _Branch_, _Leaf_, _Flower_, _Fruit_, and _Seed_. Then to Repeat or Retrograde the Dissection, from _Part_ to _Part_: in that, although the best Method of Delivery, for clear Discourse, can be but one, according to that of _Nature_, from the _Seed_ forward, to the _Seed_: yet can it not but be useful, for That of Dissection, to proceed _to_ and _fro_; somewhat or other being more Visible in each several _Part_, from whence still an Hint may be taken, for the ushering in the observation of it in the others. To examine, again, not only all the _Parts_,but _Kinds_ of _Vegetables_, and comparatively, to observe divers of the same _size_, _shape_, _motion_, _age_, _sap_, _quality_, _power_, or any other way the _same_, which may also agree, in some one or more particulars, as to their _Interiour Structure_: and to make this comparison, throughout all their _Parts_ and _Properties_. To observe them likewise, in several _Seasons_ of the Year, and in several _Ages_ of the _Plants_, and of their _Parts_; in both which, divers of them may be noted to change, not only their _Dimensions_, but their _Natures_ also; as _Vessels_, do into _Ligaments_; and _Cartilages_, into _Bones_, sometimes, in _Animals_. And to do all this by several Ways of _Section_, Oblique, Perpendicular, and Transverse; all three being requisite, if not to Observe, yet the better to Comprehend, some Things. And it will be convenient sometimes to Break, Tear, or otherwise Divide, without a _Section_. Together with the _Knife_ it will be necessary to joyn the _Microscope_; and to examine all the _Parts_, and every Way, in the use of That. As also, that both Immediate, and Microscopical Inspections, be Compared: since it is certain, That some things, may be demonstrated by Reason and the Eye conjunct, without a Glass, which cannot be discovered by it; or else the discovery is so dark, as which, alone, may not be safely depended on.
19. §. By these several Ways of Inspection, it will be requisite, To observe their Compounding _Parts_; as _Simply_ considered, and as variously _Proportioned_, and _Disposed_. As _Simply_ considered, to note their _Number_; what, and whether the same, in all: their _Kinds_, wherein different in the same, or divers _Vegetables_: their _Original_, in part, or in whole: _Structure_, as to their _Contexture_ and their _Cavities_; Their _Contexture_, within themselves severally, and as joyned together: their _Cavities_, as to their _Size_, _Shape_, and _Number_; in which a great variety will be found. Next their _Positions_ one amongst another, which are also various; as Anterior, Posterior, Collateral, Surrounding, Mediate, Immediate, Near, Remote; both as they respect the several _Parts_, and the several portions of one: And all these, as few, or more; these or others of them, may be diversely Compounded together. And then the _Proportions_ they bear one to another; whether as to Minority, Equality, or Excess; each _Part_ compared with each, and that as to the several Degrees appearing in the said _Proportions_; the Varieties whereof may be exceeding numerous. For if we should suppose but _Four_ considerable _Parts_ generally constitutive of a _Vegetable_: These _Four_, produce a Variety _Four_ ways. First, when One is Unequal; and then it produceth only _Four_ Varieties: and those two ways, _scil._ when one is Greater, and the other three, Equal and Less; or when one is Less; and the other three, Equal and Greater. Secondly, when Two be Unequal; and then they produce _Six_ Varieties. Thirdly, when Three be Unequal, which produceth _Twelve_ Varieties. Or lastly, when all Four be Unequal; which produceth _Twenty four_: which general Varieties, may be further multiplied by their several Degrees.
20. §. From all which, we may come to know, what the _Communities_ of _Vegetables_ are, as belonging to all; what their _Distinctions_, to such a Kind; their _Properties_, to such a Species; and their _Peculiarities_, to such Particular ones. And as in _Metaphysical_, or other Contemplative Matters, when we have a distinct knowledge of the _Communities_ and _Differences_ of Things, we may then be able to give their true _Definitions_: so may we possibly, here attain, to do likewise: not only to know, That every _Plant_ Inwardly differs from another, but also wherein; so as not more surely to Define by the Outward _Figure_, than by the Inward _Structure_, What that is, or those things are, whereby any _Plant_, or Sort of _Plants_, may be distinguished from all others. And having obtained a knowledge of the _Communities_ and _Differences_ amongst the _Parts_ of _Vegetables_; it may conduct us through a _Series_ of more facile and probable _Conclusions_, of the ways of their _Causality_, as to the _Communities_ and _Differences_ of _Vegetation_. And thus much for the Second General _Mean_.
21. §. HAVING THUS far examined the _Organical_ and _Containing Parts_ of _Vegetables_; ♦ The Third General _Mean_. ♦ it will be requisite, more designedly, to observe those also which are _Fluid_, or any others Contained in them: and that, for our better understanding both of the _Nature_ of _Vegetation_, and of the said _Contained Parts_. And to make inquiry, _First_ of their _Kinds_; as _Spirits_; both such as agree, in general, in being _Vinous_; and those that are Special, to particular _Plants_. _Aers_ and _Vapours_; for the existence whereof, in all _Vegetables_, there are Arguments certainly concluding. And for the difference of their _Natures_, in being more dry, or moist, more simple or compounded, as they are existent in several _Parts_, there are probable ones. _Lympha’s_ or clear and watry _Saps_; which most _Plants_, in one _Part_ or other, at some time of the Year, do _Bleed Mucilages_; as in _Mallow_ and _Violet Leaves_; in many _Seeds_, as of _Quinces_, _Clary_; _Fruits_, as in _Cucumers_; distinct from the watry _Sap_, as by permitting it to stand and gelly upon the _Vessels_ from whence it issues, is plain: And in the young _Berrys_ of White _Bryony_, when about the bigness of a _Pepper-Corn_; the juyce whereof is so Viscous, that the twentieth part of a _Grain_, will draw out above a _Yard_ in length. _Oyles_; not only in _Seeds_, and some _Fruits_, but other _Parts_; as in certain little cavities in the _Leaves_ of _Savine_, visibly collected while they are growing. _Gumms_ or _Resines_; as in _Pine_, _Fir_, and others of this Kind. _Milks_; as in a vast number of _Plants_, and amongst them, many not suspected to yield any. For, of _Herbs_, not only most of the _Umbelliferous Kind_, are _Milky_; but all or most of the _Intybous_; _Poppys_; _Tracheliums_; _Perwinkles_; divers _Thistles_; and even _Onions_, if cut at the bottome; with a great many more. Of _Trees_, not only the Little _Maple_, but the young _Shoots_ of _Lawrel_, especially being crushed; as also those of _Elder_, and some others. To which may be added, such _Mucilages_, which though not so properly contained _within_ the _Parts_, yet are found lying _over_ them; as over the first _Spring-leaves_ of all kinds of _Docks_; betwixt the _Leaves_ and the _Veil_ wherein they are involved. That fine white Flower or Powder, which lies over the _Leaves_ of some _Plants_, as of _Bears-Ear_: And in _Princes-Feather_, about certain _Apertures_ only on the edges of the _Leaves_.
22. §. Of all these should be observed, _first_ their _Receptacles_; some of them, being proper to one; others, common to two or more of them: since it is certain, that some of them do Transmigrate from one, into another _Receptacle_, or that the same _Receptacle_ is filled with Fluid Bodies, of a quite different Nature, at the different _Seasons_ of the _Year_, and _Ages_ of the _Vegetable_. And it is also very probable, That two of some of them, may, sometimes, be contained in one _Receptacle_, at the same time; as in _Animals_, the _Lympha_ in the D. _Thoracicus_, and that, and the _Chyle_, in the _Sanguineous Vessels_.
23. §. Then their _Motions_; both _Natural_, and such as may be effected by _Art_: and those either by Descent or Ascent; And in ascending, through what different _Chanels_ or _Parts_ of the _Trunk_; since it is certain, That there is a variety, both in respect of the _Season_, and of _Vegetables_. Where it will fall in, To observe the _Tapping_ of _Trees_. As also their _Bleeding_: to what _Trees_ it is proper to _bleed_: in those to which it is, with what difference of _Celerity_: and when their peculiar _Season_: for none will bleed at all times; neither will all _bleed_ at the same. And then their Collateral _Motion_, together with the Mode of their Transition from one _Organical Part_ to another.
24. §. Next their _Quantities_, either of _one_; as the Comparison is made betwixt several _Plants_, or betwixt the _Parts_ of the same. So the true _Seed_ of all _Plants_, containeth more _Oyl_, in proportion, than any of the other _Parts_. Or else of _divers_, as coexistent and bearing such a proportion one to another in the same _Part_: of most of which, it may be known by their respective _Receptacles_. Yet the Computation must not be made from the number of the said _Receptacles_, _simply_; but as that is in conjunction with their _Capacity_; and as their _Capacity_ is proportioned to their surrounding _Sides_; the _Sides_ of those of the least _Capacity_, being usually as thick, as those of the greatest: so that suppose Ten lesser, to lye within the compass of One greater; the _Content_ of these altogether, would scarce be equal to half the _Content_ of that One.
25. §. Also their _Consistence_; _scil._: of so many of them as are discriminable by Touch; in being Soft or Hard; Thin or Thick; Mucilaginous, Gummous, Glutinous, Friable, _&c._ And these in their several Degrees; in which there is a Variety, as in the _Milks_ of some _Plants_, which are more _Dilute_, than that of others: _Mucilages_; which in some, are very thick and _Viscous_, in others, more diluted and coming nearer to a _watry Sap_. And by This, to be compared in the same manner, as by their _Quantity_.
26. §. Likewise their _Colours_, _Smells_, and _Tastes_: The general and particular Kinds of all which should be noted. And to what _Contained Parts_, and in what Variety, they appertain. So most _Resinous Gumms_ are Tinctur’d, some, not; as that which drops from the _Domestick Pine_, is as clear as Rock-water. The _Milks_ of some _Plants_ are _Paler_, as in _Burdock_; of others _Whiter_, as in _Dandelyon_, _Scorzonera_; _Citrine_, in the Root of _Trachelium_, _Angelica_; _Yellow_, as in _Lovage_. In some _Plants_, _Odorous_, as in _Umbelliferous_; in others not, as in _Cichoraceous_. That of Little _Maple_, _Tasteless_; of Garden _Chervil_, _Sweet_; of _Fenil_, _Hot_; of _Scorzonera_, _Astringent_; of _Dandelion_, _Bitter_; and generally, in other _Plants_; but with many Degrees of Strength, and in conjunction with other _Tasts_. But most _Mucilages_, have little either _Colour_, _Taste_, or _Smell_; and the like. Here also the same _Qualities_ are to be inquired into, as, in general speaking, they are said to belong to a _Vegetable_. Since it is more than probable, that all _Colours_ (excepting _White_, which is sometimes common both to _Containing_ and _Contained Parts_) all _Odours_, and _Tastes_, which are more immediately, and without a resolution of their _Essential Principles_, perceptible in a _Plant_; are not ascribable either to the _Organical_, or _Containing Parts_; but only to Those, Contained in them; as from divers reasons hereafter may appear.
27. §. And _first_, their _Colours_; where, with respect to several _Plants_ and _Parts_, they are more _Changeable_; as Red, in _Flowers_; or _Constant_, as Green, in _Leaves_. Which, with respect to several Ages of one _Part_, are more _fading_, as Green in _Fruits_; or _durable_, as Yellow in _Flowers_. In what _Parts_ more _Single_, as always in the _Seed_; or more _Compounded_, as in the _Flower_; and in what _Plants_ more especially, as in _Pancy_. Which proper to _Plants_ that have such a _Taste_ or _Smell_, as both, in _White Flowers_, are usually less strong. To _Plants_ that flower in such a _Season_, as a _Yellow Flower_, I think, chiefly, to _Spring Plants_. And to _Plants_ that are natural to such a _Soil_ or _Seat_, as to _Water-plants_, more usually, a _white Flower_. What, amongst all _Colours_, more Common to _Plants_, as _Green_; or more Rare, as _Black_. And what all these Varieties of _Colours_ are upon _Cultivation_, but chiefly, in their natural _Soil_. To observe also with their superficial _Colours_, those within: so the _Roots_ of _Docks_, are _Yellow_; of _Bistort_, _Red_; of _Avens_, Purple; but of most, White. Where the Inward, and Superficial _Colours_ agree; as in the _Leaves_; or vary, as in the other Parts frequently. And in what manner they are _Situated_; some universally spreading, others running only along with the _Vessels_, as in the _Leaves_ of Red _Dock_, and the _Flowers_ of _Wood-Sorrel_.
28. §. Next their _Odours_; what may be their principal _Seat_; whether one or divers _Seats_ in the same _Plant_. What the chief _Matter_ out of which they are continually bred. What similitude betwixt the _Smells_ of divers _Vegetables_; as betwixt _Baume_, and a _Limon_; the Green _Leaves_ of _Meadow-sweet_, and the green Rinds of _Walnuts_. Or betwixt those of _Plants_ and _Animals_; as the _Smell_ of green and well-grown _Carduus_, is like to that rank _scent_, _ab aliquorum axillis spiranti_. Which have a more sensible _Smell_; as most have; and which have less, as _Corn_. Where the green _Leaf_ is the most Fragrant _Part_, as in _Musk-Cranesbill_; where the _Flower_, as in _Roses_; the _Root_, as in sweet _Calamus_. Where all the _Parts_ have some _Odour_, where some, or one, only; as in _Scurvy-grass_, only the _Flowers_, unless the _Leaves_ are bruis’d; and in _Arum_, the _Pestil_ only; for neither the _Leaf_, nor _Root_ hath any _Smell_, unless cut; but this is strong enough, not much unlike to _Humane Excrements_.
29. §. But especially their _Tastes_, which it much importeth us more precisely to distinguish; _First_, by their general _Kinds_; for the number, even of these, may be computed greater than usually it is. I remember not, that _Heat_ and _Acritude_, with respect to _Taste_, are distinguished; yet _Arum-Root_ is very _Pungent_, without any proper _Heat_; and _Cloves_, are very _Hot_, without any proper _Pungency_. So the White _Roots_ of _Yarrow_, have a _Taste_, hardly any other way perceptible, than by causing a gentle _glowing_ and _continued Warmth_ upon the Tongue. Also their _Respondencies_ one to another; as that of _Zedoary_, and of the lesser _Cardamoms_, is somewhat like to _Camphire_. Likewise their _Degrees_; in which there is a great latitude, and may be extended from _One_ to _Ten_, or with easie distinction, from _One_ to _Five_: So the _Root_ of _Sorrel_, is Bitter in the _first_; of _Dock_, in the _second_; of _Dog-Rose_, in the _third_; of _Dandelyon_, in the _fourth_; of _Gentian_, in the _fifth_: observing them, not only as they vary in several _Kinds_ of _Plants_, but the several _Species_ of one, as in _Cichory_, _Hawkweed_, _Dandelyon_. And then their _Compositions_; for _Tastes_ are as truly _conjunct_ in one _Part_, as _Colours_: by which, the latitude is still greater; In that all Kinds of _Tastes_, in all their Degrees, and in differing Numbers, may be variously Compounded together: For the most part, _Two_, as in the _Leaves_ of _sharp-pointed Dock_, _Astringent_, and _Sowre_; in _Sorrel-Roots_, _Astringent_ and _Bitter_; and in _Aloes_, _Bitter_ and _Sweet_; the one in the _fifth_, the other, in the _first Degree_; as upon an unprejudiced tryal may be perceived: and yet more evidently in the _Gall_ of any _Land-Animal_. Sometimes _three_, as in _Agrimony_, _Bitter_, _Rough_, and _Sowrish_ and in _Agarick_, _Bitter_, _Rough_, and _Sweet_. And sometimes, perhaps more. The Sensible distinctions of all which, may lye almost as wide, as of _Plants_ themselves. Wherefore, although it may be thought rashness, to take away the distinctions of _Hot_, _Cold_, _Moist_, _Dry_, _Thin_, _Gross_, and other _Qualities_, in their several Degree, which the _Ancients_ have affixed to particular _Plants_: yet since they have done it, to many of them, with much uncertainty; and that, withal, they are, more properly, the _Effects_ and _Operations_ of _Plants_, than their _Qualites_; Practical Observation, may therefore approve it useful, to add these Sensible Ones of various _Tastes_, precisely distinguishing their _Conjugations_ and _Degrees_. Lastly, their several Varieties and Mutations, with respect to the Subject wherein they reside, should also be noted. As, of all _Tastes_ found in _Plants_, _Bitter_ and _Sowr_, are most common; _Sweet_ and _Salt_, most rare. Which latter, is not only perceptible in some _Sea-Plants_; but upon some others, as upon the fresh _Leaves_ of _Tamarisk_; which being licked while they grow, or when immediately gathered, are plainly _Saltish_. How they vary with the _Age_ of the _Plant_, or _Part_; as the _Roots_ of _Radishes_, growing up to _Seed_, lose the strength of their _Tast_; so most _Fruits_ are first _Sowre_, then _Sweet_. What proper to the several _Parts_ of any one _Plant_; so the _Leaves_ of _Wormwood_ are extraordinary _Bitter_; the _Root_ scarcely so at all; of an _Hot_, but quite different _Taste_. What more Common, or Rare, to any _Part_; so no _Root_ that I ever tasted, is _Sowre_. And how they Alternate in several _Plants_; as the _Root_ of _Stock-July-flower_ is biting, not the _Leaves_; on the contrary, the _Leaves_ of the _Water-Arsmart_, are _Biting_; but not the _Root_; and the like. To which we may add the difference of Time wherein the _Tastes_ of _Plants_ are perceived; as those of _Arum_, and _Rape-Crowfoot_, are both _Biting_; but that of the first, as it is slowly perceived, so it continues long; that of the other, quickly comes, and quickly goes.
30. §. Amongst the other Adjuncts of the _Contained Parts_, though not of these only, the _Faculties_ of _Vegetables_ are to be reputed. For so the _Rosin_ of _Jalap_, which is Purgative, is as truly contained in the _Organical Parts_ of that _Root_, as Blood is in _Veins_: It will be requisite therefore to make particular observation of these also. And first, what _Faculties_ chiefly may reside in _Plants_, above others: so there is none of known use in _Salivation_, except by holding in the mouth: Although we may ask, Why some amongst them, may not (being Taken inwardly) have a power to evacuate by This, as well as other Violent ways? Where the _Faculty_ is more universally spread over all the _Parts_ of a _Vegetable_, as in _Asarum_. Where belonging chiefly or wholly to any particular _Parts_ or _Part_; as chiefly to the _Root_ of _Rhubarb_; and only to the true and proper _Seed_ of _Barbado Nuts_. Whether some _Faculties_, may be proper to some _Parts_ especially. What conjunction they may have with any sensible _Qualities_. So, many _Purgers_, are not only _Resinous_ and _Gummous_; But also _Mucilaginous_; as _Bryony_, wild _Cucumer_, _Lapathum Sativum_; and therefore probably _Rhubarb_, when growing; _Mallows_, _Violets_, _&c._ Such as are Purging and Vomitory, though some of them have a strong _Taste_, yet the greater part, and of those, many of the stronger sort, have no _Taste_, or not Great; as _Senna_, _Jalap_, _Scammony_, _Hellebore_, _Asarum_, and others. Amongst which, although _Hellebore_ hath a very _Durable Taste_, yet is it not very _High_ or _Great_. So also, those that are most sensibly tasted, are, I think, for the most part, more or less _Bitter_; either simply, as _Colocynthis_; or _Bitter_ and _Astringent_, as _Rhubarb_; or _Bitter_ and _Sweet_, as _Aloe_; or _Bitter_, _Astringent_, and _Sweet_, as _Agarick_. Few are _Hot_, as _Iris_. Or _simply_ Sweet. And though some may be Subacid, that are Mollifying or Lenitive, yet no proper Purge or Vomit is _Sowre_. Such _Plants_ as are of a soft and sweetish _Taste_, without Viscosity, may be accounted good _Antiscorbuticks_, especially against the _Sea_, or other _Salt-Scurvey_; as are good sweet Pease: And sometimes the _Water_ or _Spirit_ of the _Shells_; which may easily be drawn from them, being first duly fermented, and hath a true _Vinous Taste_; but very mild, and not unpleasant. Those _Plants_, whose Parts are not only _Hot_ but _Volatile_, as _Onions_, are generally good for _Burns_. Such as have a _Balsamick Taste_ or _Smell_, with a little _Astringency_, as _Hypericum_, _Golden-Rod_, _Lamium Luteum_, _&c._ the best _Wound-Herbs_. And such as are gently _Bitter_, and _Penetrant_ upon the _Tongue_, or in the _Throat_, as _Daisy_, _Anagallis_, good _Cleansers_. That such _Bodys_, principally, are _Anodyne_, which are _Yellow_, I think, is more than a conceit; Yelks of Eggs, Fœnugreek Seeds, Lint-seed Oyl, May-Butyr, Marrow, _Pinguedo Humana_, _Hyoscyamus luteus_, Safron, Sulphur, Opium, all _Anodyne_ and _Yellow_. How likewise their _Faculties_ and _Qualities_ may vary their Degrees, either differently or together: so _Aloe_ and _Colocynthis_, are both _Bitter_ in the highest Degree; yet _Aloe_, which is also _Sweet_, Purgeth more moderately; _Colocynthis_, which is _Bitter_, but not _Sweet_, most Violently. How far the _Faculties_ of _Vegetables_, as well as their _Qualities_, may be Compounded; where, and which chiefly; as Astrictive and Purgative in _Rhubarb_. Where this Question may be put, Whether divers other, and yet more extreme _Faculties_, as well as these of Astrictive and Purgative, may not somewhere or other be also found, or made, to meet: whereby the same _Plant_, or some _Preparation_ of it, may be most Potent, and yet most Innocent; the _Malignity_ thereof exerting its Power, and the _Virtue_ its Sovereignty at the same time. And lastly, what _Affinity_ there may be betwixt them; as most _Plants_, that are strong Purgatives, and especially Vomitories, I think, are also _Sternutatory_; as white _Hellebore_, _Jalap_, _Tobacco_: and on the contrary, such as are _Sternutatory_, are some of the most proper and most potent _Medicines_ for the Head, Brain, and _Genus Nervosum_, Taken inwardly, as _Lilium convalle_, _&c._ and the like.
31. §. Thus far a particular observation of the _Qualities_ and _Faculties_ of the _Contents_ of _Vegetables_ may proceed, as they are existent in their _Natural Estate_. From which, although some probable Conjectures may be made, of their Material and Formal _Essences_, and of the _Causes_ of their determinate Varieties, or the _Modes_ of _Vegetation_ necessary thereunto: yet will our Conceptions hereof be more facile, clear, and comprehensive, if by all other Ways of Observation, they be likewise examined, according as _Experiment_ maybe applicable to any of them.
32. §. As by _Contusion_; so some _Plants_ give their _Smell_, not without Rubbing, or not so well; as the green _Leaves_ of _Stramonium_, _Scurvygrass_, and many more: others lose it by Rubbing, as the _flowers_ of _Violets_, _Carnations_, _Borage_, _&c._ others yield it both ways, as _Rosemary_, _&c._ So some _Apples_ mend their _Taste_, by Scoaping, and _Pears_ by Rowling, especially that called the _Rowling Pear_.
33. §. By _Agitation_; which doth that, sometimes, by Force, which _Digestion_, doth by Heat: so any cold _Oyl_ and a _Syrup_ being, in a due manner, agitated together, of two Fluid bodies will become one Consistent, as is known.
34. §. By _Frigifaction_; how far the _Juyces_ of _Plants_, either without or within them, may be any of them, or some more than others, subject to _Cold_: and thereby to be deprived of their _Motion_ or natural _Consistence_, or may suffer alteration in their _Colour_, _Taste_, or _Smell_.
35. §. By _Infusion_; where I mean _Infusion_ only in Common Water; So both _Cassia Lignea_, and _Cinnamon_ are a little Mucilaginous; but the former most. Some of the _Contents_ of _Plants_, may be wholly dissolved in Common Water; some but in part, others not at all; or very little; which is proper to some _Milks_, as well as _Gums_. The _Colours_, _Smells_ or _Tastes_ they hereupon yield, are found various; and in some very unexpected: So the green _Leaves_ of _Bawm_, being duly infused in common Water, without any other Body added, tincture it with a clear and deep Red, near that of _Claret Wine_, as I have often tryed.
36. §. By _Subsiding_; So the Juyce of _Sorrel_, being ordered as that of _Grapes_, will, in time, let fall a kind of _Tartar_ or _Essential Salt_. And so perhaps will that of many other _Plants_, without any previous _Decoction_; although that be commonly thought to be necessary.
37. §. By _Digestion_ with _Fermentation_; either of the entire _Vegetables_, or of the _Juyces_, or other _Contents_; and these by themselves, or with common Water. And hereby to note, what difference may be in the Strength, Celerity, or Continuance of the _Fermentation_. Likewise, how their _Qualities_ may thereby be altered; as the Smell of _Violet-flowers_, from a most excellent _Fragrancy_, may, by _Digestion_, be reduced to an odious and abominable _Stink_, like that of the black Mud of _Gutters_.
38. §. By _Digestion_ with _Calefaction_; so the _Colour_ of the _Juyce_ of _Limons_, from Transparency (if that be a Colour) may be turned to a perfect Red. Whence it is that many are deceived in the _Preparation_ called the _Tincture_ of _Corals_; supposing the _Corals_ to give the _Menstruum_ its Colour. Whereas the _Menstruum_ will obtain it, only by _Digestion_, without any _Corals_, mixed with it.
39. §. By _Decoction_; either of _Vegetables_ themselves, or of their _Liquors_; and to observe what alterations follow. So _Turpentine_ boiled becometh friable, _Sugar_, _Bitter_, and of a Brown Red. _Turneps_ lose their Biting _Taste_; _Onions_, their Picquancy; yet neither of them convey those self same _Qualities_ to the Water. The same may be observed in the _Decoction_ of _Sweet-Fennel-seeds_, _Aniseeds_, and others, losing much of their _Tastes_ themselves, and yet conveying very little of them to the _Liquors_ wherein they are boiled; the greater portion of their Volatile parts, and so their _Virtue_ and _Taste_ therewith, flying away. Whereof therefore it is much better to make an _Emulsion_, than to _decoct_ them; or to make an _Emulsion_ from them, with their own _Decoction_, especially if the _Medicine_ be intended to be _Carminative_, as I have frequently observed. The _Decoction_ should also be carried on throughout all degrees to that of an _Extract_; by which the _Qualities_ thereof, sometimes, are much altered; as the _Colour_ of all or most green _Leaves_, from a kind of Yellow, deepens at last into a dark one, as Black as Pitch.
40. §. By _Distillations_; both with the cold _Still_, _Alembick_, _Chappel-_ and open _Furnace_: and to note what _Vegetables_ thus give their _Smell_ or _Taste_, and in what Degrees of strength, either under, or over their natural ones; as _Mint_, _Pennyroyal_, and the like, which are _Aromatick_ and _Hot_, give their _Tastes_ perfect: but _Wormwood_, which is _Aromatick_ and _Bitter_; gives it but by halfs, pretty fully as _Aromatick_, little as _Bitter_. And _Carduus_, though also so exceeding _Bitter_, yet not being _Aromatick_, yieldeth a much weaker _Taste_. Also what _Vegetables_ yield _Oyl_ most plentifully; and what difference may be in those _Oyls_, as to their _Colour_, _Weight_, or otherwise; as that of _Cloves_ is sometimes Red; of _Cinnamon_, limpid; both Ponderous. So to distil _Juices_, _Gums_, or other _Contents_, with an hot _fire_; and to see, what Bodies they yield, and of what _Qualities_; as _Turpentine_ is known to yield, besides its _Oyl_, a subacid _Water_; _Vinegar_, an Eager _Spirit_; as that part may be called, which _Chymists_ are wont to call the _Phlegm_.
41. §. By _Arefaction_; so _Milks_ which are Liquid, and White in their Natural Estate, in Standing, grow Gummous, Yellow, and otherwise different, so doth that of _Scorzonera_; and that of _Fenil_ becomes a Balsamical, but Limpid _Oyl_. The _Roots_ of _Angelica_, being dry’d, and cut by the length, exhibit their small _Veins_ fill’d with an Aromatick _Rosin_. In the whiter parts of _Rhubarb_, is gathered a kind of _Saline Concret_; by which, this _Root_, in chewing, seems as if it were a little gritty. _Cabbage-Stalks_, sliced, and laid in the Shade to dry, gather on them a kind of _Nitrous_ Hoar. _Raisins_ and _Corins_ contain, not only a sweet Juyce, but also a true _Sugar_, which lies _curdled_ in the _Pulp_, as the more _Saline_ parts do in Green Soap. And the like is gather’d on the out-side of a _Fig_; saving, that it is more _Nitrous_, as lying next the _Aer_. The _Roots_ of _Arum_, upon drying, lose much of the strength of their _Taste_; but the contrary may be noted of many other _Roots_, which, upon drying, increase it. Some, being cut and laid by, change their Natural _Colours_, into Red, Purple, Yellow, Green, or White; as _Liquorish_, into White, in some places; and _Peony_, into Red: and sometimes into two; as _Patience_, into Yellow and Red.
42. §. By _Assation_; thus _Apples_, by roasting, eat more Sowre. The _Root_ of _Horse-Radish_, toasted, tasteth like a _Turnep_. _Potatoes_, _Onions_, and many other _Roots_, and _Parts_, have their _Tastes_, either Altered or Refracted; which chiefly, and in what manner, should be observed. There is one alteration, as remarkable, as commonly known; and is that which followeth upon roasting or baking in one kind of the _Waldensian Pears_, which, for a _Walden_, we corruptly call a _Warden_.
43. §. By _Ustion_; wherein some _Plants_, or _Parts_ of them, burn very quietly; others, not without violent motions; so _Fenil-Seeds_, held in the flame of a Candle, will spit and spurtle, like the _Serum_ of _Blood_. Some _Vegetables_ lose their _Smell_, as _Roses_; others, keep it, as _Rosemary_; and others, mend it, as _Lignum Aloes_, To note, not only the alteration of their _Qualities_, but what they yield; as _Turpentine_, which, in _Distillation_, yieldeth _Oyl_ and _Water_, both limpid; upon _Ustion_, sheweth nothing but a black _Soot_. So _Benzoine_, by _Distillation_, _Oyl_; by _Ustion_, white _Flowers_, as is known.
44. §. By _Calcination_; and here to observe, wherein the _Caput Mortuum_ of one, may differ from, or agree in Nature with that of another; and also to compare these with those of _Animal Bodies_. As also in their _Quantities_. And to compare them with what they yield by _Distillation_ and _Ustion_ as to both. Thus far they have been tryed _singly_, or by themselves. They should also be examined.
45. §. By _Composition_; not only with _Water_, as in simple _Infusions_, _&c._ but with any other Bodies, which may have a power of acting upon them, or upon which, these may have a power to act. And so to make _Infusions_, _Destillations_, _Decoctions_, _Digestions_, in divers kinds of _Liquors_, as _Vinegar_, _Urine_, _Spirit_ of _H. H. Wine_, _Blood_, _Milk_, or others. So in _Infusions_, some Red Colours are heightned by _Acids_; Blews, turned Purple. So fetid _Spirits_ (as of _H.H._) may be rendred much more grateful, by being _Rectified_, once or twice, with fresh _Aromaticks_, To observe also what follows, upon mixing the _Liquors_, or other Parts of _Plants_ together, as _Oyl_ of _Turpentine_, by _Digestion_ with a _Lixivial Salt_, extracteth thence a Red _Tincture_. Or with _Salts_, _Earths_, _Metals_, or any other Bodies; as the _Juyce_ of the green _Leaves_ of _Rasberry_, _Primrose_, and divers other _Plants_ (I think principally such as are Astringent) expressed upon _Steel_, as it drieth, becometh of a _Purple Colour_.
46. §. Lastly, by _Compounding_ the _Experiment_ it self, or joyning two or more of them, upon the same matter: as _Fermentation_ and _Destillation_, as is used for some _Waters_. _Infusion_ and _Fermentation_, as in making of _Beer_. _Fermentation_ and _Coction_, or rather _Assation_, as in making of _Bread_. _Arefaction_ and _Destillation_, as may be tryed upon some _Herbs_; and with what difference from what may be noted, upon their being distilled, moist.
47. §. Having proceeded thus far, by all the above particular Ways of Observation; a Comparative Prospect must be taken of them: by which, at last, the _Communities_ and _Differences_ of the _Contents_ of _Vegetables_, may be discerned; the manner of their _Causation_ and _Original_, partly, be judged of; and wherein it is, that the _Essence_ of their several _Natures_ and _Qualities_ doth consist, in some measure comprehended. And consequently, both from the knowledge of their particular _Natures_, and the Analogy found betwixt them; we may be able, better to conjecture, and try, what any of them are, or may be good for. For certainly, we shall then know, more readily, to apply things unto, and more fitly to prepare them for, their Proper Uses, when we first know, _what they are_. Notwithstanding, since the _Faculties_ of _Plants_, do often lie more recluse; it is best,therefore, not wholly to acquiesce in such Conjectures, as their _Tastes_, or other _Sensible Properties_ may suggest; but to subjoyn _Experiment_. In making of which, and in passing a Judgment thereupon, many Cautions, both in respect of the _Plant_ whereof, and the _Subject_ whereupon it is made, are requisite to be attended. Which yet, in regard they result not so directly from the Matter at present in hand; I shall not, therefore, here insist upon them, And thus much for the Third General _Mean_.
48. §. THE _Contents_ of the _Organical Parts_ of _Vegetables_, having been thus duly Examined: ♦ The Fourth General _Mean_. ♦ it will be requisite to make the like Inquiry into their _Principles_; or the _Bodys_, immediately concurrent and essential to their Being. And of these, we are to observe, First, their _Number_; whether well reducible to _five_, _six_, _seven_, or _more_, or _fewer_: and the Special Differences observable under any one General; since there are many Bodies, of very different Natures, confounded under one Name. Next their _Conjugation_; which they are, that either under or over those observable in _animal_, or other _Bodies_, are here joyned together in a _Plant_; How far common to the _Organical Parts_ of divers _Plants_; or to the several _Organical Parts_ of one; or how far different in them. So the predominant _Principle_ of the _Parenchymous Parts_ of a _Plant_, that it is an _Acid_, seems evident, From the general Nature of _Fruits_; and of _Corn_; and most _Parenchymous Roots_, which are either Spirituous, or Sower, or by Digestion, do easily become such. Likewise their _Proportions_; which stand in the greatest, which in the least, or in the meaner _Quantities_, and in what Degrees; both in divers _Vegetables_, and in the several _Organical Parts_ of one. And then the _Concentration_ and _Union_ of them altogether; as to the degrees of their Closeness or Laxity; or the manner of their Implication and Coherency; or as to their Location, one being more Central, another more Exposed and Rampant over the rest; or otherwise different. To examine these _Principles_, by their _Colour_, _Taste_, _Smell_, _Consistence_, _Fixedness_, _Volatility_, _Weight_, _Figures_, or other _Accidents_. And to these purposes, to go through the formentioned Ways of _Experiment_; as _Ustion_, _Calcination_, _Destillation_, _&c._ as any of them may appear applicable hereunto. So the _Essential Salt_ of _Wormwood_, which may be obtained from the _Lixivial_; is _Bitter_, transparent, and commonly, of a _Cylindrick_ figure: whereas that which is obtained by _Coction_, or from the _Extract_, is _tasteless_, greyish, and almost _Cubick_: and that in the Extract of the Green _Leaves_ of _Violets_, appears in fine transparent _Shoots_, like so many little Needles. And it is probable, That the _Salts_ of most Kinds of _Plants_, whether Lixivial or Essential; and of these, whether obtained by _Decoction_, or otherwise, have either their _Figure_, or other _Qualities_, proper to themselves, whereby they are all distinguished one from another. And lastly, to make _Experiment_ upon these _Principles_, mixing them with one another, or with other Bodies, or otherwise.
49. §. I know it will be difficult to make observations of this kind upon the _Organical Parts_ of _Plants_, severally. Yet I have thought of some Ways, whereby true and undeceivable ones may be made. And the better to illustrate what I mean, I shall give one or two Instances of Tryal to this purpose. For the making of which, and some others of the like nature, I considered, That upon the _Anatomical Analysis_ of all the _Parts_ of a _Plant_, I had certainly found, (and shall hereafter shew) That in all _Plants_, there are _Two, and only Two Organical Parts Essentially distinct_, _viz._ The _Pithy Part_, and the _Lignous Part_, or such others as are analogous to either of These. So that, if we can think of any _Plants_, which will afford us either of these two, though not perfectly, yet in some good measure, simple and unmixed: We may then see, by putting them to a _Chymical Test_, what _Principles_ and _Proportion_ of _Principles_, concur to _specifie_ their _Substantial Forms_.
50. §. To the _Pithy Part_, _Starch_, or pure _Manchet_ is analogous, as having very little of the _Lignous_ mixed with them. I therefore ordered ℔ ij of _Starch_ to be put into a _Retort_, and with a _Receiver_ affixed, to be set in a _Sand Furnace_; and that all it would yield, should, by degrees, be forced over; which, besides what was evaporated at the Neck of the _Receiver_, was about ℔ j. of an acid and eager _Liquor_, of a heavy and blackish _Oyl_ ℥ ss, and of a light _Oyl_ ʒ j. The _Caput Mortuum_ could not be reduced to Ashes, by the strongest heat which a _naked fire_ in that Furnace would produce.
51. §. To the _Lignous Part_, _Hemp_ or _Flax_ is analogous, having very little of the _Pithy_ mixed with them. I caused therefore ℔ ij of _Flax_ to be put into a _Retort_, and manag’d as the _Starch_: whereupon, it yielded a Liquor, as I remember, somewhat like the former, and about the same quantity; no _Oyl_ which remained liquid, when cold; but instead of that a _Butyr_, almost of the Consistence and Colour of the _Oyl_ of _Mace_; and of this above ℥ iij, or near six times the quantity of the _Oyl_ which was yielded by the _Starch_. The _Caput Mortuum_ being burned to a white _Ash_, yielded some portion of a _Lixivial Salt_.
52. §. From whence, I shall, at present, only make these two Remarques; _First_, That although the chief portion, as to quantity, in both these _Bodys_, (as in most _Plants_) is an Acid Liquor; yet the latter, yields also some of an Alkaly, which the other doth not. So that they are the _Lignous Parts_ of a _Plant_, generally, which yield the _Alkalick Salt_, or at least in the greatest Proportion. _Secondly_, That the _Sulphurious or Oleous Principle_, is also much more predominant in the _Lignous Part_, than in the _Pithy_. To these, the like Tryals upon other _Plants_, should be added; and other ways. So, in regard the _Soot_ of most _Woods_, yields a _Volatile Alkaly_; it were fit to examine, Whether the _Soot_ which is made of the _Pithy Parts_ and that, of the _Lignous_, afford the said _Alkaly_, in equal qantity; or whether, as is most likely, that of the _Lignous_ doth afford it in a far greater: and the like.
53. §. The prosecution of what is here proposed, will be requisite, To a fuller and clearer view, of the _Modes_ of _Vegetation_, of the _Sensible Natures_ of _Vegetables_, and of their more Recluse _Faculties_ and _Powers_. First, of the _Modes_ of _Vegetation_. For suppose we were speaking of a _Root_; from a due consideration of the _Properties_ of any _Organical Part_ or _Parts_ thereof; ’tis true, that the real and genuine _Causes_ may be rendred, of divers other dependent _Properties_, as spoken generally of the whole _Root_. But it will be asked again, What may be the _Causes_ of those _first_ and Independent ones? Which, if we will seek, we must do it by inquiring also, What are the _Principles_ of those _Organical Parts_? For it is necessary, that the _Principles_ whereof a Body doth consist, should be, if not all of them the _active_, yet the _capacitating Causes_, or such as are called _Causæ sine quibus non_, of its becoming and being, in all respects, both as to _Substance_ and _Accidents_, what it is: otherwise, their Existence, in that Body, were altogether superfluous; since it might have been without them: which is so, it might then have been made of any other; there being no necessity of putting any difference, if neither those, whereof it is made, are thought necessary to its Being. Wherefore if we will allow a Body, and so the _Organical Parts_ of a _Vegetable_ to have _Principles_, we must allow these _Principles_ their necessary Use; and that the Shapes or other Properties of the said _Parts_, are as much dependant upon the _Nature_ of These; as is the Roundness of a Drop of Ink, upon the Fluidity of Water, ingredient to it.
54. §. Again, the _Principles_ of the _Organical Parts_ being known, we may from thence obtain a further knowledge of the _Natures_, and _Causation_ or _Original_ of their _Contents_; since these _Contents_ are not only included in the said _Organical Parts_, but also Created by them: and must needs be so, whether we will suppose the _Principles_ of these _Contents_ to be præ-existent to their reception thereinto, or not. For, if not præ-existent, what can be clearer, than that the said _Parts_ give them their Existence? And if præ-existent, yet in regard they are distinguished, and such only of them admitted in such sort into an _Organical Part_, from amongst others, as are apt to combine and mix together in such a _Form_, and so to constitute such a _Liquor_; it is as clear, that the Existence, if not of those _Principles_, yet of that _Liquor_, is dependent on the said _Part_.
55. §. And if by means of the said _Organical Parts_, it is, that their _Contents_ become _such_ and _such_ peculiar _Mixtures_; it is hence also manifest, That, by the same means, they are of _such_ distinct _Faculties_ and _Powers_: Because the _Faculty_ or _Power_ of a Body, lieth not in any of its _Principles_ apart; but is a Resultance from them all; or from their being, in such peculiar sort and manner, United and Combined together. So the _Principles_ of the Purgative Parts of a _Root_, as of _Rhubarb_, although we should suppose them to be existent in the surrounding _Earth_, yet we cannot say, That _that Earth_, or the _Principles_ therein contained, are Purgative; but only that they are such, as by being combined together, in such a peculiar way, may become _so_. So the several parts of a _Clock_, although they are and must be all præ-existent to it, and it is their _Form_, by which they are, what they are; yet is it the _setting together_ of such _Parts_, and in such a way only, that makes them a _Clock_. And since we see that the _Mixture_ of two Bodies of two different _Qualities_, as of Two _Colours_, will produce a Third _Colour_, differing from them both; as Blue and Red, do a Murrey: Why should not Two or More Bodies of different _Natures_, be so combined together, as to produce a Third _Nature_? Or wherefore may not that be allowed to be performed by _Nature_, which by Artificial Compounding of _Medicines_, or other Bodies, is designed, and often times effected? I’ll give but one Instance; _Water_, _Grease_, and an _Alcatizate Salt_, may be easily so ordered as to be inverted with new _Qualities_, _Nature_, and _Powers_; the _Salt_, to lose its extreme fiery Pungent _Taste_; the _Tallow_, its _Smell_; and being before unsociable with the _Water_, to mingle therewith: neither _Tallow_, _Salt_, nor _Water_ alone, will fetch out a spot of _Grease_; but all united easily do it: the same Three Bodys united, are, in some Cases, as in the _Jaundies_, no ill _Medicine_; any of which, given alone, may rather prove prejudicial, than a cure: and all this done, only by duly boiling them together into one Body, which we call _Sope_.
56. §. Whence again, if it be such an _Union_, and _Proportion_, of such a _Sort_ of _Principles_, which produceth such a _Faculty_; and that we may, by any means, come to know what these are; we may, possibly, also attain to the knowledge of such _Rules_, whereby any kind of _Faculty_ may be made; as to Compound such Bodies, which are neither Purgative nor Vomitory, so together, as to be Invested with those _Faculties_. And if to Make them, then consequently, to Mend, Exalt, Strengthen, and Enoble them, with greater ease and certainty. And thus much for the Fourth General _Mean_.
57. §. HITHERTO, We have considered the _Materials_ of a _Vegetable_, only as Ingredient to it: ♦ The Fifth General _Mean_. ♦ there yet remains a _Fifth Story_ to be ascended; which is, to consider these _Materials_ as they are derived from _abroad_: or as, after they are received and naturalized, they may, with others yet abroad, have any kind of correspondence. And these are _Four_ in general, _scil._ _Earth_, _Water_, _Aer_, and _Sun_; all which, in that they contribute so universally to _Vegetation_, and to whatsoever is contained in a _Vegetable_, it is therefore requisite, that of These likewise, Particular Observation should be made.
58. §. And First, of the _Earth_, and of all Solid Receptacles of _Plants_. Where we are to consider their several _Kinds_; as Mellow, Sandy, Clayie, Chalky, and others. Their _Ingredients_; as Rank and Mellow _Earth_, with Sand, or with Clay; or Sand with Clay; or altogether; and in what Proportions. The _Principles_ whereinto any one of these _Ingredients_, separated from the rest, and put to the Test of _Distillation_, _Ustion_, _Calcination_, or other, either alone, or by mixture with other Bodies, may be Resolved. And by their _Qualities_, as _Colour_, _Smell_, _Taste_, _&c._ both _Ingredients_ and _Principles_ to be examined. To make tryal of the growth of _Plants_, in all kinds of _simple Soils_; either _Earthy or Mineral_, as Clay, Marl, Oker, Fullers Earth, Bole Armeniac, Vitriol, Allum, _&c._ or _Vegetable_, as Rotten Wood, Brans, Starch, or Flower, _&c._ or _Animal_, as Dungs, pounded Flesh, dried and powdered Blood, and the like; that it may appear, how far any of these may contribute to the growth of a _Plant_; or to one, above another.
59. §. Next of the _Water_, and of all Liquid Receptacles. Where the several kinds of _Water_, from Wells, Springs, Rain, and Rivers are, by their _Qualities_ and _Faculties_, to be examined; as these, and by these, their _Principles_, either in their Natural State, or upon Digestion, or otherwise, may be observable: since Common _Water_ it self, is undoubtedly compounded of several _Principles_; the simplicity thereof, not being argued, from its Clearness and Transparency; for a Solution of _Alum_, though it containeth a considerable quantity of _Earth_, is yet very Clear: nor from its seeming to have neither _Smell_ nor _Taste_; for _Water-drinkers_ will tell you of the varieties of both in different _Waters_. Besides, if these _Qualities_ should be accounted rather Phansie, than Sense; the difference of _Waters_ is yet more manifest, from their different Effects, observed by _Cooks_, _Laundresses_, _Brewers_, and others, that have occasion to use them: for not to mix with _Sope_, without curdling; not to boil Meat tender, or without colouring it red; and the like, are the vices of some _Waters_, not of others, which yet would seem, in Colour, Taste, and Smell, to be the same. Tryal should also be made of the growth of _Plants_ in all kinds of Liquid Receptacles, as _Common Water_, _Snow Water_, _Sea Water_, _Urine_, _Milk_, _Whey_, _Wine_, _Oyl_, _Ink_, _&c._ Or any of these, with a solution of _Salt_, _Nitre_, _Sal prunellæ_, _Sope_, or other body. And hereby to observe what follows, either in the _Liquor_, or in the _Plant_ it self: as if any _fixed_ Body, being weighed before its dissolution in _Water_; and if the _Plant_, set herein, groweth; the _Water_, being then evaporated; whether the quantity of that dissolved body, continue the same, or is lessened. So, whether any _Vegetable_ will become _Opiate_, by growing a considerable time in a plain Solution or Water-tincture of _Opium_; and the like. Which _Experiments_, what event soever they have, yet at least, for our further instruction in the _Nature_ of _Vegetation_, may be of use.
60. §. Next of _Aer_, where it will be requisite to inquire, what sort of Bodies may be herein contained: It being probable, from the variety of _Meteors_ formed herein; and of _Vapours_ and _Exhalations_ continually advanced hereinto; that some or other of them, may bear an Analogy, to all Volatile Bodys, whether _Animal_, _Vegetable_, or _Mineral_. The flourishings also of _Frozen Dew_; and the Green Colour, which the _Aer_ gives the Ground or Water, when, for some time exposed to it; and other effects; seem to argue, that it is Impregnated with _Vegetable Principles_. To consider also the peculiar Nature of that Body, which is strictly called, _Aer_, And of that true _Aerial Salt_, which to me, seemeth probable, that it is dissolved in the _Æther_, as other _Salts_ are in _Water_, or in the Vaporous parts of the _Aer_. As also to try, what different Effects, a diversity of _Aer_ may have upon a _Vegetable_; as by setting a _Plant_, or _Seed_, either exceeding Low, as at the bottom of a deep Well; or exceeding High, as on the top of a Steeple. Or else by exposing some _Soil_ to the _Aer_, which is assuredly free from any _Seed_, and so, as no _Seed_ can light upon it; and to observe, whether the _Aer_ hath a power of producing a _Vegetable_ therein, or not: and the like.
61. §. Lastly of the _Sun_; as to which, it may be considered, What Influence it may have upon the _Plant_ it self; upon the _Soil_; Or upon the _Aer_. Whether that _Influence_ is any thing else besides Heat: or may differ from that of a _Fire_, otherwise, than by being Temperate, and more Equal. That it doth, seems evident from an _Experiment_ sometime since given us, in one of the _Parisian Journals des Scavans_, and which I therefore think very applicable to our present purpose. If you hold a _Concave_ at a due distance, against a Fire, it will collect and cast the Heat into a burning _Focus_: but if you put a piece of plain Glass between them, the Glass will scatter the Heat, and destroy the _Focus_. Whereas the _Sun-Beams_, being gathered in like manner, will pass through the interposed Glass, and maintain their _Focus_. As for That, of the Collection of the _Sun-beams_, by the help of _Glasses_, in the form of a _Magistery_, or of _Flowers_, and such like, I desire to suspend my thoughts of them, till I see them. I will only say thus much further at present, That I do not understand why the _Sun_ should not have some Influence upon Bodies, besides by Heat, if it may be granted, That the _Moon_ hath; for which, it should seem, there are some good Arguments.
62. §. WE HAVE thus far examined the _Principles_ necessary to _Vegetation_. ♦ A Sixth General _Mean_. Only hinted. ♦ The _Question_ may be put once more, In what manner are these _Principles_ so adapted, as to become capable of being assembled together, in such a _Number_, _Conjugation_, _Proportion_, and _Union_, as to make a _Vegetable Body_? For the comprehension whereof, we must also know, What are the _Principles_ of these _Principles_. Which, although they lie in so great an abyss of obscurity; yet, I think, I have some reason to believe, that they are not altogether undiscoverable. How far they may be so, I am so far from Determining, that I shall not now Conjecture.
♦ The Conclusion. ♦ 63. §. THIS is the _Design_, and these the _Means_ I propose in order thereunto. To which, I suppose, they may all appear to be necessary. For what we obtain of _Nature_, we must not do it by commanding, but by courting of Her. Those that woo Her, may possibly have her for their Wife; but She is not so common, as to prostitute her self to the best behaved _Wit_, which only practiseth upon it self, and is not applied to her. I mean, that where ever Men will go beyond Phansie and Imagination, depending upon the Conduct of _Divine Wisdom_, they must Labour, Hope and Persevere. And as the _Means_ propounded, are all necessary, so they may, in some measure, prove effectual. How far, I promise not; the Way is long and dark: and as Travellers sometimes amongst Mountains, by gaining the top of one, are so far from their Journeys end; that they only come to see another lies before them: so the Way of _Nature_, is so impervious, and, as I may say, down Hill and up Hill, that how far soever we go, yet the surmounting of one difficulty, is wont still to give us the prospect of another. We may therefore believe, our attainments will be imperfect, after we have done all: but because we cannot attain to all, that therefore we should endeavour after nothing; is an Inference, which looks so much awry from the Practical Sense of Men, that it ought not to be answered. Nor with better Reason, may we go about determining, what may be done. The greatest Designs that any Men undertake, are of the greatest uncertainty, as to their Success: which if they appear to be of good Import, though we know not how far they are attainable, we are to propound the _Means_, in the utmost use whereof only, we can be able to judge: A _War_ is not to be quitted, for the hazards which attend it; nor the _Councils_ of _Princes_ broken up, because those that sit at them, have not the Spirit of Prophecy, as well as of Wisdom. To conclude, If but little should be effected, yet to design more, can do us no harm: For although a Man shall never be able to hit _Stars_ by shooting at them; yet he shall come much nearer to them, than another that throws at _Apples_.
_FINIS._
THE
ANATOMY
OF
PLANTS,
BEGUN.
WITH A
General Account
OF
VEGETATION,
Grounded thereupon.
The FIRST BOOK.
Presented in Manuscript to the ROYAL SOCIETY, Sometime before the _11ᵗʰ._ of _May, 1671_.
And afterwards in Print, _December 7._ of the same Year _1671_.
By _NEHEMJAH GREW_ M.D. Fellow of the _Royal Society_, and of the _College_ of _Physicians_.
=The Second Edition.=
_LONDON_, Printed by _W. Rawlins_, 1682.
TO THE
RIGHT HONOURABLE
WILLIAM
Lord Vi-Count Brouncker,
THE
PRESIDENT,
And to the
Council and Fellows
OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY,
The following
ANATOMY
Is most HUMBLY
PRESENTED
By the AUTHOR
_NEHEMJAH GREW_.
[Illustration]
TO THE
Right Reverend
JOHN
Lord Bishop of
CHESTER.
_MY LORD_,
I Hope your pardon, if while you are holding _That best of Books_ in one Hand, I here present some Pages of that of _Nature_ into your other: Especially since _Your Lordship_ knoweth very well, how excellent a _Commentary_ This is on the _Former_; by which, in part, _GOD_ reads the World his own Definition, and their Duty to him.
But if this Address, _my Lord_, may be thought congruous, ’tis yet more just; and that I should let _Your Lordship_, and others know, how much, and how deservedly, I resent _Your_ extraordinary Favours. Particularly, that you were pleased, so far to animate my Endeavours, towards the Publishing the following _Observations_. Many whereof, and most belonging to the _First Chapter_, having now lain dormant, near seven years; and might still, perhaps, have so continued, had not _Your Lordships_ Eye, at length, created Light upon them. In doing which, _You_ have given one, amongst those many Tokens, of as well _Your_ readiness to promote Learning and Knowledge by the hands of others; as _Your_ high Abilities to do it by _Your_ Own: Both which, are so manifest in _Your Lordship_, that, like the first Principles of _Mathematical Science_, they are not so much to be asserted, because known and granted by all.
The Consideration whereof, _my Lord_, may make me not only _Just_, in owning of your Favours; but also most _Ambitious_ of your _Patronage_: Which yet, to bespeak, I must confess, I cannot well. Not that I think, what is Good and Valuable, is always its own best Advocate: for I know, that the Censures of Men, are humorous, and variable; and that one _Age_, must have leave to frown on those _Books_, which another, will do nothing less than kiss and embrace. But, chiefly, for this Reason, Lest I should so much as seem desirous, of _Your Lordships_ Solliciting my Cause, as to all I have said. For as it is your Glory, that you like not so to shine, as to put out the least Star; so were it to _Your_ Dishonour, to borrow _Your_ Name, to illustrate the Spots, though of the most conspicuous. I am,
_My Lord,
Your Lordships
Most Obliged,
And
Most Humble Servant_
NEHEMJAH GREW.
Coventry, _June 10. 1671_.
THE
CONTENTS.
CHAP. I.
_Of the Seed in its State of Vegetation._
_THE Method propounded, §. 1. The_ Garden-Bean, _dissected, 2. The two_ Coats _Described, 3, 4. The_ Foramen _in the outer_ Coat, _5, 6. What generally observable of the Covers of the_ Seed, _7. The Organical_ Parts _of the_ Seed, _8. The Main Body, 9, 10. The_ Radicle _in the_ Bean, _11. In other_ Seeds, _12. The_ Plume, _13, 14. The Similary_ Parts, _15. The_ Cuticle, _16, 17. The_ Parenchyma, _18, 19, 20. The_ Inner Body, _21, to 29. No solid Account yet given, of_ Vegetation, _30. The_ Coats _how in common subservient to the_ Vegetation _of the_ Seed, _31. The_ Foramen, _of what use herein, 32. The use of the_ Inner Coat, _33. Of the_ Cuticle, _34. Of the_ Parenchyma, _35. Of the_ Seminal Root, _36. How the_ Radicle _first becomes a_ Root, _37. By what means, the_ Plume _all this while preserved, 38. How after the_ Root _the_ Plume _vegetates, 39. How the_ Lobes, _40. But not in all_ Seeds, _41. That they do in most, demonstrated, 42, 43, 44. What hence resolvable, 45. The use of the_ Dissimilar Leaves, _46, to the end._
CHAP. II.
_Of the Root._
_THis also to be Dissected, §. 1. The_ Skin _hereof, its Original, 2. The_ Cortical Body, _its Original, 3._ Texture, _4._ Pores, _5._ Proportions, _6. The_ Lignous Body, _its Original, 7. Texture, 8. Proportions, 9. The_ Insertment, _its Original, 10. Pores, 11. Number and Size, 12. A fuller description hereof, with that of the Osculations of the_ Lignous Body, _13, 14, 15. The_ Pith, _its original sometimes from the_ Seed, _16. Sometimes from the_ Barque, _17. Its_ Pores, _18, 19. Proportions, 20._ Fibres _of the_ Lignous Body _therein, 21. The_ Pith _of those_ Fibres, _22. How the_ Root _grows, and the use of the_ Skin, Cortical _and_ Lignous Body _thereto, 23. How it groweth in length, 24. By what means it descends, 25. How it grows in breadth, 26. And the_ Pith, _how thus framed, 27. The use of the_ Pith, _27. Of the_ Insertment, 28. _The joynt service of all the Parts, 29, 30, 31._
CHAP. III.
_Of the Trunk._
_THE_ Coarcture, _§. 1. The_ Skin, _its original, 2. The original of the_ Cortical Body, _3. Of the_ Lignous, _4. Of the_ Insertment _and_ Pith, _5. The Latitudinal Shooting of the_ Lignous Body, _wherein observable, 6, 7. The_ Pores _of the_ Lignous Body, _where and how most remarkable, 8. A lesser sort of_ Pores, _9. A third sort only visible through a_ Microscope. _Observed in Wood or Charcoal, 10. Observed in the Fibres of the Trunks of_ Herbs, _11. The_ Insertions, _where more visible, 12, 13. Their Weftage with the_ Lignous Body, _14. The smaller_ Insertions, _only visible through a_ Microscope, _15. No_ Valves _in a_ Plant, _16. The Ranks of the_ Pores _of the_ Insertions, _17. The_ Pores _of the_ Pith, _18, 19, 20. How the_ Trunk _ascends, 21. The disposition of its_ Parts _consequent to that Ascent, 22. Consequent to the different Nature of the_ Sap, _23. The effects of the said Differences, 24, to 28. Which way, and how the_ Sap _ascends, 29, to the end._
_The Appendix._
_Of Trunk-Roots and Claspers._
Trunk-Roots _of two kinds, §. 1, 2._ Claspers _of one kind, 3. The Uses of both, 4, to the end._
CHAP. IV.
_Of the Bud, Branch, and Leaf._
_THE Parts of the_ Germen _and_ Branch _the same with those of the_ Trunk, _§. 1, 2. The manner of their growth, 3. How nourished, 4. And the use of Knots, 5. How secur’d, 6. The Parts of a Leaf, 7. The Positions of the_ Fibres _of the Stalks of Leaves, 8. For what Uses, 9, 10. The visible cause of the different circumference of Leaves, 11. And of their being flat, 12. And filamentous, 13. The Foulds of Leaves, their Kinds and Use, 14, 15, 16. The Protections of Leaves, 17. The use of the Leaf, 18, to the end._
_The Appendix._
_Of Thorns, Hairs and Globulets._
Thorns _of two Kinds; the_ Lignous, _§. 1. The_ Cortical, _2. An argument of the_ Magnetick Descent _of the_ Cortical Body, _3._ Hairs _of divers Kinds, 4, 5. Their Use, 6._ Globulets _of two Kinds, 7, 8._
CHAP. V.
_Of the Flower._
_ITs three Parts, §. 1. The Impalement, of divers kinds, 2. Their use, 3, 4. The_ Foliation, _its nature, 5. Foulds, 6. Protections, 7. Downs, 8, 9. Globulets, 10. Its Use, 11, 12. The_ Attire _of two kinds. The Description of the first, 13, 14, 15, 16. Of the other, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. Their use, 22, to the end._
CHAP. VI.
_Of the Fruit._
_THE Vital Parts of all, the same, §. 1. The Number, Description, and Original of the Parts of an_ Apple, _2. Of a_ Pear, _3, 4. Of a_ Plum, _5, 6, 7. Of a_ Nut, _8. Of a_ Berry, _9. The use of the Fruit, 10, to the end._
CHAP. VII.
_Of the Seed in its State of Generation._
_WHat here further observed, not in the First Chapter, §. 1. The_ Case, _its Figures, 2. The outer Coat, its Figures, 3. Various Surface, 4. And Mucilages, 5. The nature of the outer Coat, 6. Its Apertures, 7. Next to which the Radicle usually placed, 8. The Original of the Outer_ Coat, _9. The Original of the Inner, 10. Its Nature, 11, 12. The Essential Parts of a_ Plant, _13, 14. The_ Secondine, _15. The_ Colliquamentum _herein, 16. The_ Navel Fibres, _17. In the Generation of the_ Seed, _the_ Sap _first prepared in the_ Seed-Branch, _18, 19. Next in the inner_ Coat, _20. With the help of the Outer, 21, 22. The use of the_ Secondine, _23. Of the Ramulets of the_ Seed-Branch, _24. Of their_ Inosculation, _25. How the_ Colliquamentum _becometh a_ Parenchyma, _26, to the end._
[Illustration]
THE
ANATOMY
OF
PLANTS,
BEGUN.
With a General Account of _Vegetation_, Founded thereupon.
CHAP. I.
_Of the Seed in its State of Vegetation._
BEING to speak of _Plants_; and, as far as Inspection, and consequent Reason, may conduct, to enquire into the visible _Constitutions_, and _Uses_ of their several _Parts_: I choose that Method, which, to the best advantage, may suit with what we have to say hereon. And that is the Method of Nature her self, in her continued Series of _Vegetations_; proceeding from the _Seed sown_, to the formation of the _Root_, _Trunk_, _Branch_, _Leaf_, _Flower_, _Fruit_, and last of all, of the _Seed_ also to be _sown again_; all which, we shall, in the same order, particularly speak of.
2. §. The _Essential Constitutions_ of the said _Parts_ are in all _Plants_ the same: But for Observation, some are more convenient; in which I shall chiefly instance. And first of all, for the _Seed_, we choose the great _Garden-Bean_.
3. §. If then we take a _Bean_ and dissect it, we shall find it cloathed with a doubled _Vest_ or _Coat_. These _Coats_, while the _Bean_ is yet green, are separable, and easily distinguished. Or in an old one, after it hath lay’n two or three days in a mellow Soil; or been soaked as long a time in Water: as in _Tab. 1_. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 2._ ♦ When ’tis dry, they cleave so closely together, that the Eye not before instructed, will judge them but one; the inner _Coat_ (which is of the most rare contexture) so far shrinking up, as to seem only the roughness of the outer, somewhat resembling _Wafers_ under _Maquaroons_.
4. §. The Inner _Coat_, in its Natural State, is every where twice, and in some places, thrice as thick, as the Outer. Next to the _Radicle_, which I shall presently describe, it is six or seven times thicker; and encompasses the _Radicle_ round about, as in the same _Figure_ appears. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 2._ ♦
5. §. At the thicker end of the _Bean_, in the outer _Coat_, a very small _Foramen_ presents it self, even to the bare Eye. In Dissection ’tis found to terminate against the point of that _Part_ which I call the _Radicle_. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 1–2._ ♦ It is of that capacity, as to admit a small _Virginal_ Wyer; and is most of all conspicuous in a green _Bean_. Especially, if a little magnified with a good _Spectacle-Glass_. This _Foramen_ is not a hole casually made, or by the breaking off of the Stalk; but designedly formed, for the uses hereafter mentioned. It may be observed not only in the great _Garden-Bean_, but likewise in the other _kinds_; in the _French-Bean_ very plainly; in _Pease_, _Lupines_, _Vetches_, _Lentiles_, and other _Pulse_ ’tis also found; and in many _Seeds_ not reckoned of this kindred, as in that of _Fœnugreek_, _Medica Tornata_, _Goats-Rue_, and others: In many of which, ’tis so very small, as scarcely, without the help of _Glasses_ to be discovered; and in some, not without cutting off part of the _Seed_, which otherwise would intercept the light hereof.
6. §. That this _Foramen_ is truly permeable, even in old _Setting-Beans_, and the other _Seeds_ above named, appears upon their being soaked for some time in Water. For then, taking them out, and crushing them a little, many small bubles will alternately arise and break upon it.
7. §. Of all _Seeds_ which have thick or hard _Covers_, it is also observable, That they have the same likewise _Perforated_, as above said, or in some other manner. And accordingly, although the _Coats_ of such _Seeds_ as are lodg’d in _Shells_ or _Stones_, being thin, are not visibly _perforated_; yet the _Stones_ and _Shells_ themselves always are; as in _Chap. 7._ shall be seen how. To which _Chapter_, what is farther observable, either as to the nature and number of the _Covers_ of the _Seed_, I also refer.
8. §. The _Coats_ of the _Bean_ being stripp’d off, the proper _Seed_ shews it self; The parts whereof it is composed, are three; _sc._ the _Main Body_, and two more, appendant to it; which we may call the Three _Organical Parts_ of the _Bean_.
9. §. The _Main Body_ is not one entire piece, but always divided, lengthwise, into two halves or _Lobes_, which are both joyn’d together at the _Basis_ of the _Bean_. These _Lobes_ in dry _Beans_, are but difficultly separated or observ’d; ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 2, 3._ ♦ but in young ones, especially boil’d, they easily slip asunder.
10. §. Some very few _Seeds_ are divided, not into two _Lobes_, but into more; as that of _Cresses_ into Six. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 4. f. 5._ ♦ And some are not at all divided, but entire; as the Grains of _Corn_. Excepting which few, all other _Seeds_, even the smallest, are divided, like as the _Bean_, into just two _Lobes_. Whereof, though in most _Seeds_, because of their minuteness, we cannot by dissection be inform’d; yet otherwise, we easily may, as in this _Chapter_ shall be seen.
11. §. At the _Basis_ of the _Bean_, the two other _Organical Parts_ stand appendent; by mediation whereof, the two _Lobes_ meet and join together. The greater of these two _Parts_ stands without the two _Lobes_, and upon divesting the _Bean_ of its _Coats_, is immediately visible. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 2. & 3_ a ♦ ’Tis of a white colour, and more glossie than the _Main Body_, especially when the _Bean_ is young. In the _Bean_, and many other _Seeds_, ’tis situated somewhat above the thicker end, as you hold the _Bean_ in its most proper posture for growth. In _Oak-Kernels_, which we call _Acorns_, _Apple-Kernels_, _Almonds_, and many other _Seeds_, it stands prominent just from the end; ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 6_ c. ♦ the _Basis_ and the _End_ being in these the same, but in the _Bean_ divers.
12 §. This _Part_ is found not only in the _Bean_, and the _Seeds_ above mentioned; but in all others: being that, which upon the Vegetation of the _Seed_, becomes the _Root_ of the _Plant_; which therefore may be called the _Radicle_: by which, I mean the Materials, abating the Formality, of a _Root_. In _Corn_, it is that _Part_, which _Malsters_, upon its shooting forth, call the _Come_. ’Tis not easie to be observed, saving in some few _Seeds_, amongst which, that of the _Bean_ is the most fair and ample of all I have seen. But that of some other _Seeds_, is, in proportion, greater; ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 7_ e. ♦ as of _Fœnugreek_, which is full as big as one of its _Lobes_.
13. §. The lesser of the two said Appendents lies occult between the two _Lobes_ of the _Bean_, by separation whereof only it is to be seen. ’Tis enclos’d in two small _Cavities_, form’d in the _Lobes_ for its reception. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 3_ b. ♦ Its colour comes near to that of the _Radicle_; and it is founded upon the _Basis_ thereof, having a quite contrary production, _sc._ towards the _Cone_ of the _Bean_; as being that very _Part_, which, in process, becomes the _Body_ or _Trunk_, of the _Plant_. In _Corn_, it is that _Part_, which after the _Radicle_ is sprouted forth, or _come_, shoots towards the smaller end of the _Grain_; and by many _Malsters_, is called the _Acrospire_.
14. §. This _Part_ is not, like the _Radicle_, an entire Body, but divided, at its loose end, into divers pieces, all very closely couched together, as Feathers in a Bunch; for which reason it may be called the _Plume_. They are so close, that only two or three of the outmost are at first seen: but upon a nice and curious separation of these, the more interiour still may be discovered. In the _Bean_, this may be done: but in very few other _Seeds_; because of the extreme smallness of the _Plume_. Now as the _Plume_ is that _Part_ which becomes the _Trunk_ of the _Plant_, so these pieces are so many true, and already formed, though not display’d _Leaves_, intended for the said _Trunk_, and foulded up in the same _plicature_, wherein upon the sprouting of the _Bean_, they afterwards appear. In a _French Bean_, and especially in the larger white Kind, or in the great _Indian Phaseolus_, the two outmost are very fair and elegant. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 8_ b. ♦ In the great _Garden-Bean_ two extraordinary small _Plumes_ often, if not always, stand one on either side the great one now describ’d: From which, in that they differ in nothing save in their size, I therefore only here just take notice of them. And these three Parts, _sc._ the _Main Body_, the _Radicle_, and the _Plume_, are concurrent to the making up of a _Seed_; and no more than these.
15. §. Having thus taken a view of the _Organical Parts_ of the _Bean_, and other _Seeds_; let us next examine the _Similary_, _sc._ those whereof the _Organical_ are compos’d: a distinct observation of which, for a clear understanding of the _Vegetation_ of the _Seed_, and of the whole _Plant_ arising thence is requisite: To obtain which, we must proceed in our _Anatomy_.
16. §. Dissecting a _Bean_ then, the first _Part_ occurring is its _Cuticle_. The Eye and first Thoughts, suggest it to be only a more dense and glossy Superficies; but better enquiry discovers it a real _Cuticle_. ’Tis so exquisitely thin, and for the most part, so firmly continuous with the Body of the _Bean_, that it cannot, except in some small Rag, be distinctly seen, which, by carrying your Knife aslant into the _Bean_, and then very gently bearing upward what you have cut, will separate, and shew it self transparent. This _Cuticle_ is not only spread upon the _Convex_ of the _Lobes_, but also on their _Flats_, where they are contiguous, extending it self likewise upon both the _Radicle_ and _Plume_, and so over the whole _Bean_.
17. §. This _Part_, though it be so far common with the _Coats_ of the _Bean_, as to be like those, an _Integument_; yet are we in a quite different Notion to conceive of it: For whereas the _Coats_, upon setting the _Bean_, do only administer the _Sap_, and, as being superseded from their Office, then die; as shall be seen: this, on the contrary, with the _Organical Parts_ of the _Bean_, is nourished, augmented, and by a real _Vegetation_ co-extended.
18. §. Next to the _Cuticle_, we come to the _Parenchyma_ it self; the _Part_ throughout which _the Inner Body_, whereof we shall speak anon, is disseminated; for which reason I call it the _Parenchyma_. Not that we are so meanly to conceive of it, as if (according to the stricter sense of that word,) it were a meer concreted Juyce. For it is a Body very curiously _organiz’d_, consisting of an infinite number of extreme small _Bladders_; as in _Tab. 1._ is apparent. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 9._ ♦ The _Surface_ hereof is somewhat dense, but inwardly, ’tis of a laxer Contexture. If you view it in a _Microscope_, or with a very good _Spectacle-Glass_, it hath some similitude to the _Pith_, while _sappy_ in the _Roots_ and _Trunks_ of _Plants_; and that for good reason, as in _Ch. 2._ shall be seen. This is best seen in green _Beans_.
19. §. This _Part_ would seem by its colour to be peculiar to the _Lobes_ of the _Bean_; but as is the _Cuticle_, so is this also, common both to the _Radicle_ and _Plume_; that is, the _Parenchyma_ or Pulp of the _Bean_, as to its essential substance, is the same in all three. The reason why the colour of the _Plume_, and especially of the _Radicle_, which are white, is so different from that of the _Lobes_, which are green, may chiefly depend upon their being more compact and dense, and thence their different Tinctures. And therefore the _Lobes_ themselves, which are green while the _Bean_ is _young_; yet when it is _old_ and _dry_, become whitish too. And in _many_ other _Seeds_, as _Acorns_, _Almonds_, the _Kernels_ of _Apples_, _Plums_, _Nuts_, _&c._ the _Lobes_, even _fresh_ and _young_, are pure white as the _Radicle_ it self.
20. §. But although the _Parenchyma_ be common, as is said, to all the _Organical Parts_; yet in very differing proportions. In the _Plume_, where it is proportionably least, it maketh about three _Fifths_ of the whole _Plume_; in the _Radicle_, it maketh above five Sevenths of the whole _Radicle_; and in each _Lobe_, is so far over-proportionate, as to make at least nine Tenths of the whole _Lobe_.
21. §. By what hath been said, that the _Parenchyma_ or _Pulp_ is not the only constituting _Part_, besides the _Cuticle_, is imply’d: there being another _Body_, of an essentially different substance, embosom’d herein: which may be found not only in the _Radicle_ and _Plume_, but also in the _Lobes_ themselves, and so in the whole _Bean_.
22. §. This _Inner Body_ appears very plain and conspicuous in cutting the _Radicle_ athwart, and so proceeding by degrees towards the _Plume_, through both which it runneth in a large and strait _Trunk_. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 10, 11, & 12._ ♦ In the _Lobes_, being it is there in so very small proportion, ’tis difficultly seen, especially towards their _Verges_. Yet if with a sharp Knife you smoothly cut the _Lobes_ of the _Bean_ athwart, divers small _Specks_, ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 13._ ♦ of a different colour from that of the _Parenchyma_, standing therein all along in a Line, may be observ’d; which _Specks_ are the Terminations of the _Branches_ of this _Inner Body_.
23. §. For this _Inner body_, as it is existent in every _Organical Part_ of the _Bean_; so is it, with respect to each _Part_, most regularly distributed. In a good part of the _Radicle_ ’tis one entire _Trunk_; towards the _Basis_ thereof, ’tis divided into three main _Branches_; ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 14._ ♦ the middlemost runneth directly into the _Plume_; the other two on either side of it, after a little space, pass into the _Lobes_; where the said _Branches_ dividing themselves into other smaller; and those into more, and smaller again, are terminated towards the Verges of each _Lobe_; in which manner the said _Inner Body_ being distributed it becomes in each _Lobe_ a true and perfect _Root_.
24. §. Of this _Seminal Root_, as now we’ll call it, from the Description here given, it is further observable; That the two main _Branches_ hereof; in which the several _Ramifications_ in each _Lobe_ are all united, are not committed into the _Seminal Trunk_ of the _Plume_, nor yet stand at right angles with _That_ and the _Radicle_, and so with equal respect towards them both: but being produced through part of the _Parenchyma_ of the _Radicle_, are at last united therein to the main _Trunk_, and make acute Angles therewith: as may be seen in the same. _f. 14._ ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 14._ ♦
25. §. This _Seminal Root_ being so tender, cannot be perfectly excarnated, (as may the _Vessels_ in the _Parts_ of an _Animal_) by the most accurate Hand. Yet by dissection begun and continu’d, as is above declared, its whole frame and distribution may be easily observ’d. Again, if you take the _Lobe_ of a _Bean_, and lengthwise pare off its _Parenchyma_ by degrees, and in extreme thin slices, many _Branches_ of the _Seminal Root_, (which by the other way of Dissection were only noted by so many _Specks_) both as they are fewer about the Basis of the _Bean_, and more numerous towards its Verges, in some good distinction and entireness will appear. For this you must have new _Beans_: or else soaked in Water, or buryed for some time.
26. §. As the _Inner Body_ is branched out in the _Lobes_, so is it in the _Plume_: For if you cut the _Plume_ athwart, and from the _Basis_ proceed along the Body thereof, you’ll therein find, first, one large _Trunk_ or _Branch_, and after four or five very small _Specks_ round about it, which are the terminations of so many lesser _Branches_ therewith distributed to the several parts of the _Plume_. ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 11_ c. ♦ The distribution of the _Inner Body_, as it is continuous throughout all the _Organical Parts_ of the _Bean_, is represented, _Tab. 1. f. 14._
27. §. This _Inner Body_ is, by dissection, best observable in the _Bean_ and great _Lupine_. In other larger _Pulse_ it shews likewise some obscure Marks of it self. But in no other _Seeds_, which I have observed, though of the greatest size: as of _Apples_, _Plums_, _Nuts_, &c. is there any clear appearance hereof, upon dissection, saving in the _Radicle_ and _Plume_; the reason of which is partly from its being, in most _Seeds_, so extraordinary little; partly from its Colour, which in most _Seeds_, is the same with that of the _Parenchyma_ it self, and so not distinguishable from it.
28. §. Yet in a _Gourd-Seed_, the whole _Seminal Root_, not only its _Main Branches_, ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 15._ c. ♦ but also the Sub-divisions and _Inosculations_ of the lesser ones, are without any dissection, upon the separation of the _Lobes_, on their contiguous Flats immediately apparent.
And as to the existence of this _Seminal Root_, what Dissection cannot attain, yet an ocular inspection in hundreds of other _Seeds_, even the smallest, will demonstrate; as in this _Chapter_ shall be seen how.
29. §. In the mean time, let us only take notice; That when we say, every _Plant_ hath its _Root_, we reckon short. For every _Plant_ hath really two, though not contemporary, yet successive _Roots_; its _Original_ or _Seminal-Root_ within the _Lobes_ or _Main Body_ of its _Seed_; and its _Plant-Root_, which the _Radicle_ becometh in its growth: the _Parenchyma_ of the _Seed_, being in some resemblance, that to the _Seminal Root_ at first, which the Mould is to the _Plant-Root_ afterwards; and the _Seminal Root_ being that to the _Plant-Root_, which the _Plant-Root_ is to the _Trunk_. For our better understanding whereof, having taken a view of the several _Parts_ of a _Bean_, as far as Dissection conducts; we will next briefly enquire into the Use of the said _Parts_, and in what manner they are the Fountain of _Vegetation_, and concurrent to the being of the future _Plant_.
♦ An Account of the _Vegetation_ of the _Seed_. ♦ 30. §. THE GENERAL Cause of the growth of a _Bean_, or other _Seed_, is _Fermentation_. That is, the _Bean_ lying in the Mould, and a moderate access of some moisture, partly dissimilar, and partly congenerous, being made, a gentle _Fermentation_ thence ariseth. By which, the _Bean_ swelling, and the _Sap_ still encreasing, and the _Bean_ continuing still to swell, the work thus proceeds: as is the usual way of explicating. But that there is simply a _Fermentation_, and so a sufficient supply of _Sap_ is not enough: but that this _Fermentation_, and the _Sap_ wherein ’tis made, should be under a various Government, by divers _Parts_ thereto subservient, is also requisite; and as the various preparation of the _Aliment_ in an _Animal_, equally necessary: the particular process of the Work according whereto, we find none undertaking to declare.
31. §. Let us look upon a _Bean_ then, as a piece of Work so fram’d and set together, as to declare a Design for the production of a _Plant_; which, upon its lying in some convenient Soil, is thus effected. First of all, the _Bean_ being enfoulded round in its _Coats_, the _Sap_ wherewith it is fed, must of necessity pass through these: By which means, it is not only in a proportionate quantity, and by degrees; but also in a purer body; and possibly not without some _Vegetable Tincture_, transmitted to the _Bean_. Whereas, were the _Bean_ naked, the _Sap_ must needs be, as over-copious, so but crude and immature, as not being _filtred_ through so fine a _Cotton_ as the _Coats_ be. And as they have the use of a _Filtre_ to the transient _Sap_; so of a _Vessel_ to that which is still deposited within them; being alike accommodated to the securer _Fermentation_ hereof, as Bottles or Barrels are to Beer, or any other _Fermentative Liquor_.
32. §. And as the _Fermentation_ is promoted by some _Aperture_ in the Vessel; so have we the _Foramen_ in the upper _Coat_ also contrived. That if there should be need of some more _Aiery_ Particles to excite the _Fermentation_; through _this_, they may obtain their Entry. Or, on the contrary, should there be any such _Particles_ or _Steams_, as might damp the genuine proceeding thereof, through this again, they may have easie issue. Or if, by being over copious, they should become too high a _Ferment_; and so precipitate those soft and slow degrees, as are necessary to a due _Vegetation_. The said _Aperture_ being that, as a common Pasport, here to the _Sap_, which what we call the _Bung-hole_ of the Barrel, is to the new tunn’d Liquor.
33. §. And the _Radicle_ being designed to shoot forth first, as presently shall be shew’d how; therefore is it distinctly surrounded with the Inner and more succulent _Coat_. That being thereby suppled on every side, its eruption may be the better promoted.
34. §. The _Sap_ being passed through the _Coats_, it next enters the Body of the _Bean_; yet not indiscriminately neither; but, being filtred through the _Outer Coat_, and fermented in the Body of the _Inner_, is by mediation of the _Cuticle_, again more finely filtr’d, and so entereth the _Parenchyma_ it self under a fourth Government.
35. §. Through which _Part_ the _Sap_ passing towards the _Seminal Root_, as through that which is of a more spatious content; besides the benefit it hath of a farther _percolation_, it will also find room enough for a more free and active fermenting and _maturation_ herein. And being moreover, part of the true Body of the _Bean_, and so with its proper _Seminalities_ or _Tinctures_ copiously repleat; the _Sap_ will not only find _room_, but also _matter_ enough, by whose Energy its _Fermentation_ will still be more advanced.
36. §. And the _Sap_ being duly prepared here, it next passeth into all the _Branches_ of the _Seminal Root_, and so under a fifth Government. Wherein how delicate ’tis now become, we may conceive by the proportion betwixt the _Parenchyma_ and this _Seminal Root_; so much only of the best digested _Sap_ being discharged from the whole Stock in that, as this will receive. And this, moreover, as the _Parenchyma_, with its proper _Seminalities_ being endowed; the _Sap_ for the supply of the _Radicle_, and of the young _Root_ from thence, is duly prepared therein, and with its highest _Tincture_ and _Impregnation_ at last enriched.
37. §. The _Sap_ being thus prepared in the _Lobes_ of the _Bean_, ’tis thence discharg’d; and either into the _Plume_, or the _Radicle_, must forthwith issue. And since the _Plume_ is a dependent on the _Radicle_; the _Sap_ therefore ought first to be dispenced to this: which accordingly, is ever found to shoot forth before the _Plume_: and sometimes an inch or two in length. Now because the primitive course of the _Sap_ into the _Radicle_, is thus requisite; therefore, by the frame of the _Parts_ of the _Bean_ is it also made necessary. The two main _Branches_ of the _Seminal Root_, being produced, as is before observed, not into the _Plume_, but the _Radicle_. Now the _Sap_ being brought as far as the _Seminal Root_, in either _Lobe_; and according to the conduct thereof continuing still to move: it must needs immediately issue into the same _Part_, ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 14._ ♦ whereinto the main _Branches_ themselves do; that is, into the _Radicle_. By which _Sap_, thus bringing the several _Tinctures_ of the _Parts_ aforesaid with it, being now fed; it is no longer a meer _Radicle_, but is made also _Seminal_, and so becomes a perfect _Root_.
38. §. The _Plume_, all this while, lyes close and still. For the sake of which, chiefly it is, that the _Bean_ and other _Seeds_ are divided into _Lobes_, _viz._ That it might be warmly and safely lodged up between them, and so secur’d from the Injuries so tender a _Part_ would sustain from the Mould; whereto, had the _Main Body_ been entire, it must, upon the cleaving of the _Coats_, have lay’n contiguous.
39. §. But the _Radicle_ being thus impregnated and shot into a _Root_; ’tis now time for the _Plume_ to rouze out of its Cloysters, and germinate too: In order whereto, ’tis now fed from the _Root_, with laudable and sufficient _Aliment_. For as the Supplies and Motion of _Sap_ were first made from the _Lobes_, towards the _Root_: so the _Root_ being well shot into the Mould, and now receiving a new and more copious _Sap_ from thence; the motion hereof must needs be stronger, and by degrees proceed in a contrary course, _sc._ from the _Root_ toward the _Plume_: and, by the continuation of the _Seminal Root_, is directly conducted thereinto; by which being fed, it gradually enlarges and displays it self.
40. §. The course of the _Sap_ thus turned, it issues, I say, in a direct Line from the _Root_ into the _Plume_: but collaterally, into the _Lobes_ also; _sc._ by those two aforesaid _Branches_ which are obliquely transmitted from the _Radicle_ into either _Lobe_. By which _Branches_ the said _Sap_ being disbursed back into all the _Seminal Root_, and from thence, likewise into the _Parenchyma_ of the _Lobes_, they are both thus fed, and for some time augmenting themselves, really grow: as in _Lupines_ is evident.
41. §. Yet is not this common to all _Seeds_. Some rot underground; as _Corn_; being of a laxer and less Oleous Substance, differing herein from most other _Seeds_; and being not divided into _Lobes_, but one entire thick Body. And some, although they continue firm, and are divided into _Lobes_, yet rise not; as the great _Garden Bean_. In which, therefore, it is observable, That the two Main _Branches_ of the _Lobes_, in comparison with that which runs into the _Plume_, are but mean; ♦ _Tab. 1. f. 14._ ♦ and so insufficient to the feeding and vegetation of the _Lobes_; the _Plume_, on the contrary, growing so lusty, as to mount up without them.
42. §. Excepting a few of these Two Kinds, all other _Seeds_ whatsoever, (which I have observed) besides that they continue firm; upon the _Vegetation_ of the _Plume_, do mount also upwards, and advance above the Ground together with it; as all _Seeds_ which spring up with one or more _Dissimilar Leaves_: These _Dissimilar Leaves_, for the most part _Two_, which first spring up, and are of a different shape from those that follow, being the very _Lobes_ of the _Seed_, divided, expanded, and thus advanced.
43. §. The Impediments of our apprehension hereof are the Colour, Size and Shape of the _Dissimilar Leaves_. Notwithstanding, that they are nothing else but the _Main Body_ of the _Seed_, how I came first to conceive, and afterwards to know it, was thus. First, I observed in general, that the _Dissimilar Leaves_, were never jagg’d, but even edg’d: And seeing the even verges of the _Lobes_ of the _Seed_ hereto respondent, I was apt to think, that those which were so like, might prove the same. Next descending to particular _Seeds_, I observed, first, of the _Lupine_; that, as to its Colour, advancing above the Ground, (as it useth to do) it was always changed into a perfect Green. And why might not the same by parity of Reason be inferred of other _Seeds_? That, as to its size, it grew but little bigger than when first set. Whence, as I discern’d (the Augmentation being but little) we here had only the two _Lobes_: ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 1._ ♦ So, (as some augmentation there was) I inferr’d the like might be, and that, in farther degrees, in other _Seeds_.
44. §. Next of the _Cucumber-Seed_, That, as to its Colour, often appearing above ground, in its primitive white, from white it turns to yellow, and from yellow to green; the proper colour of a _Leaf_. That, as to its size, though at its first arise, the _Lobes_ were little bigger than upon setting; yet afterwards, as they chang’d their Colour, ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 2._ ♦ so their dimensions also, growing to a three-four-five-fold amplitude above their primitive size. But whereas the _Lobes_ of the _Seed_, are in proportion, narrow, short and thick: how then come the _Dissimilar Leaves_, to be so exceeding broad, or long, and thin? The Question answers it self: For the _Dissimilar Leaves_, for that very reason are so thin, because so very broad or long; as we see many things, how much they are extended in length or breadth, so much they lose in depth, or grow more thin; which is that which here befalls the now effoliated _Lobes_. For being once dis-imprisoned from their _Coats_, and the course of the _Sap_ into them, now more and more encreased; they must needs very considerably amplifie themselves: and from the manner wherein the _Seminal Root_ is branched in them, that amplification cannot be in thickness, but in length or breadth. In both which, in some _Dissimilar Leaves_, ’tis very remarkable; ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 3._ ♦ especially in length, as in those of _Lettice_, _Thorn-Apple_, and others; whose _Seeds_, although very small, yet the _Lobes_ of those _Seeds_ growing up into _Dissimilar Leaves_, are extended an Inch, and sometimes more, in length. Though he that shall attempt to get a clear sight of the _Lobes_ of _Thorn-Apple_, and some others, by _Dissection_, will find it no easie Task; yet is that which may be obtained; and in the Last _Book_ shall be shew’d. From all which, and the observation of other _Seeds_, I at last found, that the _Dissimilar Leaves_ of a young _Plant_, are nothing else but the _Lobes_ or _Main Body_ of its _Seed_. So that, as the _Lobes_ did at first feed and impregnate the _Radicle_ into a _perfect Root_; so the _Root_, being perfected, doth again feed, and by degrees amplifie each _Lobe_ into a perfect _Leaf_.
45. §. The Original of the _Dissimilar Leaves_ thus known, we understand, why some _Plants_ have none; because the _Seed_ either riseth not, as _Garden-Beans_, _Corn_, &c. Or upon rising, the _Lobes_ are little alter’d, as _Lupines_, _Pease_, &c. Why, though the proper _Leaves_ are often indented round; the _Dissimilar_ like the _Lobes_ are even-edg’d. Why, though the proper _Leaves_ are often hairy, yet these are ever smooth. Why some have more _Dissimilar Leaves_ than two, as _Cresses_, which have six, as the Ingenious Mr. _Sharrock_ also observes. ♦ Hist. of the _Prop._ of _Vege._ ♦ The reason whereof is, because the _Main Body_ is not divided into Two, but Six, distinct _Lobes_, as I have often counted. Why _Radishes_ seem at first to have four, which yet after appear plainly two: because the _Lobes_ of the _Seed_, have both a little Indenture, and are both plaited, one over the other. To which, other Instances might be added.
46. The use of the _Dissimilar Leaves_ is, first, for the protection of the _Plume_; which being but young, and so but soft and tender, is provided with these, as a double Guard, one on either side of it. For this reason it is, that the _Plume_, in _Corn_, is trussed up within a membranous _Sheath_: and that of a _Bean_, cooped up betwixt a pair of _Surfoyls_: ♦ _Tab. 3._ ♦ But where the _Lobes_ rise, there the _Plume_ hath neither of them, being both needless.
47. §. Again, since the _Plume_, being yet tender, may be injur’d not only by the _Aer_, but also for want of _Sap_, the supplies from the _Root_ being yet but slow and sparing; that the said _Plume_ therefore, by the _Dissimilar Leaves_, may have the advantage likewise of some refreshment from Dew or Rain. For these having their _Basis_ a little beneath that of the _Plume_, and expanding themselves on all sides of it, they often stand after Rain, like a Vessel of Water, continually soaking and suppling it, lest its new access into the _Ayr_, should shrivel it.
48. §. Moreover, that since the _Dissimilar Leaves_ by their _Basis_ intercept the _Root_ and _Plume_, the greater and grosser part of the _Sap_, may be, by the way, deposited into those; and so the purest proceed into the yet but young and delicate _Plume_, as its fittest _Aliment_.
49. §. Lastly, we have here a demonstration of the being of the _Seminal Root_: which, since through the colour or smalness of the _Seed_, it could not by Dissection be observ’d, except in some few; Nature hath here provided us a way of viewing it in the now effoliated _Lobes_, not of one or two _Seeds_, but of hundreds; the _Seminal Root_ visibly branching it self towards the Cone or Verges of the said _Lobes_, or now _Dissimilar Leaves_.
CHAP. II.
_Of the ROOT._
HAVING Examin’d and pursu’d the Degrees of _Vegetation_ in the _Seed_, we find its two _Lobes_ have here their utmost period: and, that having conveyed their _Seminalities_ into the _Radicle_ and _Plume_; these therefore, as the _Root_ and _Trunk_ of the _Plant_, still survive. Of these, in their order, we next proceed to speak; and first, of the _Root_: whereof, as well as of the _Seed_, we must by Dissection inform our selves.
2. §. In Dissection of a _Root_ then, we shall find it with the _Radicle_, as the _Parts_ of an Old Man with those of a _Fœtus_, substantially, one. The first _Part_ occurring is its _Skin_, the Original whereof is from the _Seed_: For that extreme thin _Cuticle_ which is spread over the _Lobes_ of the _Seed_, and from thence over the _Radicle_, upon the shooting of the _Radicle_ into a _Root_, is co-extended, and becomes its _Skin_.
3. §. The next _Part_ is the _Cortical Body_. Which, when it is thin, is commonly called the _Barque_. The Original hereof, likewise is from the _Seed_; or the _Parenchyma_, which is there common both to the _Lobes_ and _Radicle_, being by _Vegetation_ augmented and prolonged into the _Root_, the same becomes the _Parenchyma_ of the _Barque_. ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 4._ ♦
4. §. The Contexture of this _Parenchyma_ may be well illustrated by that of a _Sponge_, being a Body Porous, Dilative and Pliable. Its _Pores_, as they are innumerable, so, extream small. These _Pores_ are not only susceptive of so much Moisture as to fill, but also to enlarge themselves, and so to dilate the _Cortical Body_ wherein they are: which by the shriv’ling in thereof, upon its being expos’d to the Air, is also seen. In which dilatation, many of its Parts becoming more lax and distant, and none of them suffering a solution of their continuity; ’tis a Body also sufficiently pliable; that is to say, a _most exquisitely fine-wrought Sponge_.
5. §. The Extention of these _Pores_ is much alike by the length and breadth of the _Root_; which from the shrinking up of the _Cortical Body_, in a piece of a cut _Root_, by the same dimensions, is argu’d.
6. §. The proportions of this _Cortical Body_ are various: If thin, ’tis, as is said, called a _Barque_; and thought to serve to no other end, than what is vulgarly ascrib’d to a _Barque_; which is a narrow conceit. If a Bulky Body, in comparison with That within it, as in the young _Roots_ of _Cichory_, _Asparagus_, &c. ’tis here, because the fairest, therefore taken for the prime _Part_; which, though, as to Medicinal use, it is; yet, as to the private use of the _Plant_, not so. The Colour hereof, though it be originally white, yet in the continued growth of the _Root_, divers _Tinctures_, as yellow in _Dock_, _red_ in _Bistort_, are thereinto introduced.
7. §. Next within this Part stands the _Lignous Body_: This _Lignous Body_, lyeth with all its parts, so far as they are visible, in a Circle or _Ring_. ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 4._ b. ♦ Yet are there divers extreme small _Fibres_ thereto parallel, usually mixed with the _Cortical Body_; and by the somewhat different colour of the said _Cortical Body_ where they stand, may be noted. These _Fibres_ the _Cortical Body_, and _Skin_, altogether, properly make the _Barque_. The Original of this _Lignous Body_, as of the two former, is from the _Seed_; or, the _Seminal Roots_ of both the _Lobes_, being united in the _Radicle_, and with its _Parenchyma_ co-extended, is here in the _Root_ of the _Plant_, the _Lignous Body_.
8. §. The Contexture hereof, in many of its parts, is much more close than that of the _Cortical_; and their _Pores_ very different. For whereas those of the _Cortical_ are infinitely numerous, these of the _Lignous_ are in comparison nothing so. But these, although fewer, yet are they, many of them, more open, fair and visible: as in a very thin Slice cut athwart the young _Root_ of a _Tree_, and held up against the light, is apparent. Yet not in all equally; in _Coran_-Tree, _Goosberry_-Tree, _&c._ less, in _Oak_, _Plums_, and especially _Damascens_, more; ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 5._ ♦ in _Elder_, _Vines_, _&c._ most conspicuous. And as they are different in number and size, so also (whereon the numerousness of the _Pores_ of the _Cortical Body_ principally depends) in their shape. For whereas those of the _Cortical Body_ are extended much alike both by the length and breadth of the _Root_; these of the _Lignous_, are only by the length; which especially in _Vines_, and some other _Roots_ is evident. Of these _Pores_, ’tis also observable, that although in all places of the _Root_ they are visible, yet most fair and open about the _filamentous Extremities_ of some _Roots_, ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 7._ a. b. ♦ where about, the _Roots_ have no _Pith_; as in _Fenil_. And in many _Roots_, higher.
9. §. The proportion betwixt this _Lignous Body_ and the _Cortical_, is various, as was said; yet in this, constant, _sc._ that in the _filamentous_ and smaller Parts of the _Root_, the _Lignous Body_ is very much the less; running like a slender _Wyer_ or _Nerve_ through the other surrounding it. Whereas in the upper part, it is often times of far greater quantity than the _Cortical_, although it be encompass’d by it. They stand both together pyramidally, which is most common to _Infant Roots_, but also to a great many others.
10. §. The next _Part_ observable in the _Root_, is the _Insertment_. The existence hereof, so far as we can yet observe, is sometimes in the _Radicle_ of the _Seed_ it self; I cannot say always. As to its substantial nature, we are more certain; that it is the same with that of the _Parenchyma_ of the _Radicle_; being always at least augmented, and so, in part, originated from the _Cortical Body_, and so, at second hand, from the said _Parenchyma_. For in dissecting a _Root_, I find, that the _Cortical Body_ doth not only environ the _Lignous_, but is also wedg’d, and in many Pieces _inserted_ into it; and that the said inserted Pieces make not a meer Indenture, but transmit and shoot themselves quite through as far as the _Pith_: ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 5._ ♦ which in a thin Slice cut athwart the _Root_, as so many lines drawn from the Circumference towards the Center, shew themselves.
11. §. The _Pores_ of the _Insertment_ are sometimes, at least, extended somewhat more by the breadth of the _Root_, as about the top of the _Root_ of _Borage_ may be seen; and are thus different from those of the _Cortical Body_, which are extended by the length and breadth much alike; and from those of the _Lignous_, being only by its length.
12. §. The number and size of these Insertions are various. In _Hawthorn_, and some others, and especially _Willows_, they are most extream small; in _Cherries_ and _Plums_ they are Biger; ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 5. & 6._ ♦ and in the _Vine_ and some other _Trees_, very fairly apparent. In the _Roots_ of most _Herbs_ they are generally more easily discoverable; which may lead to the observation of them in all.
13. §. These _Insertions_, although they are continuous through both the length and breadth of the _Root_; yet not so in all Parts, but by the several shootings of the _Lignous Body_ they are frequently intercepted. For of the _Lignous Body_ it is (here best) observable; That its several _Shootings_, betwixt which the _Cortical_ is inserted, are not, throughout the _Root_, wholly distinct, strait and parallel; but that all along being enarch’d, the _Lignous Body_, both in length and breadth, is thus disposed into _Braces_ or _Osculations_. Betwixt these several _Shootings_ of the _Lignous Body_ thus osculated, the _Cortical_ shooting, ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 8._ ♦ and being also osculated answerably _Brace_ for _Brace_, that which I call the _Insertment_ is framed thereof.
14. §. These _Osculations_ are so made, that the _Pores_ or _Fibres_ of the _Lignous Body_, I think, notwithstanding, seldom or never run one into another; being, though contiguous, yet still distinct. In the same manner as some of the _Nerves_, though they meet, and for some space are associated together, yet ’tis most probable, that none of their _Fibres_ are truly inosculated, saving perhaps, in the _Plexures_.
15. §. These _Osculations_ of the _Lignous Body_, and so the interception of the _Insertions_ of the _Cortical_, are not to be observ’d by the traverse cut of the _Root_, but by taking off the _Barque_. In the _Roots_ of _Trees_, they are generally obscure; but in _Herbs_ often more distinctly apparent; and especially in a _Turnep_: the appearance whereof, the _Barque_ being stripp’d off, is as a piece of close-wrought Net-work, fill’d up with the _Insertions_ from thence.
16. §. The next and last distinct _Part_ of the _Root_ is the _Pith_. The substantial nature thereof, is, as was said of the _Insertment_, the same likewise with that of the _Parenchyma_ of the _Seed_. And according to the best observation I have yet made, ’tis sometimes existent in its _Radicle_; in which, the two main _Branches_ of the _Lobes_ both meeting, and being osculated together, are thus dispos’d into one round and tubular _Trunk_, and so environing part of the _Parenchyma_, make thereof a _Pith_; as in either the _Radicle_, or the young _Root_ of the great _Bean_ or _Lupine_, may, I think, be well seen.
17. §. But many times the Original hereof is immediately from the _Barque_. For in dissection of divers _Roots_, both of _Trees_ and _Herbs_, as of _Barberry_ or _Mallows_, it is observable, That the _Cortical Body_ and _Pith_, are both of them participant of the same Colour; in the _Barberry_, both of them tinged yellow, and in _Mallows_, green. In cutting the smaller Parts of the _Roots_ of many _Plants_, as of _Borage_, _Mallows_, _Parsley_, _Columbine_, _&c._ ’tis also evident, That the _Lignous Body_ is not there, in the least Concave, but standeth Solid, or without any _Pith_, ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 9._ a. ♦ in the Center; and that the _Insertions_ being gradually multiplied afterwards, the _Pith_, at length, towards the thicker parts of the _Root_, shews and enlarges it self. Whence it appears, that in all such _Roots_, the _Pith_ is not only of the same substantial nature, and by the _Insertions_ doth communicate with the _Barque_; and that it is also augmented by it; which is true of the _Pith_ of all _Roots_; but is moreover, by mediation of the said _Insertions_, wholly originated from it; that is to say, from the _Parenchymous_ Part thereof. The various appearances of the _Insertions_ and _Pith_ from the filamentous _Parts_ to the top of the _Root_, see in _Tab. 2_. ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 9._ ♦ The _Pores_ of the _Lignous Body_, as it stands entire in the said filamentous _Parts_, are best seen when they have lain by a night to dry, after cutting.
18. §. A farther evidence hereof are the Proportions betwixt the _Cortical Body_ and _Pith_. For as about the inferiour Parts of the _Root_, where the _Pith_ is small, the _Cortical Body_ is proportionably great; so about the top, where the _Pith_ is enlarged, the _Cortical Body_ (now more properly becoming a _Barque_) groweth proportionably less, _sc._ because the _Insertions_ do still more and more enlarge the _Pith_. Likewise the peculiar frame of some _Roots_, wherein besides the _Pith_, the _Lignous Body_ being divided into two or more _Rings_, there are also one or more thick _Rings_, of a white and soft substance, which stand betwixt them; and are nothing else but the _Insertions_ of the _Cortical Body_ collected into the said _Rings_; but, towards the top of the _Root_, being inserted again, thus make a large and ample _Pith_; ♦ _Tab. 2. f. 8._ ♦ as in older _Fennel_-Roots, those of _Beet_, _Turnep_, and some other _Herbs_, is seen.
19. §. The _Pores_ of the _Pith_, as those of the _Cortical Body_, are extended both by the breadth and length of the _Root_, much alike; yet are they more or less of a greater size than those of the _Cortical Body_.
20. §. The Proportions of the _Pith_, are various; in _Trees_, but small; in _Herbs_, generally, very fair; in some making by far the greatest part of the _Root_; as in a _Turnep_: By reason of the wide circumference whereof, and so the finer Concoction and Assimilation of its Sap; that _Part_ which in most old _Trunks_ is a dry and harsh _Pith_, here proves a tender, pleasant meat.
21. §. In the _Roots_ of very many _Plants_, as _Turneps_, _Carrots_, _&c._ the _Lignous Body_, besides its main utmost _Ring_, hath divers of its _osculated Fibres_ dispersed throughout the Body of the _Pith_; sometimes all alike, and sometimes more especially in, or near, its Center; which _Fibres_, as they run towards the top of the _Root_, still declining the Center, at last collaterally strike into its Circumference; either all of them, or some few, keeping the Center still. Of these principally, the Succulent part of the _Lignous Body_ of the _Trunk_ is often originated.
22. §. Some of these _Pith-Fibres_, although they are so exceeding slender, yet in some _Roots_, as in that of _Flower de liz_, they are visibly concave, each of them, in their several Cavities also embosoming a very small _Pith_; the sight whereof, the _Root_ being cut traverse, and laid in a Window for a day or two to dry, may without _Glasses_ be obtain’d. And this is the general account of the _Root_; the declaration of the manner of its growth, with the use and service of its several _Parts_, we shall next endeavour.
♦ An Account of the Growth of the _Root_. ♦ 23. §. I SAY THEN, That the _Radicle_ being impregnate, and shot into the Moulds, the contiguous moisture, by the _Cortical Body_, being a Body laxe and Spongy, is easily admitted: Yet not all indiscriminately, but that which is more adapted to pass through the surrounding _Cuticle_. Which transient _Sap_, though it thus becomes fine, yet is not simple; but a mixture of _Particles_, both in respect of those originally in the _Root_, and amongst themselves, somewhat heterogeneous. And being lodg’d in the _Cortical Body_ moderately laxe, and of a Circular form; the effect will be an easie Fermentation. The _Sap_ fermenting, a separation of _Parts_ will follow; some whereof will be impacted to the Circumference of the _Cortical Body_, whence the _Cuticle_ becomes a _Skin_; as we see in the growing of the Coats of Cheeses, of the Skin over divers Liquors, and the like. Whereupon the _Sap_ passing into the _Cortical Body_, through this, as through a _Manica Hippocratis_, is still more finely filtred. With which _Sap_, the _Cortical Body_ being dilated as far as its _Tone_, without a solution of Continuity, will bear; and the supply of the _Sap_ still renew’d: the purest part, as most apt and ready, recedes, with its due _Tinctures_, from the said _Cortical Body_, to all the parts of the _Lignous_; both those mixed with the _Barque_, and those lying within it. Which _Lignous Body_ likewise super-inducing its own proper _Tinctures_ into the said _Sap_; ’tis now to its highest preparation wrought up, and becomes (as they speak of that of an Animal) the Vegetative _Ros_ or _Cambium_: the noblest part whereof is at last coagulated in, and assimilated to the like substance with the said _Lignous Body_. The remainder, though not united to it, yet tinctur’d therein, thus retreats, that is, by the continual appulse of the _Sap_, is in part carried off into the _Cortical Body_ back again, the _Sap_ whereof it now tinctures into good _Aliment_. So that whereas before, the _Cortical Body_ was only relaxed in its Parts, and so dilated; ’tis now increas’d in real quantity or number of parts, and so is truly nourish’d. And the _Cortical Body_ being saturate with so much of this Vital _Sap_ as serves it self; and the second Remainders discharged thence to the _Skin_; this also is nourish’d and augmented therewith. So that as in an _Animal Body_ there is no instauration or growth of Parts made by the _Bloud_ only, but the _Nervous Spirit_ is also thereunto assistant; so is it here: the _Sap_ prepared in the _Cortical Body_, is as the _Bloud_, and that part thereof prepared by the _Lignous_, is as the _Nervous Spirit_; which partly becoming Nutriment to it self, and partly being discharged back into the _Cortical Body_, and diffusing its Tincture through the _Sap_ there, that to the said _Cortical Body_ and _Skin_, becomes also true Nutriment, and so they all now grow.
24. §. In which growth, a proportion in length and breadth is requisite: which being rated by the benefit of the _Plant_, both for firm standing and sufficient _Sap_, must therefore principally be in length. And because it is thus requisite, therefore by the constitution of one of its _Parts_, _sc._ the _Lignous Body_, it is also made necessary. For the _Pores_ hereof, in that they are all extended by its length, the _Sap_ also according to the frame and site of the said _Pores_ will principally move; and that way as its _Sap_ moves, the same way will the generation of its Parts also proceed; _sc._ by its length. And the _Lignous Body_ first (that is by a _priority causal_) moving in length it self; the _Cortical_ also moves therewith. For that which is nourish’d, is extended: but whatever is extended, is mov’d: that therefore which is nourish’d, is mov’d: The _Lignous Body_ then being first nourish’d, ’tis likewise first mov’d, and so becomes and carries in it the Principle of all Vegetative motion in the _Cortical_; and so they both move in length.
25. §. Yet as the _Lignous Body_ is the _Principle_ of Motion in the _Cortical_; so the _Cortical_ is the _Moderator_ of that in the _Lignous_: As in Animal Motions, the _Principle_ is from the _Nerves_; yet being once given to the _Muscle_ or _Limb_, and that moving proportionably to its structure, the _Nerves_ also are carried in the same motion with it. We suppose therefore, that as the principal motion of the _Lignous Body_ is in length, so is its _proper tendency_ also to _Ascend_. But being much exceeded both in Compass and Quantity by the _Cortical_, as in the smaller parts of the _Root_ it is; it must needs therefore be over-born and governed by it; and so, though not lose its motion, yet make it that way wherein the _Cortical Body_ may be more obedient to it; which will be by descent. Yet both of them being sufficiently pliable, they are thus capable, where the Soyl may oppose a direct descent, there to divert any way, where it is more penetrable, and so to descend obliquely. For the same reason it may also be, that though you set a _Bean_ with the _Radicle_ upward; yet the _Radicle_, as it shoots, declining also gradually, is thus arch’d in form of an Hook, and so at last descends. For every declination from a perpendicular Line, is a mixed motion betwixt Ascent and Descent, as that of the _Radicle_ also is, and so seeming to be dependent upon the two _Contrary Tendencies_ of the _Lignous_ and _Cortical Bodies_. What may be the cause of those _Tendencies_ (being most probably external, and a kind of _Magnetisme_) I shall not make my Task here to enquire.
26. §. Now although the _Lignous Body_, by the position and shape of its _Pores_, principally groweth in length; yet will it in some degree likewise in breadth: For it cannot be supposed that the purest _Sap_ is all received into the said _Pores_; but that part thereof likewise, staying about its _Superficial Parts_, is there tinctur’d and agglutinated to them. And because these _Pores_ are prolonged by its length; therefore it is much more laxe and easily divisible that way; as in slitting a Stick, or cleaving of Timber, and in cutting and hewing them athwart is also seen. Whence it comes to pass, that in shooting from the Center towards the Circumference, and there finding more room, its said original _Laxity_ doth easily in divers places now become greater, and at length in open _Partments_ plainly visible. Betwixt which _Partments_, the _Cortical Body_, being bound in on the one hand, by the surrounding _Skin_ and _Moulds_, and pressed upon by the _Lignous_ on the other, must needs insert it self, and so move contrary to it, from the Circumference _towards_ the _Center_. Where the said contrary motions continued as begun, they at last meet, unite, and either make or augment the _Pith_. And thus the _Root_ is fram’d, and the _Skin_, the _Cortical_ and _Lignous Bodies_, so as is said, thereunto concurrent. We shall next shew the use of the two other _Parts_, _sc._ the _Insertment_ and _Pith_; and first of the _Pith_.
27. §. ONE true use of the _Pith_ is for the better Advancement of the _Sap_, whereof I shall speak in the next Chapter. The use I here observe, is for the quicker and higher Fermentation of the _Sap_: For although the Fermentation made in the _Cortical Body_ was well subservient to the first _Vegetations_, yet those more perfect ones in the _Trunk_ which after follow, require a Body more adapted to it, and that is the _Pith_; which is so necessary, as not to be only common to, but considerably large in the _Roots_ of most _Plants_; if not in their inferiour parts, yet at their tops. Where though either deriv’d or amplify’d from the _Cortical Body_, yet being by its _Insertions_ only, we may therefore suppose, as those, so this, to be more finely constituted. And being also from its coarctation, while inserted, now free; all its _Pores_, upon the supply of the _Sap_, will more or less be amplified: Upon which accounts, the _Sap_ thereinto received, will be more pure, and its fermentation therein more active. And as the _Pith_ is superiour to the _Cortical Body_ by its _Constitution_, so by its _Place_. For as it thus stands central, it hath the _Lignous Body_ surrounding it. Now as the _Skin_ is the Fence of the _Cortical Body_, and that of the _Lignous_; so is the _Lignous_ again a far more preheminent one unto the _Pith_; the _Sap_ being here a brisk Liquor, _tunn’d up_ as in a wooden _Cask_.
28. §. And as the _Pith_ subserves the higher Fermentation of the _Sap_; so do the _Insertions_ its purer Distribution; that separation which the parts of the _Sap_, by being fermented in the _Pith_, were dispos’d for; being, upon its entrance into the _Insertions_, now made: So that as the _Skin_ is a _Filtre_ to the _Cortical Body_, so are the _Insertions_ a more preheminent one to the _Lignous_. And as they subserve the purer, so the freer and sufficient distribution of the _Sap_: For the _Root_ enlarging, and so the _Lignous Body_ growing thicker, although the _Cortical_ and the _Pith_ might supply _Sap_ sufficient to the nutrition of its _Parts_ next adjacent to them; yet those more inward, must needs be scanted of their _Aliment_; and so, if not quite starved, yet be uncapable of equal growth: Whereas the _Lignous Body_ being through its whole breadth frequently disparted, and the _Cortical Body_ inserted through it; the _Sap_ by those _Insertions_, as the _Bloud_ by the disseminations of the _Arteries_, is freely and sufficiently convey’d to its intimate Parts, even those, which from either the _Barque_ or from the _Pith_, are most remote. Lastly, as the consequent hereof, they are thus assistant to the _Latitudinal growth_ of the _Root_; as the _Lignous Body_ to its growth in Length; so these _Insertions_ of the _Cortical_, to its better growth in Breadth.
29. §. Having thus seen the solitary uses of the Several _Parts_ of the _Root_, I shall lastly propound my Conjectures of that Design whereto they are altogether concurrent, and that is the _Circulation_ of the _Sap_.
30. §. That the _Sap_ hath a Double, and so a _Circular_ Motion, in the _Root_; is probable, from the proper Motion of the _Root_, and from its Office. From its Motion, which is Descent: for which, the _Sap_ must likewise, some where, have such a Motion proper to it. From its Office, which is, To feed the _Trunk_: for which, the _Sap_ must also, in some _Part_ or other, have a more especial Motion of Ascent.
31. §. We may therefore suppose, That the _Sap_ moving in the _Barque_, towards the _Pith_, through the _Insertions_, thereinto obtains a pass, Which passage, the upper _Insertions_ will not favour; because the _Pith_ standing in the same height with them, is there large, the fermenting and course of the _Sap_ quick, and so its opposition strong. But through the lower it will much more easily enter; because there, from the smallness of the _Pith_, the opposition is little, and from the shortness of the _Insertions_, the way more open. So that the _Sap_ here meeting with the least opposition, here it will bestow it self (feeding the _Lignous Body_ in its passage) into the _Pith_. Into which, fresh _Sap_ still entring, this being yet but crude, will subside: that first receiv’d, and so become a Liquor higher wrought, will more easily mount upwards. And moving in the _Pith_, especially in the _Sap-Fibers_ there dispers’d, as in the _Arterys_, in equal altitude with the upper-_Insertions_; the most volatile parts of all will still continue their direct ascent towards the _Trunk_. But those of a middle nature, and, as not apt to ascend, so being lighter than those beneath them, not to descend neither; they will tend from the _Pith_ towards the _Insertions_ in a Motion betwixt both. Through which _Insertions_ (feeding the _Lignous Body_ in its passage) it is, by the next subsequent _Sap_, discharged off into the _Cortical Body_, and so into the _Sap-Fibres_ themselves, as into the _Veins_, back again. Wherein, being still pursu’d by fresh _Sap_ from the Center, and more occurring from the Circumference, towards the lower _Insertions_, it thus descends. Through which, together with part of the _Sap_ afresh imbib’d from the Earth, it re-enters the _Pith_. From whence, into the _Cortical Body_, and from thence into the _Pith_, the cruder part thereof, is reciprocally disburs’d; while the most _Volatile_, not needing the help of a _Circulation_, more directly ascendeth towards the _Trunk_.
CHAP. III.
_Of the TRUNK._
HAVING thus declar’d the degrees of _Vegetation_ in the _Root_; the continuance hereof in the _Trunk_ shall next be shew’d: in order to which, the Parts whereof this likewise is compounded, we shall first observe.
1. §. That which without dissection shews it self, is the _Coarcture_: I cannot say of the _Root_, nor of the _Trunk_; but what I choose here to mention, as standing betwixt them, and so being common to them both; all their _Parts_ being here bound in closer together, as in the tops of the grown _Roots_ of very many _Plants_, is apparent.
2. §. Of the _Parts_ of the _Trunk_, the first occurring is its _Skin_: The Formation whereof, is not from the Air, but in the _Seed_, from whence it is originated; being the production of the _Cuticle_, there investing the two _Lobes_ and _Plume_.
3. §. The next _Part_ is the _Cortical Body_; which here in the _Trunk_ is no new substantial Formation; but, as is that of the _Root_, originated from the _Parenchyma_ of the _Plume_ in the _Seed_; and is only the increase and augmentation thereof. ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 1, & 4._ ♦ The _Skin_, this _Cortical Body_ or _Parenchyma_, and (for the most part) some Fibers of the _Lignous_ mixed herewith, altogether make the _Barque_.
4. §. Next, the _Lignous Body_, which, whether it be visibly divided into many softer _Fibers_ or small _Threads_, as in the _Bean_, _Fennel_, and most _Herbs_; ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 1._ ♦ or that its Parts stand more compact and close, shewing one hard, firm and solid piece, as in _Trees_; it is, in all, one and the same _Body_; and that not formed originally in the _Trunk_, but in the _Seed_; being nothing else but the prolongation of the _Seminal Root_ distributed in the _Lobes_ and _Plume_ thereof.
5. §. Lastly, The _Insertions_ and _Pith_ are here originated likewise from the _Plume_, as the same in the _Root_, from the _Radicle_: So that as to their _Substantial Parts_, the _Lobes_ of the _Seed_, the _Radicle_ and _Plume_, the _Root_ and _Trunk_ are all one.
6. §. Yet some things are more fairly observable in the _Trunk_. First, the _Latitudinal_ shootings of the _Lignous Body_, which in _Trunks_ of several years growth, are apparent in so many _Rings_, as is commonly known. For several young Fibers of the _Lignous Body_, ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 5, & 8._ ♦ as in the _Root_, so here, shooting in the _Cortical_ one year, and the spaces betwixt them being after fill’d up with more (I think not till) the next, at length they become altogether a firm compact _Ring_; the _Perfection_ of one _Ring_, and the _Ground-work_ of another, being thus made concomitantly.
7. §. From these Annual younger _Fibers_ it is, that although the _Cortical Body_ and _Pith_ are both of the same substantial nature, and their _Pores_ little different; yet whereas the _Pith_, which the first year is green, and of all the _Parts_ the fullest of _Sap_, becomes afterwards white and dry: The _Cortical Body_, on the contrary, so long as the _Tree_ grows, ever keepeth green and moist, _sc._ because the said _Sap-Fibers_, annually grow therein, and so communicate with it.
8. §. The _Pores_ likewise of the _Lignous Body_, many of them, in well-grown Timber, as in Oaken boards, are very conspicuous, in cutting both lengthwise and traverse. They very seldom, if ever, run one into another, but keep, like so many several _Vessels_, all along distinct; ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 2. & 3._ ♦ as by cutting, and so following any one of them as far as you please, for a Foot or half a Yard, or more together, may be observ’d. And so, the like, in any _Cane_.
9. §. Besides these, there are a lesser sort; which, by the help only of a good _Spectacle Glass_ may be observ’d.
10. §. And these are all the _Pores_ visible without a _Microscope_. The use of which, excepting in some few particulars, I have purposely omitted in this first _Book_. ♦ Micrography. ♦ Mr. _Hook_ sheweth us, besides these, a third, and yet smaller Sort; and (as a confirmation of what, in the Second _Chapter_, ♦ _C. 2. §. 8._ ♦ I have said of the _Pores_ of the _Lignous Body_ in general) that they are all continuous and prolonged by the length of the _Trunk_, as are the greater ones: whereof he maketh Experiment, by filling up, in a piece of _Char-coal_, all the said _Pores_ with _Mercury_; which appears to pass quite through them, in that by a very good _Glass_ it is visible in their Orifices at both ends; and without a _Glass_, by the weight of the Coal alone, is also manifest. All these I have seen, with the help of a good _Microscope_, in several sorts of _Woods_. ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 7._ ♦ As they all appeare in a piece of _Oak_, cut transversely, See _Tab. 3._
11. §. Upon further Enquiry, I likewise find, That the _Pores_ of the _Lignous Body_ in the _Trunks_ of _Herbs_, which at first I only supposed, by the help of good _Glasses_, are very fairly visible: each _Fibre_ being sometimes perforated by 30, 50, 100, or hundreds of _Pores_. Or what I think is the truest notion of them, That each _Fibre_, though it seem to the bare eye to be but _one_, yet is, indeed, a great number of _Fibres_ together; and every _Pore_, being not meerly a space betwixt the several parts of the Wood, but the _Concave_ of a _Fiber_. So that if it be asked, what all that Part of a _Plant_, either _Herb_ or _Tree_, which is properly called the _Woody-Part_; what all that is, I suppose, That it is nothing else but a _Cluster_ of innumerable and most extraordinary small _Vessels_ or _Concave Fibers_: ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 6._ ♦ as in a Slice of the Trunk of _Burdock_ is apparent.
12. §. Next the _Insertions_ of the _Cortical Body_, which in the _Trunk_ of a _Tree_ saw’d athwart, are plainly discerned as they run from the Circumference toward the Center; the whole Body of the _Tree_ being visibly compounded of two distinct Substances, that of the several _Rings_, and that of the _Insertions_, running cross; shewing that in some resemblance in a _Plain_, ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 5. & 8._ ♦ which the _Lines_ of _Latitude_ and of the _Meridian_ do in a _Globe_. The entrance of the _Insertions_ into the _Wood_, is also, upon striping off the Barque, very apparent; as in the same _Fig. 8._
13. §. These _Insertions_ are likewise very conspicuous in Sawing of _Trees_ length-ways into Boards, and those plain’d, and wrought into _Leaves_ for _Tables_, _Wainscot_, _Trenchers_, and the like. In all which, as in course _Trenchers_ made of _Beech_, and _Tables_ of _Oak_, there are many parts which have a greater smoothness than the rest; ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 2. & Tab. 4. f. 1._ ♦ and are so many _inserted Pieces_ of the _Cortical Body_; which being by those of the _Lignous_, frequently intercepted, seem to be discontinuous, although in the _Trunk_ they are really extended, in continued Plates, throughout its Breadth.
14. §. These _Insertions_, although as is said, of a quite distinct substance from the _Lignous Body_, and so no where truly incorporated with it, yet being they are in all parts, the one as the _Warp_, the other as the _Woof_, mutually _braced_ and _interwoven_ together, they thus constitute one strong and firmly coherent Body; ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 1._ ♦ as the Timber of any _Tree_.
15. §. As the Pores or Vessels are greater or less, so are the _Insertions_ also: To the bare eye usually the greater only are discernable: But through an indifferent _Microscope_ there are others also, much more both numerous and small, distinctly apparent, ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 7._ ♦ as in a transverse piece of _Oak_.
16. §. In none of all the _Pores_ can we observe any thing which may have the true nature and use of _Valves_, which is, Easily to admit that, to which they will by no means allow a regress. And their nonexistence is enough evident, from what in the first _Chapter_ ♦ _C. 1. §. 42._ ♦ we have said of the _Lobes_ of the _Seed_: in whose _Seminal Root_, were there any _Valves_, it could not be, that by a contrary _Course_ of the _Sap_, they should ever grow; which yet, where-ever they turn into _Dissimilar Leaves_, they do. Or if we consider the growth of the _Root_, which oftentimes is _upward_ and _downward_ both at once. And being cut transversely, will bleed, both the same ways, with equal freedom.
17. §. The _Insertions_ here in the _Trunk_ give us likewise a sight of the position of their _Pores_. For in a plained piece of _Oak_, as in _Wainscot_, _Tables_, _&c._ besides the larger _Pores_ of the _Lignous Body_, which run by the _length_ of the _Trunk_; ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 2._ ♦ the _Tract_ likewise of those of the _Insertions_ may be observed to be made by the breadth, and so directly cross. Nor are they continuous as those of the _Lignous Body_, but very short, as those both of the _Cortical Body_ and _Pith_, with which the _Insertions_, as to their substance, are congenerous. Yet they all stand so together, as to be plainly ranked in even _Lines_ or _Rows_ throughout the breadth of the _Trunk_: As the _Tract_ of those _Pores_ appears to the naked Eye, see in _Tab. 3. Fig. 9._ The _Pores_ themselves may be seen in the _Root_ of a _Vine_ described and figured in the Second _Book_, as it appears through a good _Microscope_. ♦ _Tab. 17._ ♦
18. §. The _Pores_ of the _Pith_ likewise being larger here in the _Trunk_, are better observable than in the _Root_: the width whereof, in comparison with their _Sides_ so exquisitely thin, may by an _Hony-Comb_ be grosly exemplified; and is that also which the vast disproportion betwixt the Bulk and Weight of a dry _Pith_ doth enough declare. In the _Trunks_ of some _Plants_, they are so ample and transparent, that in cutting both by the length and breadth of the _Pith_, some of them through the transparency of the _Skins_ by which they are bounded, or of which they consist, would seem to be considerably extended by the length of the _Pith_; but are really discontinuous and short, and as ’tis said, somewhat answerable to the _Cells_ of an _Hony-Comb_. This is the nearest we can come to them, by the bare Eye without the assistance of a good _Microscope_. Mr. _Hook_ sheweth in his _Micrography_, That the _Pores_ of the _Pith_, particularly of _Elder-Pith_, so far as they are visible, are all alike discontinuous; and that the _Pith_ is nothing else but (as he calls them) an heap of _Bubbles_. Although, in regard they are not fluid, but fixed Parts, I shall choose rather to call them, _Bladders_. As they appear through a good _Glass_, in a piece of _Burdock_, See in _Tab. 3._ ♦ _Tab. 3. f. 6._ ♦ But a more particular Description of the _Sizes_, _Figures_, and admirable _Textures_ hereof, I have given in several places in the following _Books_.
19. §. Besides what this Observation informs us of here, it farther confirms what in the Second _Chapter_ ♦ _C. 2. §. 3, 16, 17._ ♦ we have said of the Original of the _Pith_ and _Cortical Body_, and of the sameness of both their natures with the _Parenchyma_ of the _Seed_: which is nothing else but a Mass of _Bladders_; ♦ _C. 1. §. 18. & Tab. 1. f. 9._ ♦ as in the First _Chapter_ hath been said.
20. §. In the _Piths_ of many _Plants_, the greater _Pores_ or _Bladders_ have some of them lesser ones within them, and some of them are divided with cross Membranes: And betwixt their several sides, have, I think, other smaller _Bladders_ visibly interjected. However, that they are all permeable, is most certain. They stand together not confusedly, but in even _Ranks_ or _Trains_; as those of the _Insertions_ by the breadth, so these by the length of the _Trunk_. And thus far there is a general corresponding betwixt the parts of the _Root_ and _Trunk_. Yet are there some considerable Disparities betwixt them; wherein, and how they come to pass, and to what especial Use and End, shall next be said.
♦ An Account of the _Growth_ of the _Trunk_. ♦ 21. §. WE SAY then, that the _Sap_ being in the _Root_ by Filtrations, Fermentations (and in what _Roots_ needful, perhaps by Circulation also) duly prepar’d; the prime part thereof passing through the intermediate _Coarcture_, in due moderation and purity is entertain’d at last into the _Trunk_. And the _Sap_ of the _Trunk_ being purer and more volatile, and so it self apt to ascend; the motion of the _Trunk_ likewise will be more noble, receiving a disposition and tendency to ascend therewith. And what by the _Sap_ the _Trunk_ is in part dipos’d to, by the respective position and quantity of its Parts it is effectually enabled. For whereas in the _Root_ the _Lignous Body_ being in proportion with the _Cortical_, but little, and all lying close within its Center; it must therefore needs be under its controul: on the contrary, being here comparatively of greater quantity, and also more dilated, and having divers of its Branches standing more abroad towards the Circumference, as both in the _Leaves_ and Body of the young _Trunk_ and _Plume_, is seen; it will in its own _magnetical_ tendency to _ascend_, reduce the _Cortical Body_ to a compliance with it.
22. §. And the _Trunk_ thus standing from under the restraint of the Ground in the open Air, the disposition of its _Parts_, originally different from that of the _Parts_ in the _Root_, will not only be continued, but improved. For by the force and pressure of the _Sap_ in its collateral Motion, the _Lignous Body_ will now more freely and farther be dilated. And this being dilated, the _Cortical Body_ also, must needs be _inserted_; and is therefore in proportion always, more or less, smaller here in the _Trunk_, than in the _Root_. And as the _Cortical Body_ lessens, so the _Pith_ will be enlarged, and by the same proportion is here greater. And the _Pith_ being enlarged it self, its _Pores_ (the _Lignous Body_, upon its dilatation, as it were tentering and stretching out all their sides) must needs likewise be enlarged with it; and accordingly, are ever greater in the _Pith_ of the _Trunk_, than of the _Root_. And the dilatation of the _Lignous Body_ still continued, it follows, that whereas the _Pith_ descendent in the _Root_, is not only in proportion less and less, but also in the smaller extremities thereof, and sometimes higher, altogether absent: Contrariwise, in the _Trunk_, it is not only continued to its top and smallest _Twigs_, but also there, in proportion, equally ample with what it is in any other inferiour part.
23. §. But although the openness of the Aer permitting, be always alike; yet the Energy of the _Sap_ effecting, being different; as therefore that doth, the dilatation of the _Trunk_, will also vary. If that be less, so is this; as in the _Trunks_ of most _Trees_: If that be greater, so this; as in _Herbs_ is common; the _Lignous Body_ being usually so far dilated, that the _utmost Shootings_ thereof may easily be seen to jut out, and adjoyn to the _Skin_. And if the _Sap_ be still of greater energy, it so far dilates the _Lignous Body_, as not only to amplifie the _Pith_ and all its _Pores_; but also so far to stretch them out, as to make them tear. Whereupon either running again into the _Cortical Body_, or shrinking up towards it, the _Trunk_ thus sometimes becomes an _hollow Stalk_, the _Pith_ being wholly, or in part voided. But generally it keeps entire; and where it doth, the same proportion and respect to the _Lignous_ and _Cortical Bodies_, as is said. The Consequences of all which will be, the _Strength_ of the _Trunk_, the _Security_ and _Plenty_ of the _Sap_, its _Fermentation_ will be quicker, its _Distribution_ more effectual, and its _Advancement_ more sufficient.
24. §. First, the Erect Growth and Strength of the _Trunk_; this being, by the position of its several Parts, effected: for besides the slendering of the _Trunk_ still towards the top, the _Circumferential_ position of the _Lignous Body_, likewise is, and that eminently, hereunto subservient. So that as the _Lignous Body_, in the smaller parts, of the _Root_ standing Central, we may thence conceive and see their pliableness to any oblique motion; so here, on the contrary, the _Lignous Body_ standing wide, it thus becomes the Strength of the _Trunk_, and most advantageous to its Perpendicular Growth. We see the same Design in _Bones_ and _Feathers_: The strongest _Bones_, as those in the Legs, are hollow. Now should we suppose the same _Bone_, to be contracted into a Solid; although now it would be no heavier, and in that respect, as apt for motion; yet would it have far less strength, than as its Parts are dilated to a _Circumferential_ posture. And so for _Quills_, which, for the same Reasons, in subserviency to flying, as they are exceeding light; So, in comparison with the thinness of their _Sides_, they are very strong, and much less apt to bend, than if contracted into a Solid _Cylinder_. We see it not only in _Nature_, but _Art_. For hence it is, that _Joyners_ and _Carpenters_ unite and set together their Timber-pieces and several Works oftentimes with double Joynts; which, although they are no thicker, than a single one might be made; yet standing at a distance, have a greater strength than That could have. And the same Architecture, will have the same use, in the _Trunks_ of _Plants_; in most whereof ’tis very apparent; as for instance, in _Corn_. For _Nature_ designing its _Sap_ a great Ascent; for its higher maturity, hath given it a tall _Trunk_: But to prevent its ravenous despoiling either of the _Ear_, or _Soyl_; although it be tall, yet are its sides but thin: And because again, it should grow not only tall and thriftily, but for avoiding propping up, strongly too; therefore, the same proportion as its heigth bears, to the thinness of its sides, doth the greatness of its Circumference also; being so far dilated as to parallel a _Quil_ it self.
25. §. Besides the position of the _Lignous Body_ within the compass of a _Ring_, there are some _Shootings_ thereof, often standing beyond the Circumference of the said _Ring_, making sometimes a triangular, oftner a quadrangular Body of the _Trunk_. To the end, that the _Ring_, being but thin, and not self-sufficient, these, like _Splinters_ to _Bones_, might add strength and stability to it.
26. §. Next, the security and plenty of the _Sap_. For should the _Lignous Body_, as it doth in the smaller Parts of the _Root_, stand Central here also, and so the _Cortical_ wholly surround it: the greater part of the _Sap_ would thus be more immediately expos’d to the _Sun_ and _Aer_; and being lodged in a laxe Body, by them continually be prey’d upon, and as fast as supplied to the _Trunk_, be exhausted. Whereas, the _Pith_ standing in the Center, the _Sap_ therein being not only most remote from the _Aer_ and _Sun_, but by the _Barque_, and especially the _Wood_, being also surrounded and doubly immur’d, will very securely and copiously be convey’d to all the Collateral Parts, and (as shall be said how) the top of the _Trunk_.
27. §. And the _Sap_ by the amplitude, and great porosity of the _Pith_, being herein more copious, its Fermentation also will be quicker; which we see in all Liquors, by standing in a greater quantity together, proceeds more kindly: And being _tun’d up_ within the _Wood_, is at the same time not only secur’d from loss, but all extream mutations; the Day being thus, not too hot; nor the Night, too cold for it.
28. §. And the Fermentation hereof being quicker, its motion also will be stronger, and its Distribution more effectual, not only to the dilatation of the _Trunk_, but likewise the shooting out of the _Branches_. Whence it is, that in the Bodies of _Trees_, the _Barque_ of it self, though it be Sappy, and many _Fibres_ of the _Lignous Body_ mixed with it, yet seldom sendeth forth any; and that in _Herbs_, those with the least _Pith_ (other advantages not supplying this defect) have the fewest or smallest Branches, or other collateral Growths: and that _Corn_, which hath no _Pith_, hath neither any Branches.
29. §. Lastly, the Advancement of the _Sap_ will hence also be more ready and sufficient. For the understanding where, and how, we suppose, That in all _Trunks_ whatsoever there are two Parts joyntly hereunto subservient. In some, the _Lignous Body_ and the _Cortical_, as in older _Trunks_; the _Pith_ being either excluded, or dried: But in most, principally, the _Lignous Body_ and _Pith_; as in most Annual Growths of _Trees_; but especially _Herbs_, where the _Cortical Body_ is usually much and often wholly Inserted.
30. §. Of the _Lignous Body_ it is so apparent by its _Pores_, or rather by its _Vessels_, that we need no farther Evidence. For to what end are _Vessels_, but for the conveyance of Liquor? And is that also, which upon cutting the young Branch of a Sappy _Tree_ or _Herb_, by an accurate and steady view may be observed. But when I say the _Vessels_ of the _Lignous Body_, I mean principally them of the _younger shootings_, both those which make the _new Ring_, and those which are mixed with the _Cortical Body_ in the _Barque_: that which ascendeth by the _Pores_ or _Vessels_ of the Wood, being probably, because in less quantity, more in form of a _Vapour_, than a _Liquor_. Yet that which drenching into the sides of its _Pores_, is with all thereunto sufficient Aliment; as we see _Orpine_, _Onions_, _&c._ only standing in a moyster Aer will often grow. And being likewise in part supplied by the _Insertions_ from the younger _Shoots_: But especially because as it is but little, so (considered as Aliment) it serveth only for the growth of the _Wood_, and no more; whereas, the more copious Aliment ascendent by the younger _Shoots_, subserves not only their own growth, but the generation of others; and is besides with that in the _Cortical Body_ the Fountain of _Perspirations_, which we know even in _Animals_ are much more abundant than the _Nutritive Parts_; and doubtless in a _Vegetable_ are still much more.
31. §. But these _Pores_, although they are a free and open way to the ascending _Sap_; yet that meer _Pores_ or _Vessels_ should be able of themselves to advance the _Sap_ with that speed, strength and plenty, and to that height, as is necessary, cannot probably be supposed. It follows then, that herein we must grant the _Pith_ a joynt service. And why else is the _Pith_ in all Primitive _Growths_ the most _Sappy_ part, why hath it so great a stock of _Sap_, if not, after due maturation within it self, still to be disbursed into the _Fibres_ of the _Lignous Body_? Why are the Annual _Growths_ of all both _Herbs_ and _Trees_, with great _Piths_, the quickest and the longest? But how are the _Pores_ or _Bladders_ of the _Pith_ permeable? That they are so, both from their being capable of a repletion with _Sap_, and of being again wholly emptied of it, and again, instead thereof fill’d with _Aer_, is as certain as that they are _Pores_. That they are permeable, by the breadth, appears from the dilatation of the _Lignous Body_, and from the production of _Branches_, as hath been, and shall hereafter be said. And how else is there a Communion betwixt _This_ and the _Cortical Body_? That they are so also, by the length, is probable, because by the best _Microscope_ we cannot yet observe, that they are visibly more open by the breadth, than by the length. And withall are ranked by the length, as those of the _Insertions_ by the breadth of the _Trunk_. But if you set a piece of dry _Elder-Pith_ in some tinged Liquor, why then doth it not penetrate the _Pores_, so as to ascend through the Body of the _Pith_? The plain reason is, because they are all fill’d with _Aer_. Whereas the _Pith_ in a Vegetating _Plant_, as its Parts or _Bladders_ are still generated, they are at the same time also fill’d with _Sap_; which, as ’tis gradually spent, is still repaired by more succeeding, and so the _Aer_ still kept out; as in all Primitive _Growths_, and the _Pith_ of _Elder_ it self: Yet the same _Pith_, by reason of the following Winter, wanting a more copious and quick supply of _Sap_, thus once become, ever after keeps dry. And since in the aforesaid Trial the Liquor only ascends by the sides of the _Pith_, that is of its broken _Bladder_, we should thence by the same reason conclude that they are not penetrable by the breadth neither, and so no way; and then it need not be ask’d what would follow. But certainly the _Sap_ in the _Bladders_ of the _Pith_ is discharged and repaired every moment, as by its shriv’ling up, upon cutting the _Plant_, is evident.
32. §. We suppose then, that as the _Sap_ ascendeth into the _Trunk_ by the _Lignous Body_, so partly also by the _Pith_. For a piece of _Cotton_ with one end immers’d in some tinged Liquor, and with the other erect above, though it will not imbibe the Liquor so far as to over-run at the top, yet so as to advance towards it, it will. So here, the _Pith_, being a porous and spongy Body, and in its Vegetating state, its _Pores_ or _Bladders_ being also permeable, as a curious _Filtre_ of _Natures_ own contrivance, it thus advanceth, or as people use to say, sucks up the _Sap_. Yet as it is seen of the Liquor in the _Cotton_; so likewise are we to suppose it of the _Sap_ in the _Pith_; that though it riseth up for some way, yet is their some term, beyond which it riseth not, and towards which the motion of the ascending _Sap_ is more and more broken, weak and slow, and so the quantity thereof less and less. But because the _Sap_ moveth not only by the length, but breadth of the _Pith_; at the same time therefore as it partly ascendeth by the _Pith_, it is likewise in part pressed into the _Lignous Body_ or into its _Pores_. And since the motion of the _Sap_ by the breadth of the _Pith_ not being far continued, and but collateral, is more prone and easie, than the perpendicular, or by its length; it therefore follows, that the collateral motion of the _Sap_, at such a height or part of the _Pith_, will be equally strong with the perpendicular at another part, though somewhat beneath it; and that where the perpendicular is more broken and weak, the collateral will be less; and consequently where the perpendicular tendency of the _Sap_ hath its term, the collateral tendency thereof, and so its pressure into the _Pores_ or _Vessels_ of the _Lignous Body_, will still continue. Through which, in that they are small, and so their sides almost contiguous, the _Sap_ as fast as pressed into them will easily run up; as in very small Glasse Pipes, or betwixt the two halves of a Stick first slit, and then tyed somewhat loosely together, may also any Liquor be observed to do. By which Advantage the facility and strength of that ascent will be continued higher in the said _Vessels_, than in the _Pith_. Yet since this also, as well as that in the _Pith_ will have its term; the _Sap_, although got thus far, would at last be stagnant, or at least its ascent be very sparing, slow and feeble, if not some way or other re-inforced. Wherefore, as the _Sap_ moving by the breadth of the _Pith_, presseth thence into the _Vessels_ of the _Lignous Body_; so having well fill’d these, is in part by the same Collateral motion disbursed back, into a yet higher Region of the _Pith_. By which partly, and partly, by that portion of the _Sap_, which in its perpendicular ascent was before lodged therein; ’tis thus here, as in any inferiour place equally replenished. Whereupon the force and vigour of the perpendicular motion of the _Sap_ herein, will likewise be renew’d; and so its Collateral motion also, and so its pressure into the _Vessels_ of the _Lignous Body_, and consequently its ascent therein: and so by a pressure, from these into the _Pith_, and from the _Pith_ into these, reciprocally carried on; a most ready and copious ascent of the _Sap_ will be continued, from the bottom to the top, though of the highest _Tree_.
_An Appendix._
_Of Trunk-Roots and Claspers._
THE distinct _Parts_ whereof these are composed, are the same with those of the _Trunk_, and but the continuation of them.
1. §. _Trunk-Roots_ are of two kinds: Of the one, are those that vegetate by a direct descent: The place of their Eruption is sometimes all along the _Trunk_; as in _Mint_, &c. Sometimes only at its utmost point, as in the _Bramble_.
2. §. The other sort are such as neither ascend nor descend, but shoot forth at right Angles with the _Trunk_; which therefore, though as to their _Office_, they are true _Roots_, yet as to their _Nature_, they are a _Middle Thing_ betwixt a _Root_ and a _Trunk_.
3. §. _Claspers_, though they are but of one kind, yet their Nature is double; not a mean betwixit that of the _Root_ and that of the _Trunk_, but a compound of both; as in their Circumvolutions, wherein they often mutually ascend and descend, is seen.
4. §. The use of these _Parts_ may be observed as the _Trunk_ Mounts, or as it Trails. In the mounting of the _Trunk_, they are for Support and Supply. For Support, we see the _Claspers_ of _Vines_: the _Branches_ whereof being very long, fragile and slender; unless by their _Claspers_, they were mutually contain’d together, they must needs by their own weight, and that of their Fruit, undecently fall; and be also liable to frequent breaking. So that the whole care is divided betwixt the Gardener and Nature; the Gardener, with his Ligaments of Leather, secures the main Branches; and Nature, with these of her own finding, secures the Less. Their Conveniency to which end, is seen in their _Circumvolutions_, a motion, not proper to any other _Part_: As also in their toughness, though much more slender than the _Branches_ whereon they are appendent.
5. §. The _Claspers_ of _Bryony_ have a retrograde motion about every Third _Circle_, to the form a Doublet-Clasp. Probably for the more certain hold; which, if it miss one way, it may be sure to take another.
6. §. For Supply, we see the _Trunk-Roots_ of _Ivy_. For mounting very high, and being of a closer or more compact Substance than that of a _Vine_; the _Sap_ could not be sufficiently supplied to the upper _Sprouts_, unless these, to the _Mother-Root_, were joyntly assistant. Yet serve they for support likewise; whence they shoot out, not as in _Cresses_, _Brook-lime_, &c. reciprocally on each side, but commonly, all on one; that so they may be fastned at the nearest hand.
7. §. In the Trailing of the _Trunk_, they serve for stabiliment, propagation and shade. For stabiliment, the _Claspers_ of _Cucumbers_ are of good use. For the _Trunk_ and _Branches_ being long and fragile, the Brushes of the Winds would injuriously hoise them to and fro, to the dammage both of themselves and their tender Fruits, were they not by these Ligaments brought to good Association and Settlement.
8. §. As for this end, so for Propagation, the _Trunk-Roots_ of _Chamæmile_ do well serve. Whence we have the reason of the common observation, that it grows better by being trod upon: the Mould, where too laxe, being thus made to lie more conveniently about the said _Trunk-Roots_ newly bedded therein; and is that which is sometimes also effected in Rowling of _Corn_.
9. §. For both these ends, Serve the _Trunk-Roots_ of _Strawberries_; as also for shade; for in that all _Strawberries_ delight; and by the trailing of the _Plant_ is well obtain’d. So that as we are wont to tangle the Twigs of _Trees_ together to make an _Arbour Artificial_; the same is here done to make a _Natural one_: as likewise by the _Claspers_ of _Cucumbers_. For the _Branches_ of the one by the Linking of their _Claspers_, and of the other by the Tethering of their _Trunk-Roots_, being couched together; their tender Fruits thus lie under the Umbrage of a _Bower_ made of their own Leaves.
CHAP. IV.
_Of the GERMEN, BRANCH, and LEAF._
THE Parts of the _Germen_ and _Branch_, are the same with those of the _Trunk_; the same _Skin_, _Cortical_ and _Lignous Bodies_, _Insertment_ and _Pith_, hereinto propagated, and distinctly observable herein.
2. §. For upon Enquiry into the Original of a _Branch_ or _Germen_, it appears, That it is not from the _Superficies_ of the _Trunk_; but so deep, as to take, with the _Cortical_, the _Lignous Body_ into it self: and that, not only from its Circumference, but from its _Inner_ or _Central Parts_; So as to take the _Pith_ in also. Divers of which _Parts_ may commonly be seen to shoot out into the _Pith_; from which _Shoots_, the surrounding and more superiour _Germens_ are originated; in like manner as the Succulent Part of the _Lignous Body_ of the _Trunk_ is sometimes principally from those Fibrous _Shoots_ which run along the _Pith_ in the _Root_.
3. §. The manner wherein usually the _Germen_ and _Branch_ are fram’d, is briefly thus: The _Sap_ (as is said, _Chap. 3._) mounting in the _Trunk_, will not only by its length, but by its breadth also, through the _Insertions_ partly move. Yet, its Particles being not all alike qualified, in different degrees. Some are more gross and sluggish; of which we have the formation of a Circle of Wood only, or of an _Annual Ring_. Others are more brisk; and by these, we have the _Germen_ propagated. For by the vigour of their own motion from the Center, they impress an equal tendency on some of the inner _Portions_ of the _Lignous Body_ next adjacent to the _Pith_, to move with them. And since the _Lignous Body_ is not entire, but frequently disparted; through these _Dispartments_, the said interiour _Portions_, upon their Nutrition, actually shoot; not only towards the Circumference, so as to make part of a _Ring_; but even beyond it, in order to the production of a _Germen_. And the _Lignous Body_ thus moving, and carrying the _Cortical_ along with it; they both make a force upon the _Skin_. Yet their motion being most even and gradual, that force is such likewise; not to cause the least breach of its parts, but gently to carry it on with themselves; and so partly, by the extension of its already existent parts, as of those of _Gold_ in drawing of Guilded _Wyer_; and partly, by the accretion of new ones, as in the enlarging of a _Bubble_ above the Surface of the Water; it is extended with them to their utmost growth. In which growth, the _Germen_ being prolonged, and so displaying its several parts, as when a _Prospective_ or _Telescope_ is drawn out, thus becomes a _Branch_.
4. §. The same way as the propagation of the _Parts_ of a _Germen_ is contriv’d, is its due nutrition also. For being originated from the inner part of the _Lignous Body_, ’tis nourished with the best fermented _Sap_ in the _Trunk_, _sc._ that next adjacent to it in the _Pith_. Besides, since all its _Parts_, upon their shooting forth, divaricate from their perpendicular, to a cross Line, as these and the other grow and thrive together, they bind and throng each other into a _Knot_: through which _Knot_ the _Sap_ being strain’d, ’tis thus, in due moderation and purity delivered up into the _Branch_.
5. §. And for _Knots_, they are so necessary, as to be seen not only where collateral _Branches_ put forth; but in such _Plants_ also, as shoot up in one single _Trunk_; as in _Corn_. Wherein, as they make for the strength of the _Trunk_; so by so many percolations, as they are _Knots_, for the transmission of the _Sap_ more and more refined towards the _Ear_. So that the two general uses of _Knots_ are, For _firmer standing_, and _finer growth_.
6. §. Lastly, as the due Formation and Nutrition of the _Germen_ are provided for, so is its security also; which both in its position upon the _Trunk_, and that of its _Parts_ among themselves, may be observed. The position of its _Parts_ shall be considered in speaking of the _Leaf_. As to its standing in the _Trunk_, ’tis alwayes betwixt the _trunk_ or _older Branch_, and the _Basis_ of the Stalk of a _Leaf_; whereby it is not only guarded from the Injuries of any contingent Violence; but also from the more piercing assaults of the Cold; so long, till in time ’tis grown larger, and more hardy. The manner and uses of the position of every _Germen_, considered as after it becomes a _Branch_; hath already been, ♦ Hist. of the _Prop._ of _Veget._ ♦ by the Ingenious Mr. _Sharrock_ very well observed; to whom I refer.
7. §. UPON THE prolongation of the _Germen_ into a _Branch_, its _Leaves_ are thus display’d. The _Parts_ whereof are substantially the same with those of a _Branch_. For the _Skin_ of the _Leaf_, is only the ampliation of that of the _Branch_; being partly by the accretion of new, and partly the extention of its already existent parts, dilated (as in making of _Leaf-Gold_) into its present breadth. The _Fibres_ or _Nerves_ dispersed through the _Leaf_, are only the Ramifications of the _Branch’s_ Wood, or _Lignous Body_. The _Parenchyma_ of the _Leaf_, which lies betwixt the _Nerves_, and as in Gentlewomens Needle-works, fills all up, is nothing else, but the continuation of the _Cortical Body_, or _Parenchymous_ part of the _Barque_ from the _Branch_ into it self, as in most _Plants_ with a thick _Leaf_, may easily be seen.
8. §. The _Fibers_ of the _Leaf_ neither shoot out of the _Branch_, or the _Trunk_, nor stand in the _Stalk_, in an _even_ Line; but alwayes in either an _Angular_ or _Circular_ posture; and usually making either a _Triangle_, or a _Semi-Circle_, or _Chord_ of a Circle; as in _Cichory_, _Endive_, _Cabbage_, &c. may be observed. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 2._ to _f. 11._ ♦ And if the _Leaf_ have but one main _Fiber_, that also is postur’d in a bowed or _Lunar_ Figure; as in _Mint_ and others. The usual number of these _Vascular Threds_ or _Fibres_ is 3, 5, or 7.
9. §. The reason of the said Positions of the _Fibers_ in the _Stalk_ of the _Leaf_, is for its more _Erect_ growth, and greater _Strength_: which, were the position of the said _Fibers_ in an _even Line_, and so the _Stalk_ it self as well as the _Leaf_, flat; must needs have been defective; as from what we have said of the Circumferential posture of the _Lignous Body_ in the _Trunk_, ♦ _C. 3. §. 24._ ♦ we may better conceive.
10. §. As likewise for the security of its _Sap_: For by this means it is, that the several _Fibers_, and especially the main or middle _Fiber_ of the _Leaf_, together with a considerable part of the _Parenchyma_, are so disposed of, as to jut out, not from its upper, but its back, or nether Side. Whence the whole _Leaf_, reclining backward, becomes a Canopy to them, defending them from those Injuries which from colder Blasts, or an hotter Sun, they might otherwise sustain. So that by a mutual benefit, as These give _suck_ to all the _Leaf_, so that again _protection_ to These.
11. §. These _Fibers_ are likewise the immediate Visible Cause of the Shape of the _Leaf_. For if the nethermost _Fiber_ or _Fibers_ in the _Stalk_ (which thence runs chiefly through the length of the _Leaf_) be in proportion greater, the _Leaf_ is long; as in _Endive_, _Cichory_, and others: If all of a more equal size, it spreads rounder, as in _Ivy_, _Doves-foot_, _Colts foot_, &c. And although a _Dock-Leaf_ be very long, whose _Fibers_ notwithstanding, as they stand higher in the _Stalk_, are disposed into a _Circle_ all of an equal size; yet herein one or more peculiar _Fibres_, ♦ _Tab. 4._ ♦ standing, in or near the _Center_, betwixt the rest, and running through the length of the _Leaf_, may be observed.
12. §. In correspondence also to the size and shape of these _Fibres_, is the _Leaf_ flat. In that either they are very small, or if larger, yet they never make an entire Circle or _Ring_; but either half of one, as in _Borage_, or at most three parts of one, as in _Mullen_, may be seen. ♦ _Tab. 4._ ♦ For if either they were so big, as to contain, or so entire, as perfectly to include a _Pith_, the Energy of the _Sap_ in that _Pith_, would cause the said _Lignous Ring_ to shoot forth on every side, as it doth in the _Root_ or _Trunk_: But the said _Fibers_ being not figur’d into an entire _Ring_, but so as to be open; on that hand therefore where open they cannot shoot any thing directly from themselves, because there they have nothing to shoot; and the _Sap_ having also a free vent through the said opening, against that part therefore which is thereunto opposite, it can have no force; and so neither will they shoot forth on that hand; and so will they consequently, that way only, which the force of the _Sap_ directs, which is only on the right and left.
13. §. The several _Fibers_ in the _Stalk_, are all Inosculated in the _Leaf_, with very many Sub-divisions. According as these _Fibers_ are Inosculated near, or at, or shoot directly to the edge of the _Leaf_, is it Even, or Scallop’d. Where these _Inosculations_ are not made, there we have no _Leaves_, but only a company of _Filaments_; as in _Fennel_.
14. §. To the _Formations_ of _Leaves_, the _Fouldings_ immediately follow. And sometimes they have one Date, or are the contemporary works of _Nature_; each _Leaf_ obtaining its distinct shape, and proper posture together; both being perfect, not only in the outer, but Central and minutest _Leaves_, which are five hundred times smaller than the outer: both which in the Cautious opening of a _Germen_ may be seen.
15. §. Nor is there greater Art in the _Forms_, than in the _Foulds_ or _Postures_ of _Leaves_; both answerably varying, as this or that way they may be most agreeable. ♦ Treat. of the _Quincunx_. ♦ Of the _Quincuncial_ posture, so amply instanc’d in by the Learned Sir _Thomas Brown_, I shall omit to speak. Others there are, which though not all so universal, yet equally necessary where they are, giving two general advantages to the _Leaves_, _Elegancy_ and _Security_, _sc._ in taking up, so as their _Forms_ will bear, the least room; and in being so conveniently couch’d, as to be capable of receiving protection from other Parts, or of giving it one to another; as for instance,
16. §. First, There is the _Bow-Lap_, where the _Leaves_ are all laid somewhat convexly one over another, but not plaited; being to the length, breadth and number of _Leaves_ most agreeable; as in the Buds of _Pear-tree_, _Plum-tree_, &c. But where the _Leaves_ are not so thick set, as to stand in the _Bow-Lap_, there we have the _Plicature_, or the _Flat-Lap_; as in _Rose-Tree_, _Strawberry_, _Cinquefoyl_, _Burnet_, &c. For the _Leaves_ being here plaited, and so lying in half their breadth, and divers of them thus also collaterally set together; the thickness of them all, and half their breadth, are much alike dimensions; by which they stand more secure within themselves, and in better consort with other _Germen-Growths_ in the same _Truss_. If the _Leaves_ be much indented or jagg’d, now we have the _Duplicature_; wherein there are divers _Plaits_ in one _Leaf_, or _Labels_ of a _Leaf_, but in distinct _Sets_, a lesser under a greater; as in _Souchus_, _Tansey_, &c. When the _Leaves_ stand not collaterally, but single; and are moreover very broad; then we have the _Multiplicature_; as in _Gooseberries_, _Mallows_, &c. the _Plaits_ being not only divers in the same _Leaf_, but of the same _Set_ continuant, and so each _Leaf_ gather’d up in five, seven or more _Foulds_, in the same manner as our Gentlewomens Fans. Where either the thickness of the _Leaf_ will not permit a _Flat-Lap_, or the fewness of their number, or the smalness of their _Fibers_, will allow the _Rowl_, there This may be observed. Which is sometimes single, as in _Bears-Ears_, _Arum_, _Flammula_, _Jerusalem Cowslip_, &c. Sometimes double, the two _Rowls_ beginning at each edge of the _Leaf_, and meeting in the middle. Which again, is either the _Fore-Rowl_, or the _Back-Rowl_. If the _Leaf_ be design’d to grow long, now we have the _Back-Rowl_, as in _Docks_, _Sorrels_, and the rest of this Kindred: as also in _Primrose_, and other like _Plants_. For the main _Fibers_, and therewith a considerable part of the _Cortical Body_ standing prominent from the _Back-side_ of the _Leaf_, they thus stand securely couch’d up betwixt the two _Rowls_; on whose security the growth of the _Leaf_ in length depends. But those of _Bears-Ears_, _Violets_, _Doves Foot_, _Warden_, and many more, upon contrary respects, are rowled up inwards. Lastly, there is the _Tre-Rowl_, as in _Fern_; the _Labels_ whereof, though all rowled up to the _main Stem_, yet could not stand so firm and secure from the Injuries either of the _Ground_ or _Weather_, unless to the _Rowls_ in breadth, that by the length were super-induc’d; the _Stalk_ or _main Stem_ giving the same Protection here, which in other _Plants_ by the _Leaves_, or some particular _Mantling_, is contriv’d. These, and other _Foulds_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _First_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
17. §. According to the _Form_ and _Foulding_ of every _Leaf_ or _Germen_, is its Protection order’d; about six ways whereof may be observ’d; _sc._ by _Leaves_, _Surfoyls_, _Interfoyls_, _Stalks_, _Hoods_ and _Mantlings_. To add to what we have above given, one or two Instances. Every _Bud_, besides its proper _Leaves_, is covered with divers Leafy _Pannicles_ or _Surfoyls_; which, what the _Leaves_ are to one another, are that to them all: For not opening except gradually, they admit not the _Weather_, _Wet_, _Sun_ or _Aer_, to approach the _Leaves_, except by degrees respondent, and as they are gradually inur’d to bear them. Sometimes, besides _Surfoyls_, there are also many _Interfoyls_ set betwixt the _Leaves_, from the Circumference to the Center of the _Bud_; as in the _Hasel_. For the _Fibres_ of these _Leaves_ standing out so far from a plain surface; they would, if not thus shelter’d, lie too much expos’d and naked to the _Severities_ of the _Weather_. Where none of all the Protections above-named, are convenient, there the _Membranes_ of the _Leaves_ by continuation in their first forming (together with some _Fibres_ of the _Lignous Body_) are drawn out into so many _Mantles_ or _Veils_; as in _Docks_, _Snakeweed_, &c. For the _Leaves_ here being but few, yet each _Leaf_ and its _Stalk_ being both exceeding long; at the bottom whereof the next following _Leaf_ still springs up; the form and posture of all is such, as supersedes all the other kinds of Protection, and so each _Leaf_ apart is provided with a _Veil_ to it self. These, and other _Protections_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _First_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
18. §. The Uses of the _Leaves_, I mean in respect of their service to the _Plant_ it self, are these: First, for Protection; which, besides what they give one to another, they afford also to the _Flower_ and _Fruit_. To the _Flower_ in their _Foulds_; that being, for the most part, born and usher’d into the open Aer by the _Leaves_. To the _Fruit_, when afterwards they are display’d, as in _Strawberries_, _Grapes_, _Rasps_, _Mulberries_, &c. On which, and the like, should the Sun-Beams immediately strike, especially while they are young, they would quite shrivel them up; but being by the _Leaves_ screened off, they impress the circumjacent _Aer_ so far only as gently to warm the said _Fruits_, and so to promote their _Fermentation_ and _Growth_. And accordingly we see, that the _Leaves_ above-named are exceeding large in proportion to the _Fruits_: whereas in _Pear-trees_, _Apple-trees_, &c. the _Fruit_ being of a solider _Parenchyma_, and so not needing the like protection, are usually equal with, and often wider in Diameter than the _Leaves_.
19. §. Another use is for Augmentation; or, the capacity for the due spreading and ampliation of a _Tree_ or other _Plant_, are its _Leaves_. For herein the _Lignous Body_ being divided into small _Fibres_, and these running all along their lax and spongie _Parenchyma_; they are thus a _Body_ fit for the imbibition of _Sap_, and easie _Growth_. Now the _Sap_ having a free reception into the _Leaves_, it still gives way to the next succeeding in the _Branches_ and _Trunk_, and the voyding of the _Sap_ in these, for the mounting of that in the _Root_, and ingress of that in the _Ground_. But were there no _Leaves_ to make a free reception of _Sap_, it must be needs be stagnant in all the _Parts_ to the _Root_, and so the _Root_ being clogg’d, its fermenting and other Offices will be voyded, and so the due _Growth_ of the whole. As in the motion of a _Watch_, although the original term thereof be the _Spring_, yet, the capacity for its continuance in a due measure throughout all the _Wheels_, is the free and easie motion of the _Ballance_.
20. §. Lastly, As the _Leaves_ subserve the more copious advancement, so the higher purity of the _Sap_. For this being well fermented both in the _Root_, and in its Ascent through the _Trunk_, and so its _Parts_ prepar’d to a farther separation; the grosser ones are still deposited into the _Leaves_; the more elaborate and essential only thus supplied to the _Flower_, _Fruit_ and _Seed_, as their convenient _Aliment_. Whence it is, that where the _Flowers_ are many and large, into which the more odorous _Particles_ are copiously receiv’d, the green _Leaves_ have little or no smell; as those of _Rose-tree_, _Carnations_, _French-Marigold_, _Wood-bind_, _Tulips_, &c. But on the contrary, where the _Flowers_ are none, or small, the green _Leaves_ themselve are likewise of a strong savour; as those of _Wormwood_, _Tansie_, _Baum_, _Mint_, _Rue_, _Geranium Moschatum_, _Angelica_, and others.
_An Appendix._
_Of Thorns, Hairs and Globulets._
_THorns_ are of two kinds, _Lignous_ and _Cortical_. Of the first are such as those of the _Hawthorn_, and are constituted of all the same substantial _Parts_ whereof the _Germen_ or _Bud_ it self, and in a like proportion: which also in their Infancy are set with the resemblances of divers minute _Leaves_. Of affinity with these are the _Spinets_ or _Thorny Prickles_ upon the Edges and Tops of divers _Leaves_, as of _Barbery_, _Holly_, _Thistle_, _Furze_, and others; all which I think are the filamentous extremities of the _Lignous Body_ sheathed in the _Skin_. But this principal difference betwixt a _Bud_ and these _Lignous Thorns_, is observable; That the _Bud_ hath its Original from the Inner part of the _Lignous Body_, next the _Pith_: But these _Thorns_, from the outer, and less fecund Part; and so produceth no _Leaves_, but is, as it were, the _Mola_ of a _Bud_.
2. §. _Cortical Thorns_ are such as those of the _Rasberry_ Bush, being not, unless in a most extraordinary small and invisible proportion propagated from the _Lignous Body_, but as, it seems, wholly from the _Cortical_ and _Skin_, or from the exteriour part of the _Barque_.
3. §. The _Growth_ of this _Thorn_ may farther argue what in the ♦ _C. 2. §. 25._ ♦ _Second Chapter_ we supposed; _sc._ That as the proper _Tendency_ of the _Lignous Body_, is to _Ascend_; so of the _Cortical_ to _Descend_. For as the _Lignous Thorn_, like other _Parts_ of the _Trunk_, in its _Growth_ ascends; This, being almost wholly _Cortical_, pointeth downward. ♦ Hist. of the _Prop._ of _Veget._ ♦ The use of _Thorns_ the Ingenious Mr. _Sharrock_ hath observed.
4. §. Upon the _Leaves_ of divers _Plants_ two _Productions_ shew themselves, _sc._ _Hairs_ and _Gloubulets_. Of _Hairs_, only one kind is taken notice of; although they are various. Ordinarily they are of a _Simple Figure_; which when fine and thick set, as on most _Hairy Buds_; or fine and long, as on those of the _Vine_, we call them _Down_.
5. §. But sometimes they are _Branched out_, from the bottom to the top, reciprocally on every side, in some resemblance to a _Stags Horn_; as in _Mullen_. And sometimes they are _Astral_, as upon _Lavender_, and some other _Leaves_, and especially those of _Wild Olive_; wherein every _Hair_ rising in one round entire _Basis_ a little way above the surface of the _Leaf_, is then disparted, Star-like, into several, four, five or six _Points_, all standing at right Angles with the said perpendicular _Basts_.
6. §. The Uses of _Hairs_ are for _Distinction_ and _Protection_. That of _Distinction_ is but secondary, the _Leaves_ being grown to a considerable size. That of _Protection_ is the prime, for which they were originally form’d together with the _Leaves_ themselves, and whose service they enjoy in their Infant-estate: For the _Hairs_ being then in form of a _Down_, always very thick set, thus, give that _Protection_ to the _Leaves_, which their exceeding tenderness then requires; so that they seem to be veiled with a Coat of _Frize_, or to be kept warm, like young and dainty _Chickens_, in _Wool_.
7. §. _Globulets_ are seen upon _Orach_, both Garden and Wild; and yet more plainly on _Mercury_ or _Bonus Henricus_. In these, growing almost upon the whole _Plant_, and being very large, they are by all taken notice of.
8. §. But strict Observation discovers, that these _Globulets_ are the natural and constant Off-spring of very many other _Plants_. Both these _Globulets_, and likewise the diversity of _Hairs_, I find that Mr. _Hook_ hath also observed. ♦ Micrography. ♦I take notice, that they are of two kinds; _Transparent_, as upon the _Leaves_ of _Hysop_, _Mint_, _Baume_, and many more _White_, as upon those of _Germander_, _Sage_, and others. All which, though the naked Eye will discover, yet by the help of _Glasses_ we may observe them most distinctly. The use of these we suppose the same, in part, with those of the _Flower_, whereof we shall speak.
CHAP. V.
_Of the FLOWER._
WE next proceed to the _Flower_. The general _Parts_ whereof are most commonly three; _sc._ the _Empalement_, the _Foliation_, and the _Attire_.
2. §. The _Empalement_, whether of one or more pieces, I call that which is the utmost _Part_ of the _Flower_, encompassing the other two. ’Tis compounded of the three general _Parts_, the _Skin_, the _Cortical_ and _Lignous Bodies_, each _Empaler_ (where there are divers) being as another little _Leaf_; as in those of a _Quince-Flower_, as oft as they happen to be overgrown, is well seen. As likewise in the _Primrose_, with the _green Flower_; commonly so call’d, though by a mistake: For that which seems to be the _Flower_, is only the more flourishing _Empalement_, the _Flower_ it self being _White_. But the continuation of all the three aforesaid _Parts_ into each _Empaler_, is discoverable, I think, no where better than in an _Artichoke_, which is a true _Flower_, and whose _Empalers_ are of that amplitude, as fairly to shew them all: As also, that the Original of the _Skin_ of each _Empaler_ or _Leaf_ is not distinct from that of the rest; but to be all one piece, laid in so many _Plaits_ or _Duplicatures_, as there are _Leaves_, from the outermost to the inner and most Central ones.
3. §. The Design of the _Empalement_, is to be _Security_ and _Bands_ to the other two _Parts_ of the _Flower_: To be their _Security_ before its opening, by intercepting all extremities of _Weather_: Afterwards to be their _Bands_, and firmly to contain all their _Parts_ in their due and most decorous posture: so that a _Flower_ without its _Empalement_, would hang as uncouth and taudry, as a _Lady_ without her _Bodies_.
4. §. Hence we have the reason why it is various, and sometimes wanting. Some _Flowers_ have none, as _Tulips_; for having a fat and firm _Leaf_, and each _Leaf_ likewise standing on a broad and strong _Basis_, they are thus sufficient to themselves. _Carnations_, on the contrary, have not only an _Empalement_, but that (for more firmitude) of one piece: For otherwise, the Foot of each _Leaf_ being very long and slender, most of them would be apt to break out of compass: yet is the top of the _Empalement_ indented also; that the _Indentments_, by being lapp’d over the _Leaves_ before their expansion, may then protect them; and by being spread under them afterwards, may better shoulder and prop them up. And if the Feet of the _Leaves_ be both long and very tender too, here the _Empalement_ is numerous, though consisting of several pieces; yet those in divers _Rounds_, and all with a counterchangeable respect to each other (which also the Learned Sir _Thomas Brown_ observes) ♦ Treat. of the _Quincunx_. ♦ as in all _Knapweeds_, and other _Flowers_; whereby, how commodious they are for both the aforesaid ends, may easily be conceiv’d; and well enough exemplified by the Scales of _Fishes_, whereunto, as to their position, they have not an unapt resemblance.
5. §. THE FOLIATION also, is of the same substantial _Nature_ with the green _Leaf_; the _Membrane_, _Pulp_, and _Fibres_ whereof, being, as there, so here, but the continuation of the _Skin_, the _Cortical_ and _Lignous Bodies_.
6. §. The _Foulds_ of the _Flower_ or _Foliation_ are various, as those of the green _Leaf_; but some of them different. The most general are, First, The _Close-Couch_, as in _Roses_, and many other double _Flowers_. Then the _Concave-Couch_, as in _Blattaria flore albo_. Next the _Plait_, as in some of the _Leaves_ of _Pease-Blooms_, in the _Flowers_ of _Coriander_, &c. which is either single, as in those nam’d; or double, as in _Blew-Bottle_, _Jacea_, and more of that rank. Next, the _Couch_, and _Plait_ together in the same _Flower_, as in _Marigolds_, _Daisies_, and all others of an agreeing form: where the first apparent _Fould_ or _Composture_ of the _Leaves_ is in _Couch_; but the _Leaves_ being erect, each likewise may be seen to lie in a double _Plait_ within it self. Then the _Rowl_, as in the _Flowers_ of _Ladies-Bower_, the broad top of each _Leaf_ being by a double _Rowl_ foulded up inwardly. Next, the _Spire_, which is the beginning of a _Rowl_; and may be seen in the _Flowers_ of _Mallows_, and others. Lastly, the _Plait_ and _Spire_ together, where the _Part_ analogous to the _Foliation_, is of one piece, the _Plaits_ being here laid, and so carried on by _Spiral Lines_ to the top of the _Flower_, as is in divers, and I think, in _Convolvulus Doronici folio_, more elegantly seen. These and other _Foulds_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Second_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=. The reason of all which varieties, a comparative consideration of the several _Parts_ of the _Flower_ may suggest. I’le only mention, That no _Flower_, that I find, hath a _Back-Rowl_, as hath the green _Leaf_. For two Reasons; because its _Leaves_ have not their _Fibres_ standing out much on their backside, as the green _Leaves_ have; and because of its _Attire_, which it ever embosomes, and cannot so well do it by a _Back-Rowl_.
7. §. The usual _Protections_ of _Flowers_ by the Precedents are express’d, _sc._ _Green Leaves_ and _Empalements_. Some have another more peculiar, that is a _double Veil_; as the _Spring-Crocus_. For having no _Empalement_, and starting up early out of the _Mould_, even before its _Green Leaves_, and that upon the first opening of the Spring; lest it should thus be quite starved, ’tis born swath’d up in a double _Blanket_, or with a pair of _Sheets_ upon its _Back_.
8. §. The _Leaves_ of divers _Flowers_ at their _Basis_ have an _hairy Tuft_; by which _Tufts_ the Concave of the _Empalement_ is filled up; That, being very choice and tender, they may thus be kept in a gentle and constant Warmth, as most convenient for them.
9. §. The _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, though they are not hairy all over, yet in some particular parts they are often set with a fine Downy _Velvet_; that, being by their shape and posture in those parts contiguous to their delicate and tender _Attire_, they may thus give it a more soft and warmer touch. Thus in the _Flower_ of _Ladies Bower_, those parts of its _Leaves_ which rowl inward, and lie contiguous to the _Attire_, are Downy; whereas the other _Parts_ are smooth or bald: So the _Flowers_ of _Pease_, _Spanish Broom_, _Toad-Flax_, and many others, where contiguous to their _Attires_, are deck’d with the like _Hairy Velvet_.
10. §. As upon the Green _Leaves_, so upon the _Flowers_ are _Globulets_ somtimes seen; as upon the backside of that of _Enula_. On none more plainly than that kind of _Blattaria_ with the white _Flower_; where they are all transparent, and growing both on the _Stalk_ and _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, each shewing likewise its _Peduncle_ whereon it is erected.
11. §. The use of the _Flower_, or the _Foliation_ whereof we now speak, (that is, as to its private service) is for the protection of the _Attire_; _This_, as its under, and the _Empalement_ as its upper Garments. As likewise of the _Fruit_: The necessity of which Service, in some Cases, by the different situation of the _Flower_ and _Fruit_, with respect to each other, is evident; _Apples_, _Pears_, and several other _Fruits_, standing behind or under the _Flower_; but _Cherries_, _Aprecots_, and divers others, within it. For these, being of a very tender and pulpous Body, and withal putting forth with the colder part of the Spring; could not weather it out against the Variations and Extremities of the Air, (as those of a more solid _Parenchyma_ can) except lodged up within their _Flowers_.
12. §. And as the _Flower_ is serviceable to the safety of the _Fruit_, so is it to its growth; _sc._ in its Infancy, or _Embryo_-estate; for which purpose, as there is a _Flower_, so that _Flower_ is greater or less, according as the nature of the _Fruit_ to which it belongs, and the plenty of the _Sap_ by which the _Fruit_ is fed, doth require. Thus, where the young _Fruit_ is of a solider Substance and the ascent of the _Sap_ less copious, were there here no _Flower_ to promote the said ascent thereof into the _Fruit_ (in the manner as is effected by the Green _Leaves_) it must needs pine and die, or prove less kindly. On the contrary, should the _Flower_ be over-large, it would not only promote the ascent of the _Sap_ up to the _Fruit_, but being as yet over-proportionate to it, would likewise it self exhaust the same _Sap_, as fast as ascendent; like a greedy Nurse, that prepares the Meat for her Child, and then eats it up her self. Thus we see _Apples_ and _Pears_, with a _Flower_ of a moderate _Size_; like their _Body_, of a middle Constitution, and their _Sap_, of a middle quantity: But _Quinces_, being more solid, besides that they have as great a _Flower_, the _Impalers_ of their _Flower_ also thrive so far as to become handsom _Leaves_; continuing also after the _Flower_ is fallen, firm and verdent a great while; so long, till the _Fruit_ be able to provide for it self. On the other hand, _Plums_ being more tender and Sappy than _Apples_ and _Pears_, besides that their _Empalers_ are much alike, their _Flower_ is less, and _Goosberries_ and _Currants_, which are still more Pulpy, and the course of the _Sap_ towards them more free, have yet a _Flower_ far less. And _Grapes_, whose _Sap_ is still of quicker Ascent, have scarce any _Flower_ at all; only some small resemblance thereof, serving just upon the setting of the _Fruit_, and no longer.
13. §. THE ATTIRE, I find to be of two kinds, _Seminiforme_, and _Florid_. That which I call _Seminiforme_, is made up of two general _Parts_, _Chives_ and _Semets_, one upon each _Chive_. These _Semets_ (as I take leave to call them) have the appearance, especially in many _Flowers_, of so many little _Seeds_: but are quite another kind of _Body_. For, upon enquiry, we find, that these _Semets_, though they seem to be solid, and for some time after their first formation, are entire; yet are they really hollow; and their side, or sides, which were at first entire, at length crack asunder: And that moreover the _Concave_ of each _Semet_ is not a meer vacuity, but fill’d up with a number of minute Particles, in form of a _Powder_. Which, though common to all _Semets_, yet in some, and particularly those of a _Tulip_ or a _Lilly_, being larger, is more distinctly observable. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 12._ ♦
14. §. These _Semets_ are somtimes fastned so, as to stand erect above their _Chive_, as those of _Larks-heel_. Somtimes, and I think usually, so as to hang a little down by the midle, in the manner and figure of a _Kidney_; as in _Mallows_. Their _Cleft_ or _Crack_ is sometimes single, but for the most part double: At these _Clefts_ it is that they disburse their _Powders_; ♦ _f. 12._ a. ♦ which as they start out, and stand betwixt the two Lips of each _Cleft_, have some resemblance to the common Sculpture of a _Pomegranate_ with its _Seeds_ looking out at the _Cleft_ of its _Rind_. This must be observ’d when the _Clefts_ are recently made, which usually is before the expansion of the _Flower_.
15. §. The Particles of these _Powders_, though like those of Meal or other Dust, they appear not easily to have any regular shape; yet upon strict observation, especially with the assistance of an indifferent _Glass_, it doth appear, That they are a _Congeries_, usually, of so many perfect _Globes_ or _Globulets_; Sometimes of other _Figures_, but always regular. That which obscures their _Figure_ is their being so small: In _Dogs-Mercury_, _Borage_, and very many more _Plants_, they are extreamly so. In _Mallows_, and some others, more fairly visible.
16. §. Some of these _Powders_, are _yellow_, as in _Dogs-Mercury_, _Goats-Rue_, &c. and some of other Colours: But most of them I think are _white_; and those of _yellow Henbane_ very elegant; the disburs’d _Powders_ whereof, to the naked eye, are _white_ as _Snow_; but each _Globulet_, through a Glass, transparent as Crystal; which is not a fallacy from the _Glass_, but what we see in all transparent _Bodies_ whatsoever, lying in a _Powder_ or small Particles together. The Parts of this _Attire_, see in _Tab. 4._ But especially, in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Second_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
17. §. The _Florid Attire_, is commonly known by the blind and rude Name of _Thrums_; as in the _Flowers_ of _Marigold_, _Tansie_, &c. How inadequate its imposition is, observation will determine. For the several _Thrums_ or rather _Suits_, whereof the _Attire_ is made up, however else they may differ in various _Flowers_, in this agree, that they are ever consistent of more than one, sometimes of Two, ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 13._ a. ♦ and for the most part of Three _Pieces_ (for which I call them _Suits_) and each _Piece_ of a different, but agreeable and comely form.
18. §. The _outer Part_ of every _Suit_, is its _Floret_: whose _Body_ or _Tube_ is divided at the top (like that of the _Cowslip_) into five distinct _Leaves_. ♦ _f. 13._ b. ♦ So that a _Floret_, is the Epitome of a _Flower_: and is all the _Flower_ that many _Plants_, as _Mugwort_, _Tansie_, and others, have. What the Learned Sir _Thomas Brown_ observeth ♦ Treat. of the _Quincunx_. ♦ of the number _Five_, as to the _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, is still more universally holding in these of the _Floret_.
19. §. Upon the Expansion of the _Floret_, the next _Part_ of the _Suit_ is from within its _Tube_ brought to sight; which we may (with respect to that within it) call the _Sheath_. ♦ _f. 13._ c. ♦ For this also, like the _Floret_, is a _Concave Body_; in its shape very well resembling the Fistulous Pouches of _Wake-Robin_, or of _Dragon_.
20. §. The _Sheath_, after some time, dividing at the top, from within its Concave the Third and innermost part of the _Suit_, _sc._ the _Blade_ advanceth and displayes it self. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 13._ d. ♦ This Part is not hollow, as the other two, but solid; yet at its Point, is commonly, divided into two halves.
21. §. About the said Point especially, there appears, _Globulets_, which are of the same nature with those of a _Semet_, though not so copious. So that all _Flowers_ have their _Powders_ or _Globulets_. The whole _Attire_ may in _Aster Per_, _Blewbottle_, &c. where the _Suits_ are large, be plainly observed without a _Glass_. The _Parts_ of this _Attire_, See in _Tab. 4._ But especially in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Second_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
22. §. The use of the _Attire_, how contemptibly soever we may look upon it, is certainly great. And though for our own use we value the _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, or the _Foliation_, most; yet of all the three _Parts_, this in some respects is the choycest, as for whose sake and service the other two are made. The use hereof, as to _Ornament_ and _Distinction_, is unquestionable; but is not all. As for Distinction, though, by the help of _Glasses_, we may make it to extend far; yet in a passant view, which is all we usually make, we cannot so well. As for Ornament, and particularly in reference to the _Semets_, we may ask, If for that meerly these were meant, then why should they be so made as to break open, or to contain any thing within them? Since their Beauty would be as good if they were not hollow; and is better before they crack and burst open, than afterwards.
23. §. Other uses hereof therefore we must acknowledge, and may observe. One is, for food; for Ornament and Distinction to us, and for _Food_ to other _Animals_. I will not say, but that it may serve even to these for Distinction too, that they may be able to know one _Plant_ from another, and in their flight or progress settle where they like best: and that therefore the varieties of these small parts are many, and well observed by them, which we take no notice of. Yet the finding out of Food is but in order to enjoy it: Which, that it is provided for a vast number of little _Animals_ in the _Attires_ of all _Flowers_, observation perswades us to believe. For why else are they evermore here found? Go from one _Flower_ to another, great and small, you shall meet with none untaken up with these Guests. In some, and particularly the _Sun-Flower_, where the parts of the _Attire_, and the _Animals_ for which they provide, are larger, the matter is more visible. We must not think, that _God Almighty_ hath left any of the whole Family of his Creatures unprovided for; but as the Great Master, some where or other carveth out to all; and that for a great number of these little Folk, He hath stored up their peculiar provisions in the _Attires_ of _Flowers_; each _Flower_ thus becoming their Lodging and their Dining-Room, both in one.
24. §. Wherein the particular parts of the _Attire_ may be more distinctly serviceable, this to one _Animal_, and that to another, I cannot say: Or to the same _Animal_, as a _Bee_, whether this for the _Honey_, another for their _Bread_, a third for the _Wax_: Or whether all only suck from hence some _Juice_; or some may not also carry some of the _Parts_, as of the _Globulets_, wholly away.
25. §. Or lastly, what may be the Primary and Private Use of the _Attire_ (for even this abovesaid, though great, yet is but Secondary) I now determine not.
CHAP. VI.
_Of the FRUIT._
THE general composition of all _Fruits_ is one, that is, their _Essential_ and truly _Vital Parts_, are in all the same, and but the continuation of those which in the other _Parts_ of a _Plant_, we have already observed. Yet because by the different _Constitutions_ and _Tinctures_ of these _Parts_, divers considerably different _Fruits_ result; I shall therefore take a particular view of the more known and principal of them, _sc._ _Apples_, _Pears_, _Plums_, _Nuts_ and _Berries_.
2. §. AN APPLE, if cut traverse, appears constituted of four distinct _Parts_, the _Pilling_, the _Parenchyma_, _Branchery_, and _Coare_. The _Pilling_ is only the spreading and dilatation of the _Skin_, or utmost part of the _Barque_ in the _Branch_. The _Parenchyma_, when full ripe, is a tender delicate Meat. Yet as the _Pilling_ is but the Continuation of the utmost part of the _Barque_; so is this, but the continuance and ampliation, or (as I may call it) the swelth and superbience of the _Inner Part_ thereof; which upon observation of a young and Infant-_Apple_ especially, is evident. Thus we see the _Pith_, which is often tough; in many _Roots_, as _Parsneps_, _Turneps_, &c. is tender and edible. So here, the _Parenchyma_, though originally no more than the _Barque_, yet the copiousness and purity of its _Sap_ being likewise effectual to the largness and fineness of its growth, it thus becomes a soft and tender meat. The _Branchery_ is nothing else but the Ramifications of the _Lignous Body_ throughout all the parts of the _Parenchyma_; the greater _Branches_ being likewise by the _Inosculations_ of the less (as in the _Leaf_) united together. The main _Branches_ are usually Twenty: Ten are spred and distributed through the _Parenchyma_, most of them enarching themselves towards the _Cork_ or _Stool_ of the _Flower_: The other Ten, running from the _Stalk_ in a directer Line, at last meet the former at the said _Cork_, and are there osculated with them. Of these latter, five are originated from one; which running along the Center of the _Stalk_, and part of the _Parenchyma_ of the _Fruit_, is therein at last divided. To these the Coats of the _Kernels_ are fastned. So that whereas most of these _Branches_ were originally extended even beyond the _Fruit_, and inserted into the _Flower_ for the due growth thereof; the _Fruit_ afterwards growing to some head, and so intercepting and preying upon the _Aliment_ of the _Flower_, starves that and therefrom supersedes the service of the said _Branches_ to it self, fifteen for its _Parenchyma_, and five for its _Seed_. The _Coar_ is originated from the _Pith_; for the _Sap_ finding room enough in the _Parenchyma_, through which to dispence it self all abroad, quits the _Pith_, which thereby hardens into a _Coar_. Thus we see the _Insertions_, although originate from the _Cortical Body_, yet their _Parts_ being, by the _Inosculations_ of the _Lignous_, so much compress’d and made to co-incide together, they become a _Body_ very compact and dense. And in the _Barque_ the same thing is effected by _Arefaction_ only, or a meer _voydance_ of the _Sap_; the _Inner Part_ whereof, though soft and sappy, yet its superficial _Rind_ is often so hard and smooth, that it may be fairly writ upon. The _Parts_ of an _Apple_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
3. §. IN A PEAR there are five distinct _Parts_, the _Pilling_, the _Parenchyma_, _Branchery_, _Calculary_, and _Acetary_. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 14._ ♦ The three former are here and in an _Apple_ much alike; saving that here the _Inner_ or _Seed-Branches_ ordinarily stand double. The _Calculary_ (most observable in rough-tasted, or _Choak-Pears_) is a _Congeries_ of little stony _Knots_. They are many of them dispersed throughout the whole _Parenchyma_: But lying more continuous and compact together towards the Center of the _Pear_, surround the _Acetary_ there, in a somewhat Globular Form. About the _Stalk_ they stand more distant; but towards the _Cork_ or _Stool_ of the _Flower_, they still grow closer, and there at last gather (almost) into the firmitude of a _Plum-stone_ it self. Within this lies the _Acetary_; ’tis allways sour, and by the bounding of the _Calculary_ of a _Globular Figure_. ’Tis a simple _Body_, having neither any of the _Lignous_ branched in it, nor any _Calculous Knots_. It is of the same substantial nature with the outer _Parenchyma_; but whether it be absolutely one with it, or be derived immediately from the _Pith_, my Enquiries yet made, determine not.
4. §. The Original of the _Calculary_ I seem to have neglected. But hereof we may here best say, that whereas all the other _Parts_ are _Essential_ and truly _Vital_; the _Calculary_ is not: but that the several _Knots_ whereof it consists, are only so many meer _Concretions_ or _Precipitations_ out of the _Sap_; as in _Urines_, _Wines_, and other _Liquors_, we often see. And that the _Precipitation_ is made by the mixture and re-action of the _Tinctures_ of the _Lignous_ and _Cortical Bodies_ upon each other: Even as all _Vegetable Nutrition_ or _Fixation_ of _Parts_ is also made by the joynt efficiency of the two same _Tinctures_, as hath been said. Hence we find, that as the _Acetary_ hath no _Branches_ of the _Lignous Body_, so neither hath it any _Knots_. Hence likewise it is, that we have so different and contrary a tast in the _Parenchyma_ beyond the _Calculary_, from that in the _Acetary_: For whereas this is sour, that, wherein the said _Precipitations_ are made, is sweet; being much alike effect to what we find in mixing of _Corals_, &c. with _Vinegar_ or other _acid Liquors_. The _Parts_ of a _Pear_, See in _Tab. 4._ But especially in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
5. §. IN A PLUM (to which the _Cherry_, _Apricot_, _Peach_, _Walnut_, &c. ought to be referr’d) there are four distinct _Parts_, the _Pilling_, the _Parenchyma_, _Branchery_ and _Stone_. The _Pilling_ and _Parenchyma_ are, as to their Original, with those of an _Apple_ or _Pear_, both alike. As likewise the _Branchery_; but differently ramified. In _Plums_ (I suppose all) there are five main _Out-Branches_, which run along the Surface of the _Stone_ from the _Basis_ to the point thereof, four of them by one _Ridge_, and one by the other opposite to it. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 15._ ♦ In an _Apricot_ there is the same number, but the single _Branch_ runs not upon the _Surface_, but through the _Body_ of the _Stone_. There are likewise two or three smaller _Branches_, which run in like manner under the other _Ridge_ for some space, and then advancing into the _Parenchyma_, therein disperse themselves: These latter sort in _Peaches_ are numerous throughout.
6. §. But notwithstanding the different disposition of the _Branches_ of the _Fruits_ aforesaid; yet is there one _Branch_ dispos’d in one and the same manner in them all. The entrance hereof into the _Stone_ is at its _Basis_; from whence running through its Body, and still inclining or arching it self towards its _Concave_, is at last, about its _Cone_, thereinto emergent, ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 15._ ♦ where the _Coats_ of the _Seed_ are appendent to it. Of the _Seed-Branch_ ’tis therefore observable that after its entrance into the _Fruit_, ’tis always prolonged therein to a considerable length; as is seen not only in _Apples_, &c. where the _Seed_ stands a good distance from the _Stalk_; but in _Plums_ likewise, where it stands very near it; in that here the _Seed-Branch_, as is said, never strikes through the _Stone_ into the _Coats_ of the _Seed_ directly, but runs through a _Chanel_ cut in the _Stone_, till it issues, near the _Cone_, into the _Concave_ thereof.
7. §. The _Stone_ though it seem a simple Body, yet it is compounded of different ones. The Inner _Part_ thereof, as it is by far the thinnest, so is it the most _dense_, _white_, _smooth_ and _simple_. The Original is from the _Pith_; difficult, but curious to observe: For the _Seed-Branch_, not striking directly and immediately quite through the _Basis_ of the _Stone_, but in the manner as is above described, carries a considerable _Part_ of the _Pith_, now gather’d round about it, as its _Parenchyma_, along with it self; which upon its entrance into the concave of the _Stone_ about its farther end, is there in part spread all over it, as the _Lining_ thereof. The outer and very much thicker _Part_, consisteth partly of the like _Precipitations_ or concrete Particles, as in a _Pear_; being gathered here much more closely, not only to a _Contiguity_, but a _Coalition_ into one entire _Stone_; as we see in _Pears_ themselves, especially towards the _Cork_, they gather into the like Stoniness; or as a _Stone_, _Mineral_, or _Animal_, is oftentimes the product of accumulated _Gravel_. But as the _Parenchyma_ is mixed with the _Concretions_ in the _Calculary_, so is it also, though not visibly, with these in the _Stone_, the _ground_ of the _Stone_ being indeed a perfect _Parenchyma_; but by the said _Concretions_ so far alter’d, as to become dry, hard and undistinguishable from them. All which Particulars, are observable only in the several degrees of _Growth_ in the young _Fruit_. And are represented in _Tab. 4._ But especially by the several _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ and _Fourth_ =Parts= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
8. §. IN A NUT (to which an _Akern_ is analogous) there are three general _Parts_, the _Cap_, _Shell_, and _Pith_. The _Cap_ is constituted of a _Pilling_ and _Parenchyma_, derived from the _Barque_; and _Ramulets_ from the _Lignous Body_ of the _Branch_. The _Shell_ likewise is not one simple Body, but compounded. The Superficial _Part_ thereof is originated from the _Pilling_ or _Skin_ of the _Cap_, from the inside whereof it is, in a Duplicature, produc’d and spred over the _Shell_. Which, if you look at the _Basis_ of the _Shell_, is farther evident: for that being continuous with the _Parenchyma_ of the _Cap_, without the interposure of the _Skin_, the said superficial _Part_ is there wanting. The thicker and inner _Part_ of the _Shell_ consisteth of the same _Parenchyma_ as that of the _Cap_, with a _Congeries_ of _Precipitations_ silled up, as in a _Stone_. And as the _Lignous Body_ is branched in a _Stone_, so, with some difference, in a _Shell_. The _outer Branches_ or _Ramulets_ are numerous, each issuing out of the _Parenchyma_ of the _Cap_, and entring the _Shell_ at the _Circumference_ of its _Basis_, and so running betwixt its superficial and inner _Parts_ towards the _Cone_, round about. The _Inner_ or _Seed-Branch_ is single, entring in, as do the other, at the _Basis_ of the _Shell_, but at the _Center_ thereof: from whence it runs, not through the _Shell_, as in _Plums_ through the _Stone_; but through the _Pith_, as far as the _Cone_, where the _Coats_ of the _Seed_ hang appendent to it. The _Pith_ whether derived from the same part both in name and nature in the _Branch_ and _Stalk_; or from the _Cortical Body_, I yet determine not. The _Parts_ of a _Nut_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
9. §. A BERRY, as a _Gooseberry_ (to which _Corinths_, _Grapes Hips_, &c. are to be referr’d) consisteth, besides the _Seed_, of the three general _Parts_, _Pilling_, _Parenchyma_ and _Branchery_. The _Pilling_ is originated as in the foregoing _Fruits_. The _Parenchyma_ is double, as likewise in some other _Berries_. The _outer_ is commonly, together with the _Pilling_, call’d the _Skin_, and is that part we spit out, being of a sour tast. Now as the _Pilling_ is originated from the _outer_, so this from the _inner Part_ of the _Barque_; and accordingly the _Pores_ thereof may be observed plainly of a like shape with those both of the _Cortical Body_ and _Pith_. The _Inner_ or _Pulp_ is of a sweet taste, and is the _Part_ we eat: It is of a Substance so laxe and tender, as it would seem to be only a thicker or jellied _Juice_; although this likewise be a true _Parenchyma_, something like that of an _Orange_ or _Limon_, with its _Pores_ all fill’d up with _Liquor_. The _Branchery_ is likewise double: The _Exterior_ runs betwixt the _Pilling_ and _Outer Parenchyma_ in arched _Lines_, from the _Stalk_ to the _Stool_ of the _Flower_. These _outer Branches_, though of various number at the _Stalk_, yet at the _Cork_ are usually ten principal ones; five for the five _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, and five for the _Attire_. The _Inner main Branches_ are two, diametrically opposite to each other, and at the _Cork_ with the other inosculated. From these two are branched other smaller, every one having a _Seed_ appendent to it, whose _Coats_ it entreth by a double _Filament_, one at the _Basis_, the other at the _Cone_. They are all very white and turgent, and by a slaunt cut, may be observ’d concave; thus representing themselves analogous to so many true _spermatick Vessels_. The _Parts_ of a _Gooseberry_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
10. §. The Uses of _Fruits_ are for _Man_, (sometimes also other _Animals_, as are _Akerns_ and _Haws_) and for the _Seed_. For _Man_, they are so variously desirable, that till our _Orchards_ and _Store-Chambers_, _Confectioners-Stoves_ and _Apothecaries-Shops_, our _Ladies Closets_, their _Tables_ or _Hands_ are empty of them, I shall not need to enquire for what. If it be asked, how the _Fruit_ becomes, generally above all the other _Parts_, so pleasant a Meat? It is partly from the _Sap_, the grosser portion thereof being deposited in the _Leaves_, and so the purer hereunto reserved. Partly from the _Globular Figure_ of the _Fruit_. For the _Sap_ being thus in a greater quantity herein, and in all Parts equally diffus’d, the _Concoction_ hereof, as in a _Vessel_, is with greatest advantage favoured and promoted. Wherefore all _Fruits_, which we eat raw, how small soever, are of a _Globular_ Form, or thereunto approaching; and the nearer, the delicater; amongst _Apples_, the _Pipin_; amongst _Pears_, the _Burgundian_; and amongst all _Fruits_, the _Grape_; and amongst _Grapes_, the roundest, are of all, the most dainty.
11. §. The visible cause of this _Globular Figure_, is the _Flower_; or the Inosculation of all the main _Branches_ at the _Stool_ of the _Flower_; and upon the fall of the _Flower_, the obtuseness, and with _Wind_ and _Sun_, as it were the _seaing_ of their several ends: For thus the _Sap_ entering the _Fruit_, being not able to effect, either a _Disunion_, or a _shooting_ forth of the said _Branches_, and so to carry on their _Growth_ in length; they must of necessity be enarch’d, and with the _Parenchyma_ more and more expand themselves. Whereas were they disposed and qualified otherwise, than as is said; instead of forming a _Fruit_ within bounds, they would run out into all extravagance, and even into another little _Tree_ or _Leafy Growth_.
12. §. To the _Seed_, the _Fruit_ is serviceable; First, in order to its being supply’d with a due and most convenient _Sap_, the greater part thereof, and that which is less elaborated, being, in its passage towards the _Seed_, thereinto received; the _Fruit_ doing the same office to the _Seed_, which the _Leaves_ do to the _Fruit_; the _Sap_ in the _Fruit_ being, in a laxe comparison, as the _Wine_; and that for the _Seed_, a small part of the highest Spirit rectified from it.
13. §. So likewise for its Protection, in order to the prosperous carrying on and perfecting of its generation, and security being perfected. Which protection it gives not only to the Seminal _Sap_ and _Seed_ it self, but ever also to its _Seed-Branch_. Thus we see an _Apple_, besides that it is it self of ample compass, for the sake of its _Seed_, hath likewise its _Coar_; as if it were not sufficient, that the Walls of their Room are so very thick, unless also _wainscoated_. In a _Pear_ again, where the _Parenchyma_ is of less compass than that of an _Apple_, to what protection this affords, that of the _Calculary_ is super-added. But in a _Plum_, where the _Parenchyma_ is exceeding tender, and in a _Peach_, which hangs late, and till Autumn Frosts approach, we have not only the Rubbish of a _Calculary_, but stout Stone-Walls. Within which also, not only the _Seed_ it self, but the _Seed-Branch_ is evermore immur’d. Lastly, in a _Nut_, where the _Shell_ being not surrounded with a _Parenchyma_, that protection is wanting without, ’tis answer’d by an ample _Pith_ within it; and the _Seed-Branch_ likewise included, not meerly in the _Body_ of the _Shell_, as in a _Plum_, but within the _Pith_ it self. So necessary is this design, that what the Hen by Incubation or Hovering, is to the Egg or Chick; that the whole _Fruit_, by comprehension, is to the _Seed_.
CHAP. VII.
_Of the SEED, in its State of Generation._
AS the Original, so the Ultimate end and Perfection of _Vegetation_ is the _Seed_. How it is the former, and in its state apt for _Vegetation_, hath already been seen. How the latter, and in its state of Generation, we shall now lastly enquire. In doing which, what in the other state, was either not distinctly existent, or not so apparent, or not so intelligible, will occur.
2. §. The two general _Parts_ of the _Seed_ are its _Covers_ and _Body_. The _Covers_ in this estate are usually _Four_. The outmost, we may call the _Case_. ’Tis of a very various form; sometimes a _Pouch_, as in _Nasturtium_, _Cochlearia_; a _Cod_, as in all _Pulse_, _Galega_; sometimes not entire, but parted, or otherwise open, as in _Sorrel_, _Knotgrass_; with many other forms: I think alwaies more heterogeneous to that of the _Seed_, by which it differs from the proper _Coats_. To this the _Caps_ of _Nuts_, and the _Parenchyma’s_ of other _Fruits_ are analogous.
3. §. The two next are properly the _Coats_. In a _Bean_ especially, and the like; from whence, to avoyd Confusion, the denomination may run common to the responding _Covers_ of other _Seeds_. The Colour of the outer, is of all degrees, from White to the Blackness of _Jett_. Its Figure sometimes Kidney’d, as in _Alcea_, _Behen_, _Poppy_; Triangular, as in _Polygonatum_, _Sorrel_; Spherically triangular, in _Mentha_, _Melissa_; Circular, in _Leucoium_, _Amaranthus_; Globular, in _Napus_, _Asperula_; Oval, in _Speculum Veneris_, _Tithymalus_; half Globe, in _Coriander_; that which we take for _one_ single round _Seed_, being a Conjugation of _two_; half Oval, in _Anise_, _Fennel_; Hastal, in _Lactuca_; Cylindrical, as, if I mistake not, in _Jacobæa_; Pyramidal, in _Geranium Althææ fol._ with many other differences. But the Perfection of one or two of the said Figures lieth in the _Case_. So that, as all _Lines_ and _Proportions_ are in the _Leaf_ and _Flower_; so all Regular _Solids_ in the _Seed_; or rather in its _Covers_.
4. §. ’Tis sometimes glistering, as in _Speculum Veneris_; Rough-cast, in _Catanance_; Studded, in _Behen_, _Balttaria_; Favous, in _Papaver_, _Antirrhinum_, _Lepidum annuum_, _Alcea Vesicaria_, _Hyoscyamus_, and many more, before the _Seeds_ have lain long by; Pounced, in _Phalangium Cretæ_, _Lithospermum_; Ramified, in _Pentaphyllum fragiferum Erectum majus_, resembling the _Fibers_ of the _Ears_ of the _Heart_; some just _Quinquenerval_, as in _Anisum_, and many more, the _Lignous Body_ being in five main _Fibers_ branched therein. The _Figures_, and _Surface_, of These, and other _Seeds_, See in the Tables belonging to the _Fourth_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
5. §. The _Covers_ of not only _Quince-Seeds_, and those of _Psyllium_ (more usually taken notice of) but those also of _Horminum_, _Nasturtium_, _Eruca_, _Camelina_, _Ocymum_, and divers others, have a _Mucilage_. Which, though it be not visible when the _Seeds_ are throughly dry; yet lying a while in some warm Liquor, or only on the Tongue, it swells more or less, and upon them all fairly shews it self. On that of _Ocymum_ it appears grayish; on the other, transparent; and on that of _Nasturtium Hortense_ very large; even emulous of the inner Pulp surrounding a _Gooseberry-Seed_. The putting of _Clary-seed_ into the Eye, may have been brought into use from this _Mucilage_, by which alone it may become Medicinal. And thus far of the _Superficies_.
6. §. The _nature_ of the outer _Coat_ is also various, _Membranous_, _Cartilaginous_ and _Stony_; the like _Precipitations_ being sometimes made herein, as in a _Stone_ or _Shell_; as in that of the _Seeds_ of _Carthamum_, _Lithospermum_ and others. The Designment hereof, being either with respect to the _Seed_ in its state of Generation; as where the _Case_ is either wanting, or at least insufficient of it self, there for its due protection and warmth. Or, in its state of _Vegetation_, for the better Fermenting of its _Tinctures_ and _Sap_; the Fermentations of some _Seeds_ not well proceeding, unless they lie in their _Stony Casks_ in the Ground, like Bottled Liquors in Sand.
7. §. All _Seeds_ have their outer _Covers_ open; either by a particular _Foramen_, as in _Beans_, and other _Pulse_, as is said; or by the breaking off of the _Seed_ from its _Peduncle_ or _Stool_, as in those in _Cucumber_, _Cichory_; or by the entering and passage of a _Branch_ or _Branches_, not only into the Concave thereof near the Cone, but also through the Cone it self; as in _Shells_ and _Stones_.
8. §. For the sake of this _aperture_ it is, that _Akerns_, _Nuts_, _Beans_, _Cucumbers_, and most other _Seeds_, are in their formation so placed, that the _Radicle_ still standeth next to it; That So, upon _Vegetation_, it may have a free and ready passage into the Mould.
9. §. The Original of the outer _Coat_, though from Parts of the same substantial nature, yet is differently made. In a _Plum_, the _Seed-Branch_ which runns, as is described, through the _Stone_, is not naked, but, as is said, invested with a thin _Parenchyma_, which it carries from the _Stalk_ along with it; and which, by the _Ramification_ of the said _Branch_ within the _Stone_, is, in part, dilated into a _Coat_. That of a _Bean_ is from the _Parenchyma_ of the _Cod_; the superficial part of which _Parenchyma_, upon the large _peduncle_ of the _Bean_ becoming a thin _Cuticle_, and upon the _Bean_ it self a _Cartilaginous Coat_.
10. §. The Original of the inner _Coat_ of the _Bean_ is likewise from the inner part of the said _Parenchyma_; which first is spred into a long _Cake_, or that which with the _Seed-Branch_ maketh the _Penduncle_ of the _Bean_; under which _Cake_, there is usually a black part or spot; by the length of which, the inner part of the _Cake_ is next inserted into the outer _Coat_, and spred all over the Concave thereof, and so becomes the inner.
11. §. Of this Inner _Coat_ it is very observable, That although when the _Seed_ is grown old and dry, ’tis shrunk up, and in most _Seeds_, so far, as scarcely to be discern’d; yet in its first and juvenile Constitution, it is a very Spongy and Sappy body; and is then likewise (as the _Womb_ in a Pregnant _Animal_) in proportion, very thick and bulky. In a _Bean_, even as one of the _Lobes_ it self: And in a _Plum_ or _Apricot_, I think I may safely say, half an hundred times thicker than afterwards, when it is dried and shrunk up, and can scarcely be distinguished from the upper _Coat_. Upon which Accounts it is, in this estate a true and fair _Parenchyma_. The Delineation hereof, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Fourth_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
12. §. In this Inner _Coat_ in a _Bean_, the _Lignous Body_ or _Seed-Branch_ is distributed: Sometimes, as in _French-Beans_, throughout the whole _Coat_, as it is in a _Leaf_. In the Great _Garden-Bean_, upon its first entrance, it is bipartite, and so in small _Branches_ runs along the _Circumference_ of the _Coat_, all meeting and making a kind of _Reticulation_ against the Belly of the _Bean_. In the same manner the main _Branches_ in the outer _Coat_ of a _Kernel_, circling themselves on both hands from the place of their first entrance, at last meet, and mutually inosculate; as the _Veins_ in the _Kidneys_ of a Man or any _Quadrupede_; Or the _Carotick Arteries_ in the _Braine_.
13. §. So that all the _Parts_ of a _Vegetable_, the _Root_, _Trunk_, _Branch_, _Leaf_, _Flower_, _Fruit_ and _Seed_, are still made up of _Two_ Substantially different Bodies.
14. §. And as every _Part_ hath _Two_, so the whole _Vegetable_ taken together, is a composition of _Two_ only, and no more: All properly _Woody Parts_, _Strings_ and _Fibers_, are _One Body_: All simple _Barques_, _Piths_, _Parenchyma’s_ and _Pulps_, and as to their substantial Nature, _Pills_ and _Skins_ likewise, all but _One Body_: the several _Parts_ of a _Vegetable_ all differing from each other, only by the various _Proportions_ and _Mixtures_, and variated _Pores_ and _Structure_ of these _Two Bodies_. What from these two general Observations might reasonably be inferr’d, I shall not now mention.
15. §. The Fourth or Innermost _Cover_ we may call the _Secondine_. The sight of which, by cutting off the _Coats_ of an _Infant-Bean_, at the Cone thereof, in very thin Slices, and with great Caution, may be obtain’d. While unbroken, ’tis transparent; being torn and taken off, it gathers up into the likeness of a Jelly, or that we call the _Tredle_ of an Egg, when rear-boyl’d. This _Membrance_ in larger or elder _Beans_, is not to be found distinct. But (as far as our Enquiries yet discover) it may in most other _Seeds_, even full grown, be distinctly seen; as in those of _Cucumber_, _Colocynthis_, _Burdock_, _Carthamum_, _Gromwel_, _Endive_, _Mallows_, &c. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 16._ ♦ ’Tis usually so very thin, as in the above-nam’d, as very difficultly to be discover’d. But in some _Kernels_, as of _Apricots_, ’tis very thick; and most remarquably such, in some other _Seeds_. That all these have the Analogy of one and the same _Cover_, which I call the _Secondine_, is most probably argu’d from their alike Natures; being all of them plain simple _Membranes_, with not the least _Fibre_ of the _Lignous Body_ or _Seed Branch_, visibly distributed in them: As also from their Texture, which is in all of them more close. See this _Part_ in _Tab. 4._ As also amongst the _Figures_ belonging to the _Fourth_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.
16. §. The _Concave_ of this _Membrane_ is filled with a most transparent _Liquor_, out of which the _Seed_ is formed; as in cutting a _petite_ and _Infant-Bean_, may be seen; and yet better in a young _Walnut_. In _Beans_ I have observed it to turn, upon boyling, into a tender white _Coagulum_.
17. §. Through this _Membrane_, the _Lignous Body_ or _Seed-Branches_ distributed in the inner _Coat_, at last shoot downright two slender _Fibres_, like two _Navel-strings_, one into each _Lobe_ of the _Bean_. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 18._ ♦The places where the said _Fibres_ shoot into the _Lobes_, are near the _Basis_ of the _Radicle_; and by their _Blackishness_ well enough remark’d: but the _Fibers_ themselves are so very small, as scarcely to be discern’d. Yet in a _Lupine_, of the larger kind, both the _places_ where the _Navel-Fibres_ shoot into the _Lobes_ (which here from the _Basis_ of the _Radicle_ is more remote) and the _Fibres_ themselves, are fairly visible. For the _Seed-Branch_, upon its entrance into the _Coat_ of the _Lupine_, is presently divided into two _main Branches_, and those two into other less; whereof some underly, others aloft, run along the _Coat_, and towards its other end meet and are inosculated: where about, two opposite, shallow, round, and most minute _Cavities_, answerable to two _Specks_ of a _Cartilaginous_ gloss, ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 17._ ♦ one in either _Lobe_, may be observed; which _Specks_ are the ends of the said _Navel-Fibres_, upon the ripening of the _Seed_ there broken off. These _Fibres_ from the _Superficies_ of each _Lobe_, descend a little way directly down: presently, each is divided into two _Branches_, one distributed into the _Lobes_, the other into the _Radicle_ and _Plume_, ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 18._ ♦ in the manner as in the _First Chapter_ is described. And thus far the History. I shall now only with a brief account of the _Generation_ of the _Seed_, as hereupon dependent, conclude this Discourse.
♦ An Account of the _Generation_ of the _Seed_. ♦ 18. §. LET US say then, that the _Sap_ having in the _Root_, _Trunk_ and _Leaves_, passed divers _Concoctions_ and _Separations_, in the manner as they are said to be perform’d therein; ’tis now at last, in some good maturity, advanced towards the _Seed_.
19. §. The more copious and cruder part hereof is again separated by a free reception into the _Fruit_, or other _Part_ analogous to it: being either sufficiently ample to contain it, or at least laxe enough for its transpiration, and so its due discharge. The more Essential part is into the _Seed-Branch_ or _Branches_ entertain’d. Which, because they are evermore of a very considerable length, and of a Constitution very fine, the said _Sap_ thus becomes in its Current therein as in the _Spermatick Vessels_, still more mature.
20. §. In this mature estate, from the _Seed-Branch_ into the _Coats_ of the _Seed_, as into the _Womb_, ’tis next delivered up. The meaner part hereof again, to the _Outer_, as _Aliment_ good enough, is supplied. The finer part is transmitted to the _Inner_; which being, as is said, a _Parenchymous_ and more spatious _Body_, the _Sap_ therefore is not herein, as in the _Outer_, a meer _Aliment_; but in order to its being, by _Fermentation_, farther prepared.
21. §. Yet the Outer _Coat_, being on the contrary hard and dense; for that reason, as it admitteth not the Fermentation of the _Sap_ so well within it self; so doth it the more promote and favour it in the Inner; being Bounds both to it and its _Sap_; and also quickeneth the _process_ of the whole Work in the formation of the _Seed_.
22. §. Nor doth the Outer _Coat_, for the same reason, more promote, than declare the purity of the _Sap_ now contained in the Inner: For being more hard and dense, and so not perspirable, must needs suppose the Parts of the _Sap_ encompassed by it, since thus uncapable of any evacuation, to be therefore all so choice, as not to need it.
23. §. The _Sap_ being thus prepared in the Inner _Coat_, as a _Liquor_ now apt to be the _Substratum_ of the future _Seed-Embrio_; by fresh supplies, is thence discharg’d. Yet that it may not be over-copious; which, because of the laxity of the Inner _Coat_, from whence it issues, it might easily be: therefore, as the said Inner _Coat_ is bounded without, by the upper _Coat_; so by the _Secundine_, is it bounded within. Through which _Secundine_ the _Sap_ being filtr’d, or, as it were, transpiring; the depositure hereof, answerable to the _Colliquamentum_ in an Egg, or to the _Semen Mulibre_, into its Concave at last is made.
24. §. The other part of the purest _Sap_ embosom’d in the _Ramulets_ of the _Seed-Branch_, runs a Circle, or some progress therein; and so becomes, as the _Semen Masculinum_, yet more elaborate.
25. §. Wherein also, lest its Current should be too copious or precipitant, by their _co-arcture_ and _divarication_ where they are inosculated, it is retarded; the noblest portion only obtaining a pass.
26. §. With this purest _Sap_, the said _Ramulets_ being supplied, from thence at last, the _Navel-Fibres_ shoot (as the primitive _Artery_ into the _Colliquamentum_) through the _Secundine_ into the aforesaid _Liquor_ deposited therein.
27. §. Into which _Liquor_, being now shot, and its own proper _Sap_ or _Tinctures_ mixed therewith, it _strikes_ it thus into a _Coagulum_; or of a _Liquor_, it becomes a _Body consistent_ and truly _Parenchymous_. And the supply of the said _Liquor_ still continu’d, and the shooting of the _Navel-Fibres_, as is above described, still carried on, the said _Coagulation_ or _Fixation_ is therewith likewise.
28. §. And in the Interim of the _Coagulation_, a gentle _Fermentation_ being also made, the said _Parenchyma_ or _Coagulum_ becometh such, not of any Texture indifferently, but is thus raised (as we see Bread in Baking) into a _Congeries_ of _Bladders_: For such is the _Parenchyma_ of the whole _Seed_.
FINIS.
THE ANATOMY OF ROOTS;
Presented to the ROYAL SOCIETY at several times, in the Years, 1672 & 1673.
With an Account of the VEGETATION OF ROOTS, Grounded chiefly hereupon.
The SECOND BOOK.
By _NEHEMIAH GREW_ M.D. Fellow of the _Royal Society_, and of the _College_ of _Physicians_.
=The Second Edition.=
_LONDON_, Printed by _W. Rawlins_, 1682.
TO THE
Right Honourable
WILLIAM
Lord Vi-Count _BROUNCKER_
THE
PRESIDENT
AND TO THE
Council and Fellows
OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY.
_MY LORD_,
If the Dedication of _Books_ were not in use; yet here, I think, I might have been a Precedent. The promotion of _Phytological Science_ is one Part of _Your_ Work; and ’tis _You_ have called me to the management of this Part; for some time, have intrusted me herein; and by _Your_ most favourable and candid acceptance of what I have performed thus far, have encouraged me hereunto: I therefore present but _Your_ Own, into _Your_ Hands.
The great Honour and Advantage of _Your_ Fellowship, I first obtained, by Mediation of Dr. _Wilkins_, the late most Reverend _Bishop_ of _Chester_. Whom I cannot name, without saying thus much of him, That He was a Person of that eminent and happy Worth, which, as it was too good, to fear envy; so is it too great, to need an Elogie.
With Him, it was, _You_ were pleased to commit to Me, the further prosecution of this _Work_; the Beginnings whereof, were by _Your Order_ formerly made publique. Had I consulted my own Abilities altogether, I should scarcely have ventured upon it; seeing very little, for which I could think well of my self, saving, That I had learned, upon good grounds, to think of _You_ with greatest Honour. But I also considered, That to insist hereon too much, might be a reflection upon _Your_ Judgments, who had thought fit to make choice of Me. And, That _You_ were not more the Patrons of Wit, than of Industry; and of All, who shall endeavour to find out, or to confirm the Truth of Things. Withal, I looked upon _Nature_, as a Treasure so infinitely full; that as all Men together, cannot exhaust it; so no Man, but may find out somewhat therein, if he be resolved to Try.
In compliance therefore with _Your_ Commands, I have hereunto devoted a very considerable part of my Time. These, adding force to my own Desires, of being somewhat instrumental to the Improvement of Medicinal, and other wholesom Knowledge: if peradventure, as we increase herein, we may become better, and more happy. As to which Improvement, though I could not hope; yet, I would not dispair. I have already prepared the Soil, and made some Plantation: what remaineth behind, and the Vintage of the whole, will depend much upon the continued Influence of _Your_ Beams: for how unpromising soever the Stock may be; yet the Fruit cannot but be somewhat matured, upon which _You_ are pleased to shine. I am also confident, that the same Nobilty and Goodness, which accept the endeavours, will likewise pardon the faults, of,
_My Lord, Your Lordships most humbly and most sincerly devoted Servant_
NEHEMJAH GREW.
_September 1. 1673._
THE CONTENTS.
The FIRST PART.
CHAP. I.
O_F the Original of_ Roots, _§. 1, 2, 3. Of their Figures, 4, to 8. Of their Motions, 9, to 15. And of their Ages, 16, to the end._
CHAP. II.
O_F the_ Skin. _Its external Accidents, and Original, §. 1, 2. Compounding Parts. Whereof the one Parenchymous, 3. The other Lignous, 4, to the end._
CHAP. III.
O_F the_ Barque. _Its Original and external Accidents, §. 1. Size, 2. Compounding Parts: Whereof the one Parenchymous, 3. The_ Bladders _of the_ Parenchyma, _4, 5, 6. The Diametral Portions, 7, to 11. The other Part, Lignous, consisting of long_ Pipes _or_ Vessels, _12, to 17, Of several Kinds, 18, to 23. In different Proportion, 24, 25. And in different and elegant Position. 26, to the end._
CHAP. IV.
O_F that Part of the_ Root _next within the Bark; in_ Trees _and_ Shrubby Plants, _called the_ Wood. _Hereof the Parenchyma, §. 1, 2, 3, & 7. The Lignous Portion: of which, the_ Sap-Vessels, _4. The_ Aer-Vessels, _5, 6. The Position of the Former, 8, 9. Of the Latter, 10, 11, 12. Their Proportion, 13, 14, 15. The Latter, sometimes a little tapering. 16. Their Texture, 17, to 22. Content, 23._
CHAP. V.
O_F the_ Pith. _Found in the upper part of most Roots, §. 1. Its size and shape, 2._ Sap-Vessels, _3. Original, 4, 5. Bladders, 6,_ Fibres _and Texture, 7, to 11. That of the Insertions and Barque the same, 12. Hence, the Original of the Aer-Vessels conjectured, 13. What the whole Body of a Root, concluded, 14, 15. The Contents of the Pith, 16._
The SECOND PART.
T_heology, the Beginning and End of Philosophy, §. 1, to 6._
_The Divine Wisdom seen in the Growth of Plants, 7. If we observe,_
_How the Ground is Prepared, 8, to 14._
_How the Sap is Imbibed, and Distributed to the several Parts of the Root, 15, to 28._
_How the several Parts are Nourished and Formed, 29, to 35._
_How the several Parts receive their respective Situation, 36, to 40._
_How Roots receive their different Size and Shape, 41, to 47._
_How Roots receive their different Motions, 48, to 53._
_How Roots are differently Aged, 54, 55, 56._
_How the Liquors and other_ Contents _of the several Parts are made, 57, to 63._
_How the Odors of Roots are made, 64._
_How their Colours, 65 to 67._
_How their Tasts, 68, to the end._
THE
ANATOMY
OF
ROOTS;
PROSECUTED
With the bare EYE,
AND WITH THE
MICROSCOPE.