PART II.

TO _Philosophize_, is, To render the _Causes_ and _Ends_ of Things. No man, therefore, that denieth _God_ can do this, Truly. ♦ _Theology_ the Beginning and End of _Philosophy_. ♦ For the taking away of the _first Cause_, maketh all things _Contingent_. Now, of that which is _Contingent_, although there may be an _Event_; yet there can be no _Reason_ or _End_: so that Men should then study, That, which _is not_. So the _Causes_ of Things, if they are _Contingent_, they cannot be _Constant_. For that which is the _Cause_ of This, now; if it be so _Contingently_, it may not be the _Cause_ hereafter: and no _Physical_ Proposition, grounded upon the _Constancy_ and Certainty of Things, could have any foundation. He, therefore, that philosophiseth, and denieth _God_, playeth a childish Game.

2. §. Wherefore _Nature_, and the _Causes_ and _Reasons_ of Things, duly contemplated, naturally lead us unto _God_; and is one way of securing our Veneration of Him: giving us, not only a general Demonstration of his _Being_; but a particular one, of most of the several _Qualifications_ thereof. For all _Goodness_, _Righteousness_, _Proportion_, _Order_, _Truth_, or whatever else is Excellent and Amiable in the _Creatures_; it is the Demonstration of the like in _God_. For it is impossible, that _God_ should ever make any thing, not like Himself, in some degree or other. These Things, and the very Notions which we have of them, are _Conceptions_ issuing from the _Womb_ of the _Divine Nature_.

3. §. By the same means, we have a greater assurance of the Excellency of his _Sacred Word_. That He, who hath _Done_ all things so transcendently well; must needs _Speak_ as well, as he hath _Done_. That He, who in so admirable a manner, hath _made_ Man; cannot but know best, What his true _Principles_ and _Faculties_ are; and what _Actions_ are most agreeable thereunto: and, that having adorned him with such _Beauteous_ and _Lovely_ ones; it is impossible, He should ever put him upon the Exercise of those _Faculties_, in any way _Deformed_ and _Unlovely_. That He should do all things, so well _Himself_; and yet require his _Creatures_, to do otherwise, is unconceivable.

4. §. And as we may come, hereby, to rectifie our Apprehension of His _Laws_; so also, of His _Misteries_. For there are many Things, of the _Manner_ of whose Existence, we have no certain Knowledge. Yet, of their _Existence_, we are as sure, as our _Senses_ can make us. But, we may as well deny, what _God_ hath Made, _To be_; as, what he hath Spoken, _To be true_, because we understand not _how_. And the knowledge of _Things_ being gradually attained, we have occasion to reflect, That some _Things_, we can now well conceive, which we once thought unintelligible. I know, therefore, what I _understand_ not; but, I know not, what is _unintelligible_: what I know not now, I may hereafter; or if not I, another; or if _no Man_, or other _Creature_, it is sufficient, _That God fully understandeth Himself_. It is not, therefore, the _Knowledge_ of _Nature_, but they are the _wanton phansies_ of Mens minds, that dispose them, either to Forget _God_, or to Think unduly of Him.

5. §. Nor have we reason to fear going _too far_, in the Study of _Nature_; more, than the _entring_ into it: Because, the higher we rise in the true Knowledg and due Contemplation of _This_; the nearer we come to the _Divine Author_ hereof. Or to think, that there is any Contradiction, when _Philosophy_ teaches that to be done by _Nature_; which _Religion_, and the _Sacred Scriptures_, teach us to be done by _God_: no more, than to say, That the _Ballance_ of a _Watch_ is moved by the next _Wheel_; is to deny that _Wheel_, and the rest, to be moved by the _Spring_; and that both the _Spring_, and all the other _Parts_, are caused to move together by the _Maker_ of them. So _God_ may be truly the _Cause_ of _This Effect_, although a Thousand other _Causes_ should be supposed to intervene: For all _Nature_ is as one Great _Engine_, made by, and held in His Hand. And as it is the Watch-makers _Art_, that the _Hand_ moves regularly, from hour to hour, although he put not his Finger still to it: So is it the Demonstration of _Divine Wisdome_, that the Parts of _Nature_ are so harmoniously contrived and set together; as to conspire to all kind of Natural Motions and Effects, without the Extraordinary and Immediate Influence of the _Author_ of it.

6. §. Therefore, as the _Original Being_ of all Things, is the most proper Demonstration of _Gods Power_: So the _successive Generations_, and _Operations_ of Things are the most proper Demonstration of his _Wisdom_. For if we should suppose,that _God_ did now make, or do any Thing, by any Thing; then, no _Effect_ would be produced by a _Natural Cause_: and consequently, He would still be upon the Work of _Creation_: which yet _Sacred Scripture_ assureth us, He _resteth from_. And we might exspect the Formation of a _Child_, in an _Egg_, as well as in a _Womb_; or of a _Chicken_, out of a _Stone_, as an _Egg_: And all Sorts of _Animals_, as well as _Plants_, might propagate their _Species_, without Coition: and the like. For _Infinite Power_, needeth not make any difference in the Things it undertakes to manage. But in that, these Things are not only _made_, but _so made_, that is, according to such certain Natural Laws, as to produce their _Natural Effects_; here is the Sensible and Illustrious Evidence of his _Wisdom_. Wherefore as the Wisdom of Government, is not seen, by the King his interposing Himself in every Case; but in the contrivance of the _Laws_, and Constitution of _Ministers_ in such sort, that it shall be as effectually determin’d, as if he did so indeed: So the more complicated and vastly Numerous, we allow the _Natural Causes_ of Things to be; the more duely we conceive of that _Wisdom_, which thus disposeth of them all, to their several _Effects_: All Things being thus, as _Ministers_ in the Hands of _God_, conspiring together a Thousand _Ways_, towards a Thousand _Effects_ and _Ends_, at one time; and that with the same certainty, as if he did prepose to each, the same Omnipotent _Fiat_, which he used at the Creation of the World.

7. §. THIS _Universal Monarchy_, as it is eminently Visible in all other Particular _Oeconomies_; so is it, no less, in that of _Vegetables_. Infinite Occurrences, and secret Intrigues, ’tis made up of; of which we cannot skill, but by the help of manifold _Means_; and those, in the foregoing _Idea_, have been lately proposed. ♦ The Divine Wisdom seen in the Growth of _Plants_; if we observe,♦ Wherein, although some _Experiments_ have been briefly touch’d: yet that which I have hitherto chiefly prosecuted, hath been the _Anatomical_ Part; and that not throughly neither. Notwithstanding, so far as Observations already made will conduct us, I shall endeavour to go. And if, for the better clearing of the way, I have intermixed some Conjectures; I think they are not meerly such, but for which I have layd down some Grounds, and of which, the _Series_ also of the following _Discourse_, may be some further proof.

♦ _First_, How the _Ground_ is prepared. ♦ 8. §. LET US say then, that the _Root_ of a _Plant_ being lodged in some Soil, for its more convenient growth; ’tis necessary the Soil should be duly prepared for it. The _Rain_, therefore, falling and soaking into the Soyl, somewhat diluteth the Dissoluble _Principles_ therein contained; and renders them more easily communicable to the _Root_: Being as a _Menstruum_, which extracteth those _Principles_, from the other greater and useless part of the Soil.

9. §. And the warm _Sun_, joyned with the diluting _Rain_, by both, as it were a _Digestion_ of the Soil, or a gentile _Fermentation_ amongst its several Parts, will follow: whereby the Dissoluble Parts therein, will rot and mellow: that is, those _Principles_ which as yet remained more _fixed_, will now be further _resolved and unlocked_, and more copiously and equally spread themselves through the Body of the Soil.

10. §. These _Principles_, being with the growth of _Plants_ continually exhausted, and needing a repair; the successions, therefore, of Wet, Wind, and other Weather, beat down and rot the _Leaves_ and other _Parts_ of _Plants_. Whereby these (as _Weeds_ which are wont to be buried under ground) become a _natural Manure_, and Re-impregnate the Soil: Being thus, in part, out of their own Resolved _Principles_, annually Compounded again.

11. §. Many of these _Principles_, upon their _Resolution_, being by the _Sun_ more attenuated and volatilized; continually ascend into the _Aer_, and are mixed therewith. Where, although they lose not their _Vegetable Nature_, yet being amongst other purer _Principles_; themselves also, depositing their Earthy feculencies, become more subtile, simple and Essential Bodies.

12. §. And the _Aer_ being of an _Elastick_ or _Springy_ Nature, pressing, more or less, upon all Bodies; it thereby forceth and insinuateth it self into the Soil, through all its permeable Pores. Upon its own entrance, it carries also many of the said _Vegetable_ and _Essential Principles_ along with it; which, together with the rest, are spread all over the Body of the Soil. By which means, though a less Vehement, yet more Subtil _Fermentation_, and with the least advantage of warmth, continuable, will be effected.

13. §. The _Principles_ being thus farther _resolved_ and subtilized, would presently exhale away, if the _Rain_, again, did not prevent. Which, therefore, falling upon and soaking through the Ground, is as a fresh _Menstruum_, saturate or impregnate with many of them. And as it still sinketh lower, it carries them along with it self, from the Superficial, to the Deeper parts of the Ground: thus, not only maturing those parts also, which, otherwise, would be more lean and cold; but therein likewise, laying up and securing a _Store_, more gradually and thriftily to be bestowed upon the Upper parts again, as they need.

14. §. And _Autumn_ having laid up the _Store_, _Winter_ following thereupon, doth, as it were, lock the doors upon it. In which time, some warmer Intervals, serve further and gradually to mature the stored _Principles_, without hazard of their being Exhaled. And the _Spring_ returning, sets the doors open again, with warmer and more constant _Sun_, with gentle and frequent _Rain_, fully resolves the said _Principles_; and so furnisheth a plentiful Diet, for all kinds of _Vegetables_: being a _Composition_ of _Water_ chiefly, wherein are resolved, some portions of _Earth_, _Salt_, _Acid_, _Oyl_, _Spirit_, and _Aer_; or other Bodies of Affinity herewith.

♦ _Then_, How the _Sap_ is imbib’d, and distributed to the several _Parts_. ♦ 15. §. THE ROOT standing in the _Ground_ thus prepared,and being always surrounded with a _Barque_, which consisteth chiefly of a _Parenchymous_ and _Spongy_ Body;[3] it will thus, as _Sponges_ do, naturally suck up the watry parts of the _Soil_ impregnate with the said _Principles_. Which _Principles_ notwithstanding, being in proportion with the watry parts, but few, and also more _Essential_;[4] therefore in this _Parenchymous Part_, are they never much discovered, either by _Colour_, _Taste_, or _Smell_. As it is probable, that some distilled _Waters_, which discover nothing, to Sense, of the _Plants_ from which they are distilled, may yet, in part, retain their _Faculties_. And it is known, that many Bodies; as _Crocus Metallorum_, convey many of their parts into the _Menstruum_, without any sensible alteration thereof. So _Frost_ and _Snow_ have neither _Taste_ nor _Smell_; yet from their _Figures_, ’tis evident, that there are divers kinds of _Saline Principles_ incorporated with them; or at least, such _Principles_ as are common to _them_ and divers kinds of _Salts_.

[3] _P. 1. c. 3. §. 3._

[4] _§. 11, 12._

16. §. The entrance of this Impregnate Water or _Sap_ is not without difference, but by the Regulation of the intervening _Skin_; being thereby _strained_ and rendred more pure: the _Skin_, according to the thickness[5] or closeness thereof, becoming sometimes only as a _brown paper_, sometimes as a _Cotton_, and sometimes as a _Bag_ of _Leather_ to the transient _Sap_, as the nature of it doth require. By which it is also _moderated_, lest the _Barque_, being spongy, should suck it up too fast, and so the _Root_ should be, as it were, surcharged by a _Plethora_. And divers of the _Succiferous Vessels_ being mixed herewith[6] and lying next the Soil, usually more or less _mortified_, and so their _Principles_ somewhat _resolved_; the _Sap_ is hereby better _specified_, and further _tinctured_; such parts of the _Sap_ best entring, as are most agreeable to those _Principles_; which the _Sap_ also carries off, in some part, as it passeth into the _Barque_.

[5] _P. 1. c. 2. §. 1._

[6] _P. 1. c. 2. §. 4._

17. §. The _Sap_ thus _strained_, though it be _pure_, and consisteth of _Essential_ parts; yet being _compounded_ of _heterogeneous_ ones; and received into the _Parenchyma_ of the _Barque_ a laxe and spongy Body, they will now easily and mildly _ferment_. Whereby they will be yet further prepared, and so more easily insinuate themselves into all the _Bladders_ of the said _Parenchyma_; swelling and dilating it as far as the _Continuity_ of its parts will bear. Whereupon, partly from the continued entrance of fresh _Sap_, and partly by a Motion or Pressure of _Restitution_ in the swollen and Tensed _Bladders_ of the _Parenchyma_, the _Sap_ is forced thence into the other parts of the _Root_.

18. §. And because the _Parenchyma_ is in no place openly and Visibly Pervious, but is every where composed of an Infinite Number of small _Bladders_[7]; the _Sap_, therefore, is not only _fermented_ therein, and fitted for Separation; but, as it passeth through it, is every part of it, _strained_ an Hundred times over, from _Bladder_ to _Bladder_.

[7] _P. 1. c. 3. §. 4._

19. §. The _Sap_ thus _fermented_, and _strained_, is distributed to the other _Organical Parts_, according as the several _Principles_ of This, are agreeable to those whereof the said _Organical Parts_ consist. As the _Sap_ therefore passeth from _Bladder_ to _Bladder_, such _Principles_ as are agreeable to those of the _Fibres_ of the said _Bladders_, will adhere to, and insinuate themselves into the Body of the _Fibres_; _sc._ _Watry_ chiefly, next _Acid_, then _spirituous_, _Earthy_, _Aery_, and _Oleous_.[8]

[8] _Idea, §. 50, 52._

20. §. And the _Sap_ by its continual appulse and _percolation_, as it leaveth some parts upon the said _Fibres_; so as it is _squeezed_ betwixt them from _Bladder_ to _Bladder_, it licks and carries off some others from them, in some _union_ together with it; and so is _Impregnate_ herewith: as _Water_, by passing through a _Mineral Vein_, becomes _tinctured_ with that _Mineral_.

21. §. The _Sap_ thus _Impregnate_ with some _united Principles_ of the _Parenchymous Fibres_, passeth on to the _Lignous Vessels_, whereinto their correspondent _Principles_ also enter; _sc._ _Watry_, _Saline_, _Oleous and Earthy_ chiefly.[9] And because the _Parenchymous Principles_ mixed with them, are in some degree _united_, and so more ready to _fix_; some of these therefore will likewise enter into the said _Vessels_. Whereupon, the _Alkali oleosum_ of the one, and the _Acidum spirituosum_ of the other, meeting together; These, with the other _Principles_, all _concentre_, and of divers _fluids_, become one _fixed_ Body, and are gradually _agglutinated_ to the _Vessels_; that is, The _Vessels_ are now _nourished_.

[9] _Idea, §. 51, 52._

22. §. The supply of the _Sap_ still continued, the _Principles_ thereof will not only enter into the _Body_ of these _Parts_, but also their _Concaves_. And the _Parenchymous Fibres_ being _wrapped_ about the _Vessels_,[10] as often as the said _Fibres_ are more _turgid_ with their own contained _Fluid_, they will thereby be somewhat _shortned_, or contract in length; and so must needs _bind_ upon the _Vessels_, and thereby, as it were, _squeeze_ some part of the _Fluid_, contained both within themselves and the _Vessels_, back again into the _Bladders_.

[10] _P. 1. c. 5. §. 12._

23. §. And the _Sap_ herein, being thus _tinctured_ with some of the _united Principles_ of the _Vessels_, divers of them will now also insinuate themselves into the _Parenchymous Fibres_, and be incorporated with them: Whereby, the said _Fibres_, which before were only _relaxed_ and _dilated_, are now also _nourished_, and not till now. Some portion of the _united Principles_ both of the _Parenchymous_ and _Lignous Parts_, being necessary to the true _nutrition_ of Each: As the Confusion and joynt assistance of both the _Arterious_ and _Nervous Fluids_, is to the nourishment or coagulation of the _Parts_ in _Animals_.

24. §. Some portion of the _Sap_ thus doubly _tinctured_, is at the same time transmitted to, and enters the _Body_ of the _Aer-Vessels_; consisting chiefly of _Water_, _Aer_, and _Acid_; and, in like manner, as in the other _Parts_ is herein _agglutinated_. And the appulse and pressure of the _Sap_ still continued, some portion hereof is also trajected into the _Concaves_ of the said _Vessels_; existing therein as a most _Compounded Fluid_; partaking, more or less, both of the _Principles_ and _Tinctures_ of the other _Organical Parts_, and of the _Aer-Vessels_ themselves; being as it were, a _Mixed Resolution_ from them all.

25. §. And the _Parenchymous Fibres_ being _wrapped_ about These, as about the other _Vessels_,[11] and, in like manner, _binding_ upon them; they thus frequently _squeeze_ part of the said contained _Fluid_ out again: As necessary, though not to the immediate Nourishment of the _Parts_, yet the due Qualification of the _Sap_; being a Constant _Aerial Ferment_, successively stored up within the _Aer-Vessels_, and thence transfused to the _Sap_, in the other _Organical Parts_.

[11] _P. 1. c. 5. §. 12._

26. §. And that there may be a better Transition of the _Sap_ thus _tinctured_, to the several _Organical Parts_; therefore, none of them are close set and compact within themselves, severally: For so, they would be inaccessible to the _Sap_, and their inward Portions, wanting a due supply of _Aliment_, would be starved. But the _Vessels_, both of _Aer_ and _Sap_, being every where divided into _Braced_ Portions, and other _Parenchymous_ Portions, filling up the spaces every where betwixt them[12]; there is therefore a free and copious communication of the _Sap_, (and so of all the _Tinctures_ successively transfused into it) from _Part_ to _Part_, and to every Portion of every _Part_: The _Parenchymous_ Portions, running betwixt the _Braces_, as the smaller _Vessels_ do throughout the _Viscera_, in _Animals_. Whereby, none of them want that Matter, which is necessary either for their _Nutrition_, or for the good Estate of their _Contents_, or for the due period of their Growth.

[12] _P. 1. c. 3. §. 13. & c. 4. §. 4, 5, 7._

27. §. For the better _Tempering_ of the several parts of the _Sap_, serve the _Diametral_ Portions of the _Parenchymous Body_ which run sometimes directly through the _Barque_, as in _Lovage_, _Parsley_, &c. is described and figur’d[13] Which being, all or most of them, continued betwixt both the _Succiferous_ and the _Aer-Vessels_, from the Circumference to the Centre; they hereby carry off a more Copious and _Aerial Ferment_ from the One, and communicate it unto the Other. For as the _Sap_ enters the _Barque_, the more _liquid_ part, still passeth into the _succulent_ Portions thereof; the more _Aery_, is separated into those White and Dryer _Diametral_ ones; and in its passage betwixt the _Portions_ of the _Aer-Vessels_, is all along communicated to them. Yet is it not a pure or _simple Aer_, but such as carries a _Tincture_ with it, from the _Succiferous Vessels_. And therefore it is observable, That when the _Diametral_ Portions are more distant, the _Sap-Vessels_ run not in a Straight Line betwixt them, but are Reciprocally so inclined, as to touch upon them; as in _Lovage_ is visible: Thereby communicating their _Tincture_ to the _Aer_, as it passeth by them, through the said _Diametral_ Portions.

[13] _P. 1. c. 3. §. 7, 8._

28. §. By the continual appulse of fresh _Sap_, some, both of the _aery_, and of all the other parts thereof are transmitted into the _Pith_; where, finding more room, it will yet more kindly be _digested_. Especially having the advantage herein of some degree of Warmth; being herein remoter from the _Soil_, and, as it were, _Tunn’d_ up within the _Wood_, or the _Mass_ of surrounding _Vessels_. So that the _Pith_ is a _Repository_ of better _Aliment_ gradually supplied to those _Succiferous Vessels_, which are frequently scattered up and down therein, and which ascend into the _Trunk_.[14] But where no _succiferous Vessels_ are mixed, herewith, it usually becomes Dryer, and is replenished with a more _Aerial_ and _Warmer Sap_; whereby the growth of the _Caulis_ is promoted, as by an _Hot Bed_ set just under it. And in many _Plants_ with divers knobbed _Roots_, the younger are more succulent, serving chiefly to feed the _Stalk_: the Elder are spongy and fill’d with _Aer_, for the fermenting of the _Sap_, and more early growth of the _Stalk_: as in little _Celandine_, _Dogstones_ and all of that Kindred. And thus all the _Parts_ have a fit _Aliment_ provided for their _Nourishment_.

[14] _P. 1. c. 5. §. 3._

♦ How the several Parts are Nourish’d and Form’d. ♦ 29. §. IN THIS _Nourishment_, the _Principles_ of the _Sap_ are, as is said, _concentred_ and _locked_ up one within another:[15] Whence it is, that the _Organical Parts_, being cleansed of their _Contents_, have none of them any _Taste_ or _Smell_, as in the _Piths_ of _Plants_, _Paper_ and _Linen Cloth_ is evident.[16] Because till by _Digestion_, violent _Destillation_, or some other way, they are resolved, they cannot act upon the _Organs_ of those Senses. For the same reason, they are never _tinctured_, excepting by their _Contents_: and although, to the bare Eye, they frequently shew _White_, yet viewed through a _Microscope_, they all appear _transparent_. In like manner, as the _Serum_ of _Blood_, _Whites_ of _Eggs_, _Tendons_, _Hairs_ and _Horns_ themselves are _transparent_, and without much _Smell_ or _Taste_, their _Principles_ being, in all of them, more or less _concentred_: But when ever these _Principles_, are forcibly _resolved_, they are ever variously invested with all those _Qualities_.

[15] _§. 21._

[16] _Idea, §. 49, 51._

30. §. And as from the _Concentration_ of the _Principles_, in every _Organical Part_, the said _Parts_ do thus far, all agree: So, from the _Predominion_ of the _Principles_ of each _Part_, the rest are controuled, not only to a _Concentration_, but an _Assimilation_ also; whereby, the _Specifick Differences_, of the several _Organical Parts_, are preserved. Hence the _succiferous Vessels_ are always _Tough_ and very Pliable; for so are all _Barques_, wherein these _Vessels_ abound; so is a Handful of _Flax_, which is nothing else but a heap of the _succiferous Vessels_ in the _Barque_ of that _Plant_. For besides _Water_, and _Earth_, an _Alkaline Salt_ and _Oyl_ are, as is said, the predominant _Principles_ of these _Vessels_.[17] It is then the _Oyl_, chiefly, by which these _Vessels_ are _Tough_: for being of a tenacious Nature, by taking hold of other _Principles_, it marries them together; and the _Alkaline Salt_ and _Earth_, _concentred_ with it, addeth to it more _Strength_. Hence the _Caput Mortuum_ of most Bodies, especially those that abound with _Oyl_ and a _Sal Alkali_, is _brittle_ and _friable_; those _Principles_, which were the _Ligaments_ of the rest, being forced away from them. From the same Cause, the _Parenchymous Parts_ of a _Root_, even in their Natural State, are _brittle_ and _friable_; _sc._ Because their _Earthy_, and especially _Oleous_ and _Saline Principles_ are, as is said,[18] so very few. Therefore all _Piths_ and more _simple Parenchyma’s_, break _short_, so _Corn_, and the _Roots_ of _Potato’s_, and divers other _Plants_, being dryed, will easily be rub’d to _Meal_; and many _Apples_, after Frosts, eat _mealy_; the _Parenchymous Parts_ of all which, are not only by _Analogy_, but in Substance or Essence, the self same Body.[19]

[17] _§. 21._

[18] _§. 19._

[19] _Lib. 1. c. 7. §. 14._

31. §. And as the _Consistence_ of the several _Organical Parts_, is dependent on their _Principles_; so are their _Figures_. And first, the _Succiferous Vessels_, from their _Alkaline Salt_,[20] grow in Length. For by that Dimension, chiefly, This _Salt_ always _shoots_: And being a less moveable _Principle_ than the rest, and so apt more speedily to _fix_ or _shoot_: It thus overrules them to its own _Figure_. And even as the Shape of a _Button_ dependeth on the _Mould_, the _Silk_ and other Materials wrought upon it, being always conformable thereunto: so here; the _Salt_ is, as it were, the _Mould_; about which, the other more passive _Principles_ gathering themselves, they all consort and fashion to it. Hence also the same _Sap-Vessels_ are not _pyramidal_, as the _Veins_ of _Animals_; but of an equal bore, from end to end; the _shootings_ of the said _Salt_, being also figured more agreeably to that _Dimension_. And as by the _Saline Principle_, these _Vessels_ are _Long_; so by the _Oleous_,[21] they are every where _Round_, or properly _Cylindrical_; without some joynt Efficacy of which _Principle_, the said _Vessels_ would be _Flat_, or some way Edged and _Angular_, as all _saline shoots_, of themselves, are; as those of _Alum_, _Vitriol_, _Sal Ammoniac_, _Sea Salt_, _Nitre_, &c. And because the _Spirituous_ and more _Fluid_ part of the _Principles_, is least of all apt to _fix_; while therefore, the other parts fix round about, This will remain moveable in the _Centre_; from whence every _Vessel_ is formed, not into a _solid_, but _hollow Cylinder_; that is, becomes a _Tube_.

[20] _P. 2. §. 21._

[21] _Ib._

32. §. The _Lactiferous Vessels_ are _tubulary_, as the _Lymphæducts_, but of a somewhat wider _Concave_ or _Bore_. For being their _Principles_ are less _Earthy_ and _Oleous_, and also more loosely _Concentred_; as from their easie corruption or _Resolution_ by the _Aer_, it appears they are: they are therefore more tender, and so more easily dilative, and yielding to the said _Spirituous_ part in the Centre. And by this means, obtaining a wider _Bore_, they are more adapted to the free motion of the _Milky Content_: which being an Oleous and Thicker _Liquor_, than that in the _Lympheducts_; and having no advantage of _pulsation_, as the _Blood_ hath in _Animals_; might sometimes be apt to stagnate, if the _Vessels_, through which it moves, were not somewhat wider.

33. §. As the _Saline Principle_ is the _Mould_ of the _Succiferous_, so is the _Aerial_ of the _Aer-Vessels_.[22] Now the Particles of _Aer_ strictly so called, at least of that part of it concerned in the Generation of the _Aer-Vessels_, I suppose, are crooked: and that by composition of many of those crooked ones together, some of them become Spiral, or of some other winding _Figure_: and that thereupon dependeth the _Elastick_ Property of the _Aer_, or its being capable of _Rarefaction_ and _Condensation_ by force. Wherefore, the said _crooked_ Particles of the _Aer_, first _shooting_ and _setting_ together, as the _Mould_, the other _Principle_ cling and _fix_ conformably round about them. So that, as by force of the _Saline Principles_, the rest of them are made to _shoot_ out in _Long continued Fibres_; so by force of the _Aerial_, those _Fibers_ are still disposed into _Spiral Lines_, thus making up the _Aer-Vessels_. And according as there are fewer of these _Aerial_ Particles, in proportion to the _Saline_, the _Concave_ of the _Aer-Vessels_ is variously wider, or the _Fibres_ continue their _shooting_ by wider _Rings_; as those that come nearer to a _right Line_, and so are more compliant to the _Figure_ and shooting of the _Saline_ parts. And whereas the _Lympheducts_, shooting out only in length, are never sensibly _amplified_ beyond their original size: These, on the contrary, always, more or less, enlarge their _Diameter_; because their _Fibres_, being disposed into _Spiral Lines_, must needs therefore, as they continue their growth, be still dilated into greater and greater _Rings_. And being at the bottom of the _Root_ more remote from the _Aer_, and so having somewhat fewer Particles purely _Aerial_, there ingredient to them, then at the top; they fall more under the government of the _Saline_, and so come nearer to a _right Line_, that is into greater _Circles_; and so the _Aer-Vessels_, made up of those _Circles_, are there generally wider.[23]

[22] _P. 1. c. 4. §. 23._ & _P. 2. §. 24._

[23] _P. 1. c. 4. §. 16._

34. §. By mediation of their _Principles_, the _Parenchymous Parts_ likewise of a _Root_ have their proper _Contexture_. For from their _Acid Salt_ they are _Fibrous_; from their _Oyl_, the _Fibres_ are _Round_, and in all parts even within themselves; and from their _Spirit_, it is most probable, that they are also _hollow_. But because the _Spirit_ is, here, more copious than the _Aer_; and the _Saline Principle_ an _Acid_,[24] and so, more under the government of the _Spirit_, than is an _Alkali_; therefore are not the said _Fibres_ continued in _straight Lines_, as the _Sap-Vessels_; or by one _uniform_ motion, into _spiral_ lines, as the _Fibres_ in the _Aerial_; but _winding_, in a circular manner, to and fro a _thousand ways_, agreeable to the like _motions_ of the _Spirit_, that most _active_, and here most _predominant Principle_. And the _Spirituous Parts_ being, as is said, here more copious and redundant, they will not only suffice to fill up the Concaves of the _Fibres_, but will also gather together into innumerable little spaces, without them: whence the _Fibres_ cannot wind close together, as Thred, in a _Bottom_ of Yarn; but are forced to keep at some distance, one parcel from another, and so are disposed, as Bread is in baking, into _Bladders_.[25]

[24] _§. 19._

[25] _P. 1. c. 3. §. 4._

35. §. And the _under Fibres_ being _set_ first, as the _Warp_, the _spirituous_ parts next adjacent, will incline also to _fix_, and so govern an _over work_ of _Fibres_, wrapping, as the _Woof_, in still smaller Circles round the other: whereby they are all knit together.[26] For the same reason, the _Lympheducts_, being first formed, the _Parenchymous Fibres set_ and _wrap_ about These also.[27] And the _Aer-Vessels_ being formed in the Center, the _succiferous_ run along those likewise (as _volatile Salts shoot_ along the sides of a Glass, or _Frost_ upon a Window) and so are, as it were, Incrustate about them in a _Ring_.

[26] _P. 1. c. 5. §. 9._

[27] _P. 1. c. 5. §. 12._

♦ How the several _Parts_ come to be Situate or Dispos’d. ♦ 36. §. SOME OF THE more Ætherial and Subtile parts of the _Aer_, as they stream through the _Root_, it should seem, by a certain _Magnitisme_, do gradually dispose the _Aer-Vessels_, where there are any store of them, into _Rays_. This Attraction (as I take leave to call it) or _Magnetick power_ betwixt the _Aer_ and these _Vessels_, may be argued, From the nature of the _Principles_ common to them both: From the _Electral_ nature of divers other Bodies; the _Load-stone_ being not the only one which is attractive: And from other Effects, both before[28] and hereafter mentioned. Wherefore in the inferiour parts of the _Root_, they are less Regular;[29] because more remote from the _Aer_. And in the upper parts of many _Roots_, as _Cumfery_, _Borage_, _Parsnep_, where those that are next the Centre are confused, or differently disposed; ♦ _Tab. 7, 8, 9._ ♦ those next the _Barque_, and so nearer the _Aer_, are postured more Regularly, and usually into _Rays_. For the same reason it may be; that even the _Sap-Vessels_ in the _Barque_, as often as the _Aer Vessels_ are more numerous, are usually disposed into _Rays_, as following the direction of the _Aer-Vessels_. And that the _Parenchyma_ of the _Barque_, is disposed into _Diametral Portions_: and that where the _Aer Vessels_ are fewer or smaller, these _Portions_ are likewise smaller or none; ♦ _Tab. 7, 8, 9._, &c. ♦ as in _Chervil_, _Asparagus_, _Dandelion_, _Orpine_, _Bistort_, _Horse-Radish_, _Potato’s_, &c.

[28] _Lib. 1. c. 2. §. 25. & c. 4. Append. §. 2, 3._

[29] _P. 1. c. 4. §. 10._

37. §. The said Ætherial parts of the _Aer_, have a Power over the _Aer-Vessels_ not only thus to Dispose them; but also to Sollicite and _spread_ them abroad from the Center towards the Circumference of the _Root_. By which means, those _Roots_ which have no _Pith_ in their lower parts, obtain one in their upper.[30] And the same _Pith_, which in the lower part, is ratably, small, in the upper, is more or less enlarged.[31]

[30] _P. 1. c. 5. §. 1._

[31] _Ib. §. 4._

38. §. The _Spreading_ of these _Vessels_ is varied, not only according to the _Force_ the _Aer_ hath upon them, but also their own greater or less _Aptitude_ to yield thereto. As often therefore, as they are Slenderer, they will also be more Pliable and recessive from the Centre, towards the Circumference. Hence, in such _Roots_ where they are small, they stand more distant; ♦ _Tab. 2, & 6._ ♦ as in _Turnep_, _Jerusalem Artichoke_, _Potato’s_, and others; and so their _Braces_ are fewer: and in the same _Root_, where they are smaller, their distance is greater. Besides, in these smaller _Aer-Vessels_, the _Rings_ being less, and the _Spiral Fibres_ whereof they are made, continuing to _shoot_; the said _Rings_ therefore, must needs be so many more, as they are smaller; and so take up more space by the length of the _Root_; and so, not being capable of being crowded in a _right line_, every _Vessel_ will be forced to recede to a _crooked_ or _bowed_ one.

39. §. The _Sap Vessels_, being by the _Parenchymous Fibres_ knit to _these_, will likewise comply with Their motion, and spread abroad with them. Yet being still smaller[32] and more pliable than the _Aer-Vessels_, and so more yielding to the intercurrent _Fibres_ of the _Parenchyma_, their _braced Threds_ will, sometimes, be much more divaricated, than those of the _Aer-Vessels_; ♦ _Tab. 6._ ♦ as in _Jerusalem Artichoke_. And because the _Succiferous Vessels_, although they are joyned to the _Aerial_ by the _Parenchymous Fibres_,[33] yet are not continuous with them; neither fall under the like _Attractive Power_ of the _Aer_, as the _Aerial_ do; the _Aerial_ therefore, upon their spreading, do not always carry all the _Succiferous_ along with them; but often, if not always, leave many of them behind them sprinkled up and down the _Pith_; ♦ _Tab. 6._ ♦ as in _Parsley_, _Carrot_, _Jerusalem Artichoke_, _Turnep_, &c. may be seen.

[32] _P. 1. c. 3. §. 16._

[33] _P. 1. c. 5. §. 12._

40. §. The _spreading_ of the _Aer-Vessels_ still continued, several of them, at length, break forth beyond the circumference of the _Root_; and so are distributed, either in the lower parts, into _Branches_ and _Strings_; or at the top, into _Leaves_. And lest they should all spread themselves into _Leaves_, and none be left for the _Caulis_; as where they are very small, or the _Sap-Vessels_ to bound them, are but few, they might; therefore divers of them are, oftentimes, more frequently _braced_ in the Centre; ♦ _Tab. 6._ ♦ for which reason, they cannot so easily separate and spread themselves from thence, but run more inwardly up into the _Caulis_, as in _Borage_.

♦ How the whole _Root_ is differently sized and shaped. ♦ 41. §. FROM THE various _Sizes_, _Proportions_, and _Dispositions_ of the Parts, _Roots_ are variously _sized_, _shaped_, _moved_ and _aged_. Those which, by their Annual Growth, are large; have fewer, both _Aerial_, and _Sap-Vessels_, and a more copious _Parenchyma_. So that the _Aer-Vessels_, or rather, the _Aery Ferment_ contained in them, _volatilizing_ only a smaller portion of the _Sap_; the said _Sap_ is less capable of advancement into the _Trunk_; and so must needs remain and _fix_ more copiously in the _Root_, which is thereby more augmented. And where the _Sap-Vessels_ alone, are but few, the _Root_ is yet, ratably, somewhat large: but where they are numerous, it is never so, as to its Annual Growth, in any proportion to their Number: Because their _Tincture_, which is _Alkaline_, will go farther in _setting_ the _Parenchymous Parts_: than the _Tincture_ of _These_, which is _Acidulate_, will go, in _setting Them_.[34]

[34] _P. 2. §. 31._

42. §. When the _Aer-Vessels_ are more pliable and sequent to the Attraction of the _Aer_, and so _spread_ themselves, and the _Succiferous_ together with them, more abroad; in the manner as hath been said; the _Root_ also will grow more in _Breadth_; ♦ _Tab. 2, & 7._ ♦ the nutrition of the _Parenchymous Parts_, to which the _Vessels_ are adjacent, being thus, by the same dimension, more augmented; as in _Turnep_, _Jerusalem Artichoke_, &c. ♦ _Tab. 7, & 8._ ♦ But where these are not spread abroad, the _Root_ is but slender; as in _Asparagus_, _Dandelion_, &c.

43. §. If the _Aer-Vessels_ be contracted into, or near the Centre, and are somewhat Large or Numerous; and the _Succiferous_, also more copiously mixed with, or surrounding them; the _Root_ grows very Long; as do those of _Fenil_, _Vine_, _Liquirish_, &c. ♦ _Tab. 2, & 17._ ♦ For the _Aer-Vessels_ containing a more copious _Ferment_, it will well digest and mature the _Sap_: Yet the _Succiferous_ being over proportioned to them; the _Sap_ will not therefore, be so far volatilized, as to ascend chiefly into the _Trunk_; but only to subserve a fuller Growth of their _Vessels_: which being more numerous, and so more sturdy, and less sequent to the expansive motion of the _Aerial_; this their own Growth, and consequently, that of all the other _Parts_, cannot be so much in Breadth, as Length.

44. §. Where the same _Aerial Vessels_ are Fewer, or more Contracted, or sheathed in a Thicker and Closer _Barque_; ♦ _Tab. 7, 8._ ♦ the _Root_ is smooth, and less _Ramified_, as in _Asparagus_, _Peony_, _Dandelion_. But where more Numerous, sheathed in a Thinner _Barque_, Smaller, or more Dilated; the _Root_ is more _Ramified_, or more _Stringy_, ♦ _Tab. 2, & 7._ ♦ as in _Columbine_, _Clary_, _Beet_, _Nicotian_. For being, as is said, by these means, more sequent to the Attraction of the _Aer_; approaching still nearer the circumference of the _Barque_, they at last strike through it, into the _Earth_. And the _Parenchymous Fibres_ being wrapped about them, and the _Succiferous Vessels_ knit to them by those _Fibres_;[35] therefore they never break forth naked, but always invested with some quantity of these _Parts_ as their _Barque_: where by, whatever _Constitutive Part_ is in the _main Body_ of the _Root_, the same is also in every _Branch_ or _String_.

[35] _P. 1. c. 5. §. 12._

45. §. From the same Expansion and Pliability of the _Aer-Vessels_, the _Root_ oftentimes putteth forth _Root-Buds_; which gradually shoot up and become so many _Trunks_. In the Formation of which _Buds_, they are pliable and recessive all kinds of ways; being not only invited Outward, toward the Circumference of the _Root_, as in _Root-strings_, but also spread more Abroad every way, so as to make a _Root-Bud_: Where as in the said _Root-strings_, they are always more Contracted. ♦ _Tab. 6._ ♦ Which, in respect of the Disposition of the _Parts_, is the principal difference betwixt the _Root_ and the _Trunk_, as hath been said.[36] Hence, those _Roots_, chiefly, have _Root-Buds_, ♦ _Tab. 11._ ♦ which have the smallest _Aer-Vessels_;[37] these, as is said, being the most pliable and Expansive.

[36] _P. 1. c. 1. §. 2, 3._

[37] _P. 1. c. 4. §. 15._

46. §. But because the expansiveness of the _Vessels_, dependeth also, in part, upon the Fewness of their _Braces_; therefore the said _Buds_ shoot forth differently, in divers _Roots_. Where the _Braces_ are fewer, the _Buds_ shoot forth beyond the Circumference of the _Root_, as in _Jerusalem Artichoke_; ♦ _Tab. 6._ ♦ where more close, as in _Potato’s_, the _Buds_ lie a little absconded beneath it; the _Aer-Vessels_ being here, by their _Braces_, somewhat checked and curbed in, while the _Barque_ continueth to swell into a fuller Growth.

47. §. If the _Aer-Vessels_ are all along more equally sized, the _Root_ is so also, or _Cylindrical_; as are those of _Eryngo_, _Horse-Radish_, _Marshmallow_, _Liquirish_, &c. But if unequal, growing still _wider_ towards the _bottom_ of the _Root_; then the _Root_ is unequal also: But groweth, as is observable, quite contrarily to the _Aer-Vessels_; not Greater, as They do; but still smaller, or _pyramidally_; as in _Fenil_, _Borage_, _Nettle_, _Patience_, _Thorn-Apple_, &c. is apparent. For the _Aer-Vessels_ being considerably wider about the _bottome_ of these _Roots_; they there contein a more Copious _Ferment_: Whereby the _Sap_ is there also more volatilized, and plentifully advanced to the Upper Parts. Withal, thus receiving into themselves, and so transmitting to the upper Parts, a more plentiful _Vapour_, they hereby rob the _Parenchymous Parts_ of their Aliment, and so stint them in their Growth.

♦ How _Roots_ are differently Mov’d. ♦ 48. §. FROM THE different _Proportions_ and _Situation_ of the _Parts_, the _Motions_ of _Roots_ are also various. For where the _Aer-Vessels_ are spread abroad and invested with a thinner _Barque_; ♦ _Tab. 8._ ♦ the _Root_ runs or lies _Level_, as in the _level-Roots_ of _Primrose_, _Bishops-weed_, _Anemone_, &c. may be seen. So that these _Roots_, as by the _Perpendicular Strings_, which shoot from them into the _Earth_, and wherein the _Aer-Vessels_ are contracted into their Center, they are Plucked down[38]: So by the _Aer-Vessels_, which stand nearer the _Aer_, and more under its Attractive Power[39] they are invited _upwards_; whereby they have neither _ascent_ nor _descent_, but keep _level_, betwixt both.

[38] _P. 1. c. 1. §. 15._

[39] _P. 2. §. 36._

49. §. But if these _Vessels_ are Contracted, standing either in, or near the Centre, and are invested with a _Barque_ proportionably Thick; the _Root_ striketh down _perpendicularly_, as doth that of _Dandelion_, _Bugloss_, _Parsnep_, &c. ♦ _Tab. 7, 8._ ♦ And therefore the said _Vessels_, although they are spread abroad in the _level Roots_, yet in the _perpendicular_ ones of the same _Plant_, they are always contracted; as by comparing the _Level_ and _Down-right Roots_ of _Ammi_, _Primrose_, _Jerusalem Artichoke_, _Cowslip_, and others, is manifest.

50. §. If the _Aer-Vessels_ are Contracted, and Environed with a greater number of _Succiferous_, the _Root_ grows _deep_; that is, _perpendicular_ and _long_.[40] _Perpendicular_, from the Contraction of the _Aer-Vessels_;[41] and _long_, from the Predominion of the _Succiferous_, which in their growth, are extended only by that Dimension, as in _Liquirish_, _Eryngo_, &c.

[40] _P. 1. c. 1. §. 9._

[41] _P. 2. §. 49._

51. §. If the _Succiferous_ are over proportioned to the _Parenchymous Parts_, but under to the _Aer-Vessels_; the _Root_ is _perpendicular_ still, but groweth _shallow_: The _Succiferous_ being sturdy enough to keep it _perpendicular_; ♦ _Tab. 7._ ♦ But the _Aer-Vessels_ having a predominion to keep it from growing _deep_; as in _Stramonium_, _Nicotian_, _Beet_, &c.

52. §. If, on the contrary, the _Parenchymous Parts_ are predominant to the _Aer Vessels_; and that, both in the _Root_ and _Trunk_; then the whole _Root_ changeth place, or _descends_.[42] For the said _Aer-Vessels_, having neither in the _Trunck_, nor in the _Root_, a sufficient Power to Draw it _upwards_; it therefore gradually yields to the Motion of its _String-Roots_; which, as they strike into the Soil, Pluck it down after them. And because the old _Strings_ annually rot off, and new ones successively shoot down into the _Ground_, it therefore annually still descendeth lower; as in _Tulip_, _Lily_, &c. may be observed.

[42] _P. 1. c. 1. §. 10. Lib. 1. c. 2. §. 25,_ and _4. Append. §. 10. P. 2. §. 36._

53. §. Where the _Aer-Vessels_ are much _spread_ abroad, and also _numerous_, the _Root_ oftentimes, as to its several parts, _descends_ and _ascends_ both at once. So _Radishes_ and _Turneps_, at the same time, in which their nether parts _descend_; their upper, (where the said _Vessels_ are more loosely _braced_, and _spread_ more abroad than in the lower parts) ♦ _Tab. 2._ ♦ do _ascend_, or make their Growth _upward_. Hence also, the upper part of most young _Roots_ from _Seed_, ascends: Because the first _Leaves_, being proportionably large, and standing in a free _Aer_, the _Aer-Vessels_ therein, have a dominion over the young _Root_; and so themselves yielding to the solicitation of the _Aer_, _upwards_; they draw the _Root_, in part, after them.

♦ How _Roots_ are differently Aged. ♦ 54. §. BY THE _Situation_ and _Proportions_ of the _Parts_, the _Age_ of the _Root_ is also varied. For if the _Sap-Vessels_ have the greatest Proportion, the _Root_, is _Perennial_, and that to the farthest extent, as in _Trees_ and _Shrubs_. Because these _Vessels_ containing a more copious _Oyl_;[43] and their several _Principles_ being more closely _Concentred_, they are less subject to a _Resolution_, that is, a Corruption or Mortification by the _Aer_.

[43] _P. 2. §. 21._

55. §. If the _Parenchymous Parts_ have much the greatest, the _Root_ seldom liveth beyond Two Years; but afterwards perisheth either in whole, or in part; as do divers _bulbous_, _tuberous_, and other _Roots_; whether they are more Porous and Succulent, or more Close and Dry. If Porous, all the _Liquid Principles_ standing herein more abundant, either by a stronger Fermentation, or otherwise, Resolve the _fixed ones_ of the _Organical Parts_; whence the whole _Root_, rots; as in _Potato’s_. So also _Parsneps_, and some other _Roots_, which, in a hard and barren _Soil_, will live several years, in another more rank, will quickly rot. If the _Parenchyma_ be Close, then the _Aer_, chiefly, entring in and filling it up, thus mortifies the _Root_; not by Rotting the _Parts_, but over Drying them; as in _Satyrion_, _Rape-Crowfoot_, _Monkshood_, &c.[44]

[44] _P. 1. c. 1. §. 13, 16,_ & _P. 2. §. 28._

56. §. But if the _Aer-Vessels_ have the _greatest Proportion_, and especially if they are more _large_, and withall, are _spread_ more abroad: the _Root_ is _Annual_, as in _Thorn-Apple_, _Nicotian_, _Carduus Ben_, &c. ♦ _Tab. 9._ ♦ And of the same Kindred, if any, those are _Annual_, which have the most _Aer-Vessels_. So _Endive_ and _Sonchus_, which have store of _Aer-Vessels_, are both _Annual_: whereas _Cichory_, in which they are fewer, is a _Perennial Root_. For hereby a more copious _Aer_ being Transfused into all the other _Parts_;[45] they are thus, by degrees, hardened, and become sticky; and so impervious to the _Sap_, which ought to have a free and universal Transition from _Part_ to _Part_. As _Bones_, by _Precipitations_ from the _Blood_, at length, cease to grow. Or the same more abundant _Aer_, so far _volatilizeth_ the _Liquors_ in the _Root_, that they are wholly advanced into the _Trunk_, and so the _Root_ is starved. Whence also the _Aer-Vessels_ of the _Trunk_; where they are numerous, and over proportioned to the _Bulk_ of the _Root_, as in _Corn_; they so far promote the advance of the _Sap_, as to exhaust the _Root_, sucking it into a Consumption and Death.

[45] _P. 2. §. 25, 26._

♦ How the _Contents_ of the several _Parts_ are made. ♦ 57. §. FROM THE _Principles_ of the _Parts_, their _Contents_ and the several _Qualities_ hereof are also various;[46] the _Fluid_ of each _Organical Part_, being made, chiefly, by _Filtration_ through the sides thereof; such of the _Principles_ in the _Sap_, being admitted into, and transmitted through them, as are aptest thereunto. In the like manner, as when _Oyl_ and _Water_, being poured upon a Paper, the _Water_ passeth through, the _Oyl_ sticks: or as the _Chyle_ is strained through the _Coats_ of the _Guts_, into the _Lacteal Vessels_: or as _Water_ in _Purgations_, is strained through the _Glands_ of the same _Guts_, from the _Mesenterical_.

[46] _Idea, §. 54._

58. §. The _Principles_ therefore of the _Parenchymous Fibres_ being _spirituous_, _acid_, and _aerial_, they will also admit the like into them; excluding those chiefly which are _Alkaline_ and _Oleous_.[47] And as by the _Conjugation_ of such _Principles_ in the _Fibres_, the like are capable of _admittance_ into their Body: so the _Proportion_ and _Union_ of the same _Principles_, regulates the _transmission_ hereof into their _Concave_. Wherefore, the predominant _Principles_ of the _Fibres_ being chiefly _acid_, next _spirituous_, and _aery_, the more _aery_ ones will be _transmitted_. For if more of _them_ should _fix_ they must do so by similitude and adhesion: But where there are fewer similary parts to adhere to, fewer must adhere. The _Fibres_ therefore contain so many parts of _Aer_, as to _admit_ many more into their Body; but not to _fix_ them; which therefore must needs, upon admission, pass through into their _Concave_; where, together with some other more _spirituous_ parts, they make an _Ætherial Fluid_. And because some _aqueous_ or _vaporous_ parts will also strain through with them; hence it is, that as more and more of these enter, they by degrees still thrust out the _aery_ ones; which quitting the more _succulent Fibres_ of the _Parenchyma_, are forced to betake themselves to the _dryer_ ones, _scil._ all those, whereof the _Diametral Portions_ do consist. For the same reason the _Aery_ parts being gradually excluded the _succulent Fibres_ of the _Barque_; they are forced to recede and transmigrate into those of the _Pith_. And the _Fibres_ of the _Pith_ themselves being filled, and the _Aery_ parts still forced into them; they at length also strain through the _Fibres_ into the _Bladders_: whence it comes to pass, that while the _Barque_ is _succulent_, the _Pith_ is often times filled with _Aer_.

[47] _P. 2. §. 19._

59. §. The _Lymphæducts_ being more _earthy_, _Salinous_; _oleous_, and ♦ _P. 2. §. 21._ ♦ _aqueous_, will both _admit_ and copiously _fix_ the like _Principles_, as their proper Aliment. The _Water_ being more _perfluent_ than the rest, will therefore strain, with a lighter _Tincture_ of them, into their _Concave_. Especially the _Oleous_ parts of these being _rampant_, and less apt to _fix_ and _seize_ the _aqueous_, upon their entrance, than the _saline_.

60. §. The _Lactiferous_, appearing to be made, chiefly, by the Constipation of the _Parenchymous Parts_ all round about their Sides; the _Liquor_ conteined in those _Parts_, although it may easily enough be transfused into the Hollow of these _Vessels_; yet seems it not, with equal facility, to be refunded thence: So that the _thinner_ and more _aqueous_ Portion only, passing off; the remainder, is, as it were, an _Oleous Elixyr_, or extract, in the form of a _Milk_.

61. §. The _Fluid Ferment_ contained in the _Aer-Vessels_, is also in part, dependent on the _Principles_ of those _Vessels_, being in their percolation _tinctured_ therewith. But because the percolation is not made _through_ the _Body_ of the _Fibres_ whereof the _Vessels_ are composed, but only _betwixt_ them; therefore the transient _Principles_ more promiscuosly, yet with an over porportion of dryer Particles, pass into the _Concaves_ of these _Vessels_, and so are herein all immersed in a Body of _Aer_.[48] The _Fibres_ themselves, in the mean time, as those of the _Parenchyma_, admitting and containing a more _Aery_ and _Ætherial Fluid_.

[48] _P. 2. §. 24._

62. §. The _Contents_ are varied, not only by the _Nature_, but also the _Proportion_ and _Situation_ of the _Parts_, whereby the said _Contents_ are with different Facility and Quantity, communicated one to another. Hence it is, partly, that a _Vine_, or that _Corn_, hath so little _Oyl_: _sc._ Because their _Aer-Vessels_, in proportion with the other _Parts_, are so _Great_ and _Numerous_: in _Corn_, the _Stalk_ being also very hollow, and so becoming as it were, one Great _Aer-Vessel_. For the _Oily_ parts of the _Sap_, are so exceedingly _attenuated_[49] by the _Aery Ferment_ contained in these _Vessels_; that they are, for the most part, so far _immersed_ in the _Spirit_, or mixed therewith, as not, by being collected in any considerable Body, to be distinguishable from it. And the affinity that is betwixt _Spirits_ and _Oils_, especially _Essential_, is manifest: Both are very inflammable; Both will burn all away; The _Oders_, which we call the _Spirits_ of _Plants_, are lodged in their _essential Oyl_; Both, being duly _Rectified_, will mix as easily together, as _Water_ and _Wine_. So that, although _Oyl_, by the separation of its _earthy_ and _Saline_ parts, which give it its sensibly _oleous_ Body, may not be so far _attenuated_, as to _produce_ a _Spirit_; yet that it may so far be attenuated, and so be mixed therewith, as _not to be discerned from it_, as in the forementioned _Plants_, will be granted.

[49] _P. 2. §. 25,_ & _56._

63. §. Hence it is, that the _Lactiferous_ standing more remote from the _Aer-Vessels_, and the _Succiferous_ interposing;[50] the _Liquor_, therefore, contained in them, is not so much under the government of the _Aerial Ferment_, and is thence, partly, more _Oily_. For the same reason, all _Roots_ which are _Milky_, so far as I have observed, have an under-proportion of _Aer-Vessels_, these being either Fewer or Smaller.

[50] _Tab. 9. & 16._

♦ How the _Odours_ of _Plants_ are made. ♦ 64. §. FROM what hath been said, we may receive some information, likewise, of the _Odours_, _Colours_, and _Tastes_ of _Plants_. And for _Odours_, I suppose, That the chief Matter of them, is the _Aerial Ferment_ contained in the _Aer-Vessels_. Not but that the _other Parts_ do also yield their smell; but that _these_ yield the _strongest_ and the _best_, and _immediately_ perceptible in _fresh_, _undryed_ and _unbruised Plants_. For the _Aer_ entring into, and passing through the _Root_, and carrying a _Tincture_, from the several _Organical_ and _Contained_ Parts, along with it, and at last entring also the _Concaves_ of the _Aer-Vessels_; it there exists the most _Compounded_ and _Volatile Fluid_, of all others in the _Plant_, and so the fittest matter of _Odour_: and such an _Odour_, as answers to that of all the _Odorous_ parts of the _Plant_.[51] Wherefore the _Organical Parts_, being well clensed of their _Contents_, smell not at all; Because the _Principles_ hereof are, as hath been said, so far _fixed_ and _concentred_ together. Hence also the _Contained Parts_ themselves, or any other Bodies, as their _Principles_ are any way more _fixed_, they are less _Odorous_: So is _Rosin_, less than _Turpentine_, and _Pitch_, than _Tar_; and many the self same Bodies, when they are _coagulated_, less than when they are _melted_. So also _Musk_, which is not so liquid as _Civet_, is not so strong; nor _Ambergreece_, as _Musk_: For although it hath a more excellent smell, than _Musk_ hath, yet yieldeth it not so easily; since it is a more _fixed_ Body, and requireth some _Art_ to be opened. Hence also the _Leaves_ of many _Plants_ lose their _Odour_ upon _rubbing_: Because the _Aer-Vessels_ being thereby broken, all their _contained odorous Fluid_ vanisheth at once: which before, was only strained gradually through the _Skin_. Yet the _fixed_ Parts themselves, upon drying, are so far altered by the _Sun_ and _Aer_, as to become resoluble, and volatile, and thence odorous.

[51] _P. 2. §. 24._

♦ How their _Colours_. ♦ 65. §. SO ALSO of their _Colours_. As whence the _Colours_ of the _Skins_ are varied. For divers of the _Sap-Vessels_, together with the _Parenchymous Parts_ successively falling off from the _Barque_ into the _Skin_[52] by their proximity to the _Earth_ and _Aer_, their _Sulphureous_ or _Oleous Principle_ is more or less _resolved_, and so produceth divers _Colours_. So those _Roots_ which turn _purple_ any where within, have usually a _blacker Skin_; the one of those two _Colours_ being, by a resolution and corruption of parts, easily convertible into the other, as in _Cumfry_, _Thistle_, &c. So the _Milk_ of _Scorzonera_, contained in the _Vessels_ of the _Barque_, upon drying, turneth into a _brown Colour_: Wherefore the _Skin_, in which there are divers of those _Vessels_, is of the _same_. So both the _Milk_ and _Skin_ of _Lovage_ is of a brownish _yellow_. But _Parsnep_ hath a clearer _Sap_ in all its _Vessels_, and a whiter _Skin_. So _Potato’s_, being cut traverse, after some time out of ground, have divers _red_ specks up and down where the _Vessels_ stand, and their _Skin_ is accordingly _red_.

[52] _P. 1. c. 2. §. 2, 4._

66. §. The reason, I say of these _Colours_, is the _resolution_ or _reseration_ of the _Principles_ of the several _Parts_, chiefly, by the _Aer_, and a _lighter mixture_ of them consequent thereupon: whereby the _Sulphureous_ or _Oyly Parts_, which were before _concentred_, are now more or less _rampant_, discovering themselves in divers _Colours_, according as they are diversly mixed with the other _Principles_. Hence these _Colours_ are observable, according to the nature of the _Parts wherein_ they _are_, or whereunto they are _adjacent_: So where the _Lympheducts_ doe run, there is a _Red_, or some other _Sulphureous Colour_; the _Oleous Principles_ being, as is said,[53] more copious in these _Vessels_; as in the _Bark_ of _Peony_, the inward parts of _Potato’s_, &c. may be seen. But the _Parenchymous Parts_, where more remote from the said _Vessels_, they are usually _White_, or but _Yellow_: the _Sulphureous Principle_ of these _Parts_, being, as hath been said, but sparing.[54] The same is seen in those _Roots_ which shew both _Red_ and _Yellow_: those _Parts_, principally, where the _Succiferous Vessels_ run, being _Red_; but those _Parts_, where only the _Aer-Vessels_ are mixed with the _Parenchymous_, being _Yellow_; as in _Patience_. So likewise the _pithy_ part of a _Carrot_, where the _Aer-Vessels_ have very few _Succiferous_ mixed with them, is _Yellow_; but the _Barque_, where the _Succiferous_ are very numerous, is _Red_. For the same reason, many _Roots_, which are _Whiter_ in their upper parts, are _Purple_ or _Reddish_ in their inferiour, as _Avens_, _Strawberry_, &c. Because those lower parts, having lain longer[55] under ground (these being _descending Roots_) their _Principles_ are, thereby, somewhat more _resolved_, and so the _Oleous_, _ramp_ and spread all over the rest in that _Colour_.

[53] _P. 2. §. 21._

[54] _P. 2. §. 20._

[55] _P. 2. §. 13._

67. §. And that the _Resolution_ of the _Sulphureous_ and other _Principles_ is partly effected by the _Aer_, appears, In that, where the _Aer_ hath a free access to the _Succiferous Vessels_, the _Colours_ are there, chiefly produced, or are more conspicuous. So in _Potato’s_, where the _Succiferous Vessels_ are either next to the external _Aer_, as in the _Skin_; or contiguous with the _Aer-Vessels_, as in the _Ring_ within the _Barque_; there, they produce a _Red_: but where more remote from both, as in the middle of the _Barque_, and Centre of the _Root_, there they produce none. Hence also it is, that the _Leaves_ and _Flowers_ of some _Plants_, as _Bloodwort_, _Wood-Sorrel_, _Radish_, _Jacea_, &c. although _Green_ or _White_ in the greatest portion of their _Parenchymous Part_; yet where the _Succiferous_ and _Aer-Vessels_ run together, they are of _Red_, _Blue_, and other _Colours_; the _Oleous parts_ of the _one_, being _unlocked_ and _opened_, by the _aery_ of the _other_.

♦ How their _Tastes_. ♦ 68. §. AND LASTLY, of their _Tasts_. Most _Roots_ which are _acres_ or _bitting_, have a very copious _Parenchyma_ in proportion with the _Succiferous Vessels_, as of _Arum_, _Dragon_, and others: Because the _Saline_ and other _Principles_ are not so much _hot_, by any sufficient quantity of _Sulphureous_, from those _Vessels_, in which the _Sulphur_, as is said, is more abundant;[56] but rendred rather _pungent_, from some _Spirit_ and _Aer_. But divers _Umbelliferous Roots_, especially which abound with _Lactiferous Vessels_, are _hot_; as _Fenil_, _Lovage_, _Angelica_, &c. Yet is it not their _Oyl_ alone that makes them _hot_, but the combination thereof with the _Saline_ Parts: as is manifest, from the nature of the _Seed_ of these _Plants_; wherein, as the _Oyl_ is most copious; So being held to a Candle till they burn, constantly _spit_; which cometh to pass, by the eruption of the _Saline_ Parts: and is the very same effect, with that which followeth upon burning of _Serum_ or _Blood_. And therefore, as these _Seeds_ are more _hot_, they also _spit_ the more; So those of _Cumine_, which, though fulsom, yet are not so _hot_, _spit_ less; _Fenil_ and _Dill_, which are _hotter_, more; there being a greater quantity of _volatile Salt_ contained herein. Hence all _Essential Oyls_ are _hot_, the _Spirit_ and _volatile Salt_, being incorporated herewith. And some of them will _shoot_, and crystallize as _Salts_ do, as that of _Anise_; which argues a mixture of a considerable quantity of _volatile Salt_. As also doth the Nature of these _Oyls_, in being amicable to the _Stomach_, _Carminative_, and sometimes _Anodyne_; _scil._ as they kill some _fetid_, or _corrosive Acid_: for _volatile Salts_ themselves will have the like operation in some cases as these _Oyls_.

[56] _P. 2. §. 21._

69. §. Many _Lactiferous Roots_, as _Taraxacum_ and others of that kind, are not so much _hot_, as _bitter_. For although by the _Lactiferous Vessels_ they are very _Oyly_; yet those _Vessels_ being posited in _Rings_, and not in _Rays_, and having no _Diametral Portions_ running through their _Barque_ to the _Aer-Vessels_; ♦ _Tab. 13._ ♦ the _Acido-Aerial Parts_ do hereby, although not _mortifie_, yet so far _refract_ the _saline_, lightly _binding up_ the _Oleous_ therewith, as to produce a _bitter Taste_. So, many _sweet_ Bodies, upon burning, become _bitter_; the _Acid_ Parts, now becoming _rampant_, and more copiously mixed with the _Oleous_.

70. §. The _Roots_, or other Parts, of many _Umbelliferous Plants_, have a _sweetish Taste_, as both the _Sweet_, and _Common Chervil_; both the _Garden_, and _wild Carrot_; _Parsnep_, _Fenil_, &c. the _Saline Principles_ being _concentred_ in the _Oyly_, and both of a moderate quantity with respect to the rest. For by the _Oyly_, the _Saline_ is rendred more _smooth_ and amicable; and both being moderate, they are not therefore _hot_, as in some other _Umbelliferous Roots_; but by the predominion of the other _Principles_, made _mild_. Hence it is, that _Sugar_ it self is _sweet_, _scil._ because it is an _Oleous Salt_; as is manifest, from its being highly _inflammable_; its easie _dissolution_ by a moderate _Fire_, without the addition of _Water_; and in that, being melted with _Turpentine_, and other _Oily_ Bodies, it will _mix_ together with them. So also the _Acid Parts_ of _Vinegar_, being _concentred_ in the _Salino-sulphureous_ of _Lead_, produce a _Sugar_. Hence _Barley_, which upon _Distillation_ or _Decoction_ yeildeth only an _acid_; being turned into _Mault_, becomes _sweet_. Because, being _steeped_, _couched_, and so _fermented_, the _oleous_ parts are thereby _unlocked_, and becoming _rampant_, over the other _Principles_, altogether produce that _Taste_. And the _Bile_ it self, which, next to _Water_ and _Earth_, consisteth most of _oily_ parts, and of many both _saline_ and _acid_ is a _bitter-sweet_. Wherein, as some of the _Saline_ and _Acid_ parts, smoothed by the _Oleous_, produce a _Sweet_: So, some of the _Oleous_, impregnated with the _Saline_, and the _Acid_, doe hereby produce a _Bitter_.

THE

ANATOMY

OF

TRUNKS,

With an Account of their

VEGETATION

Grounded thereupon.

The Figures hereunto belonging, Presented to the ROYAL SOCIETY in the Years, 1673 & 1674.

The THIRD BOOK.

By _NEHEMJAH GREW_ M.D. Fellow of the _Royal Society_, and of the _College_ of _Physicians_.

=The Second Edition.=

_LONDON_, Printed by _W. Rawlins_, 1682.

TO THE

Right Honourable

WILLIAM

Lord Vi-Count _BROUNCKER_

THE

PRESIDENT;

AND TO THE

Council and Fellows

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY.

_MY LORD,_

THE _Commands_ I received from _Your Lordship_, and the _Royal Society_, To prosecute the _Subject_ treated of in the Two former _Books_; have produced This which follows. And I humbly submit the same to _Your Lordships_ Judgment: which must needs be Candid and Benign, because it is Great. I have only this to say,

----Ἐς Τροίαν πειρώμενοι ἦνθον Ἀχαιοί;

_Your Lordship_ will not disapprove the Enterprise, although it falls short of perfection. It being the result of _Your Lordships_ manifold _Virtues_ and _Abilities_, That _You_ know how far to Encourage the meanest Attempts; as well as rightly to Value and Assist the greatest Performances.

_I am, My Lord, Your Lordships most humble and most obsequious Servant_

NEHEMJAH GREW.

_London, August 20. 1675._

THE CONTENTS.

The FIRST PART.

CHAP. I.

_A Description of several Stalks or Trunks, as they appear to the Naked Eye._

_OF the Stalk of Maze, §. 1, 2. Of Dandelion, 3, to 6. Of Borage, 7, to 10. Of Colewort, 11, to 16. Of Holyoak, 17, to 20. Of Wild Cucumer, 21, to 23. Of Scorzonera, 24, to 26. Of Burdock, 27, to 29. Of Endive, 30, 31. Of Vine, 32, to 35. Of Sumach, 36, to 38. Cautions to be had in observing the Parts, 39. Some Particulars better observed in cutting by the length, 40, 41._

CHAP. II.

_Of the Barque, as it appears through a good Microscope._

F_Irst, a General Description of the several Parts of the Barque, 2, to 9. Next, a Particular Description of the Barques of 8 several Trunks;_ sc. _Of Holly, Hazel, Barbery, Apple, Pear, Plum, Elm, Ash; The Vessels of all whose Barques are Lymphæducts: and those of two kinds, 10, to 13. Of 3 more,_ sc. _Wallnut, Fig, and Pine: the Vessels of the Barques of the Two first, being Lymphæducts and Lactiferous, Of the next, Lymphæducts and Resiniferous, 14, to 20. Of 3 more,_ sc. _Oak, Common Sumach, and Common Wormwood; the Vessels of whose Barques are of 3 Kinds, 21, to 29. Some further Observations and Conjectures of the Sap-Vessels, 30, to 37._

CHAP. III.

_Of the Wood._

W_Hat in all Trunks, §. 1. A Description of its Parts, in the several Trunks aforesaid. Of the Parenchymous Part, or Insertions, 2, to 9. Of the true Wood, 10, to 15. Of the Aer-Vessels, 16, to 26. Some further Observations and Conjectures of their Form, 27. Texture, 28, to 32. Nature, 33, 34. And Original, 35._

CHAP. IV.

_Of the Pith._

A _Description of the Pith, in General, §. 1. In the several Trunks or Branches aforesaid. As of the Size, 2, 3. Vessels, 4. Parenchyma and Bladders, 5, to 9. Apertures or Ruptures, 10. Some further observations of the Pith. And of all the Pithy and Parenchymous Parts. And thence of the True_ Texture _of a_ Plant, _11, to 15._

The SECOND PART.

CHAP. I.

_Of the Motion and Course of the Sap._

CHAP. II.

_Of the Motion and Course of the Aer._

CHAP. III.

_Of the Structure of the Parts._

CHAP. IV.

_Of the Generation of Liquors._

CHAP. V.

_Of the Figuration of Trunks._

CHAP. VI.

_Of the Motions of Trunks._

CHAP. VII.

_Of the Nature of Trunks, as variously fitted for Mechanical Use._

THE

ANATOMY

OF

TRUNKS;

PROSECUTED

With the bare EYE,

And with the

MICROSCOPE.