PART II.

CHAP. I.

_Of the EMPALEMENT._

I NEXT proceed to the _Flower_. Where I intend not to repeat those things, which have been by Me already noted in the _First_ =Book=. ♦ _Ch. 5._ ♦ And the foregoing Discourse of _Leaves_, will excuse me from divers particulars, common to _These_ and the _Flower_. I shall here therefore remarque some things not before mentioned, or but _in transitu_, and such as are more particular to the _Flower_.

2. §. And First, it may be noted; That where the _Leaves_ of the _Flower_ are few; those of the _Empalement_ or _Green Border_, are either of the same Number, or just half as many, whether even, or odd. So in _Leucanthenum_ and _Chickweed_, there are Five _Leaves_; in the former Five _Empalers_; in the latter, Ten. In Great _Celandine_, there are Four _Leaves_, and but Two _Empalers_; and so in _Poppy_. The _Arithmetick_ of _Nature_ being every where suitable to Her _Geometry_.

3. §. Of this _Part_ of the _Flower_ it is likewise observable, That it is rarely, if ever, entire or one piece, but parted into divers little _Leafy Pales_, especially in all _Flowers_ with the _Florid Attire_, as of _Marigold_, _Daisy_ and the like; being so numerous, as to make a _Double_, and often a _Treble_, _Quadruple_ or _Quintuple Border_. Whereby they are aptly designed, not only to _protect_ the _Leaves_ of the _Flower_ in the _Bud_; and after their Expansion, to keep them tite: but also, by receding, _Bredthways_, one from another, and so making a greater _Circle_, gradually to give way for the full Growth and safe spreading of the _Attire_. Which, in regard it consists of _Parts_ so exquisitely tender, were it pinched up too close, would be killed or spoyled before it came to the _Birth_. As _Teeming Women_, gradually slaken their _Laces_; or as _Taylors_ use to split their _Stomachers_ into several _Lappets_, to spread, as their _Belly_ rises.

4. §. Nor is the _Posture_ of the _Parts_ in the _Empalement_ less suitable: not being filed one just over another, but alternately. Whereby the _Pales_ or _Pannicles_ of every _Under-Order_, serve to stop up the gaps made by the _Recess_ of the _Upper_. And so, notwithstanding they all make more roome, yet all conspire to keep the _Aer_ out.

5. §. It is also worth the notice, That, for the same purpose, the Edges at least, of the several _Pales_, are neither _Fibrous_, nor _Pulpy_; but so many extream fine transparent _Skins_, as in _Chamemile_. Whereby they close so exactly one over another, that it is impossible for any _Aer_ to creep in, or any _Steams_ useful to the _Attire_ or _Seed_, over hastily to perspire. As we use, when we have put a _Cork_ into a _Bottle_, to tie a _Bladder_ over it.

CHAP. II.

_Of the FOLIATURE._

♦ _Tab. 54._ ♦ THE _Leaves_ of the _Flower_ are folded up in such Sort, as is most agreeable to their own _Shape_, and that of their inclosed _Attire_: ♦ _Ch. 5._ ♦ whereof I have given Instances in the _First_ =Book=. I shall here add some further _Remarques_.

2. §. The _Leaves_ of the _Flower_ of _Blattaria_, although of different _Size_ and _Shape_; ♦ _Tab. 54._ ♦ are so lapped one over another, as to make an _Equilateral Pentangle_.

3. §. The _Spiral Fold_, which is proper to the _Flower_, and never seen in the _Green Leaves_; ♦ _Tab. 54._ ♦ as it is it self immediately visible on the _Surface_, so by cutting off the top of the _Flower_ before it is expanded, seems also to make a _Helix_; as in _Perwincle_, the larger _Convolvulus_, &c.

4. §. In some _Flowers_, where the _Attire_ is lofty or spreading, as in _Holioak_, together with the _Spiral Fold_, the _Leaves_ are all at the top tacked down a little; thereby making a blunter _Cone_, and so a more ample _Pyramid_ for the inclosed _Attire_.

5. §. In _Poppy_, although the _Leaves_ are extraordinary broad, yet being but few, and inclosing a small _Attire_; they could not be well reduced to any regular _Fold_, ♦ _Tab. 54._ ♦ without leaving such a _Vacuity_, as by being filled with _Aer_, might be prejudicial to the _Seed_. For which reason, they are cramb’d up within the _Empalement_ by hundreds of little _Wrinckles_ or _Puckers_; as if Three or Four fine _Cambrick Handcherchiefs_ were thrust into ones _Pocket_.

6. §. In _Ladies-Bower_, the _Leaves_ are neither laped one over another, as is most usual, nor set Edge to Edge, as sometimes, but Side to Side, ♦ _Tab. 54._ ♦ answerable to their _Shape_, and the _Distribution_ of their _Fibres_. Their broad _Tops_ being also rowled up so as to make a _Cone_. In _Ladys-Looking-Glass_, they stand also Side to Side, but in a different manner: in the Former with the Sides standing inward, but here, bearing outward.

7. §. In the _Marvel_ of _Peru_, the _Fold_ is likewise very peculiar. For, besides the several _Plates_, about Six, ♦ _Tab. 54._ ♦ whereby the _Flower_ is gathered in the Midle; the _Top_ of it is also gathered up by as many distinct _Plates_, underneath the former; and these _rowled_ or _wreathed_ up together so exactly, that the like could hardly be imitated by a very _dextrous Hand_.

8. §. OF the _Hairs_ upon _Flowers_ and their _Use_ to the _Attire_, I have also spoken in the _First_ =Book=. ♦ _Ch. 5._ ♦ I shall here add, That they are likewise of _Use_ to the _Leaves_ themselves, that is, for their closer and faster _Conjunction_. For of some _Flowers_ it is observable, That they are all over _smooth_, saving on their Edges, which are border’d with _Fringes_ of _Hair_; as of _Spanish Broome_, _Dulcamara_, and others: ♦ _Tab. 55._ ♦ In which, the _Hairs_ on the Edge of one _Leaf_, are so complicated, or at least indented, with those of another, that all the _Leaves_ seem to be but one piece. _Nature_ seeing it fit, by this means to tie them together, lest they should be expanded before it be due time.

9. §. Many _Flowers_ instead of _Hairs_, are beset round about, with a great Number of small _Parts_, not ending in a _Poynt_, but having a _Head_. Sometimes oval, as in _Snap-Dragon_, like the _Horns_ of a _Butterfly_, or a _Plummers Sodering-Iron_. But usually _Globular_, as in _Deadly Nightshade_, like so many little _Mushrooms_ sprouting out of the _Flower_.

10. §. Out of these _Heads_, doth sometimes issue a _Gummy_ or _Balsamick Juyce_. From whence proceeds that _Clamminess_ of some _Flowers_, whereby, being handled they stick to our _Fingers_, as do those of _Blattaria_, and of _Marigold_; and those of _Colus Jovis_, where the said _Heads_ are so _soft_ and _succulent_, that they resemble so many little _Drops_ of _Balsame_. The _Clamminess_ which is felt upon fresh _Carduus_, may perhaps proceed from the like _Cause_.

11. §. THE _Number_ of the _Leaves_ of the _Flower_ hath been noted by the Learned Sir _Thomas Brown_, ♦ Treat. of the _Quinc_. ♦ to be usually _Five_. And this Nature so far affecteth, that many times where the _Leaves_ of the same _Flower_ are of a different _Size_, yet they keep to this _Number_, ♦ _Tab. 54._ ♦ as in _Blattaria_.

12. §. I also add, That even those _Flowers_, which are not properly parted into _Leaves_, have yet their _Tops_ usually divided into _Five_ great _Scallops_; as those of _Toad-Flax_, _Snap-Dragon_, _Coded-Arsmart_, _Clary_, _Broom_, and others. And when the _Flower_ hath more than _Five_, even many times _Five Leaves_; yet the _Top_ of each _Leaf_ is indented into _Five Parts_; ♦ _Tab. 54._ ♦ as in _Scorzonera_, _Cichory_, and all the _Intybous_ Kind, with many others.

13. §. From whence and other like _Instances_, it may seem, That there is some certain _Species_ of _Salt_ in _Nature_, and that in most _Plants_, of whose _Agency_ there are still some _Footsteps_ or other in the _Flower_.

14. §. The _Number_ of the _Leaves_, as hath been said, is commonly _Five_. Yet some _Flowers_ have fewer, and some more, and that with Constancy, in divers _Numbers_, from _One_ to _One_ and _Twenty_; perhaps in all, so far. The _Flower_ of _Acanthus Syriacus_, is in a manner one single _Leaf_, that of _Monks-Rubarb_, _Three-Leav’d_; of _Poppy_, _Crosswort_, _Radish_, and many others, _Four-Leav’d_; the greater _Number_ of _Flowers_, _Five-Leav’d_; of _White Hellebore_, _Tulip_, _Onion_, and most _Plants_ with _Bulbous Roots_, _Six-Leav’d_; of _Wild-Crowfoot_, _Seven-Leav’d_; of _French Marigold_, commonly _Eight-Leav’d_; of _Flower-de-luce_, _Nine-Leav’d_; of _Chickweed_, _Ladies-Mantle_, _Ten-Leav’d_; of _St. James’s Wort_, _Thirteen-Leav’d_; and I think of _Febrifuga_, _Cotula_, _Ageratum_, _Corn-Marigold_, with others; and of _Chamemile_, _Buphthalmum_, and some few more, the _Leaves_ are commonly _One_ and _Twenty_. In that of St. _James’s Wort_, the _Number_ is so constant that there is scarce _One Flower_ in _Forty_, wherein the _Leaves_ are more or fewer than _Thirteen_. ♦ _Tab. 55._ ♦ Divers of which _Numbers_, seem also to have some relation to the _Number_ 5. For 9, is Twice; 13, Thrice; and 25, Five times 5 running into it self.

15. §. THE _Constituent Parts_ of the _Flower_ are the same as those of the _Leaf_, _sc._ the _Parenchyma_ or _Pulp_, and the _Vessels_. But in the _Basis_ or bottom of the _Flower_, the _Parenchyma_ is commonly much more _spongy_ and _dry_, than in the _Leaves_; conteining, after the _Flower_ is open’d, little or no _Sap_, but only a dry and warm _Aer_. Which standing continually under the _Seed_, hastens the _Maturation_ or due _Exiccation_ thereof: as we use to dry _Maulted Barly_ over a warm _Killn_.

16. §. The _Vessels_ of the _Flower_, are both for _Sap_ and for _Aer_, as well as in other _Parts_. And both of them sometimes, even in the _Skin_ of the _Flower_; as may be argued from its being stained with divers _Colours_; produced as hath formerly been shewed, by the mixed _Tinctures_ of the said _Vessels_. ♦ _B. 2. P. 2. §. 65, 66, 67._ ♦ These _Colours_, in many _Flowers_, as _Tulips_, as they are in the _Skin_ it self, so therein only; the _Pulp_ of the _Leaf_ being white.

17. §. The _Lignous_ or _Sap-Vessels_ are fewer, and the _Aer-Vessels_ smaller in the _Flower_, than in the _Leaf_. And therefore it is very difficult to observe the latter by _Glasses_; especially the _Proportion_ which they hold to the other _Parts_. But if you break the _Leaves_ of some _Flowers_, with very great gentleness; they may hereby be _Unroaved_ or _drawn out_, as in the _Green Leaves_, to some visible length; and their different _Number_ in divers _Flowers_ may be discerned.

18. §. THE _Use_ of the _Flower_ or of the _Foliature_ whereof we are speaking, is various; ♦ _B. 1. Ch. 5._ ♦ as hath formerly been shewed. I now only add, That one _Use_ hereof seemeth to be, for the _Separation_ of the more _Volatile_ and stronger _Sulphur_ of the _Plant_. That so the _Seed_, which lyeth within or next it, may be so much the milder, and the _Principles_ thereof more fixed and concentred. And this, both for its better _Duration_ till the time of _Sowing_; and also, that its _Fermentation_, when it is sow’n, may not be too hot and precipitate; but suitable to so slow and equal a motion, as is the _Vegetation_ of a _Seed_.

19. §. And that this _Sulphur_ is separated and discharged by the _Flower_, seems evident, not only from the _Strength_ of its _Odour_, above that of the other _Parts_; but likewise, in that many times where there is no _Flower_, or that very small, the _Seed_, that is its _Cover_, as in the _Umbelliferous Kind_, is the more odorous. And therefore also, the _Vine_ hath no _Flower_, partly, that the most _Volatile Spirit_ and _Sulphur_ might all run into the _Fruit_.

20. §. THE _Figure_ of the _Flower_, although it is often much more complex, than that of the _Leaf_: yet there is no doubt, but that the _Measure_ hereof may be defined in some way, answerable to that exemplified in the foregoing =Part=. The difference is only this, That whereas the _Green Leaves_, and the Plain _Leaves_ also of the _Flower_, are all measured by the _parts_ of several _Circles_: those _Flowers_ which are _Bellyed_, and those _Leaves_ of the _Flower_ which are not _Plain_, but _Convex_, are all measured by the _parts_ of several _Spheres_. And as the _Diametres_ of those _Circles_, bear a certain proportion to the midle _Stemm_ of the _Leaf_; so the _Axes_ of these _Spheres_, to an imaginary one in the _Centre_ of the _Flower_.

21 §. NOW the reason why the _Figure_ of the _Flower_ is more _multiplex_, than that of the _Leaf_; may be, _partly_, because it is under the Command and Government of those _Salts_, which are here more _refined_ and _depurate_, than in the _Leaf_; and so more free to lay the Foundation of any kind of _Figure_, for which, of their own _Nature_, they are adapted. _Partly_, for that as the _Nitrous_ and _Alkaline Salts_ are chiefly regnant in the _Leaf_; so in the _Flower_, in which the _Parenchymous Part_ hath a greater[66] proportion than in the _Leaf_; it is most reasonable, to assign the _Predominion_ to the _Acid_[67]: the _Particles_ whereof, both as they are less, and also poynted at both ends,[68] seem to be more easily applicable one to another for the making of any Sort of _Line_ or _Figure_.

[66] _§. 17._

[67] _Idea, §. 52._

[68] _P. 1. Ch. 6. §. 13._

CHAP. III.

_Of the_ Attire, _and first of that sort which may be called_ Seminiform.

WITHIN the _Foliature_ stands the _Attire_; which is of Two general _Kinds_, every where Various and Elegant; according to the _Description_ I have given of them in the _First_ =Book=. ♦ _Ch. 5._ ♦ I shall here add some further _Remarques_.

2. §. And first, of that Sort of _Attire_, which may be called _Seminiform_; being usually, as it were, a little _Sheaf_ of _Seed-like Particles_; standing on so many _Pedicills_, as the _Ear_ doth upon the _End_ of the _Straw_.

3. §. Of their _Colour_ it is observable, That for the most part, they are _White_ or _Yellow_; sometimes _Blew_; but never _Red_, let the _Flower_ or _Foliature_ be of what _Colour_ it will. Neither doth their _Colour_ always follow that of the _Foliature_, although that be not _Red_. Whereby it appears, how very Curious and Critical _Nature_ is, in the _Separation_ of the _Juyces_ in _Plants_: that such small _Parts_ as these of the _Attire_, and so near the _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, should yet receive a different _Tincture_.

4. §. These _Parts_ differ also in their _Position_; standing sometimes double upon each _Pedicil_, as in _Toad-flax_, _Snapdragon_, and some others; ♦ _Tab. 55._ ♦ but usually single, as in _Blattaria_, _Clematis Austriaca_, &c. Sometimes fastned to their _Pedicils_ at their middle, stooping down after the manner of _Poppy_ and other hanging _Flowers_; as in _Spanish-Broom_, _Hysop_, _Scabeous_, _Behen_, &c. Sometimes they stand erected, as in _Clematis Austriaca_, _Ladyes-Looking-Glass_, _Rape-Crowfoot_, &c. Those of _Coded Arsmart_ have no _Pedicils_, but stand upon a large _Base_.

5. §. Of the _Pedicils_ themselves, it is to be noted, That they are rarely fastned to the _Top_ of the _Repository_ or _Case_ of the _Seed_, but round about the _Bottom_. _Partly_, That hereby they may the better intercept and separate the _Incongruous Parts_ of the _Sap_ from the _Seed_. Yet in the _Coded Arsmart_ they stand at the _Top_. Which is not the only thing peculiar in that _Plant_; it being the property thereof, to ejaculate its _Seed_, upon the least touch. Which property seemeth to depend, _partly_, upon the _Position_ of the said _Pedicils_, as shall be shewed in speaking of the _Seed_.

6. §. These _Seed-like Parts_ are also of different _Number_. In _Great Celandine_, _Rose_, _Rape-Crowfoot_, numerous; in _Great Plantaine_, and some other _Herbs_, much more conspicuous than the _Foliature_ it self. In _Germander-Chickweed_, they are always _Two_, and no more. Sometimes they follow the number of the _Leaves_, especially in the number 5; as in _Blattaria_, _Black Henbean_, &c. In _Stichwort_ and _Lychnis Sylvestris_, they are 10, just double to the number of the _Leaves_.

7. §. They differ also in their _Bigness_, being in some smaller _Flowers_, large; as in _Borage_, _Ladys-Looking-Glass_, and others: and in some larger _Flowers_, less; as in the _Rose_.

8. §. But especially in their _Shape_, which is always very Elegant, and with much Variety. In _Borage_, like the point of a _Spear_. In _Blattaria_, like a _Horse-shooe_. In _Clematis Austriaca_, like the _Spatula_, wherewith _Apothecaries_ make their _Mixtures_. In _Mallow_, like a _Head-Roll_. In _Hysop_, they have one _Cleft_ before; in _Blattaria_, one round about; in _Water Bettony_, one at the _Top_; in _Scabious_, they have a double _Cleft_, one on each side; ♦ _Tab. 56._ ♦ and so in St. _Johns Wort_, _Hyoscyamus_, and others; before they open, in the _Shape_ of a double _Purse_.

9. §. These _Parts_, are all hollow; each being the _Theca_ or _Case_ of a great many extream small _Particles_, either _Globular_, or otherwise _Convex_; but always regularly _figur’d_. They are all crowded together, and fastned in close _Ranks_, without any _Pedicils_, to the Insides of the _Theca_, like other lesser _Seeds_ within a greater; or after the same manner as in _Hyoscyamus_ and some other _Plants_, the true _Seeds_ themselves grow all round about close to the _Bed_ of the _Case_; as in _Clary_, and the _Figures_ now referred to, may be seen. ♦ _Tab. 55, 56._ ♦ And when they are ripe, the _Case_ also opens and admits them to the _Aer_, as the _Seed-Case_ doth the _Seed_. The whole _Attire_, together with the _Foliature_ and _Seed-Case_, ♦ _Tab. 57._ ♦ See in one Example, amongst the _Figures_.

10. §. The _Colour_ of these small _Particles_ conteined in the _Theca_, is also different. But as That is usually _White_ or _Yellow_, so are These: sometimes _Blewish_; but never _Red_. And sometimes not of the same _Colour_ with that of the _Theca_. Which further shews how scrupulous _Nature_ is, in differencing the _Tinctures_ of the several _Parts_.

11. §. They are also of different _Bigness_ and _Figure_. Those in _Snap-dragon_, are of the smallest _Size_ I have seen; ♦ _Tab. 58._ ♦ being no bigger through a good _Microscope_, than the least _Cheese-Mite_ to the naked Eye. In _Plantain_, also through a _Glass_, like a _Scurvy-grass-seed_. In _Bears-foot_, like a _Mustard-seed_. In _Carnation_, like a _Turnep-Seed_. In _Bindweed_, like a _Peper-Corn_. In all these of a _Globular Figure_.

12. §. In _Devils-bit_, they are also _Round_, but depressed, like the _Seed_ of _Goos-grass_, or a _Holland Cheese_. In the _Bean_ and all sorts of _Puls_, and _Trefoyls_, as also in _Blew-bottle_, &c. they are _Cylindrick_. ♦ _Tab. 58._ ♦ In _Orange Lilly_, _Oval_, one 5ᵗʰ of an Inch long, like an _Ants-Egg_. In _Deadly-Nightshade_, also _Oval_, but smaller at both Ends. And those of _Pancy_, _Cubick_. In all these and the former, they are _Smooth_.

13. §. But in _Mallow_, _Holyoak_, and all of that kind, they are beset round about with little _Thornes_; whereby each looks like the _Seed-Ball_ of _Roman Nettle_, or like the _Fruit_ of _Thorn-Apple_, or the _Fish_ called _Piscis orbis minor_, or the _Murices_, used antiently in _Wars_. ♦ _Tab. 58._ ♦ They are also very great, shewing, through a _Glass_, of the bigness of a large _White Pease_; being 200 or 300 times biger than those in _Snapdragon_; of which there are about a _Thousand_ in each _Theca_, that is, in the space of about 1000ᵗʰ _Cubical Part_ of an Inch.

14. §. In some _Plants_, as in _Deadly Night-shade_, where these _Particles_ are _White_, they seem, by a very good _Glass_ and advantagious _Position_, to be composed of _Parenchymous_ and _Lignous Fibres_, stitched up together, as in the other _Parts_.

15. §. In _Colocynthis_, (and with some _Analogy_ in _Wild Cucumer_, and I suppose all of that kind) the _Attire_ is very peculiar, not consisting of several little _Thecæ_, upon so many _Pedicils_, as is described; but is all one entire _Part_, like a thick _Columna_ in the midst of the _Flower_; having several little _Ridges_, and _Furrows_ winding from the _Top_ to the _Bottom_ round about. In the midle of each _Ridge_ runs a _Line_, where the _Skin_, after sometime, openeth into two _Lips_, presenting the _Globular Particles_ conteined in the hollow of every _Ridge_.

16. §. Where the _Attire_ consists of several _Seed-like Parts_, as is described there, another _Part_ distinct, like a little _Columna_ or _Pinacle_, stands on the _Top_ of the _Uterus_ or true _Seed-Case_. Which is also regularly and variously _Figured_. In _Bindweed_, it hath a round _Head_, like that of a great _Pin_. ♦ _Tab. 56, 57._ ♦ In the _Common Bell_, St. _Johns wort_, it is divided into _Three Parts_. In _Geranium_, into _Five_; In _Asarum_, into _Six_. Sometimes, the _Head is Smooth_, and sometimes beset with little _Thorns_, as in _Hyoscyamus_. Of the _Use_ of these _Parts_, anon.

CHAP. IV.

_Of the FLORID ATTIRE._

IN THIS _Attire_ there is also much Elegant Variety, according to the _Description_ we have given of it in the _First_ =Book=. It always consists of several _Suits_; Ten, Twenty, Fourty, a Hundred, or more, according to the _Bigness_ of the _Flower_. And every _Suit_ most commonly, of three distinct _Parts_, all of a Regular, but Different _Figure_. The utmost Part, is always like a little _Flower_ with Five _Leaves_ and a _Tubular Base_, like that of _Cowslip_. ♦ _Tab. 59._ ♦ So that every _Flower_ with the _Florid Attire_, Embosomes, or is, a _Posy_ of perfect _Flowers_.

2. §. In some _Flowers_, every one of these _Florets_, is encompassed with an _Hedg_ of _Hairs_; and every _Hair_ branched on both sides almost like a _Sprig_ of _Fir_; ♦ _Tab. 59._ ♦ as in _Aster Atticus_, _Golden-Rod_, and others.

3. §. The _Base_ of the _Floret_ is usually _Cylindrick_, but sometimes Square, as in _French Marigold_. And the _Leaves_ hereof which, for the most part, ♦ _Tab. 60._ ♦ are Smooth on the Inside, in the same _Flower_ are all over _Hairy_. And the Edges of these little _Flowers_, are frequently _Ridged_, or as it were, _Hem’d_, like the Edge of a _Band_.

4. §. The midlemost of the Three _Parts_, which I call the _Sheath_, ♦ _B. 1. Ch. 5._ ♦ is usually fastened towards the _Top_, or else at the _Bottom_ of the _Floret_. ♦ _Tab. 60, 61, 62._ ♦This is rather indented, than parted into _Leaves_. The _Surface_ seldom Plain or Even, but wrought with Five _Ridges_, and as many _Gutters_ running almost Parallel from the _Top_ to the _Bottom_.

♦ _B. 1. Ch. 5._ ♦ 5. §. The _Inmost Part_, which I call the _Blade_, runs through the hollow of the Two Former, and so is fastned, with the _Floret_, to the convex of the _Seed-Case_. The _Head_ and _Sides_ of this _Part_, is always beset round about with _Globulets_, commonly through a _Glass_, as big as a _Turnep-seed_, or a great _Pins-Head_. In some _Plants_ growing close to the _Blade_, as in the common _Marigold_; ♦ _Tab. 60, 61, 62._ ♦ in the _French_, and others, upon _Pedicils_ or little slender _Stalks_. These, as the _Blade_ springeth up from within the _Sheath_, are still rubed off, and so stand like a _Powder_ on them both. And sometimes, as in _Cichory_, they seem to grow on the Inside of the _Sheath_, if it be split with a small _Pin_: as also in _Knapweed_, in which they are numerous. Yet in the _Seed-like Attire_, always more numerous, than in the _Florid_.

6. §. The _Head_ of the _Blade_ is always divided into _Two_, and sometimes into _Three Parts_, as in _Cichory_; ♦ _Tab. 58,_ &c. ♦ which, by degrees, curl outward, after the manner of _Scorpion-Grass_.

7. §. The _Description_ now given, agrees principally to the _Corymbiferous Kind_, as _Tansy_, _Chamemile_, and the like. But in _Scorzonera_, as also _Cichory_, _Hawk-Weed_, _Mous-ear_ and all the _Intybous_ Kind, with many more, the _Attire_ is not separate from the _Foliature_, so as to stand within that in one entire _Posy_; but every _Leaf_ of the _Flower_ hath its own _Attire_ apart. For the sake of which, the _Basis_ of every _Leaf_ is formed into a little _Tube_ or _Pipe_,♦ _Tab. 62._ ♦ whereby it embosomes its own _Attire_ within it self. Consisting commonly of _Two Parts_, a _Sheath_ and a _Blade_: the _Leaf_ it self answering to the _Floret_ in other _Flowers_.

8. §. In some _Plants_, besides the _Attire_ or _Posy_ in the midle of the _Flower_; the _Leaves_ also have each their own to themselves, as in _Marigold_: ♦ _Tab. 61._ ♦ yet this, as I take it, consisting only of one single _Part_, which answers to the _Blade_; the _Leaf_ it self being as the _Sheath_.

9. §. In many _Plants_, this _Florid Attire_ is very large; so that not only the _Suits_, ♦ _Tab. 61._ ♦ but also the several _Parts_ whereof every _Suit_ consists, being throughly ripe and well blown open, are all visible to the bare Eye, as in _Knapweed_, and all the _Thistle Kind_. This _Attire_ is all the _Flower_, that this sort of _Plants_ have; being, though _Empal’d_, yet without any _Foliature_.

10. §. And sometimes, there is little or no _Flower_ besides this _Attire_, although extream small, as in _Golden Rod_, _Wormwood_ and others. Where it may be noted, That the _Medicine_ called _Wormseed_ or _Semen Santonici_, is no Sort of _Seed_, but the _Buds_ of small _Flowers_, or of the _Florid Attire_ of that _Plant_.

CHAP. V.

_Of the_ Use _of the_ Attire.

OF the _Secondary Use_ hereof, I have spoken in the _First_ =Book=; ♦ _Ch. 5._ ♦ and particularly, of the _Globulets_ or small _Particles_ within the _Thecæ_ of the _Seed-like Attire_, and upon the _Blades_ of the _Florid_, I have conjectur’d, That they are that _Body_ which _Bees_ gather and carry upon their _Thighs_, and is commonly called their _Bread_. For the _Wax_ they carry in little _Flakes_ in their _Chaps_: but the _Bread_ is a Kind of _Powder_; yet somewhat moist, as are the said little _Particles_ of the _Attire_.

2. §. But the Primary and chief _Use_ of the _Attire_ is such, as hath respect to the _Plant_ it self; and so appears to be very great and necessary. Because, even those _Plants_ which have no _Flower_ or _Foliature_, are yet some way or other _Attir’d_; either with the _Seminiform_, or the _Florid Attire_. So that it seems to perform its service to the _Seed_, as the _Foliature_, to the _Fruit_.

3. §. In discourse hereof with our Learned _Savilian_ Professor Sir _Thomas Millington_, he told me, he conceived, That the _Attire_ doth serve, as the _Male_, for the _Generation_ of the _Seed_.

4. §. I immediately reply’d, That I was of the same Opinion; and gave him some reasons for it, and answered some _Objections_, which might oppose them. But withall, in regard every _Plant_ is ἀῤῥενόθηλυς or _Male_ and _Female_, that I was also of Opinion, That it serveth for the _Separation_ of some _Parts_, as well as the _Affusion_ of others. The sum therefore of my Thoughts concerning this _Matter_, is as follows.

5. §. And First, it seems, That the _Attire_ serves to discharge some redundant _Part_ of the _Sap_, as a _Work_ preparatory to the _Generation_ of the _Seed_. In particular, that as the _Foliature_ serveth to carry off the _Volatile Saline Sulphur_: So the _Attire_, to minorate and adjust the _Aereal_; to the end, the _Seed_ may become the more _Oyly_, and its _Principles_, the better fixed. And therefore the _Foliature_ generally hath a much stronger _Odour_, than the _Attire_: because the _Saline Sulphur_ is stronger, than an _Aerial_, which is too subtile to affect the Sense. Hence also it is, that the _Colour_ of the _Parts_ of the _Attire_, is usually _White_, or _Yellow_, never _Red_: the former, depending upon a greater participation of _Aer_; the latter, of _Sulphur_. I add further, That the most _Volatile_ and _Aerial Sulphur_; being by means of these _Parts_ much discharged; it may hereby come to pass, not only that the _Seed_ is more _Oylie_, and its _Principles_ more fixed; but also, that the _Body_ or _Parenchyma_ thereof, is so compact and close: For although it consists of _Bladders_, yet such, as are Twenty times smaller than in any other _Part_ of a _Plant_ of the like bigness. Whereas, were the _Aer_ copiously mixed with the _Sap_ here, as in the _Pith_, _Fruit_, and other _Parenchymous Parts_; it would give so quick a _Ferment_ to the _Sap_, as to dilate and amplify the _Bladders_ of the _Seed_, beyond its present compact and durable _Texture_; and so expose it, either to a precipitant _Growth_, or sudden _Rot_. Wherefore, as the _Seed-Case_ is the _Womb_; so the _Attire_ (which always stands upon or round about it) and those _Parts_ of the _Sap_ hereinto discharged; are, as it were, the _Menses_ or _Flowers_, by which the _Sap_ in the _Womb_, is duly qualified, for the approaching _Generation_ of the _Seed_.

6. §. And as the young and early _Attire_ before it opens, answers to the _Menses_ in the _Female_: so is it probable, that afterward when it opens or cracks, it performs the _Office_ of the _Male_. This is hinted from the _Shape_ of the _Parts_. For in the _Florid Attire_, the _Blade_ doth not unaptly resemble a small _Penis_, with the _Sheath_ upon it, as its _Præputium_. And in the _Seed-like Attire_, the several _Thecæ_, are like so many little _Testicles_. And the _Globulets_ and other small _Particles_ upon the _Blade_ or _Penis_, and in the _Thecæ_, are as the _Vegetable Sperme_. Which, so soon as the _Penis_ is exerted, or the _Testicles_ come to break, falls down upon the _Seed-Case_ or _Womb_, and so Touches it with a _Prolifick_ Virtue.

7. §. _Consentaneous_ hereto it is also observable, That those _Herbs_ generally have the _Seed-like Attire_, which either produce a greater Quantity of _Seed_, or a _Perennial Root_: and that there is no _Tree_, with the _Florid Attire_. As if the other, because it contains a far greater Proportion of the abovesaid _Particles_, that is, of _Sperm_; ’tis able to beget a more _Numerous_, _Vivaceous_, or _Gigantick Birth_.

8. §. That the same _Plant_ is both _Male_ and _Female_, may the rather be believed, in that _Snails_, and some other _Animals_, are such. And the _Parts_ which imitate the _Menses_, and the _Sperm_, are not precisely the same: the former, being the External _Parts_ of the _Attire_, and the _Sap_, which feeds them; the latter, the small _Particles_ or moyst _Powder_ which the External inclose.

9. §. And that these _Particles_, only by falling on the _Uterus_, should communicate to it or to the _Sap_ therein, a _Prolifick Virtue_; it may seem the more credible, from the manner wherein _Coition_ is made by some _Animals_; as by many _Birds_, where there is no _Intromission_, but only an _Adosculation_ of _Parts_: And so in many _Fishes_. Neither in others, doth the _Penis_ ever enter any further than the _Neck_ of the _Womb_. Nor doth perhaps the _Semen_ it self: or if it doth, it can by no means be thought, bodily or as to its gross _Substance_, to enter the _Membranes_, in which every _Conception_, or the _Liquor_ intended for it, before any _Coition_, is involved; but only some subtle and _vivisick Effluvia_, to which the visible _Body_ of the _Semen_, is but a _Vehicle_. And the like _Effluvia_ may be very easily transfused from the above said _Particles_ into the _Seed-Case_ or _Womb_ of a _Plant_.

10. §. If any one shall require the Similitude to hold in every Thing; he would not have a _Plant_ to resemble, but to be, an _Animal_.

CHAP. VI.

_Of the_ Time _of the_ Generation _of the_ Flower.

THE _Time_ in which the _Flower_ is Generated or Formed is a Providence in Nature, whereof, I do a little wonder, that no one, amongst so many observers of _Plants_, hath ever yet taken any notice. It is therefore to be remarked, That all _Flowers_ are formed or perfectly finished, in all their _Parts_, long before they appear in sight; usually Three or Four Months, and sometimes half a year, or more. And that in all _Perennial Plants_, those _Flowers_ which appear and are called the _Flowers_ of any one year; are not formed in that year; but were actually in _Being_, and entirely formed in all _Parts_, the year before; as in many _Herbs_, and in all _Shrubs_ and _Trees_.

2. §. This will best be seen by some Instances. So the _Flower_ of _Mezereon_, which opens in _January_, is entirely formed about the midle of _August_ in the year foregoing. At which time, the _Green Leaves_ of the _Bud_ being cautiously removed, ♦ _Tab. 63._ ♦ the _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, and the _Thecæ Seminiformes_ or _Seed-like Attire_, encompassing the _Seed-Case_, through an indifferent _Glass_, are all distinctly visible.

3. §. The like may be seen in _Sirynga_, and other _Shrubs_, and in _Trees_. In as many of which, as are _Frugiferous_, the _Fruit_ also, which answers to the _Seed-Case_ in other _Plants_, is about the same time entirely formed.

4. §. And so in _Herbs_; as the _Flower_ of _Asarum_, which appeareth in _April_ or _May_, is entirely formed in _August_ or _July_ of the foregoing year. For there are here, as well as in _Trees_, ♦ _Tab. 64._ ♦ Two Sorts of _Buds_; some which are composed only of _Green Leaves_; and some which also contein a _Flower_ and the _Seed-Case_. So in _Bears-foot_, by some called the _January Rose_, the _Flower-Buds_, which open in _January_ are all formed in or before the Month of _August_ in the year preceding.

5. §. The same may also be seen about the end of _August_ or the beginning of _September_ in a _Tulip-Root_. ♦ _Tab. 63._ ♦ In which, the Two Inmost _Shells_ dryer than the rest, stand hollow, with the little young _Flower_ (which appears in _March_ or _April_ following) inclosed now in their _Centre_. Being thus kept _warm_ and _dry_, lest it should either perish, or be precipitated upon the _Winter_, by sprouting too soon.

6. §. From hence it is plain, That although the _Flower_ appears before the _Seed_; yet if the comparison be made betwixt the _Flower_ and _Seed_ of the same year; the _Seed_ is first formed, and afterward the _Flower_. That is, the _Seed_, for which Nature chooses the Firstborn _Sap_, is formed in the fore part of the year: which work being finished, out of the less _fœcund part_ of the _Sap_, the _Flowers_ intended for the _Sire_ and _Matrix_ of the next years _Seed_; is afterwards produced.

7. §. THE true _Time_ of the _Generation_ of the _Flower_ being know’n, it may also be an Inducement to make Tryal, for the bringing of many _Flowers_ to grow fairly in _Winter_, which are used to grow, that is, to appear, only in the _Spring_ and _Summer_: _sc._ by keeping the _Plants_ warm, and thereby enticing the young lurking _Flowers_ to come abroad.

_The Appendix._

_Being a_ Method _proposed, for the ready finding, by the_ Leaf _and_ Flower, _to what Sort any_ Plant _belongeth._

ALTHOUGH many have bestowed extraordinary Care and Industry upon the searching out, and Description of _Plants_; and for the reducing of them to their several _Tribes_: yet I will take leave, here to propose a short _Method_ whereby Learners, seeing a _Plant_ they know not, may be informed to what Sort it belongs, and so be directed where to find it described and discoursed of. For, except they have a Master to conduct them, which few have; they must needs, by seeking at random, lose a great deal of time, which by a regular Enquiry might be saved. Besides, that what is learned by their own Observation, will abide much longer on their mind, than what they are only Poynted to, by another.

2. §. Now the most _Philosophick_ way of distinguishing or sorting of _Plants_, were by the _Characteristick Properties_ in all _Parts_, both _Compounded_, _Constituents_, and _Contents_. But of the _Compounded_, the _Seeds_, and some other _Parts_, are oftentimes very _minute_: and the _Roots_ always lie hid. As also the _Constituent Parts_, every where, without cuting and the use of _Glasses_. Nor can the _Contents_ be accurately observed otherwise. So that for the _Use_ here intended, those _Properties_ are the fitest to be insisted upon, which are the most _Conspicuous_, and in those _Parts_, where the Learner may the most readily and without any difficulty take notice of them; as in the _Flower_ and _Leaf_. The _Flower_ hath Varieties enough of it self. But in regard it is often wanting, when the _Green Leaf_ is not; it is therefore convenient, that he be assisted by both, and that the Varieties of both be distinctly reduced unto _Tables_. Which may be done, after the following, or some other like manner.

3. §. And First for the _Leaves_. The most obvious _Varieties_ of which, are in their _Position_, _Size_ or _Shape_.

4. §. _Leaves_ are fastned with, or without a _Stalk_. Without, only close to the _Branch_, as in _Southistle_; or surrounding it, as in _Thorow-Wax_.

5. §. Both these ways, they stand either singly, that is, but one at the same height; or more together.

6. §. More together, in Even or Odd Numbers. In Even Numbers, commonly Two and Two, as in _Sage_, _Polium_; Sometimes Four, as in _Cross-wort_, _Madder_, _Herb True-Love_, _Pomum Majæ_; or more, as, I think, in _Woodrofe_, &c. In Odd Numbers, Three, as in all _Trefoyls_, _Strawberries_; Five, in _Pentaphil_, _Castanea Equina_; Seven, in _Tormentil_.

7. §. The _Sizes_ of _Leaves_ are innumerable. It is therefore necessary to reduce them to a Standard. And so, they may be reckoned, Three; _Small_, _Mean_ and _Great_: with respect to the _Length_ of the _Leaf_, the _Breadth_, or both. From one Inch and under, all _Leaves_ may be accounted _Small_; from one Inch and over, to five Inches, _Mean_; from five and over, _Great_.

8. §. The _Shapes_ of _Leaves_ are also numberless. But the most obvious distinctions which they admit of, are such as these;

9. §. _Leaves_ are _Membraneous_, as the greater part; _Squameous_, as _Abies_, or _Filamentous_. Which are _solid_, as in _Fenil_, _Meum_, _Buphthalmum_, _Chamemile_, _Groundpine_; or _hollow_, as in _Onion_.

10. §. _Membraneous_, have all their main _Fibres_ produced either from the _Stalk_, as in _Holyoak_; or from the middle _Stem_ of the _Leaf_, as in most. From the midle _Stem_, reciprocally, as in _Scabious_, or oppositely, that is, one over against another, as in _Rose_: and both ways, at _Acute Angles_, as in most; or _Right_, as in _Dandelion_.

11. §. Again, they are different with respect to the _Top_, the _Bottom_, and the _Sides_. The _Top_ is _Thorny_, as in _Furz_; or _Unarmed_. _Unarmed_, either _Produced_, that is, _Poynted_, or at least, _Roundish_, as in _Lamium_, _Ironwort_; or else _Reduced_, as in _Woodsorrel_. And so the _Bottom_, is either _Reduced_ towards the _Top_, as in _Ground-Ivy_; or _Produced_ upon the _Stalk_, as in _Poplar_, _Bay_, &c.

12. §. The _Sides_ or _Edges_ of the _Leaf_, are either of one and the same _Measure_, as commonly; or of divers, as in _Doronicum_. Both ways they are Even, as in _Syringa_, _Mous-ear_; or Uneven. The Uneven, are _Prickly_, as _Holly_, _Eryngium_, _Thistle_; or Unarmed. Unarmed, are Insected, or Resected. Insected deeply, that is, Lobed, as _Golden Liverwort_, _Clematis Peregrina_; or with shallow _Insections_, as in most. And so, Indented, or Scallopped: the former, when the _Angle_ is made with Straight _Lines_, as in _Dandelion_; the latter, with Crooked, as in _Thalictrum_. Resected, that is, both Lobed, and Insected, or when upon the greater _Insections_, there are other lesser ones, as in _Wild-Clary_, _Lovage_, _Masterwort_.

13. §. THE most Conspicuous Varieties of _Flowers_, are in their _Position_, _Size_, _Shape_, and _Colour_.

14. §. Most are fastned with _Stalks_; but many without. Sometimes, they are placed round about the _Branch_, that is, Coronated, as in _Pulegium_; and sometimes, all on one side; either in _Ranks_ only, as in _Bawm_; or in _Rank_ and _File_, as in _Foxglove_. In _Saxifraga Aurea_, they grow on the _Leaf_.

15. §. Again, they either stand Singly, as in _Corn Marigold_; or Clustur’d. And so, either all upon one _Branch_, or on several little _Ramificated Sprigs_. On one _Branch_, prolonged like a Tail, as in _Blattaria_; or Contracted. And so, either without _Stalks_, that is, _Capitated_, as in _Scabious_; or with _Stalks_, that is, _Umbellated_, as _Fenil_, &c. On several _Sprigs_, as in _Tanacetum_, _Yarrow_.

16. §. The _Sizes_ of _Flowers_, as of the _Leaves_, may be reduced to Three. From ½ an Inch and under, in _Diameter_ or _Length_, may be accounted _Small_. From ½ an Inch and over to an Inch and ½, may go for _Mean_. And from an Inch and v and over, _Great_.

17. In respect of the _Shape_, _Flowers_ are _Open_ or _Belly’d_. _Open_ have both _Leaves_ and _Attire_, as most; or else are all _Attire_, as of _Burdock_, _Beta Cretica_.

18. §. The _Open_, consist of a Certain Number of _Leaves_, _One_, _Two_, _Three_, _Four_, _Five_, _Six_, _Seven_, _Eight_, _Nine_, _Ten_, _Thirteen_, or _One_ and _Twenty_. Uncertain, commonly called _Double_. Those of a Certain _Number_, either _Uniform_, that is, all of a certain _Size_ and _Shape_, as usually; or _Biform_, or _Triform_, as in _Iris_, _Blattaria_. And these again, Even _Edged_ or _Notched_; with _Three Poynts_, as in _Marigold_; or _Five_, in _Cichory_.

19. §. The _Belly’d_, are either so in whole; or in Part, that is, with the _Top_ divided into _Leaves_, and the _Bottom_, _Hollow_: The former, are also Even _Edged_, as in _Convolvulus_; or _Notched_, as in _Trachelium_. The latter have their _Leaves_ distinguished as before. Their _Bottom_ or _Base_, either fastned to the _Seed-Case_, as in _Snap-dragon_; or standing below it. And so, either Straight, as I think in _Toad-flax_; or Crooked, as in _Violet_, _Lark-heel_.

20. §. In all these, the _Attire_ is either _Seminiform_, or _Florid_. And both, _Clustur’d_, or _Divided_; as in _Mallow_, _St. Johns wort_; _Starwort_, _Hawkweed_.

21. §. The _Colours_ of the _Flower_, are _White_, as in _Water-Crowfoot_; _Red_, as _Lychnis_; _Blew_, as _Borage_; _Purple_, as _Stock-July Flower_; _Black_, as in some _Anemones_; _Yellow_, in _Wall-Flower_; _Tawny_, in _Colus Jovis_; _Green_, in _Laureola_. Which are either _Single_, or _Mixed_: _Two_ together, as in _Butyr-Bur_, _White_ and _Red_; in _White Hellibore_, _White_ and _Green_; in _Monks Rubarb_, _Red_ and _Green_; &c. Or _Three_ together, as in _Pancy_, _Yellow_, _Blew_, and _Black_, i.e. _atro-purpureus_.

22. §. How far these, and some other like _Distinctions_, being reduced to _Tables_, would serve for the finding out of any Sort of _Plant_, may be conceived, if we consider, how great a Variety, a few _Bells_, in the ringing of Changes, will produce. And the search will be easy, and successfull, if in every foregoing _Table_, reference be made to those that follow; and in the _Tables_ conteining the last _Divisions_, the Names of the _Plants_ therein poynted out, be expressed.

THE

ANATOMY

OF

FRUITS,

PROSECUTED

With the bare EYE,

And with the

MICROSCOPE.

Read before the _Royal Society, in the Year 1677_.

The THIRD PART.

By _NEHEMJAH GREW_ M.D. Fellow of the _ROYAL SOCIETY_, and of the _COLLEGE_ of _PHYSICIANS_.

_LONDON_,

Printed by _W. Rawlins_, 1682.

THE

CONTENTS

OF THE

Third Part.

CHAP. I.

_Of the APPLE; and of the LIMON, and CUCUMER, the_ Fruits _of_ Plants _vulgarly called POMIFEROUS._

CHAP. II.

_Of the PEAR and QUINCE._

CHAP. III.

_Of the PLUM, and some other_ Fruits _of the same Kindred._

CHAP. IV.

_Of the GRAPE, and HAZEL-NUT; with some other_ Fruits _analogous to each of them._

CHAP. V.

_Of the SEED-CASE or MEMBRANEOUS UTERUS._

CHAP. VI.

_Of the USE of the_ Parts _to the_ Fruit.

CHAP. VII.

_Of the USE of the_ Parts _to the_ Seed. _And the TIME, in which, the_ Uterus _or_ Fruit _and_ Seed-Case _are formed._

THE

ANATOMY

OF

FRUITS.