PART I.

CHAP. I.

_Of the_ Protections _and_ Folds _of_ Leaves.

IN THE _General Anatomy_ of _Plants_, I have assigned one whole _Chapter_[64] to the _Germen_ and _Leaf_. Since then, I have occasionally made divers _Remarques_ of the same; both with the Naked Eye, as there, and also with the _Microscope_. The _Principal_ whereof, I shall here set down; without repeating any from thence; or obliging my self strictly to the _Order_ there used.

[64] _Lib. 1. Ch. 4._

2. §. That which in a _Germen_, first occurs to the _Eye_, is the _Protection_ of the _Leaves_, or the various _Methods_ which Nature takes to preserve them from the _Injuries_ both of the _Ground_, and of the _Weather_. To the Instances formerly given, I shall add these that follow.

3. §. AND _First_, it is observable of the young _Buds_ of _Ammi_, that lest they should be bruised, or starved, upon their first _Eruption_ from under the Ground; they are couched, as _Firn_ is rowl’d, inward; each _Bud_, against the _Base_ of the _Stalk_ of the foregoing _Leaves_, and most exactly laid up within the _Membranes_ thence produced: Just as the Child in the Womb, lies with his _Head_ against his _Knees_; or as it is afterwards embraced with the _Armes_ of the Nurse. And it is a general Rule of Nature, where the _Stalks_ of the _Leaves_ are so long, that they cannot lap one over another, and where no other special _Protection_ is provided; for the bottoms of the _Stalks_ to be produced into broad _Membranes_, as Blankets to the succeeding _Buds_; as in _Crowfoot_, _Dovesfoot_, _Claver_, _Cransbill_, _Strawberry_, _Yarrow_, and others. And sometimes instead of two _Skins_ lapped one over another, there is one entire _Skin_, produced from the _Stalk_, in which as within a _Secundine_, the _Bud_ is safely shrowded; and which, in its Growth, it gradually breaks open.

4. §. THE same is also observable in _Dock_, _Sorrel_, _Bistort_, and all other _Plants_ of this Kindred; with this difference, That every _Veil_ or _Secundine_ is not here produced from the _Stalk_ of the _Leaf_; but hath its _Original Distinct_ from it. And whereas in the former, every _Bud_ hath only one to it self: ♦ _Tab. 41._ ♦ in these _Plants_, every lesser _Leaf_, together with its own proper _Veil_, is always inclosed, with the next greater _Leaf_, in another _Veil_ common to them both; and both these with the next, in another; and so on to the greatest. These _Veils_ are extream thin, and have very few _Vessels_; being so many meer transparent _Skins_. For which reason, there is always found a _Mucilage_ or clear _Gelly_, between every _Leaf_, and its _Veil_, and between _Veil_ and _Veil_. The one, thus preserving the other, (as do the _Humors_ and _Membranes_ of the Eye) from drying and shrinking up, and thereby from becoming useless for the _Protection_ of the _Plant_.

5. §. THE _Orchis_, and other _Plants_ of this kindred, because they _Spring_ and _Flower_ early, when the mornings are cold, have a double _Sheath_, or _Blanket_ over all. The _Buds_ of some _Herbs_ (as of _Plantain_) having no _Hairs_ growing on them, are covered with _Hairy Thrums_. And the _Nettle_ hath _Bastard-Leaves_, or _Interfoyls_ between _Leaf_ and _Leaf_, for the preservation of its _Stings_.

6. §. ANOTHER Sort of _Protection_ is seen in _Wild Clary_, _White Archangel_, and other _Plants_ of a like Shape. In which, the greater _Leaves_ do still cover and inclose the lesser, not by being lapped over them, ♦ _Tab. 41._ ♦ as where the _Leaves_ are more numerous, is usual; but by a _Double Fore-Curl_ at the bottom of every two greater _Leaves_; by which the little _Under-Bud_ is embraced, and so kept safe and warm.

7. §. THE _Leaves_ of _Onions_ are all _Pipes_ one within another. These _Pipes_ are every where entire, saving about the middle, where they have a small _Aperture_; ♦ _Tab. 42._ ♦ common to all of them, even the most minute in the Centre: not being a forced _Crack_, but a _Door_ originally formed, for the issuing of every lesser _Pipe_, out of a greater.

8. §. THE LAST I shall give, is that which is remarkable in _Common Sumach_. The _Buds_ whereof, being exceeding tender, ♦ _Tab. 41._ ♦ Nature appears sollicitous in a peculiar manner, for their preservation. For whereas in other _Plants_, they are well enough secured only by standing behind the _Stalks_ of the elder _Leaves_: here they are lodged within the very _Body_ of the _Stalk_; as entirely, as a _Kernel_ is within an _Apple_, or a _Fœtus_ in the _Womb_. From whence it comes to pass that the _Basis_ of every _Stalk_ is extreamly swelled, as going Great with a _Bud_.

9. §. UPON THE removal of those _Parts_, which are contrived for the _Protection_; the _Foulds_ and _Composture_ of the _Leaves_ do next appear: all which are most aptly suited both to the _Number_ and _Shape_ of the _Leaves_, and also their _Position_ upon the _Branch_. In the _First_ =Book=[65] I have given Examples of these _Eight Sorts_, sc. the _Plain Lap_, the _Plicature_, the _Duplicature_, the _Multiplicature_, the _Single Roll_, the _Double Back-Roll_, the _Double Fore-Role_, ♦ _Tab. 42._ ♦ and the _Treble-Roll_. To which I shall add _Four_ or _Five_ more.

[65] _Ch. 4._

10. §. And _First_, in some _Plants_, as _Ground-Ivy_, _St. Johns Wort_, and divers others, where the _Leaves_ are small, pretty numerous, and grow by pairs, they have no _Fould_, but stand Flat and Tangent, like a pair of _Battledores_ clapt together.

11. §. They have the like _Posture_ in _Baum_; saving, that here the Edges of the _Leaves_ are a little _curled_ backward. Not _Rolled_, a _Curl_ being but the beginning of a _Roll_. So the several _Labels_ of a _Grounsel-Leaf_ are all laid in a _Back-Curl_.

12. §. The _Leaves_ of some _Plants_, as _Horehound_, _White Lamium_, _Nettle_, and others, are likewise only Tangent, but are set with a _Fore-Curle_. And the several _Labels_ or _Scallops_ of the _Leaf_ of _Common Crowfoot_, are all _Curled_ Inward. But those of _Hepatica aurea_, are composed into _Double Fore-Rolls_.

13. §. THE _Leaves_ of _Sage_, _Scabious_, _Red Lamium_, _Lychinis Sylvestris_, and others, are neither couched one over another, as in the _Bow-Lap_; nor plated, as in the _Flat Lap_; but being loosely foulded, of every pair of _Leaves_, the half of one is reciprocally received between the two halfs of another, and may therefore be called the _Cleep_. ♦ _Tab. 42._ ♦ A _Position_ very well suited to the Smalness of their Number, and the Equality of their Size, not so well agreeing with the _Bow-Lap_; and the somewhat inward Posture of the _Fibres_, not allowing the _Flat Lap_. Sometimes, as in _Syringa_, where the _Leaves_ are broader, the _Cleep_ is joyned with a _Fore-Curle_.

14. §. THE last I shall mention, is the _Plaite-Roll_, as in the _Lapathum Alpinum_, which some call _English Rhubarb_. The _Leaves_ whereof are so very large, and the _Fibres_ so prominent; that besides and under the two _Back-Rolls_, they are also laid in several _Plaits_, and under those _Plaits_, again with lesser ones, all most exquisitely Tucked up between the said _Fibres_: So, as neither to bruise the same, nor yet to leave any Vacuity: whereby every _Leaf_, and the whole _Bud_, lie close and round within their _Veils_.

CHAP. II.

_Of those things which appear upon the_ Surface _of the_ Leaf.

THESE are _Globular Excrescences_, _Spots_, _Hairs_, _Thorns_ and _Prickles_: of all which, except _Spots_, I have spoken in the _Appendix_ to the _Chapter_ of _Leaves_ in the _First_ =Book=.

2. §. Of the _Globulets_, it may here be further noted, That those which are white, and lie sometimes like a fine Powder upon the _Leaf_, were once transparent, as in _Bears-Ear_; their cleer _Liquor_ being now evaporated to an _Extract_ of _White Flowers_. ♦ _Tab. 43._ ♦ This, if licked off, will give you the _Tast_ of the more _Essential Content_ of the _Plant_; different from that perceived in chewing the _Leaf_.

3. §. For the observing of them, it may also be noted, That although they often grow on both sides the _Leaf_ alike; yet sometimes, as in _Ground-Ivy_, only or chiefly on the Back-Side. And that in many _Plants_, where the elder _Leaves_ have none; on the young _Buds_ they are very numerous; as in _Corin Tree_, _Sorrel_, and others.

4. §. AS for _Spots_, the smaller ones are observable not only in _St. Johns-worts_, (in which _Plant_ only they are commonly taken notice of) but also in _Rue_, ♦ _Tab. 43._ ♦ _Ground-Ivy_, _Pympernel_ or _Anagallis_, and divers other _Plants_, when held up against the _Light_. The original whereof seems to be, at least in some, from the _Globulets_ above mentioned; that is, when they break and dry away. So the _Spots_ of _Rue-Leaves_, which in the _Refection_ of _Light_ look _black_, but upon the _Trajection_ thereof are _transparent_; are so many little _Holes_, pounced half way through the thickness of the _Leaf_, and seem as made, by the breaking and drying away of as many _Globulets_. Whence also, as the _Globulets_ are best seen in the younger _Leaves_, so these _Spots_ in the elder.

5. §. BESIDES these, and some others (as those in _Ladies-Thistle_) which are Natural to the _Leaf_; there are also some _Spots_, or rather _Streaks_, which are _Adventitious_; as those in the _Leaves_ of _Sonchus_. ♦ _Tab. 43._ ♦ The Cause whereof, is a small flat _Insect_, of a grey _Colour_, and about ⅙ᵗʰ of an Inch long. Which neither ranging in bredth, nor striking deep into the _Leaf_; eats so much only as lies just before it, and so runs scudding along betwixt the _Skin_ and the _Pulp_ of the _Leaf_; leaving a whitish _Streak_ behind it, where the _Skin_ is now loose, as the measure of its Voyage.

6. §. THE Original and several kinds of _Thorns_, I have describ’d in the above said _Appendix_. I only add, that the very _Leaves_ of some _Plants_, if they stand till the second year, are changed into so many _Thorns_, as in the _Furz_.

7. §. They are of Use, not only for the _Protection_ of the _Bud_; but likewise, for the support of the _Plant_; as is observable in those _Climbers_, which are neither strong enough to stand of themselves; nor yet, from their fragility, are capable of winding about another, without being torn all to pieces. For which end also, these _Thorns_ grow not like _Buds_, erected; but poynt all downwards, like so many _Tenters_ or _Hanging-hooks_: as in the _Bramble_, chiefly on the _Stalks_; and in _Clivers_, ♦ _Tab. 43._ ♦ also on the _Leaves_ themselves; whereby they catch at any Thing that stands next them; and so, although such slim and feeble _Plants_, yet easily climb to a very great hight.

8. §. OF THE several _Figures_ of _Hairs_, and their Use, ♦ _B. 1. Ch. 4._ ♦ I have also spoken. As to one Use, _sc._ the _Protection_ they give to the _Leaf_, ♦ _Tab. 43._ ♦ I shall here further note, That the design of _Nature_, is the more evident if we consider, That all _Leaves_ are not alike _Hairy_, nor at all times, nor in every part: but differently, according to their _Age_, _Substance_, _Texture_, and _Foulding_ up. Their _Age_; for there are many young _Buds_ covered with a thick warm _Hair_, which afterwards dries up and disappears, as useless; as those of the _Vine_, _Golden Liverwort_, &c. Their _Substance_; so those _Buds_ which are tenderest, and would sooner feel the cold, if naked, have the fullest _Hair_; as of _Thistle_, _Mullen_, _Burdock_, and others. Their _Structure_; therefore those _Leaves_, whose _Fibres_ stand more prominent or above their _Surface_, lest the cold should nip them, are covered with greater Store of _Hair_; as in _Moth-Mullen_, _Garden-Clary_, and the like. And their _Fould_; it being observable, That those _Leaves_ which are folded up inward, have little or no _Hair_ on their inner, but only on their Back-Sides, which are open to the _Aer_; as is visible in _Corin_, _Warden_, _Golden Liverwort_, and others.

9. §. Add hereto, That where there is Store of _Hair_, Nature is the less sollicitous for other _Covers_; and where there is not, she is more. So the _Leaves_ of _Beans_ and _Peasen_, of _Nettle_, _Plantain_, &c. not being _Hairy_, have each a _Surfoyl_, or else certain _Hairy Thrums_, to protect them. And those _Plants_ which have neither, are such as have a _Hotter Juyce_, and so less subject to the impressions of _Cold_, as _Speerwort_, _Scurvygrass_, _Watercress_, _Fenil_, and most of the _Umbelliferous_ Kind.

10. §. _Hair_ is of use to preserve young _Buds_, not only, from the cold _Aer_, but also from too much _Wet_; which, if it were contiguous, especially in _Winter_, would often rot and destroy them. But being made to stand off in drops at the ends of the _Hair_, doth not hurt, but refresh them. Thus doth _Nature_ make the meanest Things sometimes subserve to the best Ends.

CHAP. III.

_Of the_ Figure _of the_ Leaf; _and the Apparent_ Position _of the_ Fibres.

THAT which in the _Leaf_ offers it self next to be observed, is its _Figure_. This is infinitely varied with the several Kinds of _Plants_: and there are some, which have _Leaves_ (besides the two first _Dissimilar_ ones) of Two Kinds or Two distinct _Figures_; as the _Bitter-Sweet_, the common _Little Bell_, _Valerian_, _Lady-Smocks_, and others. For the _Under Leaves_ of _Bitter-Sweet_, are Entire; the Upper, with two _Lobes_: the Under _Leaves_ of the _Little Bell_, like those of _Pancy_; the Upper, like those of _Carnation_, or of _Sweet-William_. And in some _Plants_, Nature affecteth a Kind of _Irregularity_; the _Leaves_ whereof are of no one certain _Figure_; as in _Dragon_, _Peony_, _Bishops-Weed_, &c.

2. §. BUT the _Leaves_ of most _Plants_, have a Regular _Figure_; and this Regularity, both in Length and Circuit, always defineable. In _Length_; by the Proportion between the several _Leaves_ upon one _Stalk_, ♦ _Tab. 46._ ♦ or between the several _Lobes_ upon one _Leaf_. So the _Leaves_ of _Clematis Sylv. major_, which stand by Ternaries, shorten by equal _Proportions_, that is to say, if, the chief _Fiber_ of each, be divided into equal _Parts_; their several Lengths are not as Ten, Eight, and Four; but as Ten, Eight, and Six. So the _Lobes_ and _Fibers_ of _Clematis Virginiana Hederæ folio_, of _Artenuisa_, &c. shorten in like manner by equal Proportions. The same is observable in measuring, upon a _Gooseberry-Leaf_, ♦ _Tab. 46._ ♦ from the Poynt of the first _Lobe_, to the first _Angle_; from thence, to the second Poynt; from thence, to the second Angle; and from thence to the third Poynt.

3. §. But in many, the Proportion is different. So in the _Leaves_ of the _Lesser Maple_; the shortning of the _smaller Lobes_, with respect to the middlemost; is not Equal, but Double to that of the middlemost, with respect to the Greater. For if their chief _Fibres_ be divided into Equal Parts, they are as Eleven, Nine, and Five. On the contrary, in the _Leaves_ of _Althæa fruticosa Pentaphylloidea_, the middlemost _Lobes_ shorten by a greater Proportion than the Least; all three being as Ten, Fourteen, and Twenty.

4. §. WITH respect to the _Circumference_, the _Figure_ of most _Leaves_ is very Complex. Yet Two things are evident. First, that all Regular _Leaves_, are defined or measured out by _Circles_; that is, by the _Arches_ or _Segments_ of several _Circles_, having either the same, or divers _Centers_ and _Diameters_. Secondly, That the Length of the _Leaf_, or of the chief _Fiber_ thereof, is the _Standard Measure_ for the _Diameters_ of these _Circles_: these being either its full Length, or certain equal parts substracted, or multiplied; as half its Length, or its Length and half, &c.

5. §. TO make this appear, I shall give several Instances: of some, where both the Edges are of one Measure; and of others, where they are different. And of both kinds, where they are measured by fewer, and where by more _Circles_.

6. §. The _Leaf_ of _Lagopus major fol. pennat._ is measured by One _Circle_, the same on both Edges, whose _Diametre_ is Thrice the Length of the _Leaf_.

7. §. That of _Syderitis Salviæ fol._ by Two _Circles_: the _Diameter_ of the Lower, being Twice the Length of the _Leaf_; ♦ _Tab. 44._ ♦ of the upper, the Length and half. In both these the _Circles_ are drawn Outward; that is, with their Centers some where upon the middlemost or chief _Fiber_ of the _Leaf_.

8. §. That of _Orange-Tree_, is also measured by Two _Circles_: but one of them repeated with _Opposite Centers_. That next the _Cone_ of the _Leaf_, is drawn Inward; that is, with the _Center_ no where upon the _Leaf_, but without it. The _Diameter_ hereof is just the Length of the _Leaf_. ♦ _Tab. 44._ ♦ The midle part of the Edge is measured by the same _Circle_, only drawn Outward. The lower _Circle_ next the _Stalk_, is drawn Inward, as the upper; and its _Diameter_ Three times the Length of the _Leaf_.

9. §. The _Leaf_ of the _Venetian Vetch_, is measured by Three _Circles_. That next the _Cone_, drawn Inward; the _Diameter_ whereof is Twice the Length of the _Leaf_; the next is drawn Outward; ♦ _Tab. 44._ ♦ whereof the _Diameter_, is just the Length. The third or lowermost, is drawn also Outward; and its _Diameter_, half the Length. So that they all lessen by an Equal Proportion.

10. §. The _Leaf_ of _Great Laserwort_, is also measured by Three _Circles_; all drawn Outward, and one of them Repeated. The _Diameter_ of that next the _Cone_, is Half the Length of the _Leaf_; ♦ _Tab. 45._ ♦ of the next, Thrice the Length; of the Third, just the Length; the lowermost, is the same with the First.

11. §. That of _Broad Leav’d Laserwort_, is also measured with Three _Circles_; and one of them repeated with _Opposite Centers_. The _Diameter_ of the First, is Half the Length of the _Leaf_; ♦ _Tab. 44._ ♦ of the Second, Twice the Length; of the Third, just the Length: all of them drawn Outward. That next the _Stalk_, is the same with the First; only drawn Inward.

12. §. The _Figure_ of the _Leaf_ of the _Cornelian Cherry_, is exactly that of the foregoing, Inverted: the same measure there beginning at the _Base_, ♦ _Tab. 44._ ♦ and ending at the _Cone_; which here begins at the _Cone_, and ends at the _Base_: as by comparing their Draughts together may be observ’d.

13. §. IN ALL, the foregoing Examples, both the Edges of the _Leaves_ have the same _Measure_. But they have oftentimes, different ones; as in these that follow.

14. § The _Leaf_ of _Althæa fruticosa_, is measured by Three _Circles_. The left Edge (as the _Leaf_ lies with the backside upward) by One _Circle_, but Twice repeated. For the _Diameter_ of the First, is the Length of the _Leaf_; ♦ _Tab. 45._ ♦ the Second is the same, but drawn upon another Center; the Third also the same, but drawn Inward. The right Edg, is measur’d by Two _Circles_: the _Diameter_ of the First, being the Length of the _Leaf_; of the Second, Half the Length.

15. §. That of _Black Poplar_, by Three; and each Edge by Three repeated. On the left, the _Diameter_ of the First, is the Length of the _Leaf_; ♦ _Tab. 45._ ♦ of the Second, Half the length; of the Third, the Length and Half. The _Measure_ of the right Edge, is that of the left, Inverted: the same _Measure_ there beginning at the _Base_, and ending at the _Cone_; which here begins at the _Cone_, and ends at the _Base_.

16. §. That of _Doronicum_, is measured by Three _Circles_, whereof, one is repeated Once; and another Thrice. The right Edge by Two, and One repeated. For the _Diameter_ of the First or that next the _Cone_; is the Length of the _Leaf_; the next is the same, but drawn Outward; the _Diameter_ of the Third, is Half the Length. The left Edge, by Three _Circles_; ♦ _Tab. 45._ ♦ whereof One is repeated on the same Edge, and Two, the same, as on the other. For the _Diameter_ of the first, is the Length of the _Leaf_; of the Second, Four times the Length; the Third, the same as the First; and of the Fourth, Half the Length.

17. §. Lastly, that of _Mountain Calamint_ is measured by Four _Circles_. ♦ _Tab. 45._ ♦ The left Edge, by Three _Circles_, of which, the lowermost is once repeated: the right Edge also by Two; whereof the nether is likewise once repeated.

18. §. It may seem, even from these Instances, no very unobvious Conclusion; That all _Crooked Lines_, _Spiral_, _Helick_, _Elliptick_, _Hyperbolick_, _Regular_, or _Irregular_; are made up of the _Arches_ of _Circles_, having either the same, or divers _Centers_ and _Diameters_. And, as otherwise so from the _Contemplation_ of _Plants_, men might first be invited to _Mathematical_ Enquirys.

19. §. TOGETHER with the _Figure_ of the _Leaf_, the _Position_ of the _Fibers_, as it is apparent before Dissection, is observable; especially on the back of the _Leaf_. Whereof I shall add, to what I have said in the _First_ =Book=, the following _Remarques_.

20. §. First, that there are some _Leaves_, in which the first Collateral _Fibres_ make _Right Angles_ with the Great one in the midle: as the _Great-Maple_, the _Great Celandine_, _Chondrilla_, and the rest, or many, of the _Intybous_ Kind; with some few others. But that generally all the chief _Fibers_ of a _Leaf_, make _Acute Angles_ together: both where they stand collateral with the midle _Fiber_, as in _Strawberry_; and where they all part at the _Stalk_, as in _Mallow_.

21. §. Again, that of these, there are some few, any two of whose Defining _Fibres_ making two _Rays_ of equal Length, take in One Eighth Part of a _Circle_, ♦ _Tab. 46, & 47._ ♦ as in _Mallow_, and in some one Tenth: but in most they take in either one Twelfth part, as in _Holy-Oak_; or one Sixth, as in _Sirynga_. So that where the _Fibres_ stand Collateral with one in the midle, if you suppose them to be drawn out at _Opposite Angles_; or where the chief _Fibers_ part at the _Stalk_, you only take in the _Stalk_; you will thereby divide a _Circle_ into Eight, Twelve, or Six equal Parts; as in _Sirynga_, the _Vine_ and others. And so likewise, where there are several _Sprigs_ upon one _Stem_, ♦ _Tab. 46, 47._ ♦ as in _Fenil_, _Hemlock_, and the like: as will best be understood by the _Figures_.

CHAP. IV.

_Of the_ Parts _and_ Texture _of the_ Leaf.

I COME next to observe the several _Parts_, whereof the _Leaf_ is composed: and first the _Skin_. This being stript off the _Leaf_, although to the bare Eye it looks no otherwise than a _Skin_ of _Isinglass_: yet being viewed through a good _Glass_, with a clear and true Light, and in an advantagious Position; it appears to consist not only of _Organical Parts_, as do the _Skins_ of _Animals_; but these also Regularly mixed together; that is, of _Parenchymous_ and _Lignous Fibres_, all very curiously interwoven as it were, into a piece of admirably fine white _Sarcenet_: as in _Flag_, _Tulip_, and the like. ♦ _Tab. 48._ ♦

2. §. From hence, it is easy to conceive how the _Skins_ of all _Plants_, as well as those of _Animals_, are perspirable; _sc._ between the several _Fibers_ of which they consist. But as the _Skins_ of _Animals_, especially in some _Parts_, are made with certain open _Pores_ or _Orifices_, either for the Reception, or the Elimination of something for the benefit of the _Body_: so likewise the _Skins_, of at least many _Plants_, are formed with several _Orifices_ or _Pass-ports_, either for the better _Avolation_ of _Superfluous Sap_, or the _Admission_ of _Aer_.

3. §. THESE _Orifices_ are not in all _Leaves_ alike; but varied in _Bigness_, _Number_, _Shape_, and _Position_: Serving to the different _Nature_ of the _Plant_, or _Leaf_; and giving the _Leaf_, as it were, a different _Grain_. _Princes Feather_, _i. e._ a Sort of _Sanicle_, they stand only on the Edges of the _Leaf_; but are very ample. In the _White Lily_, they are _Oval_, very white, and each surrounded with a slender white _Border_. They stand about a 6ᵗʰ or 8ᵗʰ part of an Inch distant, ♦ _Tab. 48._ ♦ as they appear through a good _Glass_, all over the _Leaf_, but not in any regular Order. These _Orifices_ are the cause of the Greyish _Gloss_ on the upper side the _Leaf_: for the Back-side, in which there are none of them, is of a dark _Sea-Green_.

4. §. In the _Leaf_ of _Pine_, they are also _Oval_, and about the same _Bigness_ and _Number_, as in that of a _Lily_; yet without a Border. ♦ _Tab. 48._ ♦ But their _Position_ is very Elegant, standing all, most exactly, in _Rank_ and _File_ from one end of the _Leaf_ to the other.

5. §. NEXT TO the _Skin_, lies the _Pulpy_ part of the _Leaf_; which by the same latitude, as _Use_ hath taught us in many other Words, I call the _Parenchyma_. This _Parenchyma_ or _Pulp_ of the _Leaf_, like the _Pith_, and all other _Parenchymous Parts_ of a _Plant_ is made up of incomparably small _Cylindrick Fibres_: and these _Fibres_, in most _Leaves_, woven and woun’d up into little _Bladders_.

6. §. The _Bladders_ are here of several Sizes, as in the _Pith_: but generally more visible in the _Stalk_, than in the _Body_ of the _Leaf_. ♦ _Tab. 49._ ♦ Varied, as in the _Pith_, so here, not according to the _Size_, but the _Nature_ of the _Leaf_. So in _Common Dock_, and _Moth Mullein_, both Great _Leaves_, they are Small; in _Wild Clary_, a Lesser _Leaf_, they are very Large. ♦ _Tab. 50._ ♦ In the _Body_ of the _Leaf_, sometimes the _Sides_ of the greater _Bladders_, are made up of lesser ones; as in _Borage_.

7. §. In some _Leaves_, these _Parenchymous Fibres_ are all drawn close up together. In the Former, they are as the _Threds_ in the _Open-work_ of _Bone-Lace_; in These, as the same _Threds_, in the _Cloth-work_.

8. §. The _Pithy Part_, in the _Stalk_, and almost up to the Top of the chief _Fiber_, in many _Leaves_, is Tubular; even whilst they are yet Young and Sappy: as in _Sweet Chervil_, _Hemlock_, _Endive_, _Cichory_, _Lampsana_, _Dandelion_, _Burdock_, _Daisye_, _Scorzonera_, and others. And sometimes the said _Pithy Part_ is opened into several little _Pipes_, like so many _Aer-Vessels_, above ⅓ of a Foot long; as in the _Common Dock_ and the _Little Spurge_, by some called _Wart-Wort_.

9. §. THE _Strings_ of the _Leaf_, or those _Fibres_ which are visible to the bare Eye, are composed of _Vessels_ of the Two General Kinds, _sc_, for _Sap_, and for _Aer_. They are joyntly distributed throughout the _Leaf_: Yet not so, as to run meerly parallel; as in _Animals_, every _Artery_ hath its _Vein_: but the _Aer-Vessels_ are every where Inclosed, or as it were _sheathed_ in the _Sap-Vessels_.

10. §. THEIR _Position_ is various and regular, not only in the _Body_ of the _Leaf_, as is above shewed; but likewise in the _Stalk_: of which also I have given several Instances in the _First_ =Book=. I shall here note, and more particularly describe, One or Two more. In the _Stalk_ of a _Mallow-Leaf_, they stand in Six Oblong _Parcels_ of equal Size, and in a _Ring_ near the Circuit. ♦ _Tab. 49._ ♦ Whereby the _Stalk_ is stronger, the Growth hereof, before and behind, more equal, and so the posture of the _Leaf_ more erect.

11. §. In _Dandelyon_, they stand in _Five Parcels_: of which the Greater stands a little _behind_ the Centre of the _Stalk_; figured into a very small _Half-Moon_ or _Semi-Tube_, whose _Diametre_, through a _Glass_, is not above ⅛ᵗʰ of an Inch. The other Four, are extream small _Cylinders_. Altogether make an _Angle_, twice as big as that of a V Consonant. ♦ _Tab. 49._ ♦ Whereby, although the _Stalk_ be strong enough to support the younger _Leaves_; yet those which are grown longer, and so not only by their _Bulk_, but their farther Extension from the Center of _Gravity_, are become more weighty; commonly lie flat on the Ground.

12. §. In _Wild Clary_, they stand also in _Five Parcels_, the Greater stands not _behind_, but _before_ the _Center_; making an _Arch_, whose _Chord_ in a _Glass_, is above ½ an Inch long; and belongeth to a _Circle_, whose _Diameter_ is an Inch and half. ♦ _Tab. 49._ ♦ The other Four, are small _Cylinders_, also different from those in _Dandelion_; the two bigger, there standing hindmost; but here, the two Less, and the two Bigger, within the two round _Ridges_ of the _Stalk_.

13. §. From hence it is, that the _Leaves_ of this _Plant_ have not only a _Prone_ or _Horizontal Posture_, but also make that _Forceable Pressure_ on the Ground, which can by no means be imputed to their _Weight_. For the _Great Arched-Fibre_ standing before the _Centre_ of the _Stalk_, and the two Longer Round ones being uppermost, in the _Ridges_ of the _Stalk_; they put on the upper parts thereof to a more full and forward Growth, and so to bow the _Leaf_ back-ward. And the _Fibrous Arch_ being, though broad, yet almost flat, doth hereby the more easily yield to that _Motion_.

14. §. In _Borage_, and _Moth-Mullen_, they stand also in _Five Parcels_. ♦ _Tab. 49._ ♦ In the former, the largest maketh still a more bulky _Arch_, than that of _Clary_; being thicker, as broad, and of a lesser _Circle_ or more bowed. But in _Mullein_, it maketh almost an entire Oval.

15. §. By means of this _Figuration_, a sufficient number of _Vessels_ for such large _Leaves_, are not only more conveniently Distributed into them; but also stand more safely in the _Stalk_. For were the _Arch_ contracted into a _solid Cylinder_, it could not so presently be resolved into small _Fibers_. And were it laid into a flat _Plate_, or straight out, either the _Figure_ of the _Stalk_, and so of the _Leaf_, must be altered; or else, the two ends of the _Plate_, would come too near the Circumference of the _Stalk_, and so be more liable to the _Impressions_ of the _Weather_: as may be observed in cutting the _Stalk_ transversly, and by the _Figures_.

16. §. IN the _Body_ of the _Leaf_, besides the _Positions_ of the _Fibrous Strings_ or _Threds_; above expressed, there is one _Thred_, bigger or less, which in all _Plants_, runs round the Edge of the _Leaf_, and hems in all the rest; but can hardly be well observed in any, without stripping off the _Skin_ of the _Leaf_. ♦ _Tab. 50._ ♦ When the _Fibres_ of the _Leaf_, are bigger, or less tender, as in _Holly_, the _Skin_ and the _Pulp_ are sometimes found either rotted off, or eaten away with _Insects_; whereby, both the said surrounding _Fiber_, and the rest, are all very fairly visible.

17. §. THE _Vessels_ seem to be continu’d, in the _Leaf_, by being Ramified out of Greater into Less, as _Veins_ or _Arteries_ are in _Animals_. But if the _Skin_ and _Pulp_ of the _Leaf_, as suppose a _Borage-Leaf_ be taken off, and the _Vessels_ laid bare; by the help of a good _Glass_, it will appear; That they are all of the same Size, every where in the _Leaf_; ♦ _Tab. 50._ ♦ and also continued throughout the same, all several and distinct _Pipes_ one from another, as the _Threds_ in a _Skein_ of _Silk_. And that therefore the _Distribution_ of the _Threds_ which the _Vessels_ compose, is not the Ramifying of Greater _Pipes_ into Less; but the dividing a greater Cluster of _Pipes_, into several lesser Clusters, till at last they come to be single; as in the _Distribution_ of the _Nerves_.

18. §. The _Vessels_ seem also to be Inosculated, not only side to side, but the ends of some into the Sides of others. But neither is this ever really done: ♦ _Tab. 50._ ♦ the lesser _Threds_, being only so far diducted, as sometimes to stand at _Right-Angles_ with the greater. So that they are Inosculated only End to End or Mouth to Mouth, after they are come at last to their final distribution.

19. §. The _Aer-Vessels_, are not only, as is said, Existent in the _Leaves_ of all _Plants_; but are herein also discoverable without the help of _Glasses_: For upon breaking the _Stalk_ or chief _Fibers_ of a _Leaf_; the likeness of a fine _Woolly_ Substance, or rather of curious small _Cobwebs_, may be seen to hang at both the broken Ends. This is taken notice of, only in some few _Plants_, as in _Scabious_, where it is more visible. ♦ _Tab. 51, & 52._ ♦ But may also be seen more or less, in most other _Plants_, if the _Leaves_ be very tenderly broken: as I have noted near twenty years since; and thence conjectur’d them a Sort of _Vessel_ common to _Plants_. Now this fine _Wool_, is really a _Skein_ of _Aer-Vessels_, or rather of the _Fibers_ of the _Aer-Vessels_, unroaved from their _Spiral Position_, and so drawn out in Length. As they appear thus unroaved and drawn out at Length, both to the bare Eye, and through a good _Microscope_, I have represented in two Examples, the one a _Scabious Leaf_, the other that of a _Vine_.

20. §. THE _Weftage_ of the _Strings_ and _Parenchymous Fibers_ together, is here made in the same manner, as hath been described in the _Anatomy_ of the _Root_, and _Trunk_: the former being in some Sort as the _Warp_, the latter as the _Woof_ of the _Leaf_.

21. §. And one Example we have (it may be more than one) wherein Nature shews, though not a greater, yet a different _Art_; and that is the _Palm-Net_. For whereas in other _Plants_, the _Webb_ is made betwixt the _Lignous-Strings_ and the _Fibers_ of the _Parenchyma_, only visible through a _Microscope_: here the said _Strings_ themselves are Interwoven, and the _Weftage_ apparent to the bare Eye. Of these _Palm-Nets_ or _Sacks_, there are several Sorts. One of them is composed in this manner. It hath a Fivefold _Series_ of _Lignous Strings_ or _Fibers_. The greatest whereof swell out above the rest; and like so many _Ribs_, are obliquely produced on both hands, so as to encompass the _Sack_. Along each of these _Ribs_, on the inside the _Sack_, runs a small _Whitish Line_; being a _Thread_ of _Aer-Vessels_ growing thereto. Betwixt these _Ribs_ or larger _Strings_, there are others much less, Two or Three betwixt _Rib_ and _Rib_, _Parallelly_ interjected. On the inside, there is a Third _Series_, which is also obliquely produced; but transversly to the former. The Fourth and Fifth, consist of the smallest _Strings_; not only Transversly produced, but also Alternately, from the outside to the inside of the _Sack_, _& vice versa_. By these two last, all the rest are most elaborately woven into one entire and strong piece of Work.

CHAP. V.

_Of the_ Duration _of_ Leaves, _and the_ Time _of their_ Generation.

AN _Evergreen_, is one degree above a _Plant_ which is simply _Perennial_: of This, only the _Trunk_ and _Buds_ live all the _Winter_; of That, also the Expanded _Leaves_. And an _Evergrow_, is a degree above an _Evergreen_: here, the _Buds_ and young _Sprigs_, do only _live_; there, they _grow_ and are put forth.

2. §. An _Evergreen_, is made such, either by the _Toughness_ of the _Skin_, and _Closeness_ or _Density_ of the _Parenchyma_, whereby the _Leaf_ is better able to endure Cold; as in _Holly_: or by the extream _Smalness_ or _Fewness_ of the _Aer-Vessels_, whereby the _Sap_ is less dryed up, and so sufficient, even in _Winter_, for the Nourishment of the _Leaf_; as in _Box_, and _Yew_, as also _Fir_, and all _Resiniferous Plants_.

3. §. The perpetual Growth of a _Plant_, seemeth to depend chiefly on the Nature of the _Sap_. For all _Juyces_ will not ferment alike, nor with the same degree of _Heat_. So that whereas many _Plants_ require a greater _Heat_, as that of _Summer_, for the fermenting and distribution of their _Juyces_, and so their growth; the _Warmth_ of _Spring_ is sufficient for many others; and for some few, that of _Winter_ it self.

4. §. AS TO the _Time_ wherein the _Leaves_ are formed; First, it is very probable, That in those _Plants_ which have _Leaves_ (besides the _Dissimilar_) of Two distinct _Figures_, as hath the Little Common _Bell_, and some others; the _Under-Leaves_, which differ in Shape from the rest, are all at first formed in the _Plume_, before it begins to _sprout_; and the rest afterwards; That is to say, that the former _Leaves_, are all formed (out of _Sap_ from the _Trunk_) with the _Seed_ it self, and so compose one Principal _Part_ thereof, _sc._ the _Plume_: the latter, not till after the _Seed_ is sow’n, and so the _Plume_ supply’d with _Sap_ immediately from the _Root_. Which _Sap_, it seems, is so far different from the former, as sometimes to produce a different Sort of _Leaves_.

5. §. SECONDLY, of the _Buds_ of all _Trees_, and of _Perenni-Stalks_, it appears, That they consist of a great number of _Leaves_, all perfectly formed to the Centre; where, notwithstanding, they are sometimes, not half so big as a _Cheese-Mite_. So that all the _Leaves_ which stand upon a _Branch_ or _Cien_ of one whole Years Growth, were actually existent in the _Bud_. It is also very observable, That although these _Buds_ begin to be expanded not till _Spring_, yet are they entirely Formed, as to all their _Integral Parts_, in the _Autumn_ foregoing. So that the whole Stock of _Leaves_ which grow upon a _Tree_, or any _Perennial Stalk_, this year; were made, or actually in being, the last year. A greater _Heat_, more subtilized _Aer_, and better concocted _Juyce_, being requisite for their _Generation_, than for their bare _Expansion_ and _Growth_.

6. §. LASTLY, of all _Annual Plants_, in which there are several Successive _Generations_ of _Buds_, one under another in one year; although I have not made the Remarque, yet am apt to believe, That as the _Leaves_ in every _Bud_ are all formed together, as in other _Plants_: so likewise, that the Successive _Generations_ of the _Under-Buds_, begin at certain stated _Terms_: as in some _Plants_, at every _New Moon_; in others, at the _Full Moon_; and in some perhaps; with both, or every Fourt’night.

CHAP. VI.

_Of the_ Manner _of the_ Generation _of the_ Leaf. _Where also, that of the_ Two General Parts _of a_ Plant, _sc. the_ Lignous _and_ Parenchymous, _is further explain’d._

THE _Visible Causes_ of the _Figures_ of _Leaves_, have been formerly mentioned. ♦ _B. 1. Ch. 4._ ♦ It may here be further noted, That the greater _Fibers_ of the _Leaf_, being never Braced in the _Stalk_; it is a good preparative for their better spreading in the _Leaf_. As also, that the same is much favour’d, by the extream smalness of the _Aer-Vessels_ herein: whereby they are more easily divaricated, in the lesser _Fibers_, and so the _Leaf_ dilated.

2. §. BUT these and the like are to be reckoned a secondary _Order_ of _Causes_; which serve rather to carry on and improve, that which _Nature_ hath once begun. ♦ _Idea, §. 53._ ♦ And therefore, we must not only consider the visible _Mechanism_ of the _Parts_; but also the _Principles_ of which they are composed; wherewith, Nature seems to draw her first _Strokes_.

3. §. Now of these, I have formerly, and as I conceive upon good ground, supposed, the chief Governing _Principle_, to be the _Saline_, whether _Alkaline_, _Acid_, or of any other Kind: ♦ _Lib. 2. P. 2. §. 31,_ &c. ♦ being in some sort as the _Mold_ of a _Button_, to which the other _Principles_, as its _Attire_, do all conform. Or the _Salts_ are, as it were, the _Bones_; the other _Principles_, as the _Flesh_ which covers them.

4. §. A further Argument hereof may be deduced from the _Cuticular_ and other _Concretions_, commonly called _Mothers_, in Distill’d _Waters_, _Vinegar_, and other _Liquors_. For in these _Concretions_, there is always a tendence to _Vegetation_; and many of them are true _Vegetables_ in their Kind; as shall hereafter be seen. Now the _Liquors_, in which these are generated, do always, wholly or in part, lose their _Tast_ and _Smell_, and so become _Vapid_. The more sensible _Principles_ therein having made their _Transit_ from the _Fluid_, into the _Concrete Parts_. So, I have known, sometimes, _Vinegar_ it self, to become by these _Concretions_, almost as _Tastless_ as Common _Water_. Whereby it seems evident, That of _Vegetable Principles_, there are some, more Masterly than others: and that of these, the _Saline_ is the chief. The same is likewise argued, from the frequent Experiment of many good Husband-men; that most _Bodies_ which abound with _Salt_, are the greatest _Nourishers_ of _Plants_.

5. §. This _Saline Principle_, as is above hinted, is to be understood, a _Generik_ Name, under which divers _Species_ are comprehended; and of some whereof, it is always compounded, as in other _Bodies_, so in _Plants_. As shall be made to appear, by divers Experiments, when we come, hereafter, to speak of _Vegetable Salts_. Whereby we are conducted, yet further to enquire, What are the _Principles_ of this _Principle_?

6. §. NOW these seem to be Four; a _Nitrous_, an _Acid_, an _Alkaline_, and a _Marine_. The _Admixture_ of the First, is argu’d from the Place, which Nature hath assigned for the _Generation_ and _Growth_ of most _Plants_, _sc._ neither in _Caverns_ under Ground, as for _Minerals_; nor above it, as for _Animals_; but the Surface of the Earth, where this Sort of _Salt_ is copiously bred. And doth therefore prove, not only a _Mixture_, but a good Proportion hereof with the other _Principles_ of a _Plant_. Hence it is, that _Dew_ or _Water_ on _Windows_ or Plain and Smooth _Tables_, by virtue of a _Nitro-Aerial Salt_, is often frozen into the resemblance of little _Shrubs_. And the like _Figure_ I have often seen in a well filtred _Solution_ of the _Salt_ of any of our _Purging Waters_, as of _Epsom_, &c. being set to _shoot_. Produced, as I conceive, by the _Nitre_, which with the _Rain_ or other _Waters_, is washed down from the _Surface_ of the _Earth_, and so mixed with the _Mineral Salts_.

7. §. The other Three _Salts_ are exhibited, by the several ways of Resolving the _Principles_ of a _Plant_. Many _Plants_, even in their _Natural Estate_, do yield an _Acid Juyce_. And the _Juyces_ of many more, by _Fermentation_, will become _Acid_. And most, by _Distillation_ in a _Sand-Furnace_, yield an _Acid Liquor_.

8. §. By _Calcination_, all Sorts of _Plants_, yield more or less, both of a _Fixed_ and a _Volatile Alkaly_: the former, in the _Ashes_; the latter, in the _Soot_. And, at least the generality, by _Fermentation_ also, yield a _Volatile_ one; or such a kind of _Salt_, which, whether we call an _Urinous_, or otherwise, hath the like _Odour_ and _Tast_ with that of _Urine_, _Harts-Horn_, _Soot_, and the like.

9. §. The _Marine_, is obtained no other way, that I know of, but from a Solution of the _Alkaline_, upon its being exposed to the _Aer_. The process wherof, I shall particularly set down in a following _Discourse_. Of these _Salts_, mixed in a certain proportion, together, and also Impregnated with some of the other _Active Principles_ of a _Plant_, and not without an _Admixture_ of some _Parts_ from the _Aer_; I suppose, that which I call the _Essential_, is produced: of which, I shall also give an account in the same _Discourse_.

10. §. ALL THE Four _Salts_ above mentioned, seem in their _Order_, to have a share in the _Formation_ of a _Leaf_, or other _Part_ of a _Plant_: And first of all, the _Marine_. For all _Generations_ are made in some _Fluid_: But in every _Fluid_ there is a perpetual _Intestive Motion_ of _Parts_. So that the first Intention of _Nature_ is, That some of those _Parts_ be disposed to _Rest_. Now of all the _Principles_ of a _Plant_, there are none hereunto more disposed, than their _Salts_; whose _Particles_, being figu’rd with plain Sides, as often as they touch Side to Side, like two _Marbles_ exquisitely polished, they will adhere together. And the _Particles_ of _Marine Salt_, being _Cubick_; and so, with respect to their _Figure_, of greater _Bulk_ than those of any other _Salt_; they will hereby, be most and first of all disposed to _Rest_; and so become, as it were, the Foundation of the following _Superstructure_.

11. §. THE Second Intention of Nature is, That the _Particles_ be brought to _Rest_, in a certain _Position_, agreeable to the _Figure_ of the _Parts_ which are to be formed. And therefore in the next place, all those _Parts_ of a _Plant_ which are truly _Lignous_, by the _Marine Salt_, with the assistance of the _Alkaline_, but especially of the _Nitrous_, are made to shoot out in Length, or into an innumerable company of small _Cylindrick Fibres_: ♦ _Tab. 53._ ♦ these _Salts_ being, altogether, sturdy enough to resist those _Impulses_ which might incline them to conform to any other _Figure_.

12. §. THE next Intention is, That these _Fibres_, at the same time in which they are formed, may likewise receive such a _Posture_ as will best answer the indented _Shape_ of the _Leaf_. Which _Posture_, although in the _Growth_ of the _Leaf_ it is much Govern’d by the _Aer-Vessels_; yet in the _Generation_ hereof, seems to be first determined by the forementioned _Salts_, according to their several _Angles_, whereby they are differently applicable one to another.

13. §. Now all the _Sides_ of the _Marine Salt_, and the _Sides_ and the _Ends_ of the _Nitrous_, properly so called, stand at _Right Angles_. And it is very probable, from the _Figure_ of the _Crystalls_ in _Spirit_ of _Blood_, and some other _Bodies_, that the _Particles_ of the _Alkaline_ are Square at one End, and Poynted at the other. ♦ _Tab. 53._ ♦ And those of the _Acid_, at both; And that, withal, they are Shorter and more Slender.

14. §. It should therefore seem, That where the _Alkaline Salt_ is any way predominant, and that the _Particles_ thereof are placed End to End; there the _Lignous Fibres_ (as the larger ones in many _Leaves_) ♦ _Tab. 53._ ♦ declining their parallel _Growth_, begin to shoot out obliquely, or at _Angles_ one with another, and those _Acute_.

15. §. If the same _Salt_ be predominant, and some of its _Particles_ placed, with the Pointed End of one, to the Side of another, ♦ _Tab. 53._ ♦ or the Square End of one, to the Poynted End of another; there the said _Fibres_ begin to shoot at _Angles_ less _Acute_.

16. §. But if either the _Marine_ or _Nitrous Salt_ is predominant; or some _Particles_ of the _Alkaline_, are placed with the Square End of one, to the Side of another; ♦ _Tab. 53._ ♦ there the _Fibres_ begin to make, not _Acute_, but _Right Angles_; as do the greater _Fibres_, in some _Leaves_; and the smaller, in all.

17. §. IN the same manner, the _Fibre_ in the Circumference of the _Leaf_ is also governed; the _Particles_ of the said _Salt_, being reduceable, not only to any _Angle_, but also to any _Circle_, or other _Crooked Line_, as they are variously applyed. For if the _major part_ be applied End to End, and only every Third or Fourth applied End to Side, they produce a great _Circle_. ♦ _Tab. 53._ ♦ But if the Poynted End of each, be set to the Side of another, they make a less. And if the Application be the same, but to the contrary Side, they thence begin a new _Circle_ with the same _Diameter_, but with another _Center_, answerable to the intended _Shape_ of the _Leaf_.

18. §. AFTER the same manner, the _Aer-Vessels_ may be formed by the _Particles_ of the _Acid Salt_. Which, without being supposed to be crooked (as those of the _Aer_, at least the compounded ones, probably be) only by applying the lesser Side of one, to the greater Side of another, will also be reduced to any either _Circular_ or _Spiral Line_. ♦ _Tab. 53._ ♦ And so, likewise, for the production of the winding _Fibres_, which compose the _Bladders_ of the _Pith_ and other _Parenchymous Parts_ of a _Plant_.

19. §. Thus doth _Nature_ every where γεωμετρεῖν. For what She appears in Her _Works_, She must needs be also in their _Causes_.

THE

ANATOMY

OF

FLOWERS,

PROSECUTED

With the bare EYE,

And with the

MICROSCOPE.

Read before the _Royal Society_, _Novemb. 9. 1676_.

The SECOND PART.

By _NEHEMIAH GREW_ M.D. Fellow of the _ROYAL SOCIETY_, and of the _COLLEGE_ of _PHYSICIANS_.

_LONDON_,

Printed by _W. Rawlins_, 1682.

THE

CONTENTS

OF THE

Second Part.

CHAP. I.

_Of the EMPALEMENT._

CHAP. II.

_Of the FOLIATURE._

CHAP. III.

_Of the ATTIRE SEMINIFORM._

CHAP. IV.

_Of the FLORID ATTIRE._

CHAP. V.

_Of the USE of the ATTIRE._

CHAP. VI.

_Of the TIME of the_ Generation _of the_ Flower.

_The Appendix._

_Being a METHOD proposed, for the ready finding, by the_ Leaf _and_ Flower, _to what Sort any_ Plant _belongeth._

THE

ANATOMY

OF

FLOWERS.