Part 30

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. _bonde_, Med. Lat. _bodena_ or _butina_, a frontier line), that which serves to indicate the limit or extent of land. It is usually defined by a certain mark, such as a post, ditch, hedge, dyke, wall of stones, &c., though on the other hand it may have to be ascertained by reference to a plan or by measurement. In law, the exact boundary of land is always a matter of evidence; where no evidence is available, the court acts on presumption. For example, the boundary of land on opposite sides of a road, whether public or private, is presumed to be the middle line of the road. Where two fields are separated by a hedge and ditch the boundary line will run between the hedge and the ditch. Boundaries of parishes, at common law, depended upon ancient and immemorial custom, and in many parishes great care was taken to perpetuate the boundaries of the parish by perambulations from time to time. The confusion of local boundaries in England was the subject of several commissions and committees in the 19th century, and much information will be found in their reports (1868, 1870, 1873, 1888). The Local Government Act 1888, ss. 50-63, contains provisions for the alteration of local areas.

BOUNDS, BEATING THE, an ancient custom still observed in many English parishes. In former times when maps were rare it was usual to make a formal perambulation of the parish boundaries on Ascension day or during Rogation week. The latter is in the north of England still called "Gang Week" or "Ganging Days" from this "ganging" or procession. The priest of the parish with the churchwardens and the parochial officials headed a crowd of boys who, armed with green boughs, beat with them the parish border-stones. Sometimes the boys were themselves whipped or even violently bumped on the boundary-stones to make them remember. The object of taking boys was obviously to ensure that witnesses to the boundaries should survive as long as possible. In England the custom is as old as Anglo-Saxon days, as it is mentioned in laws of Alfred and Aethelstan. It is thought that it may have been derived from the Roman Terminalia, a festival celebrated on the 22nd of February in honour of Terminus, the god of landmarks, to whom cakes and wine were offered, sports and dancing taking place at the boundaries. In England a parish-ale or feast was always held after the perambulation, which assured its popularity, and in Henry VIII.'s reign the occasion had become an excuse for so much revelry that it attracted the condemnation of a preacher who declared "these solemne and accustomable processions and supplications be nowe growen into a right foule and detestable abuse." Beating the bounds had a religious side in the practice which originated the term Rogation, the accompanying clergy being supposed to beseech (_rogare_) the divine blessing upon the parish lands for the ensuing harvest. This feature originated in the 5th century, when Mamercus, bishop of Vienne, instituted special prayers and fasting and processions on these days. This clerical side of the parish bounds-beating was one of the religious functions prohibited by the Injunctions of Queen Elizabeth; but it was then ordered that the perambulation should continue to be performed as a quasi-secular function, so that evidence of the boundaries of parishes, &c. might be preserved (Gibson, _Codex juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani_ (1761) pp. 213-214). Bequests were sometimes made in connexion with bounds-beating. Thus at Leighton Buzzard on Rogation Monday, in accordance with the will of one Edward Wilkes, a London merchant who died in 1646, the trustees of his almshouses accompanied the boys. The will was read and beer and plum rolls distributed. A remarkable feature of the bequest was that while the will is read one of the boys has to stand on his head.

BOUNTY (through O. Fr. _bontet_, from Lat. _bonitas_, goodness), a gift or gratuity; more usually, a premium paid by a government to encourage some branch of production or industry, as in England in the case of the bounty on corn, first granted in 1688 and abolished in 1814, the herring-fishery bounties, the bounties on sail-cloth, linen and other goods. It is admitted that the giving of bounties is generally impolitic, though they may sometimes be justified as a measure of state. The most striking modern example of a bounty was that on sugar (q.v.). Somewhat akin to bounties are the subsidies granted to shipping (q.v.) by many countries. Bounties or, as they may equally well be termed, grants are often given, more especially in new countries, for the destruction of beasts of prey; in the United States and some other countries, bounties have been given for tree-planting; France has given bounties to encourage the Newfoundland fisheries.

Bounty was also the name given to the money paid to induce men to enlist in the army or navy, and, in the United Kingdom, to the sum given on entering the militia reserve. During the American Civil War, many recruits joined solely for the sake of the bounty offered, and afterwards deserted; they were called "bounty-jumpers." The term bounty was also applied in the English navy to signify money payable to the officers and crew of a ship in respect of services on particular occasions.

Queen Anne's Bounty (q.v.) is a fund applied for the augmentation of poor livings in the established church.

King's Bounty is a grant made by the sovereign of his royal bounty to those of his subjects whose wives are delivered of three or more children at a birth.

BOURBAKI, CHARLES DENIS SAUTER (1816-1897), French general, was born at Pau on the 22nd of April 1816, the son of a Greek colonel who died in the War of Independence in 1827. He entered St Cyr, and in 1836 joined the Zouaves, becoming lieutenant of the Foreign Legion in 1838, and aide-de-camp to King Louis Philippe. It was in the African expedition that he first came to the front. In 1842 he was captain in the Zouaves; 1847, colonel of the Turcos; in 1850, lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Zouaves; 1851, colonel; 1854, brigadier-general. In the Crimean War he commanded a portion of the Algerian troops; and at the Alma, Inkerman and Sevastopol Bourbaki's name became famous. In 1857 he was made general of division, commanding in 1859 at Lyons. His success in the war with Italy was only second to that of MacMahon, and in 1862 he was proposed as a candidate for the vacant Greek throne, but declined the proffered honour. In 1870 the emperor entrusted him with the command of the Imperial Guard, and he played an important part in the fighting round Metz.

A curious incident of the siege of Metz is connected with Bourbaki's name. A man who called himself Regnier,[1] about the 21st of September, appeared at Hastings, to seek an interview with the refugee empress Eugenie, and failing to obtain this he managed to get from the young prince imperial a signed photograph with a message to the emperor Napoleon. This he used, by means of a safe-conduct from Bismarck, as credentials to Marshal Bazaine, to whom he presented himself at Metz, telling him on the empress's alleged authority that peace was about to be signed and that either Marshal Canrobert or General Bourbaki was to go to Hastings for the purpose. Bourbaki at once went to England, with Prussian connivance, as though he had a recognized mission, only to discover from the empress at Hastings that a trick had been played on him; and as soon as he could manage he returned to France. He offered his services to Gambetta and received the command of the Northern Army, but was recalled on the 19th of November and transferred to the Army of the Loire. In command of the hastily-trained and ill-equipped Army of the East, Bourbaki made the attempt to raise the siege of Belfort, which, after the victory of Villersexel, ended in the repulse of the French in the three days' battle of the Lisaine. Other German forces under Manteuffel now closed upon Bourbaki, and he was eventually driven over the Swiss frontier with the remnant of his forces (see FRANCO-GERMAN WAR). His troops were in the most desperate condition, owing to lack of food; and out of 150,000 men under him when he started, only 84,000 escaped from the Germans into Swiss territory. Bourbaki himself, rather than submit to the humiliation of a probable surrender, on the 26th of January 1871 delegated his functions to General Clinchant, and in the night fired a pistol at his own head, but the bullet, owing to a deviation of the weapon, was flattened against his skull and his life was saved. General Clinchant carried Bourbaki into Switzerland, and he recovered sufficiently to return to France. In July 1871 he again took the command at Lyons, and subsequently became military governor. In 1881, owing to his political opinions, he was placed on the retired list. In 1885 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the senate. He died on the 27th of September 1897. A patriotic Frenchman and a brilliant soldier and leader, Bourbaki, like some other French generals of the Second Empire whose training had been obtained in Africa, was found wanting in the higher elements of command when the European conditions of 1870 were concerned.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The whole Regnier affair remained a mystery; the man himself--who on following Bourbaki to England made the impression on Lord Granville (see the _Life of Lord Granville_, by Lord Fitzmaurice, ii. 61) of being a "swindler" but honestly wishing to serve the empress--was afterwards mixed up in the Humbert frauds of 1902-1903; he published his own version of the affair in 1870 in a pamphlet, _Quel est votre nom?_ It has been suspected that on the part either of Bazaine or of the German authorities some undisclosed intrigue was on foot.

BOURBON. The noble family of Bourbon, from which so many European kings have sprung, took its name from Bourbon l'Archambault, chief town of a lordship which in the 10th century was one of the largest baronies of the kingdom of France. The limits of the lordship, which was called the Bourbonnais, were approximately those of the modern department of Allier, being on the N. the Nivernais and Berry, on the E. Burgundy and Lyonnais, on the S. Auvergne and Marche and on the W. Berry. The first of the long line of Bourbons known in history was Adhemar or Aimar, who was invested with the barony towards the close of the 9th century. Matilda, heiress of the first house of Bourbon, brought this lordship to the family of Dampierre by her marriage, in 1196, with Guy of Dampierre, marshal of Champagne (d. 1215). In 1272 Beatrix, daughter of Agnes of Bourbon-Dampierre, and her husband John of Burgundy, married Robert, count of Clermont, sixth son of Louis IX. (St Louis) of France. The elder branches of the family had become extinct, and their son Louis became duke of Bourbon in 1327. In 1488 the line of his descendants ended with Jean II., who died in that year. The whole estates passed to Jean's brother Pierre, lord of Beaujeu, who was married to Anne, daughter of Louis XI. Pierre died in 1503, leaving only a daughter, Suzanne, who, in 1505, married Charles de Montpensier, heir of the Montpensier branch of the Bourbon family. Charles, afterwards constable of France, who took the title of duke of Bourbon on his marriage, was born in 1489, and at an early age was looked upon as one of the finest soldiers and gentlemen in France. With the constable ended the direct line from Pierre I., duke of Bourbon (d. 1356). But the fourth in descent from Pierre's brother, Jacques, count of La Marche, Louis, count of Vendome and Chartres (d. 1446), became the ancestor of the royal house of Bourbon and of the noble families of Conde, Conti and Montpensier. The fourth in direct descent from Louis of Vendome was Antoine de Bourbon, who in 1548 married Jeanne d'Albret, heiress of Navarre, and became king of Navarre in 1554. Their son became king of France as Henry IV. Henry was succeeded by his son, Louis XIII., who left two sons, Louis XIV., and Philip, duke of Orleans, head of the Orleans branch. Louis XIV.'s son, the dauphin, died before his father, and left three sons, one of whom died without issue. Of the others the elder, Louis of Burgundy, died in 1712, and his only surviving son became Louis XV. The younger, Philip, duke of Anjou, became king of Spain, and founded the Spanish branch of the Bourbon family. Louis XV. was succeeded by his grandson, Louis XVI., who perished on the scaffold. At the restoration the throne of France was occupied by Louis XVIII., brother of Louis XVI., who in turn was succeeded by his brother Charles X. The second son of Charles X., the duc de Berry, left a son, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonne d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, and comte de Chambord (q.v.). From Louis XIV.'s brother, Philip, descended another claimant of the throne. Philip's son was the regent Orleans, whose great-grandson, "Philippe Egalite," perished on the scaffold in 1793. Egalite's son, Louis Philippe, was king of the French from 1830 to 1848; his grandson, Louis Philippe, comte de Paris (1838-1894), inherited on the death of the comte de Chambord the rights of that prince to the throne of France, and was called by the royalists Philip VII. He had a son, Louis Philippe Robert, duc d'Orleans, called by his adherents Philip VIII.

_Spanish Branch._--Philip, duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV., became king of Spain as Philip V., in 1700. He was succeeded in 1746 by his son Ferdinand VI., who died in 1759 without family, and was followed by his brother Charles III. Charles III.'s eldest son became Charles IV. of Spain in 1788, while his second son, Ferdinand, was made king of Naples in 1759. Charles IV. was deposed by Napoleon, but in 1814 his son, Ferdinand VII., again obtained his throne. Ferdinand was succeeded by his daughter Isabella, who in 1870 abdicated in favour of her son, Alphonso XII. (d. 1885). Alphonso's posthumous son became king of Spain as Alphonso XIII. Ferdinand's brother, Don Carlos (d. 1855), claimed the throne in 1833 on the ground of the Salic law, and a fierce war raged for some years in the north of Spain. His son Don Carlos, count de Montemolin (1818-1861), revived the claim, but was defeated and compelled to sign a renunciation. The nephew of the latter, Don Carlos Maria Juan Isidor, duke of Madrid, for some years carried on war in Spain with the object of attaining the rights contended for by the Carlist party.

GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE HOUSE OF BOURBON

I. _The French Bourbons_

Henry IV. (1553-1610) | +-----------------+-----------------------+ | | Louis XIII. Gaston, (1601-1643) duke of Orleans | (1608-1660) | +-------+--------------------------------------------------+ | | Louis XIV. Philip I. (1638-1715) duke of Orleans | (1640-1701) | | Louis the Dauphin Philip II. (1661-1711) duke of Orleans,[1] the regent | (1674-1723) +------------------+---------------+ | | | | | Louis, Charles, Philip, Louis, duke of Burgundy duke of Berry duke of Anjou, duke of Orleans (1682-1712) (1686-1714) king of Spain (1703-1752) | as Philip V. | | (1683-1746) | Louis XV. Louis Philippe, (1710-1774) duke of Orleans | (1725-1785) | | Louis the Dauphin Louis Philippe, "Egalite," (1729-1765) duke of Orleans | (1747-1793) +------------+-------------+ | | | | | Louis XVI. Louis XVIII. Charles X. Louis Philippe, (1754-1793) (1755-1824) (1757-1836) king of the French | | (1773-1850) | +----------+--------+ | | | | +------------------+----------------+----+------------------+---------------+ | | | | | | | | Louis XVII. Louis, Charles Ferdinand, Ferdinand, Francis, Antony, Henry, Louis, (1785-1795) duke of Angouleme duke of Berry duke of Orleans prince of Joinville duke of Montpensier duke of Aumale duke of Nemours (1775-1844) (1778-1820) (1810-1842) (1818-1900) (1824-1890) (1822-1897) (1814-1896) | | | | | | | | | +---------+-------+ | | | | | | Henry Charles, | Peter, Antony, Gaston, Ferdinand, duke of Bordeaux and | duke of Penthievre duke of Galliera count of Eu, duke of Alencon count of Chambord | (b. 1845) (b. 1866) (b. 1842) (b. 1844) (1820-1883) | | | | | +-----------------------+ +---------+---------+ +-------+ | | | | | | | | Alphonso Louis Ferdinand Peter Louis Antony Emmanuel, | (b. 1886) (b. 1888) (b. 1875) (b. 1878) (b. 1881) duke of Vendome | (b. 1872) | | +-------------------+-------------------+ | | | | Louis Philippe, Robert, Charles Philip, count of Paris duke of Chartres duke of Nemours, (1838-1894) (b. 1840) (b. 1905) | | +------+------------+ +--------+---------+ | | | | Louis Philippe, Ferdinand, Henry, John, duke of Orleans duke of Montpensier prince of Orleans duke of Guise (b. 1869) (b. 1884) (1867-1901) (b. 1874)

II. The Spanish and Italian Bourbons.

Philip V., king of Spain (1683-1746) | +--------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Charles III. Ferdinand VI. Philip, (1716-1788) (1713-1759) duke of | Parma +---+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+ (1715-1765) | | | | Charles IV. Ferdinand I., Gabriel[3] Ferdinand, (1748-1819) king of the (1752-1788) duke of | Two Sicilies Parma +--------+------+------------------------+ (1751-1825) (1765-1802) | | | | | Ferdinand VII. Francis, Carlos, Francis I. Louis, (1784-1833) duke of duke of (1777-1830) king of | Cadiz Madrid | Erutrea | (d. 1865) (1788-1855) +-----+--------+-------------+---------------------------+ (c. 1786-1803) | | | | | | | | | +------------+ +--+-------------+ Ferdinand II. Francis, Leopold, Louis, Charles II, | | | | | (1810-1859) count of count of count of duke of Isabella II. + Francis Henry, Carlos, Juan | Trapani, Syracuse Aquila Parma (1830-1904) | (1822-1902) duke of duke of (1823-1887) | (1827-1892) (c. 1825-1860) (1824-1897) (1799-1883) | Seville[2] Madrid | | | | | (1823-1870) (1818-1861) | +------------+-------------+----------+-----------+ +-+--------+ Charles III, | | | | | | | | | duke of Alphonso XII. +---------------+ Francis II. Alphonso, Louis, Gaetan, Pascal, Louis Philip Parma (1857-1885) | | (1836-1894) count of count of count of count of count of (b. 1847) (1823-1854) | Carlos, Alphonso Castera Trani Gergenti Bari Aquila | Alphonso XIII. duke of (b. 1849) (b. 1841) (1838-1886) (1846-1871) (1852-1904) (b. 1845) +--------------+-------+ (b. 1886) Madrid | | | | (b. 1848) +---------+---+-----------+---------+----------+--------+----------+ Robert[4] Henry +------+---------+ | | | | | | | | duke of count of | | Jaime Ferdinand, Charles Gabriel Francis Philip Renier Gennaro Parma Bardi Alphonso Jaime (b. 1870) duke of (b. 1870) (b. 1897) (b. 1888) (b. 1885) (b. 1883) (b. 1882) (b. 1848) (1851-1905) prince of the (b. 1908) Calabria | | Asturias (b. 1869) Alphonso +------+----+-----------+ (b. 1907) | (b. 1901) | | | Roger Henry Joseph Elias duke of (b. 1873) (b. 1875) (b. 1880) Noto | (b. 1901) Charles (b. 1905) _Neapolitan Branch._--The first Bourbon who wore the crown of Naples was Charles III. of Spain, who on his succession to the Spanish throne in 1759, resigned his kingdom of Naples to his son Ferdinand. Ferdinand was deposed by Napoleon, but afterwards regained his throne, and took the title of Ferdinand I., king of the Two Sicilies. In 1825 he was succeeded by his son Francis, who in turn was succeeded in 1830 by his son Ferdinand II. Ferdinand II. died in 1859, and in the following year his successor Francis II. was deprived of his kingdom, which was incorporated into the gradually-uniting Italy.

_Duchies of Lucca and Parma._--In 1748 the duchy of Parma was conferred on Philip, youngest son of Philip V. of Spain. He was succeeded by his son Ferdinand in 1765. Parma was ceded to France in 1801, Ferdinand's son Louis being made king of Etruria, but the French only took possession of the duchy after Ferdinand's death in 1802. Louis's son Charles Louis was forced to surrender Etruria to France in 1807, and he was given the duchy of Lucca by the congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1847, on the death of Marie Louise, widow of Napoleon, who had received Parma and Piacenza in accordance with the terms of the treaty of Paris of 1814, Charles Louis succeeded to the duchies as Charles II., at the same time surrendering Lucca to Tuscany. In 1849 he abdicated in favour of his son, Charles III., who married a daughter of the duke of Berry, and was assassinated in 1854, being succeeded by his son Robert. In 1860 the duchies were annexed by Victor Emmanuel to the new kingdom of Italy.

_Bastard Branches._--There are numerous bastard branches of the family of Bourbon, the most famous being the Vendome branch, descended from Caesar, natural son of Henry IV., and the Maine and Toulouse branches, descended from the two natural sons of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan.

See Coiffier de Moret, _Histoire du Bourbonnais et des Bourbons_ (2 vols., 1824); Berand, _Histoire des sires et ducs de Bourbon_ (1835); Desormeaux, _Histoire de la maison de Bourbon_ (5 vols., 1782-1788); Achaintre, _Histoire genealogique et chronologique de la maison royale de Bourbon_ (2 vols., 1825-1826); and Dussieux, _Genealogie de la maison de Bourbon_ (1872).

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Philip married a natural daughter of Louis XIV., and in this way the later princes of Orleans are descended from the Grand Monarque.

[2] Henry contracted a morganatic marriage, and consequently his son Henry, who died in 1894, was ruled out of the succession. This branch of the family is now extinct.

[3] The branch of the family descended from the infante Gabriel is still flourishing, its head being Francis, duke of Marchena.

[4] By a second marriage Robert has a large family, including six sons--Sixtus, Xavier, Felix, Rene, Louis and Gaetan.