book viii
, titles i and ii) did not define the character and duties of the various officers, because that had already been done in the Nueva Recopilación (title ii, law v, no. 1). He also cites from Nicolás M. Serrano's Diccionario universal the following definition of contador de resultus: "Any one of those persons in the first grade of the chief accountancy [Contaduría Mayor de Cuentas], which corresponds to those officials employed in former times by the comptroller-in-chief [contador mayor] who were occupied in computing or transcribing the amounts in the account-books of the obligations which are incurred by those persons who administer the royal revenues by lease or by other title."--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter).
P. 99, line 3 from end of text: For "thirty-five" read "thirty-eight." The same correction should be made on p. 5, line 5 from end.
P. 146, line 10 from end: "Agreement" is not a quite satisfactory rendering for the Spanish composición, which has a technical meaning in regard to the possession of lands; see note on this subject in VOL. LII pp. 296, 297. "Composition" will probably be the best rendering, provided that this technical meaning is understood in such use of the word. James A. LeRoy says of this, in a private letter: "'Arrangement' also conveys somewhat the same idea--that is, the rearrangement of their rights, or the reconciliation of rights prescribed in this decree. Composición de derechos means, quite closely rendered, 'reconciliation of rights,' according to my recollection of its use in certain contracts which I have seen here in Mexico. It gives the idea of arbitration, to some degree, of rights more or less in conflict which are reconciled by agreement."
P. 147, line 7: Consolidations of encomiendas were made, in order to abolish those which were too small, or make a more equitable distribution of the territory comprised in those which were very large. Pensions were also assessed against large encomiendas, although in the laws of the Indias it was ordained that the maximum amount of such pensions should be 2,000 pesos. Apparently the aim of this decree was, to provide that in extending the tenure of the encomiendas and rearranging them the royal officials should also make allowance for the charges against the encomiendas in the way of pensions, so consolidating them as to accord with the decrees of previous years on this subject. Those decrees sought to prevent an encomendero from being deprived of a fair income by the assessment of too many pensions against it (for wives, relatives, or dependents of previous encomenderos of the same district; or for other services to the State, paid for by assigning portions of remunerative encomiendas); and at the same time aimed to restrict the income to be derived from an encomienda, and to make these incomes nearly uniform in value.--James A. Leroy (in a private letter).
VOLUME XXVI
P. 5, line 2 from end: For "July-August" read "March-July."
P. 269, middle: For "bienzos" read "lienzos."
VOLUME XXVII
P. 5, line 4: For "Cavite" read "Manila."
P. 122, middle: The peso ensayado was, according to Lea (Hist. of Inquisition in Spain, i, p. 562), a colonial coin, worth 400 maravedís, equivalent to 11 3/4 reals, or a little more than a ducado.
P. 146: "The fundamental idea of the commercial and industrial policy of Spain, as carried out through the India House, was that of restriction and privilege." (Moses, Spanish Rule in America, p. 265.) See Roscher's comments thereon in his Spanish Colonial System (Bourne's ed.), p. 35.
P. 256, middle: This mention of the Salve refers to the Ave Maria, not to the Salve Regina ("Hail, holy Queen!").--Rev. T. C. Middleton, O.S.A.
P. 339, middle: The "Moro-Moro play" was a feature of town fiestas, both religious and secular functions, for several centuries, and is still common in the more remote towns, though the modern sophisticated Filipinos have been trying to laugh it out of court, and have done so in the more cultured regions. I saw it at Kotabato in 1901, where the handful of Christians in the population played it before the Commission and a host of gathered Moro tribesmen from up the river.--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter).
VOLUME XXVIII
P. 47, note 19: In line 5, for "southern" read "northwestern." The stronghold of the Moros, after Joló was destroyed, was at Maibun, a town on the southern shore. Combés describes the island in detail in his Hist. Mindanao y Joló, cols. 14-19. See also Escosura's Memoria sobre Filipinas y Joló, pp. 213-436.
P. 55, note: Crawfurd is wrong as to the kris being a poniard or dagger; or, if so, it is certainly in the Philippines a short, straight-bladed sword, with wavy edges.--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter). See illustrations of Moro weapons presented in this series; also those in Worcester's Philippine Islands, p. 155, and in Reports of Philippine Commission and other government documents. Collections of these weapons may now be seen in most of the large museums in the United States.
P. 96, note: The best description and classification of the pagan and Moro tribes of Mindanao is that of Barrows in the Census of the Philippines, i, pp. 461-477; see also his report for the Ethnological Survey, in Report of the Philippine Commission for 1903.
P. 130, art. 564, line 1: For the second "province" read "convent."
P. 200, end of paragraph 1: In one of Viana's official opinions in 1765 (Respuestas, fol. 103, 104), he scores the board of the Misericordia for demanding any further security than the royal name and promise for loans made by them to the government; if they had been content with that, thus "avoiding irrelevant conferences of theologians and jurists," they would have responded with honor and loyalty to the many favors that they have enjoyed from the king, etc.
P. 210, last paragraph: See account of this affair in VOL. I, note 67.
P. 211, paragraph 2: The laws of the Indias ordained--e.g., lib. vi, tít. i, ley xviii (1550); lib. i, tít. xiii, ley v (1634)--that there should be schools in which Spanish was to be taught, for the sake of having a suitable language in which to teach the Christian faith.
P. 218, end of paragraph 1: Viana (Respuestas, fol. 102v) recommends that certain criminals be sent to serve at Zamboanga, some for life and others for specified terms. Forrest mentions the practice of sending convicts from Manila to Zamboanga, as they were sent from England to Botany Bay. The secretary mentioned by Le Gentil was Cosio, who himself was afterward banished to Africa for his illegal acts under Raon.
P. 257, line 6: The word "impost" is incorrect here; the English equivalent is most nearly approached by rendering this phrase [Spanish, derecho de elecciones de gobernadorcillo], "the [government] right in elections." J. A. LeRoy says of this, in a private letter: "It apparently refers to the right of the superior government--generally exercised in each province by the alcalde-mayor or provincial governor--of selecting the gobernadorcillo of each pueblo from a list of three [lerna], this list being proposed to him by the notables [principales] at the annual election. It is altogether probable that the man chosen sometimes had to pay that official, and that Mas is here reporting this as another of the abuses which, under the early Spanish régime, the friars used to charge against the alcaldes-mayor, in that sense, being a 'robbery' of the natives."
P. 266, line 2: For "271-275" read "271-273."
P. 321, line 3: The statements of this writer would make it appear that the friars developed the resources of Negros; but that is not the fact. The old régime described by Mas and Jagor failed to develop those resources; and the modern development of Negros (which dragged the friars reluctantly after it) was accomplished through foreign commerce and foreign traders, a part of the general development of the Philippines as a whole. This very document shows how, when it was seen to be beginning, through Spanish and Spanish half-caste planters, to whose aid British importers of machinery of the modern sort soon after came, the friars stepped in to claim an island which since the Spanish discovery they had sadly neglected, and to wrest its growing curacies from native priests. This friar's claims (pp. 319-322) are all the more audacious in view of the proximity to his own time of the development, through foreign agencies, which he claims as due to his order. There are other parts of this same Recollect chronicle which show how the modern political bitterness of spirit had crept into the accounts of Philippine history emanating from the religious orders.--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter).
P. 349, line 3: The volume-number should be "i," not "ii." The same correction should be made on p. 370, last line.
P. 368, line 6: For "brothers" read "sisters."
VOLUME XXIX
P. 104, line 8 from end: After "taken." add "[Madrid, March 15, 1638.]"
VOLUME XXX
P. 54, note, lines 6-8 from end: It is only fair to the Duke de Almodovar to explain the reasons for his treatment of Raynal's work; they are thus given by José Arias y Miranda, in his Examen crítico-histórico del influjo que tuvo en el comercio, industria y población de España su dominación en América ("a work crowned by the Real Academia de la Historia, and published by that body, at Madrid, 1854"), an interesting and well-written study of that subject, with learned and valuable annotations and much reference to standard authorities: "In regard to the famous history of Abbé Raynal, although it abounds in flights of imagination, in philosophical ideas, and in passionate and declamatory judgments, it has merited general acceptance on account of the information it contains and the notable indications of penetration and genius which are revealed in it. But it was not possible for the Duke de Almodovar to make it known to his countrymen without variations and emendations, since it was one of the works included in the Indexes of the Holy Office; he therefore contrived to present it as a work imitated rather than produced, without daring to mention even once the name of the author, or to print his own on the title page, substituting for the latter the anagram of 'Malo de Luque.' This recasting was very skilfully done; he suppressed what could not be published; and added information and very judicious reflections upon commerce in general and on that of our [Spanish] possessions. Although this history belongs properly to our literature, since it is not a translation, it has never been reprinted since the first edition, copies of which are now becoming rare."
P. 229, note, line 2 from end: The phrase "grant of feudal rights" is in Spanish la dominación á Caballería de Tierra. Much of the old feudalism still remained at that time, preeminently in connection with the military orders; there are many laws regarding these in the Autos acordados, and some of them extend well into the seventeenth century. Apparently Dasmariñas held the village of Binondo as a sort of encomienda, [it was only the land which he purchased from Velada], and had also the feudal right to the service of the Chinese and mestizos (over whom he, a caballero, was lord), as retainers obliged to serve him on the land, but not on sea.--James A. LeRoy (in a private letter). Cf. note on caballería, VOL. XLVII, p. 199.
VOLUME XXXIII
P. 27, line 1: For "Venetia" read "Vicenza;" p. 273, note 1, line 2, and p. 274, line 11, for "Venice," "Vicenza;" and p. 274, line 21 from end, for "Venetian," "Vicentine."
VOLUME XXXIV
P. 160, note 541, line 1: For "loony" read "loory."
VOLUME XXXV
P. 226, note 60: This note is a lapsus calami, as may be seen by the date of the earthquake mentioned therein.
VOLUME XXXVII
P. 274, note, line 10 from end: For "fifty-five" read "sixty-five."
VOLUME XXXVIII
P. 79, note 41: Veitia Linage's Norte de contratación was Englished (but with numerous omissions and additions) by Captain John Stevens, as Spanish Rule of Trade to the West Indies (London, 1702). The navigation, trade, and products of Filipinas are treated in