Chapter 97 of 97 · 6302 words · ~32 min read

Chapter XXII

the soap solution consisted of 12 oz. pure Castile olive oil soap per gallon of water, and the alum solution consisted of 2 oz. of alum per gallon of water. In repairing the bottom of a reservoir lined with 4 to 6 ins. of concrete the following solutions were used: ¾ lb. Olean soap to 1 gallon of water and ½ lb. alum to 4 gallons of water. Both alum and soap were well dissolved and the soap solution was boiled. The boiling hot soap solution was applied on the clean, dry concrete; 24 hours later the alum wash was applied cold. This treatment was repeated after 24 hours. Two men applied the solutions, using whitewash brushes, while a third man carried pails of the solution. In making the soap solution two men attended four kettles, one man kept up fires, two men carried solution to men applying it. The alum solution required fewer men, being made cold in barrels. After applying the second soap wash to the concrete slopes, the men had to be held by ropes to keep from slipping. The rope was placed around two men, who started work at the top of the slope, a third man paying out the rope. The work was done in 8½ days and cost as follows:

Labor: 1,140 hours labor at 15 cts. $171.00 83 hours foreman at 30 cts. 24.90 83 hours waterboy at 6 cts. 4.98 Add for superintendence 15% 30.13 ------- Total labor $231.01 Materials: 900 lbs. Olean soap at 4-1/3 cts. $ 39.00 210 lbs. alum at 3 cts. 6.30 6 10-in. whitewash brushes at $2.25 13.50 6 stable brushes at $1.25 7.50 ------- Total materials $ 66.30 Total labor and materials $297.31

This covered 131,634 sq. ft., hence the cost of the two coats of soap and alum was $2.26 per 1,000 sq. ft., or 0.23 ct. per sq. ft.

The ordinary Sylvester wash, as described above, has been modified with success on Government fortification work as follows: To 2 gals. of water add 1 lb. concentrated lye and 5 lbs. alum and mix until completely dissolved. This is a concentrated stock solution. In use 1 pt. of solution and 10 lbs. of cement are mixed with enough water to make a mixture that will lather freely under the brush. Two coats of this wash are applied, the second at any time after the first is dry, and the first as soon as the forms are removed from the concrete. The wash should be applied to a wet surface, if the concrete is dry it should be wet down with a brush ahead of the wash.

~Sylvester Mortars.~--In this class of coatings the alum and soap are added to the mortar which is used for facing. A successful recipe for such a mortar is given as follows: To 1 part cement and 2 parts sand add ¾ lb. of pulverized alum for each cubic foot of sand and mix these ingredients dry; then add the proper quantity of water, in which has been dissolved ¾ lb. of soap to the gallon, and mix the mortar thoroughly. Such a mortar is but slightly inferior in strength to ordinary mortar of the same proportions. In plastering a clear water well to prevent leaking a 1-2 mortar was made as follows: 1¼ lbs. of soap were dissolved in 15 gallons of water and 3 lbs. of powdered alum were mixed with 1 bag of cement. Two coats of plaster of an aggregate thickness of ½ in. were applied and completely stopped the leaking. The cost of this treatment was as follows:

2 lbs. soap (with 24 gals. water) at 7½ cts. $0.15 12 lbs. alum at 3½ cts. 0.42 ------ Total per barrel of cement $0.57

In lining a new reservoir near Wilmerding, Pa., a mortar was made as follows: A stock solution of 2 lbs. caustic potash and 5 lbs. alum to 10 quarts of water was made in barrel lots, from which 3 quarts were taken for each batch of 2 bags of cement and 4 bags of sand. A batch of mortar covered an area 6×8 ft. with a 1-in. coat. The extra cost of the waterproofing was:

100 lbs. caustic potash at 10 cts. $10.00 70 lbs. caustic potash at 9 cts. 6.30 960 lbs. alum at 3½, 3¾ and 4 cts. 34.38 60 hours mixing at 15 cts. 9.00 Freight, express and haulage 11.50 ------ Total for 74,800 sq. ft. $71.18

This gives a cost of 95 cts. per 1,000 sq. ft., or less than 0.1 ct. per sq. ft. It was found that if less than 2 parts of sand to 1 part of cement was used the mortar cracked badly in setting. Clean sand was imperative, as any organic impurities soon decomposed, leaving soft spots. Do not use an excess of potash; a slight excess of alum, however, does not decrease the strength of the mortar.

~Hydrolithic Coating.~--This waterproofing is a dry mortar composed by mixing a cementing compound with sand, and sold dry in sacks containing 96 lbs. each. The dry mortar is mixed with water to proper consistency for plastering, and is applied as a plaster to the surfaces to be waterproofed. The dry mortar is mixed with water to a grout of the consistency of thick cream and then this grout is stiffened to the proper consistency by adding more dry mortar. Thoroughness of mixing is absolutely essential. The concrete surface is prepared by picking and scoring sufficiently to get a fresh surface and washing away all chips, dust and loose material, or instead of picking in new work the outer skin may be removed by a 1 to 9 muriatic acid solution and then washed free of all acid and scrubbed with wire brushes. After preparing the fresh surface it is well wetted; in fact water soaked, so that, while not oozing moisture it will absorb no more water. The mixed mortar is then applied with a trowel in a workmanlike manner. In mixing, no more than 8 gallons of water per barrel of mortar should be used. The coatings used are 3/8 to 5/8 in. for walls and ½ to ¾ in. for floors. The following estimate of cost is made by the manufacturers, the E. J. Winslow Co., Chicago, Ill. The figures are presented with the understanding that they are to be considered merely as average costs for waterproofing, without special construction, and subject to change in accordance with local conditions, and to the time of year when the work will need to be performed:

Per sq. ft. To prepare surfaces to receive "coating" may cost the contractor 5½ cts. The coating material, f. o. b. Chicago, may cost the contractor 4½ cts. The labor of application may cost the contractor 7½ cts. Administration and incidental expenses may cost the contractor 7½ cts. -------- 25 cts.

The lowest price yet asked for work was 20 cts., and the highest, 55 cts., these two prices representing the opposite extremes of conditions that different jobs will present.

~Cement Mortar Coatings.~--Rich cement mortar mixtures offer considerable resistance to penetration by water and when well made may be used with a fair degree of success to waterproof ordinary concrete. European engineers make wide use of mortar coatings for waterproofing tanks and reservoirs and appear to have good success with them. The experience in this country is that no great reliance can be placed on them, where the pressures are at all large. Records of work done show both successes and failures, with no apparent reason for either so far as composition of mortar or quality of workmanship goes. A rich mortar plaster will reduce leakage, and may prevent it entirely, but it is uncertain how far it will prove water tight.

~Oil and Paraffin Washes.~--The theory of the use of oil and paraffin washes is that the material soaks into the concrete and closes the surface pores against the penetration of water. Paraffin has been quite widely used for preserving stone masonry walls for buildings. It is applied hot, and in the best practice is applied to a dry heated surface. Concerns doing such work on buildings have portable devices for heating the masonry. Oil is sometimes applied hot but is more often flushed onto the surface and allowed to soak in as it will.

~IMPERMEABLE DIAPHRAGMS.~--The most generally employed method of waterproofing concrete structures, with the possible exception of painting and coating methods, is to embed in the wall, roof and floor slabs a diaphragm that is impervious to water. Such diaphragms are usually composed of layers of waterproof felt or paper cemented together and to the concrete by asphalt, coal tar pitch or patented cementing compound. Another construction consists of a layer of asphaltic compound between two layers of cement mortar. In some cases also the combination felt and cementing compound diaphragm is further strengthened by placing it between layers of mortar. In wall work the diaphragm is frequently applied to the face of a single layer brick wall and the concrete filled against it. The brick wall may be further waterproofed by laying the brick in hot asphalt instead of in mortar.

Within the last few years a number of firms have devoted their efforts to producing special fabrics (felts or papers) and special cementing compounds designed to be used with the fabrics for waterproofing concrete. These fabrics and cements are in most cases superior in toughness, flexibility, ease of application, etc., to the ordinary roofing and waterproofing fabrics designed originally for general building purposes.

~Long Island R. R. Subway.~--In constructing the Long Island R. R. subway the roof was waterproofed according to specifications as follows: After the roof concrete was crowned, brought to a smooth surface and thoroughly dried, it was swabbed over with hot melted "medium hard" coal tar pitch to an even thickness of not less than 1-16 in. Immediately upon the first coat of pitch and while it was still melted was laid a covering of single-ply roofing felt, with the sheets lapping 4 ins. on all cross joints and 12 ins. on longitudinal joints. This felt was in turn mopped with pitch, and upon that again was laid another layer of roofing felt, which was given a final coating of pitch. The pitch used was of a grade somewhat softer than that used for roofing purposes, or such as would soften at a temperature of 60° F. and melt at a temperature of 100° F. The felt used consisted of pure wood paper pulp or asbestos pulp, which had been thoroughly treated and soaked in refined coal tar and which weighed for single ply at least 15 lbs. per 100 sq. ft.

After the waterproofing with pitch and felt had thoroughly hardened it was plastered over with a trowel with a 1-in. layer of Portland cement mortar, laid in uniform squares, in every respect similar to the plaster on top of granolithic pavement. The dimensions of the squares were 5×5 ft. Their purpose was to take up expansion and contraction in the coating.

During the year 1903, there were laid 9,056 sq. yds. of the waterproofing described. The labor cost of placing the two layers of felt and the three coats of pitch was as follows: 206 days labor at a cost of $498 (or an average of $2.41 per day) for the 9.056 sq. yds., which is equivalent to 5½ cts. per sq. yd. for labor. Since this is for two layers of felt the labor cost was 2¾ cts. per sq. yd. of single layer. The labor cost of mixing and placing the 1-in. mortar covering was as follows: It required 589 days at a cost of $1,306 (or an average of $2.22 per day) to place 9,056 sq. yds., which is equivalent to 14½ cts. per sq. yd. The total cost of labor for two layers of tar felt and the layer of cement mortar was, therefore, 20 cts. per sq. yd.

~New York Rapid Transit Subway.~--The waterproofing consisted of alternate layers of asbestos felt and asphalt laid on the concrete and covered with concrete. A coat of hot asphalt was laid on the concrete and on this a layer of felt, then another coat of asphalt and another layer of felt, and so on until the required number of layers of felt, from 2 to 6, were laid with asphalt between and on top and bottom. Natural asphalt containing not less than 95 per cent bitumen was specified. The felt was required to weigh 10 lbs. per 100 sq. ft. In constructing sidewalls the alternative was allowed of placing the waterproofing layer between a 4-in. outside wall of brick laid in asphalt and the concrete lining. On two sections of the work the actual cost of waterproofing was as follows:

98,074 sq. yds. Single-Ply Felt. Per sq. yd. Labor laying $0.05 Materials and plant 0.10 ------ Total $0.15

1,337 cu. yds. Brick in Asphalt: Per cu. yd.

Labor laying $6.32 Materials and plant 11.48 ------ Total $17.80

INDEX.

A Page

Abutment Construction Cost of Bridges Over City Streets 254 Ernst St. Bridge, Cincinnati, O. 257 Kansas City Outer Belt & Electric Ry. 253 Lonesome Valley Viaduct 256 Railway Bridge 106 Methods of Bridges over City Streets 253 Illinois & Mississippi Canal 196, 197 Lonesome Valley Viaduct 254, 255 Railway Bridge 105, 250 Summary of 230

Aggregates Balanced, Value of 14 Broken Stone 13 Cinders 14 Cost of 15 Gravel 14 Heating (See Heating Aggregates) Kinds Used 13 Measuring, Methods of 42 Open Box 42, 50 Trump Automatic Measurer 44 Quantities in Concrete, Test Determinations 192 Screened or Crusher Run, Stone for 15 Sizes Used 15 Slag 14 Voids in 25 Weighing, Apparatus for 102

Aqueduct Construction Cost of Cedar Grove Reservoir 549, 550 Salt River Irrigation Work 540 Methods of Cast Pipe Swansea, England 584 Cedar Grove Reservoir 545 Jersey City Water Supply 544 Salt River Irrigation Works 538 Torresdale Filters 540

Asphalt Concrete Definition of 108 Furnace for Heating 109, 110 Machine Mixing of 111

Asphalt Concrete Construction Cost of Base for Mill Floor 110, 111 Slope Paving for Dam 109 Methods of Base for Mill Floor Slope Paving for Dam 108, 109

Bags (See Cement Bags) Depositing Concrete Under Water 89, 90

Barrels (See Cement Barrels)

Belt Conveyors Capacity of 65 Gas Works Foundations, Astoria, N. Y. 64 Horse Power Required 65

Bench Monuments Construction of 656 Cost of 657

Blasting Concrete 655

Bonding New Concrete to Old 659

Breakwater Construction Cost of Buffalo, N. Y. 214 Marquette, Mich. 209, 212 Methods of Buffalo, N. Y. 212, 214 Marquette, Mich. 208, 212

Bridge Centers (See Centers)

Bridge Construction Cost of Arch Viaduct 373 Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392, 397 Elkhart, Ind., Arch 398 Five Span Arch 407 Girder Highway 377, 379 Grand Rapids Bridge 410, 413 Molded Slab Girders 387 Plainwell, Mich., Arch 399 Railway Bridge 375 Methods of Connecticut Ave. Bridge 387 Elkhart, Ind., Arch 397 Five Span Arch 400 Girder Highway 367, 377 Grand Rapids, Mich., Arch 407 Molded Slab Girders 384 Plainwell, Mich., Arch 398

Bridge Pier Construction Cost of Calf Killer River Bridge 243, 245 City Island Bridge 236 Miami River Bridge 257 Steel Cylinder 241 Viaducts, Cincinnati, O. 258 Williamsburg Bridge 230, 231 Methods of Calf Killer River Bridge 241, 245 City Island Bridge 235 K. C., M. & O. Ry. 245, 250 Lonesome Valley Viaduct 254, 255 Miami River Bridge 256 Nova Scotia Railways 108 Railway Bridge 231, 235 Scottish Railways 107, 108 Summary of 230 Tharsis & Calamas Ry. 106, 107 Williamsburg Bridge 237, 241

Broken Stone Crushing (See Stone Crushing) Quarrying (See Quarrying) Rocks for, Best 13 Shoveling (See Shoveling) Screened or Crusher Run 15 Voids in Amount of 29, 30 Effect of Granulometric Composition 30 Effect of Hauling 33, 34 Effect of Loading 29 Variation, Causes of 28 Weight no Index 32 Weight of 32, 33

Building Construction Cost of Four-Story Garage 510 Wall Columns for Power Station 490 Walls for Factory Building 507 Divisions of Work 433 Methods of Four-Story Garage 509 One-Story Car Barn 495 Six-Story Building 491 Wall Columns 488 Walls for Factory Building 505

Cableways Capacity of 64 Construction of Bridge Work 369 Cost of 64 Fortification Work 186 Retaining Wall Work 269

Cars Mixer Charging 72

Carts (See Concrete Carts, Horse Carts)

Cement Classification of 1 Natural Definition of 2 Portland, Definition of 1 Quantity in Concrete Formula for Computing 37 Rule for Figuring 40 Tables Showing 39, 40, 41 Quantity in Mortar Formula for Computing 36 Tables Showing 38 Test Determinations 40, 41 Theory of 35 Shrinkage by Wetting 35 Slag, Definition of 2 Weight 2, 4

Cement Bags Capacity of 2 Packing for Shipment 3 Rebate on 3 Storage House for 3

Cement Barrels Capacity of 2, 3, 4 Dimensions of 4

Cement Specifications 4

Cement Testing, Cost of 4

Centers Computation of Luten Arch 566 Construction of Conditions Governing 363 Cocket, 50 ft. Span 364 Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392 Five Span Arch 400 Grand Rapids Bridge 408 Luten Arch 365 Mechanicsville Bridge 365 Parabolic Arch 366 Supported, 50 ft. Span 364 Walnut Lane Bridge 368 Cost of Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392, 393 Deflection of Test Determinations 367 Types of 363

Charging Barrows Ransome, Description 71 Sterling, Description 71

Charging Buckets Wheeled 74

Charging Mixer Cost of 270, 272 Gravity from Bins 69 Methods of Car Plants 72 Charging Barrows 70, 71 Derricks and Buckets 73 Elevating Charging Hoppers 70 Enumeration 68 Gravity from Bins 68, 69 Shoveling 72, 73 Wheelbarrows 70 Wheeled Bucket for 74

Chutes Cement Bag, Construction of 65 Concrete. Examples of 66, 67, 68 Working Gradients 65, 66

Cinders 15

Cofferdam Construction Cost of Bridge Pier 232

Coloring Concrete, Recipes for 666

Colors for Mortar, Recipes for 666

Concrete Asphalt (See Asphalt Concrete) Definition of 1 Depositing (See Depositing Concrete) Mixers (See Mixers) Mixing (See Mixing Concrete) Proportioning, Methods of 25

Concrete Bucket Side Dumping 486 Subaqueous Cyclopean 87 O'Rourke 86 Stuebner 88

Concrete Block Molding (See Molding Concrete Blocks) Sling for Handling 216

Concrete Cars Lock Work, Coosa River 195

Concrete Carts Hand, Capacity of 53, 54 Horse, Briggs 298 Ransome Two-Wheeled 53

Culvert Construction Characteristics of 414 Cost of Arch 26 ft. Span 425 Arch, N., C. & St. L. Ry. 418, 419, 422 Kalamazoo, Mich. 430 Kansas City Outer Belt & Electric Ry. 252 Pennsylvania R. R. 424 Methods of Arch, N., C. & St. L. Ry. 417 Arch, Wabash Ry. 422 Box, C., B. & Q. R. R. 414 Kalamazoo, Mich. 427 Pennsylvania R. R. 423

Curb and Gutter Construction Cost of Champaign, Ill. 326 Estimating 321 Ottawa. Ont. 324 Methods of Champaign, Ill. 325 General Discussion 321 Kinds of 318 Ottawa, Ont. 321

Curbing, Wood for Shafts 160, 161

Dam Construction Cost of Hemet 104 Richmond, Ind. 224 Rock Island, Ill. 225 Spier Falls 103 Methods of Barossa Dam 101 Boonton, N. J., Dam 103 Boyds Corner Dam 105 Chaudiere Falls, Quebec 228 Chattahoochee River Dam 100 Hemet Dam 103, 104 McCall Ferry, Pa. 225, 228 Richmond, Ind. 223 Rock Island, Ill. 224, 225 Spier Falls Dam 103 Water Works Reservoir 104

Depositing Concrete Subaqueous Bags Bridge Foundations 91 Marquette Breakwater 209, 210 Peterhead Pier 89, 90 Buckets Marquette Breakwater. 208, 209 Pier Construction 222 Characteristics of 86 Closed Buckets 86, 87, 88 Tremie Charlestown Bridge Foundations 92, 93 Masonry Bridge Foundations, France 93, 94 Harvard Bridge Foundations 91 Nussdorf Lock Foundations 94, 95

Drilling Concrete, Drill Mounting for 653

Dumping Concrete Cost of Wheelbarrows 55 Methods of Chutes 55 Wheelbarrows 55

Dump Wagons for Transporting Concrete 54

Efflorescence Causes of 126 Preventing, Methods of 126, 127 Removing, Cost of 127

Ejecters for Washing Sand 7

Erecting Derrick Cost of Bridge Pier 232

Erecting Forms Derrick for 501 Directions for Building Work 460

Erecting Molded Columns Cost of 520 Methods of 520

Erecting Molded Roof Slabs Cost of 522

Excavating Cofferdams Cost of 232, 244, 250

Fabricating Reinforcement Bending Machine for 468 Bending Tables for 466 Methods of Building Work 464 Five Span Arch Bridge 402

Falseworks in Form Construction 144

Finishing Concrete Surfaces Methods of Acid Etching and Washing 133 Careful Mixing and Placing Concrete 125, 126 Coloring 135 Form Construction 124, 125 Grout Washing 130 Mortar Facing 128, 129 Plastering 128 Scrubbing and Washing 131, 132, 133, 134 Spading and Troweling 127, 128 Special Facing Mixtures 130 Stuccoing 128 Tooling 133, 134 Washed Gravel or Pebble 134

Form Construction Cost of Aqueduct, Cedar Grove Reservoir 550 Arch Culverts 418, 419, 422, 425, 430 Battery Emplacement 188 Bridge Abutment 257 Bridge 233, 235, 250 Bridge Pier Work 243 Building Work 493, 496, 501, 503, 507, 511 Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392, 393 Dam Rock Island, Ill. 225 Effect of Design on 137 Estimating, Method of 146, 147, 148, 149 Girder for Separate Casting 517 Girder Highway Bridge 377, 380, 382 Grand Rapids Bridge 412 Guard Lock, Ill., & Miss. Canal 201 Gun Emplacements 185 Lock, Coosa River 196 Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal 202, 206, 207 Mortar Battery Platform 187 Permanent Way Structures 252 Piers for Taintor Gates 198 Pier Superior Entry, Wis. 222 Reservoir for Fire Protection 591, 592, 593 Retaining Walls 273, 275 Retaining Wall Work 270, 272 Slab and I-Beam Floors 450 Subway Lining 362 Economics of 136 Falseworks and Bracing 144, 145 Methods of Aqueduct, Cedar Grove Reservoir 546 Aqueduct Torresdale Filters 541 Arch Culvert 427 Arch Culverts 421 Blocks for Lake Pier 216 Blocks Molded Under Water 217-219 Box Culverts 417 Bridge Piers 255 Building Work 492, 495 Cement Pipe Molded in Place 577 Circular Columns 445 Columns 434 Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392 Coping for Walls 264 Culvert Pipe 431 Curb and Gutter 319, 321, 323 Dam Abutments 196 Dam, Rock Island, Ill. 228 Five Span Arch Bridge 400 Gasholder Tank 612 Girder for Separate Casting 516 Guard Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal 200 Lock, Coosa River 195 Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal 201, 203 Manhole Hartford, Conn. 536 Marquette Breakwater 211, 212 Ornamental Columns 446, 447 Piers for Taintor Gates 198 Polygonal Columns 443, 444 Rectangular Columns 435, 443, 490, 492, 511 Reservoir Bloomington, Ill. 605 Reservoir, Ft. Meade, S. Dak. 600 Retaining Wall, C., B. & Q. R. R. 262 Retaining Wall, Chicago Drainage Canal 275 Retaining Wall, Grand Central Terminal 281 Retaining Walls, N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. 261, 262 Salt River Aqueduct 539 Sewer, Cleveland, O. 564 Sewer Invert, Haverhill, Mass. 554 Sewer, Invert, Medford, Mass. 535 Sewer, Invert, Middlesborough, Ky. 561 Sewer, South Bend, Ind. 551 Sewer, Wilmington, Del. 572 Sidewalks 309 Six-Story Building 492 Slab and Girder Floors 450, 456, 492 Slab and I-Beam Floors 448, 450 Slab Girders 385 Steel for Conduits 533 Steel, McCall Ferry Dam 227, 228 Steel Sheathed Collapsible for Conduits 533 Tunnel Centers 335, 341, 352, 358 Tunnel Sidewalls 330, 335, 340, 351, 358 Wall 456, 460, 505 Wall Columns for Factory 498 Computation, Methods of 140, 141 Design Considerations in 141 Details Entering 142, 143 Lubrication, Methods of 144 Lumber Dressing, Purpose of 138 Finish and Dimensions 138, 139 Kinds Suitable 138 Mortar Facing 129 Pile Round 179 Rectangular Pier Cost of, Rule for Calculating 14 Removing, Time of, Directions for 145, 146 Unit Construction, Purposes of 143 Steel, Opportunity for Development 136

Fortification Construction Cost of Battery Emplacement 188, 189, 190 Gun Emplacements 185 Mortar Battery Platform 187 Methods of Battery Emplacement 187, 189 Gun Emplacements 185 Mortar Battery Platform 186

Foundation Construction Street Railway Cost of Continuous Mixer 301 Methods of Continuous Mixer 300, 301

Freezing Weather, Laying Concrete in 112

Grain Elevator Bins Construction, Methods of 635

Gravel Characteristics of 14 Commercial Sizes of 22 Screening and Washing Plants 23 Screening (See Screening Gravel) Voids in Amount of 30, 31 Effect of Granulometric Composition 29, 30 Weight no Index 32 Amount of 31, 32

Grouting Under Water Hermitage Breakwater 96 Tests of Efficiency of 95

Heating Aggregates Efficiency of 114 Methods of Bridge Work, Plano, Ill. 118 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. 118 Hot Water Tanks 120 Huronian Power Co.'s Dam Work 118 Portable Combination Heater 115 Stationary Bin Outfits 115, 116 Steam Box 119 Steam Jets 119 Wachusett Dam Work 117 Water Power Plant, Billings, Mont. 116, 117

Hoists Gallows, Frame and Horse 54 Ransome 476 Wallace-Lindesmith 474

Housing Concrete Work Methods of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. 119 Dam, Chaudiere Falls, Quebec 120, 121 Portable Unit System for Buildings 122, 123

Inclines Grades of 62

Laying Concrete Blocks Cost of 526, 529

Loading Concrete Characteristic Features 53 Rate of 53

Loading Materials Cost of Shoveling into Wheelbarrows 47 Rate of 6

Lock Construction Cost of Coosa River 196 Ill. & Miss. Canal 200, 202, 205, 207 Cascades Canal 190, 191, 192, 193 Coosa River 194, 195 Ill. & Miss. Canal 200, 207 Lock Foundation 207

Manhole Construction Cost of Rye, N. Y. 577 Methods of Rye, N. Y. 576

Mixers Batch Chicago 662 Chicago Improved Cube 75, 661 Cropp 661 Forms of 75 Koehring 662 Polygon 663 Ransome 75, 661 Rate of Output 83, 84 Smith 77, 662 Snell 660 Charging (See Charging Mixers) Continuous Advanced 660 Eureka Automatic Feed 78, 660 Forms of 78 Foote 297 Scheiffler 660 Efficiency of Rating, Methods of 84, 85 Gravity Forms of 79 Gilbreth Trough 80 Hains, Fixed Hopper 80, 81 Hains, Telescoping Hopper 81 Output Conditions Affecting 83, 84 Hains Gravity 83 Types of 74

Mixing Concrete Hand Cost of Abutment Construction 197 Culvert Work 428, 430 Fortification Work 189 Girder Highway Bridge 380, 382 Lock, Cascades Canal 192 Marquette Breakwater, 209, 210, 212 Retaining Wall, Allegheny 284 Superintendence, 57, 58 Cost of, 52, 59 Methods of Abutment Construction, 196, 197 Examples from Practice, 49 Fortification Work, 189 Lock Foundation, 207 Marquette Breakwater, 209 Retaining Wall, Allegheny, 283, 284 Rates of, 50, 51, 52 Specific Directions, Necessity, 51, 52 Machine Cost of, 361, 362, 518 Buffalo Breakwater, 214 Building Work, 504, 507, 511 Dam Work, Rock Island, Ill., 225 Fortification Work, 190 Hains Gravity Mixer, 83 Lock, Cascades Canal, 193 Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 206, 207 Pier, Superior Entry, Wis., 222 Retaining Wall, Allegheny, 284 Retaining Wall Work, 270, 273, 275 Methods of Bridge Abutment Work, 253, 254 Building Work, 471 Fortification Work, 189 Hains Gravity Mixer, 82, 83 Operations Enumerated, 61 Piers in Caissons, 165, 166

Mixing Plants Construction Battery Emplacement, 187, 188 Bridge Construction, 369, 371, 372, 374, 386, 389, 403. Culvert Work, 415, 416, 418, 420, 422, 423 Dam, McCall Ferry, Pa., 226 Lock, Cascades Canal, 190, 191 Lock Work, Coosa River, 194 Lock Work, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 198, 199, 204 Pier Work, Superior, Wis., 221 Retaining Wall, Grand Central Terminal, 277 Scow, Port Colborne Harbor, 216, 217 Traveling, Chaudiere Falls Dam, 228 Traveling, Chicago Track Elevation, 267 Traveling, Galveston Sea Wall, 268 Cost of Lock Work, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 199 Retaining Walls, Chicago Drainage Canal, 274

Mixing Water Reducing Freezing Point Methods of, 112 Salt (Sodium Chloride), 113 Solutions for, Composition of, 113

Molding Blocks Cost of, 524, 528, 530, 531 Marquette Breakwater, 211 Connecticut Ave. Bridge, 395 Separate Casting, 519 Methods of, 523, 526 Connecticut Ave. Bridge, 393 Marquette Breakwater, 211 Pier, Port Colbourne Harbor, 215 Separate Casting, 513, 515

Molding Cement Pipe Cost of Irrigon, Ore., 584 Ransome Mold, 577, 579 Methods of Irrigon, Ore., 581 Ransome Mold, 577

Molding Culvert Pipe Cost of Chic. & En. Ill. R. R., 432 Methods of Chic. & En. Ill. R. R., 430

Molding Girders Cost of Separate Casting, 519 Methods of Separate Casting, 513, 514, 515

Molding Piles Forms for (See Forms) Methods of Corrugated Polygonal, 176 Round, 179 Plant Arrangements for, 169 Cost of, 522

Molding Roof Slabs Methods of, 521

Mortar Facing Cost of Lock, Ill. Miss. Canal, 206 Forms for, 129

Natural Cement (See Cement)

Ornament Construction Methods of Iron Molds, 644 Molding in Place, 647 Plaster Molds, 646 Sand Molding, 644 Wooden Molds, 637

Pavement Base Construction Cost of Batch Mixer, 306 Batch Mixer and Wagon Haulage, 302 Brick, Champaign, Ill., 296 Continuous Mixers, 298, 300, 305 Miscellaneous Examples 294, 295, 296 New Orleans 293 Stone Block, New York 292 Toronto, Ont. 293 Traction Mixer 304 Methods of Batch Mixer 305 Batch Mixer and Wagon Haulage 302 Continuous Mixers 297-300, 304 Hand Mixing 290 Machine Mixing 290, 291 Traction Mixer 303 Mixtures Employed 288 Organization for 288 Stock Pile Distribution 289

Pavement Construction Cost of Fortification Work 186 Richmond, Ind. 318 Windsor, Ont. 317 Methods of Richmond, Ind. 318 Windsor, Ont. 316

Pier Construction Cost of Lonesome Valley Viaduct 255 Superior Entry, Wis. 222, 223 Taintor Gates 198 Methods of Port Colborne Harbor 215-217 Superior Entry, Wis. 217-223

Piers in Caissons Construction of Methods of 159-168 Cost of 168, 169

Pile Construction. (See Molding Piles, Pile Driving.) Cost of Ocean Pier 173, 174 Raymond Process 152, 154, 155 Methods of Building Foundation Work 174, 175, 178, 179 Compressed Process 158, 159 Enumeration of 151 Molding in Forms 161-170, 172, 179, 180 Molding in Place 151 Ocean Pier 172, 173 Raymond Process 152 Rolling Process 181 Simplex Process 155, 156, 157 Spread Footing Process 157, 158 Track Scales 181

Pile Driving Conditions Requisite for Cost of Ocean Pier 173, 174 Methods of Corrugated Polygonal 177, 178 Hammer 179, 180, 181 Water Jetting 172, 177

Pile Driving Caps 177, 178, 180

Pile Rolling Machine 182

Piles (See Molding Piles) Construction Compressol Process 158, 159 Octagonal 180 Rolling Process 181 Round Piles 178, 179 Spread Footing Process 157, 158 Square 179, 180 Cost of Rolling Process 183 Driving (See Pile Driving) Handling, Sling for 175 Raymond Construction, Method of 151, 152 Cost of 152, 154, 155 Simplex Construction, Methods of 155, 156, 157

Placing Concrete Cost of Bags, Under Water 210 Belt Conveyors 275 Buckets Under Water 209 Buffalo Breakwater 214 Car and Trestle Plant 196, 201, 202, 206, 207, 244 280, 422 Cars and Chute 193 Cars and Derrick 285 Derricks 192, 233, 235 Port Colborne Harbor 217 Pneumatic Caissons 230 Retaining Wall Work 270, 272 Steel Cylinder Pier 241 Subaqueous Buckets 223 Wheelbarrows 189, 197, 198, 257, 285, 418, 419, 423 Methods of Building Work 486 Locks Coosa River 194 Pneumatic Caissons 237, 238 Retaining Wall Work 266 Sewer Work 537

Placing Reinforcement Cost of Building Work 494 Directions for 470 Permanent Way Structures 252

Pole Base, Cost of 658

Portland Cement (See Cement)

Proportioning Concrete (See Concrete)

Quarrying Cost of Limestone 18, 276 Trap Rock 17 Methods of Limestone 18 Trap Rock 17

Ramming Concrete (See also Placing Concrete) Cost of 423 Conditions Governing 56 Examples from Practice 56, 57 Pavement Base 292, 294 Methods of Piers, Lonesome Valley Viaduct 255 Specific Directions, Necessity of 57

Raymond Piles (See Piles)

Reinforcement Weight in Concrete Tables for Estimating, 663-665

Removing Forms Derrick for, 502 Methods of Building Work, 461 Time for Building Work, 462

Reservoir Construction Cost of Covered for Fire Protection, 594, 595 Ft. Meade, S. Dak., 601 Methods of Bloomington, Ill., 603 Covered for Fire Protection, 588 Fort Meade, S. Dak., 597

Reservoir Lining Cost of Canton, Ill., 629 Chelsea, Mass., 623 Jerome Park, 628 Pittsburg, Pa., 630 Quincy, Mass., 619 Methods of Chelsea, Mass., 620 Jerome Park, 628 Quincy, Mass., 617

Reservoir Roof, Cost of 632

Retaining Wall Construction Cost of, 286 Chicago Drainage Canal, 273-277 Footing for Masonry, 283 Grand Central Terminal, 280 Railway Yard, 282 Methods of Allegheny Track Elevation, 283 Chicago Drainage Canal, 272-277 Grand Central Terminal, 277-281 Subway in Trench, 269, 270

Retaining Walls Comparison of Plain and Reinforced, 260, 261 Types of, 259

Rubble Concrete Construction Cement, Saving in, 98 Cost of Abutment, Railway Bridge, 106 Hemet Dam, 104 Spier Falls Dam, 103 Economy, Limitations to, 98, 99 Methods of Abutment, Railway Bridge, 105 Barossa Dam, 101 Boonton Dam, 103 Bridge Piers, Nova Scotia, 108 Bridge Piers, Scotland, 107, 108 Bridge Piers, Spain, 106, 107 Chattahoochee River Dam, 100 Dams for Waterworks, 104, 105 Hemet Dam, 103, 104 Spier Falls Dam, 103 Percentages Rubble Stone, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108 Shape of Stones for, 99

Runway Construction, Methods of, 48

Salt Percentages in Mixing Water, 114

Sand Balanced, Value of, 6 Cleanness, Value of, 5 Cost of Excavating and Loading, 6 Granulometric Composition, 28 Prices Charged for, 6 Sharpness, Value of, 5 Substitutes for, 5 Voids in Amount of, 26, 28 Conditions Affecting, 25 Effect of Moisture, 25 Effect of Size of Grains, 27 Volume in Concrete, 5 Weight of, 6, 26

Sand Washing Cost of Ejector Method, 10 Hose Method, 7 Tank Method, 13 Methods of Ejectors, 7 Hose, 7 Tank, 10 Rate of Ejector Method, 9 Hose Method, 7 Tank Method, 10, 12, 13 Water Required Ejector Method, 9

Sand Washing Plants, 7-13

Screening Gravel Cost of L. S. & M. S. Ry., 22 Stewart-Peck Sand Co., 24 Methods of Handwork, 19 Lock, Cascades Canal, 191 Scraper into Wagons, 21 Stewart-Peck Sand Co, 23

Sewer Construction Cost of Cleveland, O., 566 Coldwater, Mich., 574 Haverhill, Mass., 557 Medford, Mass., 535 Middlesborough, Ky., 562 St. Louis, Mo., 560, 561 South Bend, Ind., 554 Wilmington, Del., 571, 573 Methods of Cleveland, O., 563 Coldwater, Mich., 573 Haverhill, Mass., 554 Medford, Mass., 535 Middlesborough, Ky., 561 Pipe, St. Joseph, Mo., 579 St. Louis, Mo., 558 South Bend, Ind., 551 Wilmington, Del., 569

Shoveling Cost of Concrete into Barrows, 197 Rate of Broken Stone from Piles, 46 Broken Stone from Shoveling Boards, 46 Broken Stone from Cars, 45 Gravel Against Screens, 21 Sand into Wheelbarrows, 46

Shoveling Boards Wooden, for Broken Stone, 46

Sidewalk Construction Cost of Estimation of, 311, 312 Quincy, Mass., 314 San Francisco, Cal., 315 Toronto, Ont., 313 Methods of Bonding Wearing Surface to Base, 310 Edger for, 310 General Discussion, 307 Points for, 310 Prevention of Cracks, 311 Protection from Weather, 311 Quincy, Mass., 314 Toronto, Ont., 313 San Francisco, Cal., 314

Silo Construction Cost of, 632 Methods of, 631

Slag, 14

Slag Cement (See Cement)

Specific Gravity, Stone, Various, 32, 33

Spreading Concrete Cost of, 197 Effect of Method of Dumping on, 55

Standpipe Construction Cost of Attleborough, Mass., 611 Methods of Attleborough, Mass., 609

Stock Piles Capacity of, 46 Distribution, Pavement Work, 289 Purposes of, 45

Stone Specific Gravity, 32, 33

Stone Crushing Cost of Cobblestone, 20 Limestone, 18, 225, 273, 276 Trap Rock, 17 Methods of Cobblestone, 19 Limestone, 18 Trap Rock, 17

Stone Crushing Plant Construction Lock Work. Ill. & Miss. Canal, 200

Stone Dust, Value for Mortar, 5

Storing Materials, Cost of, 185, 225

Subway Lining Cost of Long Island R. R., 361 New York Rapid Transit Ry, 357, 358 Methods of Long Island R. R., 361 New York Rapid Transit Ry., 356

Superintendence Cost of, 57, 58, 185, 193, 197, 210, 211, 212, 273, 275, 397

Tamping Concrete Cost of, 197 Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 206, 207 Method of Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 204

Tank Construction Methods of Gas Holder, Des Moines, Ia., 609 Gas Holder, New York, 614

Tooling Concrete Cost of, 394, 396

Transporting Concrete Cost of Cableways, 270 Cars, 280 Chutes, 67 Cars and Derricks, 285 Car and Trestle Plant, 63, 210, 212, 222 Wheelbarrows, 53, 189, 197, 272, 285, 293, 294, 296 Methods of Belt Conveyors (See also Belt Conveyors), 64-65 Bucket Hoists, 474 Building Work, 472 Cableways, 64, 186, 289, 369, 370 Cars, 404, 421 Cars and Chute, 191, 192 Car and Trestle, 63, 243, 246, 377 Chutes (see also Chutes), 66, 67, 68 Derricks, 479 Dump Wagons, 54 Effect on Placing, 54 Enumeration of, 52 Hand Costs, 53 Hoist and Cars, 372 Platform Hoists, 479 Pulley and Horse, 489 Traveling Derrick Plant, 374 Trestle Runways, 54 Wheelbarrows, 53

Transporting Materials Cars for, 45 Cost of Bridge Pier Work, 243 Cars, 275 Car and Trestle Plant, 222 Dam, Rock Island, Ill., 225 Horse Carts, 49, 270, 273 Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 206, 207 Wheelbarrows, 47, 48, 189, 197, 214, 280, 292, 293, 294, 296, 419 Methods of Belt Conveyors (see also Belt Conveyors), 64-65 Cableways, 64, 269 Carrying in Shovels, 47 Chutes (see also Chutes), 46, 65, 66 Hand Carts, 48 Horse Carts 48 Indians 62 Shoveling to Derrick Buckets 46 Trestle and Car Plants 63 Wheelbarrows 47

Trestle Runways, Cost of 54, 55

Trestles Car, Cost of 63 Structural Details 63

Tunnel Construction (See Tunnel Lining)

Tunnel Lining Backfilling Machine for 330 Cost of Cascade Tunnel 338 Gunnison Tunnel 355 Hodges Pass Tunnel 345 Mullan Tunnel 333 Peekskill Tunnel 336 Short Railway 344 Methods of Burton Tunnel 347 Capitol Hill, Washington, D. C. 329 Cascade Tunnel 336 General Discussion 328 Gunnison Tunnel 353 Hodges Pass Tunnel 338 Mullan Tunnel 332 Peekskill, N. Y. 333 Mortar Car for 333 Removing Old, Methods of 332 Traveling Derrick for 330 Traveling Platform for 337, 350

Unloading Materials Cost of Grab Buckets 62 Methods of Grab Buckets 62

Voids (See also Gravel, Sand, Stone) Conditions Governing 25

Wall Ties Construction of 265

Washing Gravel Cost of L. S. & M. S. Ry. 22 Stewart-Peck Sand Co. 24

Washing Gravel Methods of Lock, Cascades Canal 191 Stewart-Peck Sand Co. 23

Water Quantity in Concrete Rule for Figuring 42

Waterproofing Cost of Hydrolithic Coating 677 Long Island R. R. Subway 679 New York Subway 680 Sylvester Mortar 675 Sylvester Wash 674 Methods of Bituminous Coatings 670 Covered Reservoir for Fire Service 596 Hydrolithic Coating 676 Impervious Mixtures 668 Long Island R. R. Subway 678 Medusa Compound 669 Moisture Coatings 677 New York Subway 679 Novoid Compound 670 Oil and Paraffin Washes 677 Star Stellen Cement 669 Sylvester Mortar 675 Sylvester Wash 673 Szerelmey Wash 673

Wheelbarrows Loads for 47