Part 1

# Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Kelly, Edward" to "Kite": Volume 15, Slice 7 ### By Various

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Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE KENSINGTON: "... N.W. by Hammersmith, and extending N. to the boundary of the county of London." 'Hammersmith' amended from 'Hammerssmith'.

ARTICLE KIEL: "... all situated about 5 m. from the head of the harbour at the place (Friedrichsort) where its shores approach one another, make it a place of great strategic strength." 'strength' amended from 'stength'.

ARTICLE KILBARCHAN: "Two miles south-west is a great rock of greenstone called Clochoderick, 12 ft. in height, 22 ft. in length, and 17 ft. in breadth." 'Clochoderick' amended from 'Clochoderrick'.

ARTICLE KILKENNY, STATUTE OF: "Moreover English and not Breton law was to be employed, and no Irishman could legally be received into a religious house, nor presented to a benefice." 'received' amended from 'receivd'.

ARTICLE KING-BIRD: "... Euscarthmus may suggest a titmouse, Elaenia perhaps a willow-wren ..." 'Elaenia' amended from 'Elainea'.

ARTICLE KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF: "The last-mentioned supplements the epilogue in xvii. 7-23, forms a solemn conclusion to the history of the northern kingdom, and is apparently aimed at the Samaritans." 'epilogue' amended from 'eqilogue'.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XV, SLICE VII

Kelly, Edward to Kite

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

KELLY, EDWARD KIAOCHOW BAY KELLY, SIR FITZROY KICKAPOO KELLY, HUGH KIDD, JOHN KELLY, MICHAEL KIDD, THOMAS KELP KIDD, WILLIAM KELSO KIDDERMINSTER KELVIN, WILLIAM THOMSON KIDNAPPING KEMBLE (English actors) KIDNEY DISEASES KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL KIDWELLY KEMÉNY, ZSIGMOND KIEF KEMP, WILLIAM KIEL KEMPE, JOHN KIELCE (government in Poland) KEMPEN KIELCE (town of Poland) KEMPENFELT, RICHARD KIEPERT, HEINRICH KEMPT, SIR JAMES KIERKEGAARD, SÖREN AABY KEMPTEN KIEV (government of Russia) KEN, THOMAS KIEV (city of Russia) KEN (river of India) KILBARCHAN KENA KILBIRNIE KENDAL, DUKEDOM OF KILBRIDE, WEST KENDAL, WILLIAM HUNTER KILDARE (county of Ireland) KENDAL (town of England) KILDARE (town of Ireland) KENDALL, HENRY CLARENCE KILHAM, ALEXANDER KENEALY, EDWARD VAUGHAN HYDE KILIA KENG TUNG KILIAN, ST KENILWORTH KILIMANJARO KENITES KILIN KENMORE KILKEE KENMURE, WILLIAM GORDON KILKENNY (county of Ireland) KENNEDY (Scottish family) KILKENNY (city of Ireland) KENNEDY, BENJAMIN HALL KILKENNY, STATUTE OF KENNEDY, THOMAS FRANCIS KILLALA KENNEDY, WALTER KILLALOE KENNEL KILLARNEY KENNETH KILLDEER KENNETT, WHITE KILLIECRANKIE KENNEY, JAMES KILLIGREW, SIR HENRY KENNGOTT, GUSTAV ADOLPH KILLIGREW, THOMAS KENNICOTT, BENJAMIN KILLIN KENNINGTON KILLIS KENORA KILLYBEGS KENOSHA KILLYLEAGH KENSETT, JOHN FREDERICK KILMAINE, CHARLES EDWARD KENSINGTON KILMALLOCK KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF KILMARNOCK KENT, JAMES KILMAURS KENT, WILLIAM KILN KENT (kingdom of Britain) KILPATRICK, NEW, or EAST KENT (county of England) KILPATRICK, OLD KENTIGERN, ST KILRUSH KENTON KILSYTH KENT'S CAVERN KILT KENTUCKY KILWA KENYA KILWARDBY, ROBERT KENYON, LLOYD KENYON KILWINNING KEOKUK KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE KEONJHAR KIMBERLEY (town of South Africa) KEONTHAL KIMERIDGIAN KEPLER, JOHANN KIMHI KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS KEPPEL KIN KEPPEL, SIR HENRY KINCARDINESHIRE KER, JOHN KINCHINJUNGA KERAK KIND KERALA KINDERGARTEN KERASUND KINDI KÉRATRY, AUGUSTE HILARION KINEMATICS KERBELA KINETICS KERCH KING, CHARLES WILLIAM KERCKHOVEN, JAN VAN DEN KING, CLARENCE KERGUELEN ISLAND KING, EDWARD KERGUELEN'S LAND CABBAGE KING, EDWARD KERKUK KING, HENRY KERMADEC KING, RUFUS KERMAN (province of Persia) KING, THOMAS KERMAN (city of Persia) KING, WILLIAM (Anglican divine) KERMANSHAH KING, WILLIAM (English poet) KERMES KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING KERMESSE KING (title) KERN, JAN HENDRIK KING-BIRD KERNEL KING-CRAB KERNER, JUSTINUS CHRISTIAN KINGFISHER KERRY KINGHORN KERSAINT, ARMAND DE COETNEMPREN KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER WILLIAM KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE, BRUNO KINGLET KESHUB CHUNDER SEN KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF KÉSMÁRK KING'S BENCH, COURT OF KESTREL KINGSBRIDGE KESWICK KING'S COUNTY KESWICK CONVENTION KINGSDOWN, THOMAS PEMBERTON LEIGH KET, ROBERT KING'S EVIL KETCH, JOHN KINGSFORD, WILLIAM KETCHUP KINGSLEY, CHARLES KETENES KINGSLEY, HENRY KETI KINGSLEY, HENRY KETONES KING'S LYNN KETTELER, WILHELM EMMANUEL KING'S MOUNTAIN KETTERING KINGSTON, ELIZABETH KETTLE, SIR RUPERT ALFRED KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES KETTLEDRUM KINGSTON (Ontario, Canada) KEUPER KINGSTON (New York, U.S.A.) KEW KINGSTON (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) KEWANEE KINGSTON-ON-THAMES KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER KINGSTON-UPON-HULL, EARLS AND DUKES OF KEY, THOMAS HEWITT KINGSTOWN KEY (for lock) KING-TÊ CHÊN KEYBOARD KINGUSSIE KEYSTONE KING WILLIAM'S TOWN KEY WEST KINKAJOU KHABAROVSK KINKEL, JOHANN GOTTFRIED KHAIRAGARH KINNING PARK KHAIREDDIN KINNOR KHAIRPUR KINO KHAJRAHO KINORHYNCHA KHAKI KINROSS-SHIRE KHALIFA, THE KINSALE KHALIL IBN AHMAD KINTORE KHAMGAON KIOTO KHAMSEH KIOWAS KHAMSIN KIPLING, RUDYARD KHAMTIS KIPPER KHAN KIPPIS, ANDREW KHANDESH, EAST and WEST KIRBY, WILLIAM KHANDWA KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS KHANSA KIRCHHEIM-UNTER-TECK KHAR KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBERT KHARAGHODA KIRCHHOFF, JOHANN WILHELM ADOLF KHARGA KIRGHIZ KHARKOV (government of Russia) KIRIN KHARKOV (town of Russia) KIRK, SIR JOHN KHARPUT KIRKBY, JOHN KHARSAWAN KIRKCALDY KHARTUM KIRKCALDY OF GRANGE, SIR WILLIAM KHASI AND JAINTIA HILLS KIRKCUDBRIGHT KHASKOY KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE KHATTAK KIRKE, PERCY KHAZARS KIRKEE KHEDIVE KIRKINTILLOCH KHERI KIRK-KILISSEH KHERSON (government of Russia) KIRKSVILLE KHERSON (town of Russia) KIRKWALL KHEVENHÜLLER, LUDWIG ANDREAS KIRRIEMUIR KHEVSURS KIRSCH KHILCHIPUR KIR-SHEHER KHINGAN KIRWAN, RICHARD KHIVA (kingdom of Asia) KISFALUDY, KÁROLY KHIVA (town in Western Asia) KISH KHNOPFF, FERNAND JEAN MARIE KISHANGARH KHOI KISHINEV KHOJENT KISHM KHOKAND KISKUNFÉLEGYHÁZA KHOLM KISLOVODSK KHONDS KISMET KHORASAN KISS KHORREMABAD KISSAR KHORSABAD KISSINGEN KHOTAN KISTNA (river of India) KHOTIN KISTNA (district of India) KHULNA KIT KHUNSAR KITAZATO, SHIBASABURO KHURJA KIT-CAT CLUB KHYBER PASS KITCHEN KIAKHTA KITCHENER, HORATIO HERBERT KITCHENER KIANG-SI KITE KIANG-SU

KELLY, EDWARD (1854-1880), Australian bushranger, was born at Wallan Wallan, Victoria. His father was a transported Belfast convict, and his mother's family included several thieves. As boys he and his brothers were constantly in trouble for horse-stealing, and "Ned" served three years' imprisonment for this offence. In April 1878, an attempt was made to arrest his brother Daniel on a similar charge. The whole Kelly family resisted this and Ned wounded one of the constables. Mrs Kelly and some of the others were captured, but Ned and Daniel escaped to the hills, where they were joined by two other desperadoes, Byrne and Hart. For two years, despite a reward of £8000 offered jointly by the governments of Victoria and New South Wales for their arrest, the gang under the leadership of Kelly terrorized the country on the borderland of Victoria and New South Wales, "holding up" towns and plundering banks. Their intimate knowledge of the district, full of convenient hiding-places, and their elaborate system of well-paid spies, ensured the direct pecuniary interest of many persons and contributed to their long immunity from capture. They never ill-treated a woman, nor preyed upon the poor, thus surrounding themselves with an attractive atmosphere of romance. In June 1880, however, they were at last tracked to a wooden shanty at Glenrowan, near Benalla, which the police surrounded, riddled with bullets, and finally set on fire. Kelly himself, who was outside, could, he claimed, easily have escaped had he not refused to desert his companions, all of whom were killed. He was severely wounded, captured and taken to Beechworth, where he was tried, convicted and hanged in October 1880. The total cost of the capture of the Kelly gang was reckoned at £115,000.

See F. A. Hare, _The Last of the Bushrangers_ (London, 1892).

KELLY, SIR FITZROY (1796-1880), English judge, was born in London in October 1796, the son of a captain in the Royal Navy. In 1824 he was called to the bar, where he gained a reputation as a skilled pleader. In 1834 he was made a king's counsel. A strong Tory, he was returned as member of parliament for Ipswich in 1835, but was unseated on petition. In 1837 however he again became member for that town. In 1843 he sat for Cambridge, and in 1852 was elected member for Harwich, but, a vacancy suddenly occurring in East Suffolk, he preferred to contest that seat and was elected. He was solicitor-general in 1845 (when he was knighted), and again in 1852. In 1858-1859 he was attorney-general in Lord Derby's second administration. In 1866 he was raised to the bench as chief baron of the exchequer and made a member of the Privy Council. He died at Brighton on the 18th of September 1880.

See E. Foss, _Lives of the Judges_ (1870).

KELLY, HUGH (1739-1777), Irish dramatist and poet, son of a Dublin publican, was born in 1739 at Killarney. He was apprenticed to a staymaker, and in 1760 went to London. Here he worked at his trade for some time, and then became an attorney's clerk. He contributed to various newspapers, and wrote pamphlets for the booksellers. In 1767 he published _Memoirs of a Magdalen, or the History of Louisa Mildmay_ (2 vols.), a novel which obtained considerable success. In 1766 he published anonymously _Thespis; or, A Critical Examination into the Merits of All the Principal Performers belonging to Drury Lane Theatre_, a poem in the heroic couplet containing violent attacks on the principal contemporary actors and actresses. The poem opens with a panegyric on David Garrick, however, and bestows foolish praise on friends of the writer. This satire was partly inspired by Churchill's _Rosciad_, but its criticism is obviously dictated chiefly by personal prejudice. In 1767 he produced a second part, less scurrilous in tone, dealing with the Covent Garden actors. His first comedy, _False Delicacy_, written in prose, was produced by Garrick at Drury Lane on the 23rd of January 1768, with the intention of rivalling Oliver Goldsmith's _Good-Natured Man_. It is a moral and sentimental comedy, described by Garrick in the prologue as a sermon preached in acts. Although Samuel Johnson described it as "totally void of character," it was very popular and had a great sale. In French and Portuguese versions it drew crowded houses in Paris and Lisbon. Kelly was a journalist in the pay of Lord North, and therefore hated by the party of John Wilkes, especially as being the editor of the _Public Ledger_. His _Thespis_ had also made him many enemies; and Mrs Clive refused to act in his pieces. The production of his second comedy, _A Word to the Wise_ (Drury Lane, 3rd of March 1770), occasioned a riot in the theatre, repeated at the second performance, and the piece had to be abandoned. His other plays are: _Clementina_ (Covent Garden, 23rd of February 1771), a blank verse tragedy, given out to be the work of a "young American Clergyman" in order to escape the opposition of the Wilkites; _The School for Wives_ (Drury Lane, 11th of December 1773), a prose comedy given out as the work of Major (afterwards Sir William) Addington; a two-act piece, _The Romance of an Hour_ (Covent Garden, 2nd of December 1774), borrowed from Marmontel's tale _L'Amitié à l'épreuve_; and an unsuccessful comedy, _The Man of Reason_ (Covent Garden, 9th of February 1776). He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1774, and determined to give up literature. He failed in his new profession and died in poverty on the 3rd of February 1777.

See _The Works of Hugh Kelly, to which is prefixed the Life of the Author_ (1778); Genest, _History of the Stage_ (v. 163, 263-269, 308, 399, 457, 517). Pamphlets in reply to _Thespis_ are: "Anti-Thespis ..." (1767); "The Kellyad ..." (1767), by Louis Stamma; and "The Rescue or Thespian Scourge ..." (1767), by John Brown-Smith.

KELLY, MICHAEL (1762-1826), British actor, singer and composer, was the son of a Dublin wine-merchant and dancing-master. He had a musical education at home and in Italy, and for four years from 1783 was engaged to sing at the Court Theatre at Vienna, where he became a friend of Mozart. In 1786 he sang in the first performance of the _Nozze di Figaro_. Appearing in London, at Drury Lane in 1787, he had a great success, and thenceforth was the principal English tenor at that theatre. In 1793 he became acting-manager of the King's Theatre, and he was in great request at concerts. He wrote a number of songs (including "The Woodpecker"), and the music for many dramatic pieces, now fallen into oblivion. In 1826 he published his entertaining _Reminiscences_, in writing which he was helped by Theodore Hook. He combined his professional work with conducting a music-shop and a wine-shop, but with disastrous financial results. He died at Margate on the 9th of October 1826.

KELP (in M.E. _culp_ or _culpe_, of unknown origin; the Fr. equivalent is _varech_), the ash produced by the incineration of various kinds of sea-weed (_Algae_) obtainable in great abundance on the west coasts of Ireland and Scotland, and the coast of Brittany. It is prepared from the deep-sea tangle (_Laminaria digitata_), sugar wrack (_L. saccharina_), knobbed wrack (_Fucus nodosus_), black wrack (_F. serratus_), and bladder wrack (_F. vesiculosus_). The Laminarias yield what is termed "drift-weed kelp," obtainable only when cast up on the coasts by storms or other causes. The species of _Fucus_ growing within the tidal range are cut from the rocks at low water, and are therefore known as "cut-weeds." The weeds are first dried in the sun and are then collected into shallow pits and burned till they form a fused mass, which while still hot is sprinkled with water to break it up into convenient pieces. A ton of kelp is obtained from 20 to 22 tons of wet sea-weed. The average composition may vary as follows: potassium sulphate, 10 to 12%; potassium chloride, 20 to 25%; sodium carbonate, 5%; other sodium and magnesium salts, 15 to 20%; and insoluble ash from 40 to 50%. The relative richness in iodine of different samples varies largely, good drift kelp yielding as much as 10 to 15 lb. per ton of 22½ cwts., whilst cut-weed kelp will not give more than 3 to 4 lb. The use of kelp in soap and glass manufacture has been rendered obsolete by the modern process of obtaining carbonate of soda cheaply from common salt (see IODINE).

KELSO, a police burgh and market town of Roxburghshire, Scotland, on the left bank of the Tweed, 52 m. (43 m. by road) S.E. of Edinburgh and 10¼ m. N.E. of Jedburgh by the North British railway. Pop. (1901), 4008. The name has been derived from the Old Welsh _calch_, or Anglo-Saxon _cealc_, "chalk", and the Scots _how_, "hollow," a derivation more evident in the earlier forms Calkon and Calchon, and illustrated in Chalkheugh, the name of a locality in the town. The ruined abbey, dedicated to the Virgin and St John the Evangelist, was founded in 1128 by David I. for monks from Tiron in Picardy, whom he transferred hither from Selkirk, where they had been installed fifteen years before. The abbey, the building of which was completed towards the middle of the 13th century, became one of the richest and most powerful establishments in Scotland, claiming precedence over the other monasteries and disputing for a time the supremacy with St Andrews. It suffered damage in numerous English forays, was pillaged by the 4th earl of Shrewsbury in 1522, and was reduced to ruins in 1545 by the earl of Hertford (afterwards the Protector Somerset). In 1602 the abbey lands passed into the hands of Sir Robert Ker of Cessford, 1st earl of Roxburghe. The ruins were disfigured by an attempt to render part of them available for public worship, and one vault was long utilized as the town gaol. All excrescences, however, were cleared away at the beginning of the 19th century, by the efforts of the Duke of Roxburghe. The late Norman and Early Pointed cruciform church has an unusual ground-plan, the west end of the cross forming the nave and being shorter than the chancel. The nave and transepts extend only 23 ft. from the central tower. The remains include most of the tower, nearly the whole of the walls of the south transept, less than half of the west front with a fragment of the richly moulded and deeply-set doorway, the north and west sides of the north transept, and a remnant of the chancel. The chancel alone had aisles, while its main circular arches were surmounted by two tiers of triforium galleries. The predominant feature is the great central tower, which, as seen from a distance, suggests the keep of a Norman castle. It rested on four Early Pointed arches, each 45 ft. high (of which the south and west yet exist) supported by piers of clustered columns. Over the Norman porch in the north transept is a small chamber with an interlaced arcade surmounted by a network gable.

The Tweed is crossed at Kelso by a bridge of five arches constructed in 1803 by John Rennie. The public buildings include a court house, the town hall, corn exchange, high school and grammar school (occupying the site of the school which Sir Walter Scott attended in 1783). The public park lies in the east of the town, and the race-course to the north of it. The leading industries are the making of fishing tackle, agricultural machinery and implements, and chemical manures, besides coach-building, cabinet-making and upholstery, corn and saw mills, iron founding, &c. James and John Ballantyne, friends of Scott, set up a press about the end of the 18th century, from which there issued, in 1802, the first two volumes of the _Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_; but when the brothers transferred their business to Edinburgh printing languished. The _Kelso Mail_, founded by James Ballantyne in 1797, is now the oldest of the Border newspapers. The town is an important agricultural centre, there being weekly corn and fortnightly cattle markets, and, every September, a great sale of Border rams.

Kelso became a burgh of barony in 1634 and five years later received the Covenanters, under Sir Alexander Leslie, on their way to the encampment on Duns Law. On the 24th of October 1715 the Old Pretender was proclaimed James VIII. in the market square, but in 1745 Prince Charles Edward found no active adherents in the town.

About 1 m. W. of Kelso is Floors or Fleurs Castle, the principal seat of the duke of Roxburghe. The mansion as originally designed by Sir John Vanbrugh in 1718 was severely plain, but in 1849 William Henry Playfair converted it into a magnificent structure in the Tudor style.

On the peninsula formed by the junction of the Teviot and the Tweed stood the formidable castle and flourishing town of Roxburgh, from which the shire took its name. No trace exists of the town, and of the castle all that is left are a few ruins shaded by ancient ash trees. The castle was built by the Northumbrians, who called it Marchidum, or Marchmound, its present name apparently meaning Rawic's burgh, after some forgotten chief. After the consolidation of the kingdom of Scotland it became a favoured royal residence, and a town gradually sprang up beneath its protection, which reached its palmiest days under David I., and formed a member of the Court of Four Burghs with Edinburgh, Stirling and Berwick. It possessed a church, court of justice, mint, mills, and, what was remarkable for the 12th century, grammar school. Alexander II. was married and Alexander III. was born in the castle. During the long period of Border warfare, the town was repeatedly burned and the castle captured. After the defeat of Wallace at Falkirk the castle fell into the hands of the English, from whom it was delivered in 1314 by Sir James Douglas. Ceded to Edward III. in 1333, it was regained in 1342 by Sir Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie, only to be lost again four years later. The castle was finally retaken and razed to the ground in 1460. It was at the siege that the king, James II., was killed by the explosion of a huge gun called "the Lion." On the fall of the castle the town languished and was finally abandoned in favour of the rising burgh of Kelso. The town, whose patron-saint was St James, is still commemorated by St James's Fair, which is held on the 5th of every August on the vacant site, and is the most popular of Border festivals.

Sandyknowe or Smailholm Tower, 6 m. W. of Kelso, dating from the 15th century, is considered the best example of a Border Peel and the most perfect relic of a feudal structure in the South of Scotland. Two m. N. by E. of Kelso is the pretty village of Ednam (Edenham, "The Village on the Eden"), the birthplace of the poet James Thomson, to whose memory an obelisk, 52 ft. high, was erected on Ferney Hill in 1820.