Chapter VI

., p. 88. All these three describe the top of the motte as surrounded by a wall (of course of wood), within which is built a wooden tower. The account of Marchem says that it was built in the middle of the area. This supports the conjecture in the text. Mr H. E. Malden has shown (_Surrey Archæolog. Collections_, xvi., 28) that the keep of Guildford is of later date than the stone wall round the top of the motte. Remove this tower, and there would be what is commonly called a shell keep. It would appear, therefore, that it was a common practice to change the bank or stockade round the top of the motte into a stone wall (no doubt as a defence against fire), leaving the keep inside still of wood. Four of the pictures from the Bayeux Tapestry (see Frontispiece) all give the idea of a wooden tower inside a stockade on a motte.

APPENDIX S

PROFESSOR LLOYD'S "HISTORY OF WALES"

I regret that this valuable work did not appear until too late for me to make use of it in my chapter on Welsh Castles. It is worth while to note the following points in which Professor Lloyd's conclusions differ from or confirm those which I have been led to adopt.

Aberystwyth and Aberrheiddiol.--"After the destruction of the last Aberystwyth Castle of the older situation in 1143, the chief stronghold of the district was moved to the mouth of the Rheiddiol, a position which it ever afterwards retained, though people still insisted on calling it Aberystwyth" (514). "The original castle of Aberystwyth crowned the slight eminence at the back of the farm of Tan y Castell, which lies in the Ystwyth valley 1-1/2 miles S. of the town. There is the further evidence of the name, and the earthworks still visible on the summit" (426, _note_).

Carreghova.--I ought perhaps to have included this castle in my list, though on the actual map its site is within the English border; but as there are absolutely no remains of it [D. H. M.] it does not affect the question I am discussing.

Cardigan and Cilgerran.--"Dingeraint cannot be Cilgerran, because Cilgerran is derived from _Cerran_, with the feminine inflection, not from _Geraint_; nor is Cilgerran 'close to the fall of the Teifi into the sea,' as the chronicler says Dingeraint was. The castle built by Earl Roger was probably Cardigan" (401). Professor Lloyd afterwards identifies Cilgerran with the castle of Emlyn (661). This seems to me questionable, as the "New Castle of Emlyn," first mentioned in Edward I.'s reign, presupposes an older castle, and as I have stated, a mound answering to the older castle still exists not far from the stone castle.

Carmarthen.--Professor Lloyd thinks this castle stood at the present farm of Rhyd y Gors, about a mile below the town; but I see no reason to alter the conclusion to which I was led by Mr Floyd's paper, that the Rhyd y Gors of the castle was a ford at Carmarthen itself. The fact that Henry I. founded a cell to Battle Abbey at Carmarthen (431) seems to me an additional piece of evidence that the castle was there; castle and abbey nearly always went together.

Dinweiler.--Professor Lloyd assumes Dinweiler to be the same as the castle in Mabudryd built by Earl Gilbert, and to be situated at or near Pencader (501). It should be noted, however, that Dinweiler reads Dinefor in MS. B. of the _Brut_, in 1158. I am in error in supposing St Clair to be the castle of Mabudryd (following a writer in _Archæologia Cambrensis_), as St Clair is not in that commote. Professor Lloyd's map of the _cantrefs_ and _commotes_ differs widely from that of previous writers.

Llangadoc.--"Luchewein" should not be identified with this castle; Professor Lloyd thinks it may refer to a castle at Llwch Owain, a lake in the parish of Llanarthney, where there is an entrenchment known as Castell y Garreg.

Maud's Castle.--Camden identified "Matildis castrum" with Colewent or Colwyn, but Professor Lloyd is of opinion that "a careful collation of the English and Welsh authorities for the events of the years 1198 and 1231 will make it clear that Payne's Castle and Maud's Castle are the same." This of course does not affect what is said about Colwyn Castle in the text.

Montgomery.--Professor Lloyd deems that the emphasis laid (especially in the _Charter Rolls_, i., 101) on the fact that the building of Henry III.'s reign was New Montgomery, leaves no doubt that the former town and castle stood elsewhere, probably at Hên Domen. This, if true, would greatly strengthen my case, as Hên Domen is an admirable motte and bailey.

SCHEDULE OF ENGLISH CASTLES KNOWN TO DATE FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY[1207]

IN TOWNS

Name of Whole Area of Enceinte No. Castle. Type.[1208] or Bailey. Value.

1. Arundel M. and B., O. Whole area 4-1/2 acres Risen. 2. Bamborough K. and B. Whole area 4-3/4 acres ... 3. Barnstaple M. and B. Bailey 1-1/3 acres Not given T. R. E. 4. Bristol M. and B., O. Whole area nearly 4 acres Not given T. R. E. 5. Buckingham M. and B. ? Risen. 6. Caerleon M. and B., O. Bailey 4-3/4 acres Risen. 7. Cambridge M. and B. Bailey 4-1/4 acres Not given T. R. W. 8. Canterbury M. and B., O. Whole area 3 acres Risen. (Dungeon Hill) 9. Carlisle K. and B., O. Whole area 4 acres ... 10. Chester M. and B., O. First ward 3/4 acre Risen. 11. Colchester K. and B. {Inner ward and keep} Risen. {about 2 acres } 12. Dover K. and B. {Inner castle } Risen. {about 6 acres} 13. Durham M. and B., O. Bailey 1 acre ... 14. Ely M. and B., O. Bailey 2-1/2 acres Fallen, but rising. 15. Exeter B. only now 2 acres ... 16. Gloucester M. and B., O. ? Risen. 17. Hastings M. and B., O. ? Fallen, but rising. 18. Hereford M. and B. Bailey 5-1/2 acres Risen. 19. Huntingdon M. and B., O. Inner bailey 2-1/2 acres Stationary. 20. Lewes M. and B. Bailey 3 acres Risen. 21. Lincoln M. and B. Bailey 5-3/4 acres Risen. 22. Monmouth K. and B. Bailey 1-3/4 acres Not given T. R. E. 23. Newcastle M. and B., O. Whole area 3 acres 1 rood ... 24. Norwich M. and B., O. Inner bailey 3-1/4 acres Risen. 25. Nottingham M. and B., O. Bailey 1-2/3 acres Risen. 26. Oxford M. and B., O. Bailey 3 acres Risen. 27. Pevensey K. and B. Bailey 1 acre Risen. 28. Quatford {M. and B., } {probably O.} Bailey 1 acre ... 29. Rochester M. and B., O. Whole area about 3 acres Risen. (Boley Hill) 30. Old Sarum. M. and B. Inner ward 1-3/4 acres Risen. 31. Shrewsbury M. and B., O. Bailey 4/5 of an acre Risen. 32. Stafford M. and B., O. Bailey 1-3/5 acres Risen. 33. Stamford M. and B. Bailey 1-3/4 acres Risen. 34. Tamworth {M. and B., } Bailey 1 acre Not given. {probably O.} 35. Totnes M. and B., O. Bailey 3/4 of an acre Risen. 36. Tower of K. and B. Originally? Not given. London 37. Wallingford M. and B. Bailey 4-1/2 acres Risen. 38. Warwick M. and B., O. Bailey 2-1/2 acres Risen. 39. Winchester M. and B., O. Whole area 4-1/2 acres Not given. 40. Worcester M. and B., O. Whole area between 3 and 4 acres Risen. 41. York M. and B., O. Whole area formerly about 3 acres Risen. 42. The Baile M. and B., O. Whole area 2-3/4 acres ... Hill, York

IN MANORS

Head of Whole Area No. Name of District of Enceinte Castle. Type. T. R. E. or Bailey. Value.

43. Abergavenny M. and B. ? Bailey 1 acre. ... 44. Belvoir M. and B.? No ? Risen. 45. Berkeley M. and B Yes " 1-1/2 acres Risen. or Ness 46. Berkhampstead M. and B Yes " 3 acres Fallen. 47. Bishop's M. and B No " 2-1/2 acres Fallen. Stortford 48. Bourn M. and B. Yes " 3 acres Risen. 49. Bramber M. and B. No " 3 acres Risen. 50. Carisbrooke M. and B. No " 2-3/4 acres Risen. 51. Castle Acre M. and B. No " 2 acres Risen. 52. Chepstow K. and B. No Whole area 1-2/3 acres Risen. 53. Clifford M. and B. No Bailey 2-1/3 acres Risen. 54. Clitheroe M. and B. No " 1 acre Fallen. 55. Corfe M. and B. No " 1-1/2 acres Risen. 56. Dudley M. and B. No " 1-3/4 acres Fallen. 57. Dunster M. and B. No " 1-3/4 acres Risen. 58. Ewias M. and B. ? " 2-1/3 acres Not given T. R. E. 59. Eye M. and B. No " 2 acres Risen. 60. Launceston M. and B. No " 3 acres Fallen. 61. Montacute M. and B. No ? Not given T. R. E. 62. Morpeth M. and B. ? ? ... 63. Norham M. and B. ? Bailey 2 acres ... 64. Okehampton M. and B. No " 1/2 an acre Risen. 65. Oswestry M. and B. No ? Risen. 66. Peak Castle K. and B. No " 1 acre Risen. 67. Penwortham M. and B. No ? Risen. 68. Peterborough Motte only ? ? ... now 69. Pontefract M. and B. Probably " 2-1/3 acres Fallen. 70. Preston Capes M. and B. No ... Risen. 71. Rayleigh M. and B. Yes Bailey 3/4 acre Risen. 72. Richard's M. and B. No " 2/3 acre Stationary. Castle 73. Richmond K. and B. No " 2-1/2 acres ... 74. Rockingham M. and B. No First bailey 3 acres Risen. 75. Skipsea M. and B. No Bailey 8-1/4 acres Fallen. 76. Stanton M. and B. No ? Risen. Holgate 77. Tickhill M. and B. No " 2 acres Risen. 78. Tonbridge M. and B. No " 1-1/2 acres Stationary. 79. Trematon M. and B. No " 1 acre Fallen. 80. Tutbury M. and B. No " 2-1/2 acres Not given T. R. E. 81. Tynemouth ? ? ? ... 82. Wigmore M. and B. No " 1 acre Risen. 83. Windsor M. and B. No Upper bailey Fallen, 6-1/2 acres but rising. 84. Wisbeach M. and B. No Whole area 4 acres Fallen.

It has been thought best to tabulate the _chief_ defensible area of each castle. The total area, including ditches and scarps, is liable to great variation owing to the nature of the ground.

INDEX

Aber, 261

Aberavon, 296

Abercorn, 308

Aberdovey, 300

Abereinon, 301

Abergavenny, 97

Aberlleinog, 261

Aberystwyth, 281, 393

Aggeres, 77, 111

Aldreth, 150

Alfred, King, 13, 14, 15

Amwell, 52

Annan, 309

Anstruther family, 308

Antrim, 331

Appledore, 50

Aq'i, 331

Aquila, castle of, 77

Ardfinnan, 331

Ardmayle, 331

Ardnurcher, 331

Ardree, 331

Ardres, 75, =89=

Area of Norman castles, 97

Arques, 361

Arundel, 98

Arx, 211, 384

Ashlar masonry, 356

Askeaton, 332

Askelon, 332

Athelney, 14

Athlone, 333

Auchterless, 309

Avenel family, 308

Baginbun, 333

Bailey, ballium, 4, 5, 92, 207

Bakewell, 47

Balimore Eustace, 333

Balliol family, 308

Ballyknockan, 341

Ballynaclogh, 346

Bamborough, 11, 100, 355, 357

Banff, 319

Barclay, 309

Barnstaple, 102

Barnwell, 376

Baronies, 307

Basements of keeps, 359, 362

Basingwerk, 267

Bastille, the, 376

Bayeux Tapestry, 87, 158, 393

Bayford Court, 49

Bedford, 40

Beith, 317

Belesme, Roger, 100, 191; castle, 77

Belvoir, 102

Benfleet, 50

Bensington, 28

Berkeley, 103, 367

Berkhampstead, 105

Bernard de Neufmarché, 273, 276

Bervie River, 316

Biggar, 313

Bishop's Stortford, 107

Blaenporth, 282

Bleddfa, 293

Blois, 75

Blythe, 219

Boley Hill, 49, 196, 199, 200

Bordlands, 307

Borgue, 317

Boroughs, 21, 258, 382

Boulogne, 376 _n._ 1

Bourn, 107

Bowes, 366

Bramber, 109

Braose, De, 109, 276, 292

Brecknock, 276, 290

Bremesbyrig, 32

Bretasche, 91, 386

Bridgenorth, 33, 52

Bristol, 23, 110

Bromborough, 32

Bruce family, 309

Brut y Tywysogion, 254

Buckingham, 25, 40

Burghal Hidage, 28, 98, 160, =385=

Burgh Castle, 44 _n._ 1.

Burgus, 85

Burh, 17-19, 123; Clark's theory of, 20-29

Buttington, 51

Cadwalader, 266

Cadzow, 314

Caen keep, 361

Caereinion, 300

Caerleon, 113

Caerphilly, 376 _n._ 1

Caerwedros, 283

Caherconlish, 333

Cambridge, 55, 57, =115=

Camps, of refuge, 29; prehistoric, 6; of Danes, 61

Canterbury, 116

Carbury, 333

Cardiff, 294

Cardigan, 274, 275; Castle, =280=

Carisbrook, 121

Carlingford, 334

Carlisle, 25, =128=, 365

Carlovingian Empire, 66

Carmarthen, =275=, 394

Carnarvon, =261=, 375

Carnwath, 318

Carreghova, 271, 394

Carrick, 334

Carrickfergus, 334

Carrickittle, 339

Carrigogunell, 332

Castel, the word, 24, 98

Castellum, castrum, 25, 67, 169, 383

Castles, private, Ch. V.; product of feudalism, 66; in Normandy, 76, 77; wooden, 78; stone, Ch. XII.; sites given to church, 259 _n._ 2.

Castle Acre, =124=

Castledermot, 347

Castle guard, 175

Castleknock, 341

Castlemore, 338

Castle Rough, 49

Castle Rushen, 377 _n._ 1

Castletown Delvin, 334

Cathcart family, 310

Catter, 315

Ceredigion, 274, 275

Chapels in castles, 355

Chartres keep, 74

Chastell Gwalter, 282

Chateaudun keep, 75

Chateau Gaillard, 372, 376, 391

Chepstow, 125

Chester, 31, =126=, 367

Chevron moulding, 100

Cheyne family, 310

Chilham, 368

Chimneys, 357

Chinon, 75

Chippenham, 55

Chirk, 269

Christison, Dr, 8, 31, 304, 306

Cilgerran, =281=, 394

Citadels, 6, 54, 56

Clare, house of, 275, 281

Clark, G. T., 2, 8, 19, 26, 48

Clears, St, =288=, 394

Cledemuthan, 43

Clifford, 128

Clitheroe, 129

Clonard, 334

Clonmacnoise, 335

Colchester, 41, =132=, 223, 354, 355

Collacht, 335

Colville family, 310

Comyn family, 310

Concentric castles, 375

Cooking in castles, 359

Corfe, =135=, 363

Coucy, 65, 372

Courcy, John de, 336

Court hills, 310, 391

Covington, 313

Crail, 319

Crimond, 311

Crogen, battle of, 266

Cromarty, 316

Crometh, 335

Cromwell, 220, 336

Croom, 335

Crossbow, the 370

Cunningham family, 311

Cupar, 320

Cymmer, 299

Cynewulf, murder of, 13

Cynfael, 300

Cyricbyrig, 37

Dalswinton, 311

Dane John, 116, 118, 121

Danes in Ireland, 60

Dangio, 75

Danish raths, 48; camps, 61; colonies, 59, 60

Darnhall, 317

David I. of Scotland, 123, 163, =303=

Deganwy, 259, 270

Dernio, 267

Derver, 341

Dinan, 87

Dinerth, 282

Dinevor, =287=, 394

Dinweiler, 394

Dirleton, 319

Domfront keep, 361

Donjons, 358, 390

Douglas family, 312

Dover, =138=; church, 144; Pharos, 143

Downpatrick, 335

Drogheda, 336

Drumore, 315

Drumsagard, 317

Duchal, 315

Dudley, 144

Dudo of St Quentin, 76

Duffus, 317

Duleek, 337

Dumfries, 320

Dun, the word, 326

Dunamase, 337

Dungarvan, 337

Dunio, 75

Dunmullie, 311

Dunoon, 313

Dunskeath, 320

Dunster, 145

Durand, 312

Durham, 146

Durward, 312

Dyfed, 274

Earthworks, Committee, 2

Eddisbury, 35

Edward, 14-16, 45, 65, 127

Edward the Martyr, 135

Edwardian castles, 328, 345

Egloe, Eulo, 271

Elgin, 320

Ellon, 311

Ely, 149

Entrances to keeps, 355, 361, 373

Errol, 314

Escluen, 332

Étampes Castle, 373

Ethelfleda, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 45, 232, 342

Eu, 56

Eustace of Boulogne, 139

Ewias, 150

Exeter, 151; siege of, 154

Eye, 155

Falaise, 361-363

Favorie, 338

Ferns, 338

Feudalism, 63, 66, 378, 379; in Normandy, 76; in Wales, 299, 378; in Scotland, 303

Fireplaces, 357

Fitz Alans, 179, 313

Fitzhardinge, Robert, 104

FitzOsbern, William, 103, 126, 128, 150, 273

Five Boroughs, the 44, 59

Flambard, Ranulf, 172

Fleming family, 313

Flint, 375

Folk-moots, 381

Fore, 338

Forebuildings, 355, 361

Forfar, 320

Forres, 321

Fortifications, Anglo-Saxon, 29, 64; Danish, 55, 61; wooden, 78

Fotheret Onolan, 338

French earthworks, 7

Fulham, 55

Fulk Nerra, 73, 74, 352

Gaimar, Geoffrey, 171

Gallo-Roman villas, 67

Galtrim, 338

Gatehouse keeps, 359

Gatehouse palace, 375

Geashill, 338

Gemaron, 292

Gephthine, 332

Gilling, 193, 194

Gisors, 364

Glamorgan, 276

Gloucester, 156

Godwin, Earl, 22, 24, 103

Gomme, G. L., 8

Gould, I. C, 2

Gower, 277, 297

Graham family, 314

Granard, 338

Greenwell, Canon, 2

Guildford, 393

Guisnes, 75, 76

Gundulf, Bishop, 197, 198, 222

Guy of Amiens, 139

Gwyddgrug, 260

Gwynedd, 256-262

Hæsten the Dane, 49, 50

Hall, the Anglo-Saxon, 17, 24, 168

Hallaton Castle Hill, 88

Hamilton family, 314

Harold, Earl and King, 138, 161, 257

Hastings, 87, =158=

Haughead Kipp, 317

Haverfordwest, 280

Hawarden, 377

Hawick, 315

Hay, 291

Hay family, 314

Hên Domen, 395

Henry I., castles of, 360-364, 392

Henry II., castles of, 365-369

Henry the Fowler, 64

Hericio, 388

Hermitage Castle, 318

Herring-bone work, 136, 168, 218

Hincheleder, 339

Hithes, 57

Hodesley, Hoseley, 268

Holywell, 267, 270

Hubert de Burgh, 140

Hugh of Avranches, 256, 257

Humphrey's Castle, 283

Huntingdon, 42, =162=

Hurdicia, 91, 372, =387=

Ida, King, 11

Inchelefyre, 339

Innermessan, 321

Inverness, 321

Inverugie, 310

Inverwick, 313

Irish chiefs, 325, 342

Jedburgh, 321

John, Bishop of Terouenne, 88

John, King, 137, 270, 370 _n._ 1

Jomsborg, 59

Karakitel, 339

Keepless castles, 328, 374

Keep and bailey, 357

Keeps, arrangements in, 359, 391; polygonal, 368; prows to, 373; residences, 392; round, 368, 373

Keeps of Henry I., 360, 363, 392

Keeps of Henry II., 366

Keeps of William I., 351, 354

Kelts of Scotland, 304

Kenardington, 50

Kenfig, 295

Kenmure, 308

Kidwelly, 288

Kilbixie, 339

Kilbride, 318

Kilfeakle, 340

Kilfinnane, 329

Kilkea, 347

Killamlun, 339

Killare, 339

Kilmaurs, 311

Kilmehal, 340

Kilmore, 340

Kilsantan, 340

Kiltinan, 340

Kincleven, 321

Kirkcudbright, 321

Kirkintilloch, 311

Kirkpatrick Durham, 312

Kitchens in castles, 90

Knighton, 293

Knock, 341

Knockgraffan, 341

Lacy, Ilbert de, 187, 188; Hugh de, 337

Lag Castle, 312

Lagelachon, 341

Lagmen, 62

Lambert of Ardres, 75, 89

Lanark, 321

Langeais keep, 72, 353

Laon, 72

Largs, 317

Laugharne, 288

Launceston, 164

Laurence of Durham, 147

Law about castles, 377

Lawhaden, 279

Lea Castle, 341

Lea River, 15, 52

Lead roofs, 369

Leighlin, 341

Lennox, 315

Leuchars, 318

Lewes, 165

Lincoln, 167

Linton Roderick, 310

Lismore, 342

Llanarmon, 272

Llandeilo Talybont, 298

Llandovery, 286

Llanegwad, 289

Llangadog, 289, 394

Llanrhystyd, 300

Llanstephan, 286

Lloyd, Professor, 253, 393

Lochmaben, 309

Lochorworth, 314

Lockhart family, 315

Logan family, 315

London fortified, 14

Loopholes, 362, 370, 371; cross loopholes, 371

Lords-marchers, 255

Loske, 343

Loughor, 298

Louth, 342

Louvre, the, 373

Lovel family, 315

Loxhindy, 343

Ludgarsburh, 170

Lumphanan, 312

Lyle or Lisle family, 315

Lympne, 15

Mabudryd, 394

Machicolations, 372

Magh Adair, 327

Maitland, Professor, 27

Maldon, 41

Manchester, 46

Manors, Saxon, and mottes, 96

Mans, Le, keep of, 361

Masonry, 356, 362, 367

Mathraval, 271

Maud's Castle, 293, 394

Maxton, 316

Maxwell family, 316

Melton, Archbishop, 248

Melville family, 315

Mercenaries, 7, 74 _n._ 1

Merchem Castle, 88

Mersey Island, 54

Military service, 64

Milton, 49

Missile engines, 369

Mitford, 373

Moffat, 309

Mold, 260

Monmouth, 168

Montacute, 169

Montalt, 316

Montgomeri, Roger de, 53, 98, =130=, 191, 263; Hugh de, 274; Arnolf, 274, 278; castle, =264=, 395

Montgomerie family, Scotland, 316

Moot-hills, 8, 9, 381

Moray, colonisation of, 304

Morpeth, 171

Mortain, Count of, 106, 138, 164, 169, 186

Mortimers, 276

Morville family, 316

Mottes, described, 4, 5; the word, 9 _n._ 1; distribution, 80-82; situation, 83-96; in France, 85; in Wales, 301; in Scotland, 322; in Ireland, 348; history, 72, 74

Mowbray, Earl Robert, 101

Mowbray family, 317

Müller, Dr Sophus, 6

Mural towers, 358

Murray family, 317

Naas, 343

Nantes Castle, 71

Nant yr Arian, 284

Narberth, 280

Navan, 344

Neath, 296

Neckham, "De Utensilibus," 86

Neilson, Mr George, 8, =306=

Neu Leiningen, 376 _n._ 1

Newcastle, 171

Newcastle Bridgend, 295

Newcastle Emlyn, 289

New Grange, 10

Newport, 279

Nicetus, his castrum, 67

Nicholas, St, 110, 213

Nobber, 344

Normandy, 22, 76, 77

Norman favourites, 23

Norman walls, 356

Normans, 7

Norrei Castle, 77

Northmen, camps of, 61, 383

Norton, 293

Norwich, =173=, 363

Nottingham, 44, 49, 57, =176=

O'Donovan, 329

Offa's Dyke, 52

Okehampton, 178

Oldcastle, 347

Old Sarum, 202

Oliphant family, 317

Orford, 246 _n._

Oswestry, 179

Overton (Denbigh), 267; (Hereford), 192

Owen Gwynedd, 260, 270

Oxford, 180

Oxnam, 310

Oystermouth, 298

Pantolf, William, 213

Parliamentary fortifications, 202

Payn's Castle, =293=, 395

Peak, 182

Pembroke, 278

Pentecost's Castle, 24, 150

Penwortham, 183

Peterborough, 185

Pevensey, 99, 186

Pistes, Capitulary of, 68, 72

Pitt-Rivers, General, 2

Plinths, 355

Polnoon, 316

Pontefract, 187; siege of, 189

Pont y Stuffan, 283

Powys, 263-266

Prestatyn, 270

Preston Capes, 190

Pretorium, 72

Prisons in castles, 359

Private castles, 21, 68

Pudsey, Bishop, 173

Quatbridge, 58

Quatford, 191

Quincy, De, family, 318

Radnor, 292

Rainald the Sheriff, 263

Rapes of Sussex, 299

Rathceltchair, 336

Raths in Ireland, 325, 327

Rathwire, 344

Ratouth, 344

Rayleigh, 191

Reading, 54

Redcastle, Lunan Bay, 309

Reginald's Tower, 347, 348

Remni, 297

Renfrew, 313

Retford, 55

Rhaidr Gwy, 301

Rhé Island, motte on, 350

Rhuddlan, 257, 259

Rhyd y Gors, 275, 284

Rhys ap Griffith, 275, 287

Riccarton, 319

Richard Sans Peur, 76

Richard I., 370-372

Richard's Castle, 192

Richmond, 193

Robert Curthose, 110

Robert de Monte, 360

Robert, Earl of Gloucester, 110, 295

Robert Fitz Hamon, 277

Robert of Rhuddlan, 257

Roberton, 314

Rochester, 25, 49, 195

Rockingham, 201

Roger the Poitevin, 129, 183, 184

Rokerel, 345

Rollo, 76

Roscrea, 345

Rosemarkie, 322

Ross, 318

Rouen, 77

Runcorn, 38

Ruthin, 269

Ruthven, 311

Sanquhar, 318

Sarn Helen, 283

Saumur Castle, 75

Saxon fortifications, Chapters II., III., 29

Saxon royal seats, 151 _n._ 2, 235

Scergeat, 33

Sepulchral hillocks, 9; in Ireland, 327

Shaftesbury, 15

Shell keep, 99

Sheppey Isle, 54

Shoebury, 51

Shrewsbury, 207

Siege castles, 85

Siegfried the Dane, 75

Siward, Earl, 22

Skipsea, 209

Skreen, 345

Slane, 345

Somerville family, 318

Somner, antiquary, 117

Soulis family, 318

Stafford, 34, =211=

Stamford, 44, =216=

Stanton, 217

Stevenston, 315

Stewarton, 318

Swansea, 297

Symington, 315

Table of Boroughs, 26

Talgarth, 292

Tamworth, 34, =218=

Tarbolton, 314

Tateshall, 187

Tempsford, 53

Tenby, 280

Terraces to mottes, 102

Thanet, 54

Thelwall, 46, 385

Thetford, 55, 56

Thibault-le-Tricheur, 74

Thingwall, 381

Thorne, 368 _n._ 3

Thurles, 346

Tibraghny, 346

Tickhill, 219

Tiles, use of, 255

Timahoe, 346

Tom-a-mhoid, 313

Tomen y Mur, 262

Tomen y Rhoddwy, 271, 272, 388

Tonbridge, 220

Toot Hill, 259

Topcliffe, 5 _n._

Torkesey, 55, 56

Totnes, 221

Towcester, 41

Tower of London, 221, 354, 355

Towers to castles, 71

Towns, fortification of, 65

Trade, 30

Trébuchet, 369

Trematon, 226

Tribalism, 64

Trim, 346, 377

Tristerdermot, 347

Tullow, 335, 389

Tutbury, 227

Tynboeth, 293

Tynemouth, 228

Tynwald Hill, 381

Typermesan, 347

Valoignes family, 318

Value of manors and towns, 96

Vaulting, 362, 365, 367, 374

Vaux family, 319

Viking crews, 90

Viollet le Duc, 368 _n._ 1

Vire, keep, 361

Voussoirs, 362

Wales, Chapters VIII., IX.; Wales and Saxons, 253; Wales and Normans, 254

Wallace family, 319

Wallingford, 28, =228=

Walwern, 301

Wareham, 25, 28

Warenne, Wm., 124, 165

Wark, 366, 367, 368 _n._ 2, 388

Warkworth, 377

Warwick, 36, =230=

Wasta, 114

Waterford, 347

Water-supply, 362-363

Watling Street, 16, 32, 382

Waytemore Castle, 107

Weardbyrig, 36

Welsh halls, 251

Welshpool, 265

Wessex, 13

Wexford, 348

Wicklow, 348

Wigingamere, 41

Wigmore, 232

William I., 22, 77

William the Lion, 163, 305

Willington, 57

Winchester, 233

Winding walks on mottes, 102, 121

Windsor, 236; borough, 238

Wisbeach, 239

Wiston, 279

Witham, 39

Wolvesey Castle, 235 _n._ 4

Wooden fortifications, 78, 208, 228, 250, 306, 358, 359

Worcester, 115, 23, 31, =240=; charter, 21

Wrexham Castle, 268

Yale Castle, 271, 300

Year 1000, 78

York, 13, =242=

York, Baile Hill, 248

Ystrad Cyngen, 288

Ystrad Meurig, 283

Ystrad Peithyll, 282

PRINTED BY OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH FOOTNOTES:

[1] Mr W. H. St John Hope arrived independently at similar conclusions.

[2] In the paper on Earthworks in the second volume of the _Victoria County History of Yorkshire_, this subdivision of the promiscuous class X., is used.

[3] Since the above was written, Mr Hadrian Allcroft's work on _Earthwork of England_ has furnished an admirable text-book of this subject.

[4] See Frontispiece.

[5] See Fig. 1.

[6] For instance, at Berkeley, Ewias Harold, Yelden, and Tomen y Roddwy.

[7] As at Rayleigh and Downpatrick.

[8] In some of these castles there is no gap in the bailey banks for an entrance. They must have been entered by a movable wooden stair, such as horses can be taught to climb. See the plan of Topcliffe Castle, Yorks (Fig. 1).

[9] _Vor Oldtid_, p. 629.

[10] _Entwickelung des Kriegswesens_, iii., 379.

[11] See