Part 33
[Sidenote: Yaks Olgush locus super Obam fluuium duodecim dierum itinere a mari.] Quod si nauim per fluuium Obam aduerso amne possit impellere, prima si poterit cataracta, eaque, vt verisimile est, commodissima, ad eumque locum appellere, quem aliquando ipse cum suis aliquot per Sibericorum regionem terra adijt, qui duodecim iuxta dierum itinere distat Ó Mari, quÓ influit in mare flumen Ob, qui locus est in continente, propŔ fluuium Ob cui nomen est Yaks Olgush, nomine mutuato ab illo magno Profluente flumini Ob illabente, tum certŔ speraret maximas se difficultates superasse. Referunt enim illic populares, qui trium duntaxat dierum nauigatione ab eo loco abfuerunt (qu˛d illic rarum est, eo qu˛d multi ad vnum duntaxat diem cymbas pelliceas Ó littore propellentes oborta tempestate perierunt, c¨m neque Ó sole neque Ó syderibus rectionem scirent petere) per transuersum fluminis Ob, vnde spaciosum esse illius latitudinem constat, grandes se carinas prŠciosis onustas mercibus magno fluuio delatas vidisse per Nigros, puta Ăthiopes. [Sidenote: Ardoh flumen influens in lacum Kitthaym: de quo in itinere ad Boghariam scribit Antonius Ienkinsonus.] Eum fluuium Ardoh illi vocant, qui influit in lacum Kittayum, quem Paraha illi nominant, cui contermina est gens illa latissimŔ fusa, quÓm Carrah Colmak appellant, non alia certŔ quÓm Cathaya. Illic, si necessitas postulabit, opportunum erit hybernare, se suosque reficere, resque omnes necessarias conquirere. Qu˛d si acciderit, non dubitat interim plurim¨m se adiutum iri, plura illic quŠrentem atque ediscentem. Veruntamen sperat Šstate eadem ad Cathayorum fines se peruenturum, nisi ingenti glaciei mole ad os fluuij ObŠ impediatur, quŠ maior interdum, interdum minor est. Tum per Pechoram redire statuit, atque illic hybernare: vel si id non poterit, in flumen DuinŠ, quo mature satis pertinget, atque ita primo vere proximo in itinere progredi. Vnum est qu˛d suo loco oblitus sum. [Sidenote: Carrah Colmakest Cathaya.] Qui locum illum Yaks Olgush incolunt, Ó maioribus suis olim prŠdicatum asserunt, se in lacu Kitthayo dulcissimam campanarum harmoniam audiuisse, atque ampla Šdificia conspexisse: Et c¨m gentis Carrah Colmak mentionem faciunt (Cathaya illa est) ab imo pectore suspiria repetunt manibusque proiectis suspiciunt in coelum, velut insignem illius splendorem innuentes atque admirantes. Vtinam Alferius hic Cosmographiam melius saperet, multum ad illius vsum adiungeret, qui sanŔ plurimus est. Multa prŠtereo, vir amicissime, ipsumque hominem te audire cupio, qui mihi spospondit se in itinere Duisburgi te visurum. Auet enim tecum conferre sermones, et procul dubio hominem multum adiuueris. Satis instructus videtur pecunia et gratia, in quibus alijsque officijs amicitiŠ feci illi, si vellet, mei copiam. Deus Optimus maximus hominis votis atque alacritati faueat, initia secundet, successus fortunet, exitum foelicissimum concedat. Vale amice ac Domine singularis.
Arusburgi ad Ossellam fluuium 20. Februarij 1581.
Tuus quantus quantus sum Ioannes Balakus.
The same in English.
To the famous and renowned Gerardus Mercator, his Reuerend and singular friend at Duisburgh in Clieueland, these be deliuered.
Calling to remembrance (most deare Friend) what exceeding delight you tooke at our being together, in reading the Geographicall writings of Homer, Strabo, Aristotle, Plinie, Dion, and the rest, I reioyced not a little that I happened vpon such a messenger as the bearer of these presents, (whom I do especially recommend vnto you) who arriued lately here at Arusburg vpon the riuer of Osella. This mans experience (as I am of dpinion) will greatly auaile you to the knowledge of a certaine matter which hath bene by you so vehemently desired, and so curiously laboured for, and concerning the which the late Cosmographers do hold such varietie of opinions: namely, of the discouerie of the huge promontorie of Tabin, and of the famous and rich countreys subiect vnto the Emperor of Cathay and that by the Northeast Ocean sea. [Sidenote: Two ships built vpon the riuer of Dwina for the Northeast discouerie.] The man is called Alferius [Marginal note: Or Oliuer.] being by birth a Netherlander, who for certaine yeeres liued captiue in the dominions of Russia vnder two famous men Yacouius and Vnekius, by whom he was sent to Antwerp to procure skilfull Pilots and Mariners, (by propounding liberall rewards) to go vnto the two famous personages aforesayd, which two had set a Sweden Shipwright on worke to build two ships for the same discouerie vpon the riuer of Dwina. The passage vnto Cathay by the Northeast (as he declareth the matter, albeit without arte, yet very aptly, as you may well perceiue, which I request you diligently to consider) is without doubt very short and easie. This very man himselfe hath trauelled to the riuer of Ob, both by land, through the countreys of the Samoeds, and of Sibier, and also by Sea, along the coast of the riuer Pechora Eastward. Being encouraged by this his experience he is fully resolued with himselfe to conduct a Barke laden with merchandize (the keele whereof hee will not haue to drawe ouer much water) to the Baie of Saint Nicholas in Russia, being furnished with all things expedient for such a discouerie, and with a new supply of victuals at his arriuall there, and also to hire into his companie certaine Russes best knowen vnto himselfe, who can perfectly speake the Samoeds language, and are acquainted with the riuer of Ob, as hauing frequented those places yeere by yeere.
[Sidenote: The Island of Dolgoia.] Whereupon about the ende of May hee is determined to saile from the Baie of S. Nicholas Eastward, by the maine of Ioughoria, and so to the Easterly parts of Pechora, and to the Island which is called Dolgoia. And here also hee is purposed to obserue the latitudes, to suruey and describe the countrey, to sound the depth of the Sea, and to note the distances of places, where, and so oft as occasion shall be offered. And forasmuch as the Baie of Pechora is a most conuenient place both for harbour and victuall, as well in their going foorth as in their returne home in regard of Ice and tempest, he is determined to bestow a day in sounding the Flats, and in searching out the best entrance for ships: in which place heretofore he found the water to be but fiue foote deepe, howbeit he doubteth not but that there are deeper chanels: [Sidenote: The Island of Vaigats. A Baie betweene Vaigats and Ob trending Southerly.] and then hee intendeth to proceed on along those coasts for the space of three or foure leagues, leauing the Island called Vaigats almost in the middle way betweene Vgoria and Noua Zembla: then also to passe by a certaine Baie betweene Vaigats and Ob, trending Southerly into the land of Vgoria, whereinto fall two small riuers called Marmesia and Carah [Marginal note: Or, Naramsey and Cara Reca.], vpon the which riuers doe inhabite an other barbarous and sauage nation of the Samoeds. He found many Flats in that tract of land, and many cataracts or ouerfals of water, yet such as hee was able to saile by. When hee shall come to the riuer of Ob, which riuer (as the Samoeds report) hath seuentie mouthes, which by reason of the huge breadth thereof containing many and great Islands, which are inhabited with sundry sortes of people, no man scarcely can well disouer, because he will not spend too much time, he purposeth to search three or foure at the most of the mouthes thereof, those chiefly which shall be thought most commodious by the aduise of the inhabitants, of whom hee meaneth to haue certaine with him in his voyage, and meaneth to employ three or foure boates of that Countrey in search of these mouthes, as neere as possibly he can to the shore, which within three dayes iourney of the Sea is inhabited, that he may learne where the riuer is best nauigabie. [Sidenote: The place vpon the riuer Ob, where he was but 12. dayes iourney from the mouthes thereof and is called Yaks Olgush.] If it so fall out that he may sayle vp the riuer Ob against the stream, and mount vp to that place which heretofore accompanied with certaine of his friends, he passed vnto by land through the countrey of Siberia which is about twelue dayes iourney from the Sea, where the riuer Ob falleth into the Sea, which place is in the Continent neere the riuer Ob, and is called Yaks Olgush, borowing his name from that mightie riuer which falleth into the riuer Ob, then doubtlesse hee would conceiue full hope that hee had passed the greatest difficulties: for the people dwelling thereabout report, which were three dayes sayling onely from that place beyond the riuer Ob, whereby the bredth thereof may be gathered (which is a rare matter there, because that many rowing with their boates of leather one dayes iourney onely from the shore, haue bene cast away in tempest, hauing no skill to guide themselues neither by Sunne nor Starre) that they haue seene great vessels laden with rich and precious merchandize brought downe that great riuer by blacke or swart people. [Sidenote: M. Ienkinson in his voyage to Boghar speaketh of the riuer Ardok.] They call that riuer Ardoh, which falleth into the lake of Kittay, which they call Paraha, whereupon bordereth that mighty and large nation which they call Carrah Colmak, which is none other then the nation of Cathay. There, if neede require, he may fitly Winter and refresh himselfe and his, and seeke all things which he shall stand in need of: which if it so fall out, he doubteth not but in the meane while he shall be much furthered in searching and learning out many things in that place. Howbeit, he hopeth that hee shall reach to Cathaya that very Sommer, vnlesse he be hindered by great abundance of Ice at the mouth of the riuer of Ob, which is sometimes more, and sometimes lesse. If it so fall out, he then purposeth to returne to Pechora, and there to Winter: or if he cannot doe so neither, then hee meaneth to returne to the riuer of Dwina, whither he will reach in good time enough, and so the next Spring following to proceed on his voyage. One thing in due place I forgate before.
The people which dwell at that place called Yaks Olgush, affirme that they haue heard their forefathers say, that they haue heard most sweete harmonie of bels in the lake of Kitthay, and that they haue seene therein stately and large buildings: and when they make mention of the people named Currah Colmak (this countrey is Cathay) they fetch deepe sighes, and holding vp their hands, they looke vp to heauen, signifying as it were, and declaring the notable glory and magnificence of that nation. I would this Oliuer were better seen in Cosmographie, it would greatly further his experience, which doubtlesse is very great. Most deare friend, I omit many things, and I wish you should heare the man himselfe which promised mee faithfully that he would visite you in this way at Duisburg, for he desireth to conferre with you, and doubtlesse you shall very much further, the man. He seemeth sufficiently furnished with money and friends, wherein and in other offices of curtesie I offered him my furtherance if it had pleased him to haue vsed me. The Lord prosper the mans desires and forwardnesse, blesse his good beginnings, further his proceedings, and grant vnto him most happy issue. Fare you well good sir and my singular friend. From Arusburg vpon the riuer of Ossella, the 20. of February, 1581.
Yours wholly at commandement,
Iohn Balak
Master Anthonie Ienkinson in a disputation before her Maiestie with sir Humfrey Gilbert for proofe of a passage by the Northeast to Cathaya, among other things alleageth this: videlicet, that there came a continuall streame or currant through Mare glaciale, of such swiftnesse as a Colmak told him, that if you cast any thing therein, it would presently be caried out of sight towards the West, &c.
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A testimonie of the Northeasterne Discouerie made by the English, and of the profite that may arise by pursuing the same: taken out of the second volume of Nauigations and Voyages, fol. 17. of the notable Cosmographer M. Iohn Baptista Ramusius, Secretaire to the State of Venice: Written in Italian in the yeere, 1557.
D'alla parte poi di sotto la nostra Tramontana, che chiascuno scrittore et Cosmographo di questi et de passati tempi fin'hora vi ha messo e mette mare congelato, et che la terra corra continuamente fino a 90. gradi verso il Polo: sopro questa mappa-mondo all' incontro si vede che la terra vÓ solamente vn poco sopra la Noruega et Suetia, e voltando corre poi Greco e Leuante nel paese della Moscouta et Rossia, et vÓ diritto al Cataio. Et che cio sia la veritÓ, le nauigationi che hanno fatte gl' Inglesi con le loro naui, volendo andare Ó scoprire il Cataio al tempo del Re Odoardo Sesto d'Inghilterra, questi anni passati, ne possono far vera testimonianza: perche nel mezzo del loro viaggio, capitate per fortuna a i liti di Moscouia doue trouarano all' hora regnare Giouanni Vasiliuich Imperatore della Rossia e gran Duca di Moscouia, il quale con molto piacere e marauiglia vedutogli, fece grandissime carezze, hanno trouato quel mare essere nauigabile, e non agghiacciato. La qual nauigatione (ancor che con l'esito fin hora non sia stata bene intesa) se col spesso frequentarla et col lungo vso et cognitione de que' mari si continuerÓ, Ŕ per fare grandissima mutatione et riuolgimento nelle cose di questa nostra parte del mondo.
The same in English.
Moreouer (hauing before spoken of diuers particularities, in an excellent Map of Paulus Venetus) on that part subiect to our North pole, where euery writer and Cosmographer of these and of former times hitherto, haue, and doe place the frozen Sea, and that the land stretcheth continually to 90. degress, towards the pole: contrarywise, in this mappe is to bee seene, that the land extendeth onely a litle aboue Norway and Swethland, and then turning it selfe trendeth afterwards towards the Southeast and by East, vnto the countrey of Moscouie and Russia, and stretcheth directly vnto Cathay. And that this is true, the nauigations which the English men haue of late made, intending to discouer Cathay, in the time of Edward the sixt, king of England, are very sufficient witnesses. For in the mids of their voiage, lighting by chance vpon the coast of Moscouie (where they found then reigning Iohn Vasiliwich Emperor of Russia, and great Duke of Moscouia, who after he had, to his great delight and admiration, seene the English men, entertained them with exceeding great curtesies) found this sea to be nauigable, and not frozen.
[Sidenote: The great hope of the Northeastern dicouerie.] Which nauigation to Cathay, although it be not as yet throughly knowen, yet if with often frequenting the same, and by long vse and knowledge of those seas it bee continued it is like to make a wonderfull change and reuolution in the state of this our port of the world.
* * * * *
The testimonie of Gerardus Mercator in his last large Mappe of Europe, touching the notable discoueries of the English, made of Moscouie by the Northeast.
Magnam occasionem certamque rationem emendandŠ EuropŠ nobis attulit celeberrima Angloram per Cronium mare nauigatio: quŠ littora Septentrionalia Finlappie MoscouiŠque iuxta coeli situm, mundÝque plagas digesta habet. Exacta etiam vrbis MoscuŠ latitudo ab Anglis obseruata, interiorum Regionum emendati¨s describendarum infallibilem legem prŠscripsit: Quibus oblatis adminiculis pulcherrimis, iniquum putaui tabulam hanc castigatiorem non reddere.
The same in English.
The most famous nauigation of the English men by the Northeast sea hath offered vnto me a great occasion, and certaine direction for the reformation of the mappe of Europe: which discouerie hath the Northerne parts of Finmarke, Lapland, and Moscouie, laied out according to the iust eleuation and the quarters of the world. And further, the true obseruation of the latitude of the city of Mosco, made by the foresaid Englishmen, hath yeelded me an infallible rule, for the correcting of the situation of the inland countries: which notable helps being ministred vnto me, I thought it my duetie to exhibite to the world this Mappe, more exact and perfect then hitherto it hath bene published.
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Another testimonie of Ioannes Metellus Sequanus concerning the same Nauigation and Discouerie in his preface prefixed before Osorius de rebus gestis Emanuelis Regis PortugalliŠ. written about the yeere, 1574.
At ne omnis, vnis Hispanis, Oceani maris gloria totßque concederetur, Britanni Septentriones noua in Moscouiam nauigatione, ab hinc annis viginti plus min¨s illustrarunt. Nam bellis Sueticis Ó Moscouitarum, NaruŠque LiuoniŠ exclusi commercio, iter ad illos Oceano, hinc NoruegiŠ, FinmarchiŠ, LappiŠ, ScricfinniŠ, BiarmiŠque; illinc GroenlandiŠ littora prŠteruecti, vltrÓ Septuagesimum latitudinis Aquilonaris gradum sibi patefaciunt. Quam nauigationem BelgŠ posteÓ, non sine tamen cum ijsdem Britannis velitatione, sunt secuti. E˛ vehunt argenti veteris fragmenta, lineßsque vestes propŔ detritas, omnÝsque generis minutiores merces, ad vsum, cult˙mque corporis hominum vtriusque sexus, veluti lintea et byssea cingula, periscelides, crumenas, cultros, et id genus sexcenta. A Moschis autem pelles omnis generis pretiosas adferunt, et salmones salitos, fumˇque duratos.
The same in English.
But least all and the whole glory of discouering the Ocean sea should be ascribed to the Spaniards, the Englishmen about twentie yeeres past, by a new nauigation into Moscouie, discouered the Northeast partes. For they by reason of the warres of Swethland being hindered from the traffique of the Moscouites and of the Narue in Liefland, opened a passage for themselues by the Ocean sea, beyond the Northerne latitude of 70. degrees: hauing in their course on the one side the coastes of Norway, Finmark, Lapland, Scrickfin and Biarmia: On the other side the coast of Gronland. Which voyage the Hollanders afterwarde entred into, but not without some conflict with the English. They cary thither old plate and course linnen cloth, and all kind of small Mercerie wares, seruing for the apparelling of men and women, as linnen, and silke girdles, garters, purses, kniues, and many such like things. And they bring away from the Moscouites, all kinde of precious Furres, and Salmons salted and dried in the smoke.
END OF VOL. IV.
INDICES TO VOLS. II., III., & IV.
INDICES.
N.B.--The large print indicates that the _whole_ section refers to the subject mentioned.
VOL. II.
ALANIANS, Greek Christians ALBANIA described ALEPPO (Sultan of) attacked by Tartars ALMANS (Germans), mentioned ALTI (Soldan), mentioned AMBASSADORS received by Cuyne ANDREW, duke of Russia ANDREW, (Friar) visits the Caspian ANTIOCH taken by the French AQUILEIA (Patriarch of) attacks Tartars ARCTIC OCEAN visited by Tartars ARMENIANS attacked by Tartars ASCELLINUS (Friar) sent to Tartary ASSASSIN, origin of word ASSASSINI, a mountain tribe ASTAR, mentioned ASTRACAN, mentioned AUSTRIA (Duke of) attacks Tartars AZOV, mentioned AZOV, (Sea of)
BAATU. See _Bathy_ BADEN (Earl of) said to attack Tartars. BALDACH (Caliph of) attacked by Tartars--Mentioned BALDWIN OF HAINAULT, mentioned BAN, brother to Bathy, put to death BARCHIN besieged BARTHOLOMEW OF CREMONA accompanies Rubruquis to Tartary--Sent back by Bathy to Sartach. BATHY. His expedition--Carpini sent to him--His power--Receives Carpini-- Revisited by Carpini--Mentioned--His wives--His reception of Rubruquis BEARS, mentioned BEAUVAIS (Vincent of), see _Beluacensis_ BELUACENSIS (V.), quoted--note on BENEDICT (Friar) accompanies J. de Piano Carpini BERTA, mentioned BISERSMINIA, mentioned BLACK SEA. See _Pontus Euximus_ BOHEMIA, mentioned BOHEMIA (King of) attacks Tartars BOLAC, mentioned BOLESAUS, Duke of Silesia BORISTHENES. See _Dnieper_ BULGARIA (Greater). BULGARIA (Minor). BURUTABETH, mentioned.
CAESARIA, mentioned. CAILAC, mentioned. CANGLE, mentioned. CARA CARUM, mentioned. CARINTHIA (Duke of) attacks Tartars. CARPINI, JOANNES DE PLANO: HIS EMBASSY FROM INNOCENT IV. TO THE TARTARS-- Sent to Tartary--Crosses Bohemia--Poland--Russia--Visits Boleslaus-- Conrad--Wasilico--Taken ill--His mission--Received by Bathy--Travels through Commania and land of Kangittae--Biserminia--Reaches the court of Cuyne--His reception--Receives letters from Cuyne--Dismissed--His return home--Mentioned CASPIAN Sea, mentioned CATHAY, mentioned. CAUCASUS, mentioned CHINGAY, mentioned CHINGIS KHAN. His origin--Defeated by Mongols--Defeats the Nestorians-- Defeats Kytai--Named Emperor--Attacks the Kirghis and the TroglodytŠ-- His laws--His death CLOTH, the chief merchandise in Tartary COIAT, Sartach's Historiographer COMANI defeated by Thosut Khan--Their customs COMMANIA described CON KHAN, ruler of Kara-Katay CONRAD, duke of Mazovia CONSTANTINOPLE, mentioned CORRENSA COSMOS, the Tartar drink CRACOW, mentioned CRIT, a nomad tribe CUYNE--Entertains Carpini--Elected Emperor--His appearance--Receives ambassadors--Parts from his mother--Avenges his father's death-- Dissembles CYRPODANIS, his expedition
DERBENT, mentioned DEURUM (Soldan), attacked by the Tartars DNIEPER (river), mentioned DON (river), mentioned
ELDEGAY, mentioned ENGLISHMAN, extraordinary confession of an ERIVAN (lake), mentioned
FRA PAOLO, mentioned FROBISHER (M.), quoted
GASARIA, see CŠsaria GEORGIA, attacked by Tartars, mentioned GERMANY, mentioned GOSET accompanies Rubruquis, Sent back by Bathy GOTHS, mercenaries GUYDO, governor of Trebizond
HAYTHON (Bishop), mentioned HUNGARIANS at the Court of Bathy, Descended from the Huns HUNGARY, mentioned
IAEC, see _Rhymuus_ IEROSLAUS, Duke of Russia IEROSLAUS, Duke of Susdal INDIA, attacked by Tartars INNOCENT IV. sends a mission to Tartary ISIDORE, quoted IUGURES, idolaters
JERUSALEM, mentioned JERUSALEM (Knights of), conquer Prussia
KADAC, mentioned KANGITTĂ, mentioned KENCHAT, mentioned KEN KHAN, mentioned KERSOVA, see _Kertch_ KERTCH, mentioned KIEV, mentioned KIRGHIS, mentioned KYTAI, resist Chingis Khan--Use silver for missiles--Conquered--Mentioned --Make war against the besiegers of Antioch
LANGA, mentioned LENA DELTA, mentioned LESGI, a tribe of Saracens
MĂOTIS (lake), mentioned MANCHERULE (Manchu), mentioned MANGU KHAN, mentioned MATRIGA, see _Azov_ MELVILLE, chief engineer of "Jeannette", quoted MERKIT, see _Crit_ MICHAEAS the malicious MICHAEL, Duke of Russia, martyred by the Tartars MOAL, a name of the Tartars MONSTERS, mentioned MORDUANS attacked--mentioned MOXEL, subjects of Sartach MUC, an eastern nation
NAYMANI, mentioned NEPER, see _Dnieper_ NESTORIANS defeated by Chingis Khan NEUSTADT, mentioned NICHOLAS (servant to Rubruquis)
OCCADAY-KHAN Builds Omyl--Succeeds Chingis--The manner of his death OMYL built ORDU (duke) mentioned ORGANUM, the land of Mangu Khan ORNA attacked
PASCATIR, mentioned PARIS (MATTHEW), extract from PAROSITAE, mentioned PEREKOP (Isthmus) POLAND, mentioned PONTUS EUXIMUS, mentioned PRESTER JOHN defeats Tartars--Chief of Nestorians--His country PRUSSIA, mentioned
RHA, see _Volga_ RHYMNUS (river), mentioned RUBRUQUIS (W. de). HIS VOYAGE TO TARTARY--Reaches Soldaia--Travels over Isthmus of Perekop--Reaches Tartary--Is imposed upon--Visits the Court of Scacati--Passes through Comania-- Crosses the Don--Reaches the Court of Sartach--Is received by him--Is forwarded to Bathy--Reaches the Volga--Visits the Court of Bathy--Sent on to Mangu Khan--Visits the Iugures RUSSIA, _passim_
SAINT CLEMENT, his martyrdom SAINT QUENTIN (Simon of), quoted SALT PITS, mentioned SAMOYEDS, mentioned SARPI (Paul), see _Fra Paolo_ SARTACH, mentioned--His country--Receives Rubruquis SCACATI, kinsman of Bathy--His court--Gives Rubruquis a guide SILESIA, mentioned SIMFEROPOL, mentioned SOLANGA, mentioned SOLDAIA, see _Simferopol_ SOLONIA, mentioned SUN, fable as to its rising SYNOPOLIS, mentioned SYRA ORDA, mentioned
TALAS, mentioned TANAIS, see _Don_ TANGUT, mentioned TARTARS, their barbarous demeanour, _passim_--Attack Neustadt--Driven back by Christian princes--J. DE PLANO CARPINI'S ACCOUNT OF THEM--Their appearance--Marriages--Clothing--Dwellings--Religious ceremonies-- Crimes and laws--Worship the moon--Funeral rites--Compared with those of Florida--Virtues and Vices--W. DE RUBRUQUIS'S ACCOUNT OF THEM-- Defeated by Prester John--Meet with Monsters Their leaders--Ill treatment of Ambassadors--attack Bulgaria--Hungary--The ParossitŠ--The Samoyeds, Armenia. Georgia--Soldan Deurum--Sultan of Aleppo--Caliph of Baldach, Military tactics--Mode of crossing rivers--Their bad faith-- Their conquests--Their plans of conquest--How to resist them--Their fodder, Mode of saluting Princes--Their way of drinking--Their carts-- Their beds Their food--Their mode of wearing their hair--Their women-- Their yearly migrations--Their manner of writing TARTARY, Description of--Political divisions TAURICA CHERSONESUS TEREK (river), mentioned THIBET, mentioned THOSSUT KHAN defeats Comani TIRBON (Prince), mentioned TRAPEZUNDA, see _Trebizond_ TREBIZOND mentioned TROGLODYTĂ, mentioned TURGEMANNUS accompanies Rubruquis
VALAKIA, mentioned VASTACIUS, mentioned VENETUS (Paulus). See _Fra Paolo_ VOLGA (river), mentioned VUT KHAN, brother of Prester John
WASILICO, duke of Russia
YUO OF NARBONA. EPISTLE TO ARCHBISHOP OF BORDEAUX
ZIKIA, mentioned
INDEX TO VOL. III.
ABERDOUR BAY, Wreck of the Edward Bonaventure in ADAMS (Clement), mentioned--HIS ACCOUNT OF SIR HUGH WILLOUGHBY'S EXPEDITION ĂGELAND, mentioned