Libro di

Odoardo Barbosa Portoghese, fol. 413-417. Also in “Coasts of East Africa and Malabar,” published for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1866.—Barbosa quotes the prices of many drugs found in 1511-1516 at Calicut. An abstract of this interesting list will be found in Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie. Halle, 1876, 15.

See pages 43. 241. 405. 521. 595. 600. 644. 672. 675. 717.

=Batutah.= Abu Abdallah Mohammed ... Allawati Aththangi, called Ibn Batuta, of Tangier, in Morocco. 1303-1377. The greatest of the Arabic travellers; he visited the east as far as the Caspian regions, Delhi, Java, and Pekin, and also Northern Africa as far as Timbuktu.—_Voyages_ d’Ibn Batouta, texte arabe accompagné d’une traduction par C. Defrémerie et B. R. Sanguinetti. 2 vols. Paris. 1853-1854.

See pages 404. 511. 521. 577. 669. 672.

=Bauhin=, Caspar, 1560-1624, professor of anatomy and botany in the University of Basel. See Hess, J. W. Kaspar Bauhin’s Leben und Charakter. Basel, 1860. 72 pages.—_Pinax_ theatri botanici. Basileæ, 1623.

See pages 31. 86. 388. 429. 439. 731. 740.

=Belon=, Pierre, 1517-1564, called Belon “du Mans,” with reference to his native country near Le Mans, in the ancient province of Maine, France. He travelled in the Levant from 1546 to 1549, and wrote Les observations de plvsievrs _singvlaritez_ et choses memorables, trouuées en Grèce, Asie, Iudée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays estranges. Paris, 1553.

See pages 175. 222. 254. 598. 615.

=Benedictus Crispus= (Benedetto Crespo), A.D. 681, Archbishop of Milan, died in 725 or 735.—_Commentarium_ medicinale, ed. by Ullrich, 1835, a small pamphlet consisting of 241 verses, in which a few drugs are alluded to.

See pages 282. 463. 493.

=Bock=—See =Tragus=.

=Brunfels=, Otto, 1488-1534, originally a Carthusian friar, then a schoolmaster at Strassburg, author of several pamphlets against Catholicism; doctor of medicine, and lastly physician to the republic of Bern. His great work—Herbarum vivæ _eicones_, etc., 3 vol., Strassburg, 1530, 1531, 1536, containing 229 partly excellent woodcuts of plants occurring near Strassburg—is the earliest instance of good botanical figures.—See Flückiger, _Otto Brunfels_, in the Archiv der Pharmacie, vol. _212_ (1878) 493-514.

See pages 170. 388. 439. 694.

=Brunschwyg=, Hieronymus, a surgeon living at Strassburg apparently towards the end of the 15th century. His “_Liber de arte distillandi_ de simplicibus, Das buch der rechten kunst zu distilieren....” Strassburg, 1500, with figures, was subsequently brought out in numerous editions and translations. In English: The noble handy work of surgery and of destillation. Southwark, 1525, fol., and The vertuose boke of distillacyon of the waters of all manner of herbes, translate out of duyche. London, 1527, fol.—See Choulant, Graphische Incunabeln für Naturgeschichte und Medicin, 1858-75.

See pages 170. 456.

=Camellus= or =Camelli=—See =Kamel=.

=Camerarius=, Joachim, 1534-1598, physician at Nürnberg. _Hortus medicus et philosophicus._ Francofurti, 1588. See _Irmisch_, Über einige Botaniker des 16ᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhunderts. Sondershausen, 1862, 4°. p. 39.

See pages 384. 390. 474.

=Cato=, Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius, 234-149 b.c. In the book _De re rustica_, the earliest agricultural work in Roman literature, Cato treats of many useful plants, the complete list of which will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik, i. 342. We have usually referred to _Nisard’s_ edition in “Les Agronomes latins,” Paris, 1877.

See pages 172. 245. 269. 289. 329. 627.

=Celsus=, Aulus Cornelius; about 25 B.C. to A.D. 50.—A. Cornelii Celsi de medicina libri octo, ed. C. Daremberg. Lipsiæ, 1859. The list of useful plants mentioned by him will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik, ii. 17.

See pages 35. 43. 179. 234. 291. 439. 493. 677. 680.

=Charaka=, _i.e._ book of health. An old Sanskrit work, analogous to Susruta’s Ayurvedas (see Susruta), yet reputed in India to be older than the latter. Charaka is now being published, since 1868, at Calcutta, and also at Bombay, but is not yet translated in any modern idiom. There are Arabic versions of the end of the 8th century, as stated by Albirûnî in the 11th century, and by Ibn Baitar (see B.) For further particulars consult Roth, _Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, xxvi. (1872) 441 sqq.

=Charlemagne=, the great Emperor, 768-814. He ordered, in 812, by the “_Capitulare_ de villis et cortis imperialibus,” a considerable number of useful plants to be cultivated in the imperial farms. Several other plants are also mentioned, for similar purpose, in the Emperor’s “_Breviarium_ rerum fiscalium.” A full account of both these remarkable documents will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik, iii. 401-412. See also B. Guérard, Explication du Capitulaire de Villis; Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes, IV. (1853) 201-247. 313-350. and 346-572.

See pages 92. 98. 172. 179. 245. 269. 308. 329. 488. 542. 545. 627.

=Chordadbeh=—See =Khurdadbah=.

=Circa instans=—See =Platearius=.

=Clusius=, Charles de l’Escluse, born at Arras, in the north of France, A.D. 1526; died A.D. 1609. He lived at Marburg, Wittenberg, Frankfurt, Strassburg, Lyons, Montpellier; travelled in Spain and Portugal; paid, in 1571, a visit to London, and again in a later year. Clusius was, from 1573 to 1587, the director of the imperial gardens at Vienna, and from 1593 to 1609 professor of botany in the University of Leiden. Among the works of this eminent man the most important, from a pharmaceutical point of view, are: 1. Aliquot _notæ_ in Garciæ aromatum historiam. Antverpiæ, 1582. 2. _Rariorum plantarum historia._ Antv., 1601. 3. _Exoticorum libri decem._ Antv., 1605.—See Morren, Charles de l’Ecluse, sa vie et ses œuvres. Liége, Boverie, No. 1, 1875, 59 pp.

See pages 17. 21. 73. 83. 96. 202. 211. 254. 272. 287. 390. 401. 425. 429. 453. 521. 589. 648. 657.

=Collectio Salernitana=—See =Alphita=.

=Columella=, Lucius Junius Moderatus. Born at Cadiz; he wrote between A.D. 35 and 65 the most valuable agricultural work of the Roman literature: “_De re rustica_ libri xii.” It has been translated by _Nisard_, together with Columella’s book, “_De arboribus_,” for Firmin Didot’s “Agronomes latins.” Paris, 1877. The list of the numerous plants mentioned by Columella will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik ii., 68.

See pages 97. 245. 664.

=Constantinus Africanus=. Born at Carthage in the second half of the 10th century. A physician who spent his life in travels in the east and in studies in the medical school at Salerno (see S.), and in the famous Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino; died A.D. 1106. He transmitted the medical knowledge of the Arabs to the school of Salerno, of which he may be called the most distinguished fellow. See _Steinschneider_ in _Virchow’s Archiv für patholog. Anatomie und Physiologie_, 37 (1866) 351; and in _Rohlfs’_ Archiv für Geschichte der Medicin, 1879, 1-22. Steinschneider shows that Constantin’s work, De Gradibus, is chiefly based on that of _Ibn-al-Djazzâr_, who died about A.D. 1004.

See pages 130. 211. 377. 494. 573. 584. 600.

=Conti=, Niccolò dei. A Venetian merchant, who spent 25 years (from 1419 to 1444?) in India. His interesting accounts are by far the most valuable of that period. They have been published for the Hakluyt Society (ed. by Major): India in the 15th century, Lond., 1857, 39 pp. A still more valuable edition and translation is due to Kunstmann: Kenntniss Indiens im 15ᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhunderte. München, 1863. 66 pp.

See pages 282. 521. 577. 582. 636.

=Cordus=, Valerius. Born A.D. 1515 at Erfurt, professor of materia medica in the University of Wittenberg, then the most eminent man in that science. After his premature death, at Rome, in 1544, his works were published by _Conrad Gesner_, in a large volume printed in 1561 at Strassburg. It contains: (1) Valerii Cordi _Annotationes_ in Dioscoridem; (2) _Historiæ stirpium_ libri iv.; (3) De artificiosis _Extractionibus_, and several other papers of V. Cordus, besides the most remarkable book, _De Hortis Germaniæ_, by _Conrad Gesner_ himself. A very careful biographic notice on _Cordus_ is due to Irmisch, Einige Botaniker des 16 Jahrhunderts ... Sondershausen, 1862. 4°. pp. 1-34.

See pages 31. 148. 170. 248. 260. 429. 526. 580. 644. 648. 650. 661. 713. 733. 737.

=Cosmas=—See =Kosmas=.

=Crescenzi=, Piero de’, 1235-1320. He wrote, about A.D. 1304-1306, at Bologna, an esteemed book on agriculture, which was repeatedly printed towards the end of the 15th century, for instance, Opus _ruralium commodorum_ Petri de Crescentiis, Argentine, 1486. There are numerous later translations and editions.

See pages 6. 157. 180. 661.

=Dale=, Samuel, a physician in London, 1659-1739. _Pharmacologia_ seu manuductio ad Materiam medicam. Lond., 1693, 12mo.

See pages 592. 615. 616. 648. 681. 731.

=Dioscorides=, Pedanios, of Anazarba, in Cilicia, Asia Minor. He wrote, about A.D. 77 or 78, his great work on materia medica, the most valuable source of information on the botany of the ancients.

See pages 6. 35. 43. 92. 97. 147. 161. 166. 172. 175. 179. 183. 234. 262. 276. 291. 292. 305. 310. 321. 325. 328. 331. 377. 384. 388. 434. 439. 464. 486. 493. 503. 519. 529. 556. 558. 567. 568. 581. 594. 609. 627. 638. 644. 655. 661. 664. 672. 675. 677. 680. 690. 699. 715. 723. 728. 729. 733.

=Dodonæus=, Rembert Dodoens, 1517-1585, physician at Malines, Belgium.

See pages 303. 388. 439. 699. 729. 731.

=Edrisi=, or Alidrisi, an Arab nobleman, born about A.D. 1099 in Spain, living at King Roger’s court, Palermo, where he compiled, in 1153, his remarkable geographical work. It summarizes all the earlier geographic literature of the Arabs, adding much valuable information gathered by the author from merchants and other travellers.—_Géographie_ d’Edrisi, traduite en français, par P. Amedée Jaubert, 2 vols. Paris, 1836-1840. _Description_ de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne, trad. par Dozy. Leyde, 1866.

See pages 115. 305. 316. 494. 503. 577. 584. 642. 644. 680.

=Fernandez=, latinized =Ferrandus=. Born at Madrid 1478. From 1514 to 1525 he was “veedor de las fundiciones do oro de Tierra-firma in America,” _i.e._ superintendent of the foundries of gold in the American continent; died 1537 in Valladolid. _Historia general y natural de las Indias_ islas y tierra firme del mar oceano por el Capitan _Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés_, primer chronista del nuevo mundo. Publ. dal codice orig. y illustr. p. J. _Amador de los Rios_. This complete edition has been published in 4 vols., from 1853 to 1855, by the Academy of Madrid. We have not seen the earlier partial editions, viz. “_Summario_ de la natural y general Historia de las Indias,” Toledo, 1526, fol., “_Primera parte_ de la Historia natural y general de las Indias,” Sevilla, por _Cromberger_, 1535, fol.; nor “Cronica de las Indias,” 1547. See also Colmeiro, La Botanica y los Botánicos de la peninsula Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858, 26, No. 220 (_Fernandez_) and 149; also _Haller_, Bibl. botanica, i. 272, who calls him _Gundisalvus_ or _Gonsalvus Hernandez_. He is also quoted by others as _Oviedo_.

See pages 95. 101. 186. 213. 453. 466. 534.

=Fuchs=, Leonhard, 1501-1566, Professor of medicine in the University of Tübingen from 1535 to 1566, author of De _historia stirpium_ commentarii insignes.... Basileæ, 1542, fol., a work equally remarkable for the excellent woodcuts and the careful descriptions.

See pages 170. 429. 453. 456. 469. 652.

=Galenos=, Claudius Galenus Pergamenus, A.D. 131-200, a most distinguished medical writer, imperial physician at Rome. Many drugs and officinal plants are mentioned in his numerous works, which were held in the highest reputation during the middle ages.

See pages 35. 222. 268. 503. 519. 559. 609.

=Garcia=—See =Orta=.

=Gerarde=, John, 1545-1607, London, surgeon.—The _Herball_, or generall historie of plantes, 1597.

See pages 31. 71. 170. 218. 254. 268. 453. 459. 480. 486. 487. 537. 552. 568. 589. 611. 655. 661. 694. 700. 729.

=Gesner=, Conrad, 1516-1565, Zürich, the most learned naturalist of his time (See also Cordus).

See pages 299. 384. 390. 439. 456.

=Helvetius=, Jean-Claude-Adrien, 1661-1727, physician at Paris.

See pages 26. 371.

=Hernandez=, Francisco, physician to King Philip II. of Spain; he lived about the years 1561-1577 in Mexico.—Quatro libros de la naturaleza y virtutes de las plantas y animales que estan recevidos en el uso de medicina en la Nueva España.... Mexico, 1615.—We have only referred to Antonio Reccho’s translation: Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, rerum medicarum Novæ Hispaniæ _Thesaurus_. Romæ, 1651, fol. (first edition, 1628). Hernandez must not be confounded with _G. Fernandez de Oviedo_ (See _Fernandez_).

See pages 202. 206. 657.

=Hildegardis=, 1099-1179, the abbess of the Benedictine monastery St. Ruprechtsberg, near Bingen (“Pinguia”) on the Rhine. Her “_Physica_” one of the most interesting mediæval works of its kind, is contained in tom. cxcvii. (1855) 1117-1352 of _J. P. Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus_, under the name “Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum.... Liber i. De Plantis.

See pages 305. 378. 476. 512. 551. 584.

=Ibn Baitar=—See =Baitar=.

=Ibn Batuta=—See =Batuta=.

=Ibn Khordadbah=—See =Khurdadbah=.

=Idrisi=—See =Edrisi=.

=Isaac Judæus=, or Abu Jaqûb Ishaq ..., an Egyptian Jew, living at Kâirowan, in Northern Africa, as a physician to the prince of the Aglabites; died about A.D. 932-941. See Choulant, _Bücherkunde für die ältere Medicin_, 1841, 347; also Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. 170.

See pages 217. 225. 325. 377.

=Isidorus=, Hispalensis, Bishop of Sevilla, about A.D. 595-636, author of a great cyclopœdia, _Etymologiarum_ libri xx. We have referred to it in “Sancti Isidori Opera omnia,” in the vol. lxxxii. (1859) of J. P. Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus.

See pages 305. 380. 493. 529. 664.

=Istachri=, Abu Ishaq Alfarsi Alistachri (_i.e._ of Istachr, the ancient Persepolis, in the Persian province Fars). His geographical work has been translated (in the Transactions of the Academy of Ham) by Mordtmann: Das _Buch der Länder_ von Schech Ebn Ishak el Farsi el Isztachri. Hamburg, 1845.

See pages 316. 414. 716.

=Kamel= (or =Camellus=), George Joseph, born at Brünn, Moravia, A.D. 1661, a member of the company of Jesus A.D. 1682. By permission of his superiors, he left in 1688 for the Marianne islands and the Philippines. After having acquired a certain knowledge of botany and pharmacy, he established, at Manila, a pharmaceutical shop with the view of supplying medicaments gratis to the poor; he died there in 1706. Kamel communicated his botanical investigations to _Ray_ and _Petiver_ (see R.); consult also A. de _Backer_, Bibliothèque des Ecrivains de la compagnie de Jésus, iv. (Liége, 1858) 89.

See pages 148. 432.

=Kämpfer=, Engelbert. Born in 1651 at Lemgo, Westphalia; travelled as a physician in Persia (1683-1685), India, Java, Siam (1690), Japan (1690-1692); graduated in 1694 at Leiden, and died in 1716 at Lemgo. His work, _Amœnitatum_ exoticarum fasciculi v., Lemgo, 1712, was intended as a specimen of more elaborate accounts of the various observations of the well-informed and zealous author. But only a _History and description of Japan_ was published in German in 1777, by Dohm at Lemgo. Kämpfer’s unpublished manuscripts and collections were purchased, in 1753, by Sir Hans Sloane, for the British Museum.

See pages 20. 44. 167. 263. 272. 315. 512. 513. 527.

=Kazwini=, an Arabic geographer of the 13th century.—Ethé, Kazwini’s _Kosmographie_. Leipzig, 1869.

See pages 503. 521. 573.

=Khurdadbah= or Ibn-Chordadbeh, engaged, towards the end of the 9th century, in the police and postal administration of Mesopotamia, and collecting informations about the products and tributes of the empire of the Khalifes. They are translated by Barbier du Meynard: Le _livre des routes et des provinces_, par Ibn Khordadbeh. Journal asiatique, v. (1865) 227-296 and 446-527.

See pages 282. 512. 518. 573. 577. 642.

=Kosmas Alexandrinos Indikopleustes=, a Greek merchant, a friend of Alexander Trallianus (p. 752), living in Egypt, travelling in India, and lastly, towards the middle of the 6th century, a monk. His monstrous work, _Christiana topographia_, contains, nevertheless, a small amount of valuable information. We referred to it as contained in Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus, series græca, t. lxxxviii. (1850) 374.

See pages 281. 577. 599.

=Lefebvre= or Le Fèbre, Nicolas, 16..-1674, Paris (partly also London), “Apoticaire ordinaire du Roy, distillateur chymique de sa Majesté”—_Traité de la Chymie_, Paris, i. (1660) 375-377.

See pages 65. 381.

=Liber pontificalis= seu de gestis Romanorum pontificum. Romæ, 1724 (edition of _Vignolius_). A new edition will be brought out in the Monumenta Germaniæ.

See pages 137. 142. 281.

=Macer Floridus=, wrote, A.D. 1140, the book _De viribus herbarum_. The editio princeps was printed A.D. 1487 in Naples; the best edition is that of Choulant, Leipzig, 1832 (140 pages). Nothing exact is known about that author himself.

See pages 627. 642. 684.

=Marcellus Empiricus=, a high functionary of the two emperors Theodosius, towards the end of the 4th and in the beginning of the 5th centuries.—De _medicamentis_ empiricis, physicis ac rationalibus liber. Basileæ, 1536.

See pages 183. 729.

=Marcgraf=, Georg, 1610-1644, astronomer and geographer to Count Johann Moriz von Nassau. See Piso.

See pages 187. 211. 228. 371.

=Masudi=, or Almasudi, Maçoudi A.D. 900-958. Born at Bagdad, travelled in Arabia, India, and in the East of Africa. One of the distinguished geographic writers of the Arabs. His works are being published by the Société asiatique of Paris: _Les Prairies d’Or_, texte et traduction par Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille, 8 vols., 1869-1873 (in continuation).

See pages 503. 573. 584. 600. 680.

=Mattioli=, Pierandrea. Born in 1501 at Siena; living as a physician at Trento, Görz, Prag; died A.D. 1577. There are many editions of his chief work, _Commentarii_ in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medica materia. The first, in Italian, was published in 1544 at Venice.

See pages 32. 147. 183. 390. 439. 456. 609. 650.

=Meddygon Myddvai=—See =Physicians=.

=Mesuë=, the younger. Jahjâ ben Mâsaweih ben Ahmed.... Born at Maredin, Kurdistan, physician to the Khalif Alhakem at Cairo; died A.D. 1015.

See pages 40. 225. 493.

=Monardes=, Nicolás, 1493-1588, physician at Sevilla.—Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, que sirven en medicina. Sevilla, 1569. Latin edition by Clusius, _De simplicibus medicamentis_ ex occidentali India delatis, quorum in medicina usus est. Antwerp. 1574. See Hanbury’s appreciation of the book: Pharm. Journ. i. (1870) 298.

See pages 148. 202. 206. 443. 466. 534. 537. 697. 705.

=Mutis=, José Celestino, 1732-1808; 1760, physician to the viceroy of New Granada; 1782, in charge of an “expedicion real botanica” of that country. See Triana’s work, quoted at page 369. Triana much reduces, apparently with good reason, the merits of Mutis, which would appear to have been overrated by Humboldt.

See pages 106. 345.

=Nikandros Kolophonios=, of Klaros, near Kolophon in Ionia, in the 2nd century B.C. Physician and poet.

See page 6.

=Nostredame=, Michel de. Born 1503 at Saint-Remi, Provence. Physician and astrologer at Aix and Lyons; died A.D. 1566 at Salon, Provence.

See page 405.

=Oribasios Pergamenos=, a friend and physician to the emperor Julianus Apostata, 4th century. We referred chiefly to _Bussemaker_ et _Daremberg_, Oeuvres complètes d’_Oribasius_, 6 vols., 1851-1876.

See pages 35. 129. 175. 183. 222. 559. 729.

=Orta=, Garcia de, or Garcia ab Horto. (Years of birth and death unknown.) He was a student of medicine and natural sciences in the Universities of Salamanca and Alcalá, and a teacher and physician in the University of Coimbra (or Lissabon?). In 1534 Garcia accompanied Martim Affonso de Souza, grand admiral of the Indian fleet, to Goa, and lived there as a royal physician (Physico d’El Rey) to the hospital. Garcia appears to have been still living there in 1562, when he obtained the vice-regal privilege for his book “_Coloquios_ dos simples e drogas he cousas mediçinais da India, e assi dalguãs frutas achadas nella ande se tratam.... Impresso em Goa, por Joannes de endem as x de Abril de 1563,” 436 pp., 4°. (British Museum).—F. A. von Varnhagen has caused the Coloquios to be reprinted in 1872 at Lisbon. Garcia de Orta’s Coloquios are, notwithstanding the utterly diffused style of the work, a precious source of information on eastern drugs. They had the good chance to be translated, as early as the year 1567, by Clusius, who omitted the insignificant parts of the book, re-arranged it conveniently, and added valuable notes. See Flückiger in Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharmacie, xxv. (1876) 63-69.

See pages 43. 86. 130. 154. 200. 225. 241. 272. 405. 415. 429. 462. 512. 521. 527. 547. 585. 638. 644. 712.

=Oviedo=, Capitan Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés—See =Fernandez=.

=Palladius=, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus, an agricultural author of the 4th or 5th century of our era, living probably in northern Italy. We have chiefly referred to _Nisard’s_ edition of the fourteen books of Palladius “_De re rustica_,” which is contained in Firmin Didot’s “Les Agronomes latins,” Paris, 1877.

See page 328.

=Parkinson=, John, 1567-1629 (?), an apothecary of London, and director of the Royal Gardens at Hampton Court. _Theatrum botanicum_, or an herball of large extent.... London, 1640. fol.

See pages 84. 189. 287. 429. 469. 470. 500. 556. 589. 616. 623. 648. 698. 731.

=Paulus Ægineta= (Paulos Aiginetes), a physician of the first half of the 7th century of our era, who appears to have lived for some time at Alexandria. Author of “seven books” on medicine, which have been first published, in Greek, in 1528 at Venice, and, in Latin, in 1532 at Paris, translated by Winter (Guinterus) of Andernach: _Compendii_ medici libri septem. We have also referred to the translation of Adams.

See pages 3. 35. 175. 183. 271. 281. 559. 563.

=Pavon=, José, a Spanish botanist, who explored in common with Ruiz the flora of Peru. Biographic particulars about Pavon are wanting even in Colmeiro’s La botánica y los botánicos de la peninsula Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858. 181.

See pages 345. 590.

=Paxi= or =Pasi=, Bartolomeo di; the author of a curious book giving practical information about the weights and measures in use in various countries. There are many editions, the first of which, as examined in 1876 by one of us (F. A. F..) in the library of San Marco, Venice, is found to bear the following title:—“Qui comincia la utilissima opera chiamata _Taripha_, la qvol tracta de ogni sorte de pexi e misure conrispondenti per tuto il mondo fata e composta per lo excelente e eximio Miser Bartholomeo di _Paxi_ da Venezia. Stampado in uenezia per Albertin da lisona uercellese regnante l inclyto principe miser Leonardo Loredano. Anno domini 1503. A di 26 del mese de luio.”

See pages 235. 609.

=Peres=—See =Pires=.

=Periplus Maris Erythræi=, a survey of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean as far as the coast of Malabar. In his interesting account, written about between A.D. 54 and 68, the author, commonly called Arrian of Alexandria, gives a list of imports and exports of the various places which he had visited or of which he had good informations. See _Vincent_, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, etc. London, vol. i. (1800), ii. (1805); also C. _Müller_, Geographi græci minores, i. (Paris, 1855) 257-305. Anonymi (_Arriani_ ut fertur) Periplus maris erythræi.

See pages 35. 142. 272. 493. 520. 529. 577. 599. 664. 675. 680. 715.

=Physicians of Myddvai= (Meddygon Myddfai). Rhys Gryg (_i.e._ the Hoarse), prince of South Wales (died in 1233 at Llandeilo Vawr), had his domestic physician, namely Rhiwallon, who was assisted by his three sons Cadwgan, Gruffydd, Einion, from a place called Myddvai, in the present county of Caermarthen. They made a collection of recipes, the original manuscript of which is in the British Museum. Another collection has been compiled, from the original sources, by Howel the Physician, son of Rhys, son of Llewelyn, son of Philip the Physician, a lineal descendant of Einion, the son of Rhiwallon. Both these compilations have been published at Llandovery in 1861, together with a translation, by John Pughe, under the above title (470 pp.)

See pages 6. 40. 65. 71. 141. 157. 161. 170. 180. 299. 305. 310. 316. 334. 380. 383. 393. 401. 450. 464. 469. 476. 488. 556. 625. 635. 642. 652.

=Pires=, Tomé (or Pyres, Pirez, as he also writes his name himself), a Portuguese apothecary. He was the first ambassador sent, probably in 1511, from Europe, or at least from Portugal, to China. Pires addressed, in 1512-1516, several letters from Cochin and Malacca to the Admiral Affonso d’Albuquerque and to King Manuel of Portugal. One of them, written January 27, 1516, from Cochin to the King, enumerates many drugs which were to be met with in that place—“dando l-lhe noticias das drogas da India,” says the writer. This letter, still existing in the Real y Nacional Archivo da Torre do Tombo (corpo chronologico,