CHAPTER VII

CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES (1096-1291 A.D.) 467

Moral effects, 468. Political effects, 469. Influence upon commerce, 471. Enrichment of cities, 472. Colonisation, 472. Influence on industry, 474. The masons organise, 475. Gothic architecture, 476. Sculpture and painting, 476. Herder’s opinion of the Crusades, 477. Gibbon on the results of the Crusades, 479.

APPENDIX

FEUDALISM (800-1450 A.D.) 481

Bryce and Hegel on feudalism, 482. Commencement of the feudal régime, 483. Reciprocal obligations of vassal and lord, 484. Feudal justice, 485. Ecclesiastical feudalism, 487. The Church and the feudal army, 488. Serfs and villeins, 489. Anarchy and violence; frightful condition of the peasants and some happy results therefrom, 491. Geographic outlines of the kingdom of Germany, 494. The transition from feudalism to monarchy, 494. Progress in Germany, 495. Influence of gunpowder, 497. Monarchism in Italy, 497. In France, 498. In England, 499. The papacy and feudalism, 500. Hegel on the rise of mankind through feudalism, 500.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 502

## BOOK II. THE PAPACY

HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE PAPACY (42-1878 A.D.) 503

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