CHAPTER XVI

THE COMMAND OF THE SEA

AUTHORITIES.—In addition to the books named above, the reader may consult the earlier letters of Sir Charles Napier in the collection named _The Navy, its Past and Present_; _The Past and Future of the British Navy_, by the Hon. G. Plunkett (Lord Dunsany); _Impressment Fully Considered_, by Captain A. J. Griffiths; Captain Mahan’s _War of 1812_; Captain Robinson’s _British Tar_ and _Nelson’s Signals_, published by the Admiralty, and written by Mr. Perrin.

The phrase “The Command of the Sea” may be so used as to be rhetorical and misleading. It is so used when it is meant to assert or imply that the power exercising the command can exclude an opponent from access to the sea, or can be secured against all loss and defeat on the water. If “command” means solitary possession, then it was never enjoyed by England throughout the whole of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. Her navy suffered more small defeats, and her trade was more harassed in 1813 than in any year of the war. In 1810, six years after Trafalgar, three French frigates sailed to the Indian Ocean. Two of them were lost in action, but the third, the _Clorinde_, made her way home, and, though she was chased by a line-of-battle ship, got safe into Brest. In that year four English frigates were destroyed at a blow at Grand Port in Mauritius. When “command” is used with exaggeration it has not much more meaning than the figurative expression which speaks of the ocean as covered by the sails of a naval power. There have been men who took these words as intended to state a fact. General Lauriston, who accompanied Villeneuve to the West Indies, says in one of his letters that they had all heard of the English ships as covering the ocean, and yet they had only seen two at anchor in the Antilles. If, however, we are content to employ the words as meaning the power to send fleets to and fro, to conduct trade, to effect conquests, and carry on wars oversea—then England had the command from the beginning, and had it because she fought an enemy crippled by revolutionary anarchy. The use she made of her superiority was often governed by considerations wholly unconnected with the strength of the navy. If she did not conquer Java till 1811 it was not for want of naval strength. It was because a large army could not be sent from India while Mysore was unconquered and the Mahrattas were not subdued. But if we are to discuss all these aspects of a multiform war, a short history of the Royal Navy would be lost in a long history of more than twenty years of warfare on land, of diplomacy, and of finance. We must be content to keep to the forces with which England exercised the command of the sea, the purposes for which she used them, and the methods which she employed. The forces were the material strength and quality of the navy. Her purposes were the protection of trade, and the prosecution of wars over sea. The methods were, first, the destruction of the enemies’ main fleets, which I have already endeavoured to deal with, and then blockades, patrol by vessels cruising on the ocean routes, the transport of, and co-operation with, the armies.

+------+---------+-------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+ | |Sea-going|Harbour| In |Harbour, | | | | | | Ships. | Ships,|Ordinary.| in |Building.|Officers.| Men. | | | | etc. | |Ordinary.| | | | +------+---------+-------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+ | | | | | | | | | | 1794 | 279 | 32 | 49 | 60 | 37 | 2207 | 85,000| | 1795 | 326 | 69 | 37 | 51 | 27 | 2727 | 100,000| | 1796 | 376 | 70 | 29 | 59 | 58 | 3094 | 110,000| | 1797 | 401 | 80 | 34 | 72 | 46 | 3351 | 120,000| | 1798 | 451 | 85 | 51 | 73 | 36 | 3482 | 120,000| | 1799 | 469 | 115 | 48 | 62 | 28 | 3744 | 120,000| | 1800 | 468 | 131 | 42 | 88 | 28 | 3658 | 120,000| | 1801 | 472 | 134 | 39 | 90 | 36 | 3693 | 120,000| | 1802 | 451 | 128 | 54 | 113 | 35 | 3950 | 130,000| | 1803 | 232 | 10 | 210 | 156 | 55 | 4220 | 50,000| | 1804 | 395 | 45 | 79 | 103 | 80 | 4203 | 100,000| | 1805 | 508 | 45 | 69 | 104 | 81 | 4228 | 120,000| | 1806 | 579 | 55 | 46 | 108 | 131 | 4172 | 120,000| | 1807 | 636 | 58 | 54 | 117 | 108 | 4511 | 120,000| | 1808 | 642 | 53 | 59 | 167 | 111 | 4823 | 130,000| | 1809 | 709 | 64 | 46 | 160 | 82 | 4955 | 130,000| | 1810 | 692 | 72 | 37 | 175 | 72 | 5118 | 145,000| | 1811 | 658 | 69 | 38 | 195 | 59 | 5107 | 145,000| | 1812 | 621 | 71 | 40 | 166 | 80 | 5260 | 145,000| | 1813 | 613 | 72 | 40 | 174 | 110 | 5502 | 140,000| | 1814 | 644 | 69 | 43 | 180 | 72 | 5594 | 140,000| | 1815 | 485 | 35 | 115 | 206 | 43 | 5682 | 70,000| | | | | | | | | | +------+---------+-------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+

When the war began in 1793 the Royal Navy had in commission for sea-service:—26 ships of the line from 60 guns and upwards, 7 of 50, and 3 of 44 guns, and 199 vessels, from 38-gun frigates down to the cutter of 4 guns. In commission for harbour duty were 3 ships of the line and 11 of other classes. She had 169 vessels, including 87 of the line, 5 of 50 and 15 of 44 guns; “in ordinary,” that is to say, not in commission but fit, when repaired, for active service; 72, of which 25 were of the line, 7 were of 50, and 3 of 44 guns, only fit for harbour duty but not in commission; 21, of which 12 were of the line, were building or ordered to be built—in all, 411 vessels. The officers on the active list were 2378 in number, and 45,000 men were voted by Parliament.

The strength of the navy at the beginning of the succeeding years of the war was as given in the table on the preceding page.

In 1800, 120,000 men were voted for the first two months of the year, and 110,000 for the rest of the year. In 1801, 120,000 were voted for the first three months, and 135,000 for the rest of the year. In 1802, the year of the peace, 130,000, 88,000, and 70,000 were successively voted. In 1803, the year of the renewal of the war, the votes were for 50,000, 60,000, 100,000 men successively. In 1807 the numbers were 120,000 for the first month, and then 135,000. In 1814 they were 140,000 for seven, and 90,000 for six months. The vote was by the month of twenty-eight days and thirteen to the year.

During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars the use of the carronade in the navy was considerably extended. This piece, invented by General Melville, and first cast in the Carron foundry in Scotland, was introduced into the navy in 1779. It was a short piece with a large bore, and a powder chamber, light, easily handled and destructive to timber when fired at short range. The shot was large in proportion to the size of the piece, and because of its destructive effect on wood it was to have been named the “Smasher.” At first the carronades were only placed where there was no room for long guns. But its effect at close quarters proved so tempting that in some cases the long guns were replaced by carronades. In 1782 the =Rainbow=, 44, was so rearmed. The change made in the weight of her broadside added—or seemed to add—immensely to her strength. Her forty-four long guns gave a broadside weight of 318 lbs. The forty-eight carronades she received in lieu of long guns, gave her a broadside of 1238 lbs. The =Rainbow= made an easy capture of a beautiful French frigate, the _Hébé_. But then she was able to come close to the French ship before opening fire. When this advantage could not be secured the carronade was of no value, for it had only a short range. Its weakness was fully demonstrated in the action between the =Phœbe= and the American frigate _Essex_. The American ship was armed with carronades on her gun deck. The =Phœbe= was to windward, and her captain, Hillyar, who knew the inferiority of his opponent’s armament, kept his distance, and battered the American into ruin. As the carronade was never counted officially in the armament of a ship, its introduction led to confusion, and some dishonesty in estimating the strength of our ships and our enemies. We counted all the pieces of ordnance of our opponent but only our own “guns.” The carronade was adopted by foreign navies after 1783. During the wars which began in 1793 the navy had the benefit of a much improved system of signalling. The old system was one by which

## particular combinations of flags, or the place of flags in the rigging,

conveyed a certain order. The new or numerary system was elaborated by Lord Howe in combination with Kempenfelt, and was largely developed by Sir Home Popham.

It will be seen from this list that the navy attained to its maximum of numbers of ship’s officers and men in the years following Trafalgar. The increase was most marked after 1808, the year of the beginning of the war in Spain, and the largest numbers were reached from 1810 to 1814. There is a very general agreement among the best authority that the augmented size of the fleet was not accompanied by a growth in real power. It is maintained that, on the contrary, the efficiency of the fleet fell off. Its gunnery was neglected for mere “polish,” and the crews deteriorated in quality. Many explanations of the decline have been given. The disappearance of French fleets from the sea is said to have rendered our officers somewhat careless of their gunnery. The unwillingness of the Admiralty to authorise expenditure of powder in practice has been rendered responsible for the decline of skill. The hardships of life in the navy aggravated by the brutality of some officers are held to have deterred men from entering the service, and to have made them eager to desert when they were in it. The large proportion of foreigners employed is given as another cause of the loss of efficiency. There are elements of truth in all this criticism and apology. When seven hundred vessels more or less were in commission, only a small minority had an opportunity to see service. Some officers of known zeal and capacity passed years without once being under fire. If the heart of a captain was intent on seamanship and smartness he might be tempted, by the small chance of meeting a foe, to neglect the gun drill of his crew. If he feared to be blamed by the Admiralty for expending too much powder, he would not venture to avail himself of the device employed by some of his colleagues, who obtained practice for their men by pretending to see suspicious strangers, and who did not hesitate to make fictitious entries in their logs. After the loss of several English vessels, captured in rapid succession by the Americans in the war of 1812, the decline of our gunnery became a commonplace. So did the cruelty of certain captains of “crack” ships, who sacrificed everything, including humanity, to “overpolish.” We hear of crews driven to mutinous explosions by officers who would send their men aloft ten or twelve times to finish off some mere detail of the set or stowing of sails. Such men enforced attention to their pedantry and foppery by the lash. Mere declamation can be neglected, but we cannot reject the testimony of Codrington given in the very midst of the American war, in a private letter written from the station, and supported by examples. “I have heard,” he said, “many shocking stories of cruelty and misconduct witnessed by the relators, officers now in this ship.” If there is any truth in the statement that the number of floggings inflicted in English ships diminished by a half when the Admiralty ordered quarterly returns of punishments to be made, it is manifest that there must have been a gross abuse of the power to flog. It is certain that we employed many foreigners, and one of the English vessels lost in the war of 1812, the =Epervier=, had foreigners in her crew.

Yet it is doubtful whether these explanations of the decline of our discipline and skill are satisfactory. No vessel lost to the Americans was so scandalously lost as the =Ambuscade=, taken by the French _Bayonnaise_ in 1798. She was outmanœuvred by a smaller ship, and carried by boarding. In the American war the =Phœbe=, which took the _Essex_ in the South Seas, and the =Shannon=, which took the _Chesapeake_, were nowise inferior to their opponents in gunnery. Nor were we always beaten in that war by gunnery or by American seamen. The _Decatur_, which took the =Dominica= by boarding, was commanded by a French privateer, Captain Diron, and manned by a French crew. The discipline of the navy was as severe for the marine as for other men. Yet there never was any difficulty in recruiting for the marines. If our navy sank below the level of 1805, the reason must be sought in its size. One hundred and forty-five thousand men was an immense number to take from the population of Great Britain when it was less than half what it is to-day. And they had to be found just when increased numbers of soldiers were needed, when our merchant shipping had doubled, and when there was a great development of manufacturing industry and of agriculture. If we had been forced to rely on our own population we could not have found the men. We succeeded because multitudes of foreign seamen were driven to seek service in England by the ruin of commerce in their native countries. Even with their help the Admiralty was unable to supply crews of good quality to all the ships. If the =Epervier= was largely manned by negroes and foreigners, she had many feeble, undersized Englishmen who were taken because no better could be obtained. The physical strength of the men was a consideration of the first importance in the warships of the old navy. All the work at the guns had to be done by downright pulling and hauling. The proportion of one man to every 500 pounds of metal was just sufficient to work the gun, and could not be maintained when the crew was short-handed, or when it was necessary to fight both broadsides. The effort required to run out a 32-pounder, which weighed 55 cwt. 2 lb. on the weather broadside when the ship was leaning over, was severe even for a full crew of twelve men. The demand for good men had far outrun the supply. The existence of the United States added materially to our difficulties, for it supplied our sailors with an English-speaking country to which they could escape. During the later stages of the war the navy was compelled to form its crews with ever-increasing difficulty. It found marines who, when they enlisted, had a security for permanent employment and a pension. The sailors did not form a permanent corps and were sent adrift when their ship was paid off. The regular bred seamen preferred the good wages and freedom of the merchant service, or emigrated to America. The miscellaneous landsmen, who formed a large part of our crews, were obtained by bounties and the press. The press did indeed take time-expired apprentices from the merchant ships at sea, and they constituted a valuable part of our crews. On land it was of little value. During 1811, 1812, and 1813, 29,405 men were impressed, 27,300 of them deserted, and as 3000 trustworthy men were employed in the gangs which seized them, the navy was in fact the loser to the amount of 1000 men. The naval rendezvous, placed in “the vilest sort of public house, with a something that had once been a Union Jack suspended from a pole, but from filth and dirt wearing the appearance of a black flag,” was not only a scandal, but a useless expense. Pressgang midshipman was a byword for a ruffian. The practice of incorporating criminals and vagabonds in the navy, which was as old as the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was continued throughout the great war. Captain Anselm Griffiths, whose description of a naval rendezvous has been quoted above, is emphatic about the criminal element in the navy. “What,” he says, “was the mass of discontent and impatience generated by a forced association with the refuse of our jails, convicts, vagabonds, thieves not brought to justice from lenity, smugglers, White Boys, suspected Irish during the rebellion, all who from loss of character could not procure employment, the idle and the worthless,—all was fish that came to the net.”

Such accounts of the crews of the navy as this might be quoted in numbers. We are tempted to wonder how the work was done with such men, and whether there can be any foundation for the praise given to the seamanship and gunnery of the navy. But Captain Griffiths, and other authorities who support him, spoke of the bad elements. With them were others of a very different order—the marines and the pressed men of good character. The great length of the war allowed time for the formation of a class of men who were trained wholly in the navy and were attached to it by habit and affection. When Broke commissioned the =Shannon=, he left England with a crew composed of drafts from the guardships of very mixed quality, and of a majority of boys provided by the Patriotic Society and the workhouses. If the =Shannon= had met a well-appointed American frigate within three months she would have fared no better than the =Epervier= or the =Java=. But she was six years in commission before her famous action. Broke had time to weed out the bad characters. The boys grew to manhood under his wise training. The same process was going on in other ships. If we could have limited the establishment of the navy to 80,000 or even 100,000 men, every ship might have been as well manned as the =Shannon=. It is even possible that the weaknesses of the navy were made to appear greater than they really were by the fact that the Admiralty, which naturally looked first to fleets Napoleon was building in European ports, kept its best men for the European stations, and compelled captains, whose ships were commissioned for distant seas, to put up with the worst. The increase in the staff of officers from over two to over five thousand, brought with it the necessity for not being too exacting as to their quality. Something must be allowed for the jobbery of the time. There were men in the navy who owed their positions to no merit of their own, but to the fact that some one of influence had spoken for them. We must, again, allow for the fact that there was as yet no uniform standard of discipline. The captains had wide discretion, and the bad ones were unchecked.

Whatever evils the overgrowth of the navy brought with it, the increase was unavoidable. In the years following Trafalgar, the English Navy was in something not unlike the position of the French armies in Spain after 1809. They were far more numerous than the army of Wellington in Portugal. Yet they were frequently unable to collect a force to oppose him, because they were compelled to spread themselves over the whole of Spain. We have recently learned how rapidly an army, which is powerful on a field of battle, can be frittered into small detachments when it has to guard long lines of communication, and to occupy a wide expanse of territory. The English Government was, from the year 1793, under a peremptory obligation to guard trade routes extending from Canton to the St. Lawrence. The task did not become lighter after Trafalgar. Napoleon adopted a definite policy. He began to build line of battleships on a great scale. As his power spread he increased their numbers till he had upwards of one hundred and fifty in ports extending from Venice to Hamburg. They were rarely sent to sea. Many of them, built hastily of green timber, began to rot so soon as they were launched. But it was impossible to neglect them. Squadrons must be employed to watch them. The bulk of our navy was necessarily employed in that work. While our squadrons were watching hostile ports, our commerce was subject to a double form of attack. Light squadrons and single ships sailed from French ports on commerce destroying cruises. Privateers sailed not only from French ports, but from colonial harbours, Martinique and Guadaloupe, Bourbon and Mauritius, and the Dutch islands of Java and Sumatra. These attacks had to be guarded against by blockade, by convoy, by patrol, and by the conquest of the ports from which the privateers sailed.

The history of blockade cannot be told. It is a long monotonous roll of sailings from one point to another and back again, of periodical returns to port to refit or for provisions, of ships driven away by gales from the land, or forced to work to sea that they might not be driven on a lee shore. The daily fulfilment of a routine, isolation from family life and all society other than that of messmates, exposure to cold, to heat, to wet, make up the lot of the officers and men of a blockading fleet. And this was the work on which the majority of the navy was employed. The brief intervals spent in a home port when food and water had to be renewed, were hardly less painful than the time spent on the cruising-ground, for the rule that neither officer nor man might sleep on shore rendered the promise of more leave, given in 1797, almost nugatory. Indeed an increase of pay was the most solid advantage the seamen gained in that year. In 1808, when the need for more men became very urgent the pay of the sailor was raised to £1, 12s. for the lunar month. The secluded unnatural life of the blockading squadrons was terrible for all ranks. Some of the consequences it produced cannot be named. Not a few of the men went mad under the strain, multitudes were hardened in heart and distorted in character.

The blockades did the work assigned them. When, in 1809, Napoleon endeavoured to send a strong squadron, drawn partly from the Brest fleet and partly from ships at Rochefort, to the West Indies, his plan was ruined by the Channel fleet. The bulk of his force did get away from Brest, but only to be sighted by the British forces and driven into the Basque roads. There they were attacked by fireships under the immediate command of Lord Cochrane (Dundonald) and the superior direction of Lord Gambier. The operation was not so completely successful as it might have been. Cochrane was so dissatisfied by the interference of his commander-in-chief that he forced the Admiralty to bring Gambier to a court martial. Even so, the attack ruined the French squadron, and the reinforcements never reached the French islands. Here we see the normal working of the blockade, which left the French fleet no chance of getting to sea, except by the help of good fortune in evading the watch of the British ships.

No great French fleet ventured to sea, and only once did a considerable French squadron incur the risk of trusting itself far from port among the English forces. Napoleon would not hazard the great fleet he was building up till he had vanquished all enemies on the Continent, and could make a final attack with all the forces of Europe. But though the main purpose was achieved the duty became continually more severe till after the Russian campaign, when the destruction of the Grand Army compelled the Emperor to take the crews of his ships and make regiments of them. As his power spread up to 1812, more and ever more ports had to be watched, and it became constantly less possible to block them all effectually. The vast works he carried out at Cherbourg made the harbour capable of holding line-of-battle ships and imposed more blockading duty on the navy. After the fall of Prussia in 1807 he brought the coast of the Baltic under his control, and more ships were needed to counteract his plans. The coast-line to be watched was so long that though the English Government strained its resources to the utmost, though the navy was increased by desperate measures, it was impossible to prevent cruisers and small squadrons from escaping to sea. In 1812 when 621 vessels were in commission, and the establishment of the navy was 145,000 men, Admiral Allemand sailed from Rochefort. He eluded the blockading squadron. He almost succeeded in cutting off the =Pompée=, 74, which was compelled to start eighty tons of water to lighten herself for flight. He cruised in the Atlantic for the destruction of commerce, and, though he had little fortune in meeting English trading vessels, he got safe back to Brest. Allemand’s raid shows that the new fleet Napoleon was forming was not so incapable of keeping the sea as it has often been supposed to have been. An action fought in this same year must have been a warning to the English Government, if any were needed, that it dare not fail to maintain its naval forces at the highest attainable level of strength. On the 21st February the =Victorious=, 74, Captain Talbot, which was watching the growing Franco-Venetian squadron at Venice, fought an action with one of the vessels belonging to it, the _Rivoli_, 74, Captain Barré. The =Victorious= had been detached from the Toulon blockade, the _Rivoli_ was at sea for the first time, yet the action lasted for four hours, and though the _Rivoli_ was finally compelled to surrender, she inflicted a loss of 27 killed and 99 wounded on the =Victorious=.

At the beginning of 1808, the year in which the great increase began, the need for numbers had been even more effectually taught. English troops were then engaged in somewhat fretful operations on the coast of Calabria. The French had recovered Corfu and held Venice. The calls on our fleet in the Mediterranean were many. Collingwood was co-operating with the troops, in southern Italy, leaving frigates to watch Toulon. The French Government decided to reinforce its squadron at Toulon by bringing round six ships—the _Majestueux_, 120, the _Ajax_, _Jemmappes_, _Lion_, _Magnanime_, and _Suffren_, 74’s, from Rochefort. They were commanded by the same Admiral Allemand who was throughout his career very successful in avoiding the many squadrons sent against him. Rochefort was blockaded by Sir Richard Strachan with seven sail of the line. Sir Richard generally kept his squadron at anchor in the Basque Roads, but at the close of November 1807 he was compelled, by the lack of provisions, to go to the rendezvous he had assigned to the victuallers which were coming to join him—a point thirty miles or so south of Roche Bonne. A frigate and a brig were left to keep watch. North-easterly gales forced Strachan to the south. The victuallers did not keep touch punctually. The work of transferring cargo at sea in rough weather was tedious. Allemand, seeing that he had only a frigate and a brig before him, put to sea on the 17th January and steered for the Mediterranean. He had a good start, and as the wind turned to the west and rose to a storm he got clear away with five of his ships. The _Majestueux_ was injured in the gale and compelled to return to Toulon. Allemand passed the Straits of Gibraltar and reached Toulon, unseen by any English cruiser, on the 6th February. Strachan, who was fighting his way back to his station against the north-easterly wind when he heard of Allemand’s escape, followed him to the Mediterranean. But he was embayed by the westerly gale. He did not pass the Straits till the 10th, and he joined Thornborough, Collingwood’s second in command, at Palermo on the 21st. Ganteaume, who commanded at Toulon, put to sea with Allemand’s ships on the 7th February, made his way round to Corfu to revictual the garrison, drove off the =Standard=, which he found there, discharged his mission, and was safe back at Toulon by the 10th April. Collingwood, who concentrated his ships and pursued him, failed to meet him. In the meantime, two French frigates, the _Pénélope_ and _Thémis_, which sailed from Bordeaux on the 21st January, had cruised near Madeira, had destroyed English property to the value of a quarter of a million, had entered the Mediterranean, and had reached Toulon before the end of March. Criticism after the event could show that if this or the other officer had done something he did not do, Allemand, Ganteaume, and the frigates would have been cut short somewhere. But the palpable fact was that our forces had not prevented the cruises of the Frenchmen. When Strachan followed Allemand he necessarily left Rochefort free for the privateers to enter or leave. With all our superiority over the French fleets we still could not have too many men, too many ships, and an increase was not to be avoided, be the evils it entailed what they might.

The blockading fleets composed the screen covering all the other operations of our ships. They were not able to protect completely, but without such protection as they did afford other duties could not have been performed. The most exacting and most constant of these was convoy. The whole British Navy was engaged in the protection of trade, but the task was peculiarly imposed on the ships which sailed with the fleets of merchant vessels. It had always been counted one of the most pressing of an admiral’s duties to protect “the trade.” Hood took a crowd of merchant crafts with him when he sailed to reinforce Rodney in the West Indies in 1780. Rodney brought the trade with him when he returned home in ill-health. Howe was called upon to see a hundred trading ships well clear of the Channel when he sailed in 1794. But after that year the main fleets were relieved of the duty. They were left free to pursue the enemy’s fleets, and the protection of the traders against privateers, and single man-of-war cruisers was left to detachments. It was a tedious and thankless duty. The rate of sailing of the merchant ships was very slow. The need for vigilance was unceasing, and peculiarly great, while just leaving or approaching the land, for it was then that the prowling privateer was most active. As the trading fleet neared its destination the skippers were tempted to push ahead to reach their market first, and they frequently fell into the hands of the hostile commerce destroyers. The naval officers, who were liable to be accused of neglecting their duty by the owners of the captured ships, had long complained of their inability to control the merchant skippers. When the war was renewed in 1803 the Government took measures to reduce the loss inflicted on our shipping to the lowest attainable level, by compelling all vessels not specially exempted to sail in convoy. It passed “An Act for the better Protection of the Trade of the United Kingdom during the present Hostilities with France” (anno 43^d Geo. III. cap. 57). By this Act merchant ships were required to sail in convoys, to obey the naval officer commanding, and not to separate wilfully under a penalty of £1000, if the cargo belonged to a private owner, and of £1500 if it was composed of naval or military stores. If a vessel did leave the convoy, and was captured, the owner forfeited all right to recover his insurances. Vessels might be licensed to sail without convoy, and the vessels of the East India Company, and of the Hudson’s Bay Company were expressly exempted.

An event which occurred on the 14th and 15th February 1804 would seem to indicate that the East India Company could well dispense with convoy. The French admiral, Linois, the victor of Algeciras, had been sent to the east with General Decaen. He obtained early news of the outbreak of hostilities when at or near Pondicherry and went off at once to Java in such a hurry, that he did not wait for an English naval officer whom he had invited to breakfast. On his way he captured a number of valuable English ships, and then he sailed from Batavia to intercept the Company’s vessels on their way from Canton to Europe. This very valuable trading fleet consisted of sixteen vessels of the nominal burden of 1200 tons, but a real tonnage of from 1300 to 1500. They were armed with from 30 to 36 guns, and carried crews of 60 white seamen, and 120 Lascars. Their guns were as a rule of no great value, and in real force they were far inferior not only to a frigate but to a heavy corvette. Linois had with him the _Marengo_, 74, the _Belle Poule_, 40-gun frigate, the _Semillante_, 36, the _Berceau_, 22, and the _Aventurier_, 16. On the 14th February he sighted the Company’s ships to the E.N.E. of Pulo Aor, an island near the east side of the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula. They were on their way to the Straits of Malacca—sixteen of them in all—the =Earl Camden=, the ship of the Company’s commodore, Nathaniel Dance; the =Warley=, Henry Wilson; =Alfred=, James Farquharson; =Royal George=, John Fam Timmins; =Coutts=, Robert Torin; =Wexford=, W. Stanley Clarke; =Ganges=, William Moffat; =Exeter=, Henry Meriton; =Earl of Abergavenny=, John Wordsworth; =Henry Addington=, John Kirkpatrick; =Bombay Castle=, Arch. Hamilton; =Cumberland=, W. Ward Farrer; =Hope=, Jas. Prendergass; =Dorsetshire=, Rob. Hunter Brown; =Warren Hastings=, Thomas Larkins; =Ocean=, J. Christ. Lochner. The size of the 1200-ton ships, the fact that they were painted to represent two tiers of guns, the craft of Commodore Dance, who hoisted the man-of-war pennant on three of them, and the bold bearing they all assumed, cowed Linois. He hesitated to attack till the Indiamen saw his hesitation, bore down on him and drove him to flight. The Company’s skippers richly deserved all the praise and rewards they received. The knighthood given to Dance was handsomely earned. Yet it would be a great mistake to conclude from the affair of Pulo Aor that the Company’s ships could rely on their own strength. Linois was singularly disappointing to his friends whenever he attempted to attack, though he could fight manfully with his back to the wall. Indiamen did on several occasions make gallant and successful fights. On the other hand they were frequently taken by frigates and privateers. When Sir E. Pellew came to take the command in the East Indies in 1804 the shipping had been well-nigh ruined in the Bay of Bengal by French and Dutch privateers. It was only by submitting to accept convoy that the Company was able to revive its trade.

There were, however, limits to what the navy could do to protect trade by convoy. Vessels might be captured while on their way from their port of departure to the rendezvous. Gales might scatter them when collected. Fog and mist might afford cover to the assailant. By far the most effectual of all ways of protecting trade was to capture the ports from which the assailants sailed. Therefore from 1793 to 1811, when the Dutch island of Java was taken, the navy was engaged in a series of colonial expeditions. They began with the seizure of St. Pierre and Miquelon, the two little islands belonging to France on the south coast of Newfoundland, and of Pondicherry—three ports always occupied at the beginning of a war, and restored at the close. St. Pierre and Miquelon were taken in May, and Pondicherry was occupied August of 1793. In the same year Tobago was taken from the French, and Martinique was attacked without success. The royalists of the island called the English forces in, but Rochambeau, the general in command, held his ground. The planters of the French half of San Domingo also appealed to England for protection against their insurgent slaves. It was so freely given that Jamaica was for a time left without a garrison. The spectacle of a triumphant servile revolt was dreadful to all the slave owners of the West Indies. The operations on the coast of this island were disastrous to the troops. They dared not carry negroes with them from our own islands lest they should be infected in the rebellious spirit of the French slaves. No use could be made of the negroes of San Domingo. Therefore the soldiers had to engage in work which is fatal to the white man in the tropics. Whole battalions were swept away by fevers. The part of the navy in this case and in most colonial expeditions was to carry the troops, to land them, to supply naval brigades. These services were necessarily unvarying in character. The occupation of a Dutch island in the Moluccas differs only in the names of the men and ships from the occupation of a French island in the West Indies. In these cases, too, the navy though an indispensable, was a subordinate, part of the forces engaged. It carried the soldiers and it helped them, but the army effected the conquest. Nothing could well be more idle than to speculate as to which of the two, the sailor or the soldier, was the more essential to the victory. The soldiers could not reach the place to be taken unless they were carried in ships, and the sailors could not occupy the land without the soldiers. To speak of these conquests as the gift of the Sea Power is inaccurate if not absurd. The Sea Power of itself could never have taken the Cape, or Mauritius. Many of them were not taken to be kept. The permanent occupation of Martinique or Guadaloupe would have been offensive to the West Indian interest, since their produce would have competed with that of our own islands in the home market. These islands were taken primarily because they were the headquarters of the privateers who preyed on our commerce, and secondarily because they were useful pledges to have in hand when peace was to be arranged.

A list of these expeditions given without monotonous detail will show by what steps England applied and completed her command of the sea.

In January 1794 Sir John Jervis arrived at Jamaica with four sail of the line, escorting 7000 troops under the command of Sir C. Grey. They made an easy conquest of Martinique, which had a garrison of only 700 men in March, and in April occupied St. Lucia and Guadaloupe. In June, Victor Hugues, by birth a mean white of the last-named island, and a Jacobin of the most brutal character, but of energy and capacity, arrived from Europe with nine vessels, and troops. He landed in Guadaloupe. An attack made on his ships at Pointe à Pitre by Jervis was repulsed. He drove the British garrison from pillar to post, and reconquered the island by December. Reinforcements reached him in September. Others sailed from Brest in November, and, though attacked by English ships near Désirade, reached Guadaloupe in January 1795. Hugues rapidly took or retook Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Dominica. Our naval forces were not numerous enough to watch everywhere. Nor were our troops, who were rapidly diminished by disease, able to occupy in sufficient force.

In August of 1795 Rear-Admiral Keith Elphinstone (Lord Keith) landed the troops which occupied the Cape. In July and August of the year the ships on the East India station and troops from India occupied the Dutch posts on the east side of Ceylon, in Molucca, and Cochin.

In April 1796 Rear-Admiral Christian came to take the command in the West Indies in succession to Jervis, bringing troops under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby. Santa Lucia was retaken at once, St. Vincent and Grenada in June. In the East Indies the Dutch posts at Colombo, Amboyna, Banda, etc., were occupied. In August a half-manned Dutch squadron of three line-of-battle ships and four frigates fell into the hands of Keith at Saldanha Bay.

In February 1797 Spain having declared war, Rear-Admiral Harvey and Abercromby, with 5 sail of the line and troops, seized Trinidad. The Spanish admiral, Ruiz de Apodaca, whose ships were half-manned, burnt his squadron, and the small garrison could offer no resistance. An attack on Porto Rico in April was beaten off.

In 1799 Surinam was occupied.

In September 1800 Curaçao was surrendered by the inhabitants, who were terrorised by a mob of piratical adventurers calling themselves republicans.

In 1801, on the formation of the Northern Coalition, the Danish and Swedish islands in the West Indies, St. Martin, Saba, St. Thomas, St. John, Santa Cruz, St. Bartholomew, were occupied. The Dutch island, St. Eustatius, was occupied. In the East Indies, Ternate was taken. Portugal having been driven by the threats of France and Spain to exclude other trade, we took possession of Madeira.

By the terms of the Peace of Amiens, England made a wholesale restoration of her conquests. Trinidad, which was of value as a depôt for the smuggling trade with the Spanish colonies in South America, was retained. In the East we kept Ceylon. On the renewal of the war the work of the previous years had to be done over again.

In 1803 the Dutch islands in the West Indies were reoccupied, and the negroes of San Domingo were helped to destroy the remnants of the French troops among them.

In 1804, at the close of the year, an unsuccessful attack was made on Curaçao. Surinam was occupied in April and May.

In 1806 the Cape was reoccupied.

In 1807 Curaçao was taken at a rush by Captain Brisbane.

In 1808 Marigalante fell into our hands, but an attempt to seize St. Martin ended in the death or capture of all the men landed.

In 1809 Senegal was taken for the express purpose of rooting out the privateers who made it their headquarters. In the West Indies a powerful expedition, carrying 10,000 troops under General Beckwith, escorted by Admiral Cochrane, took Martinique. Cayenne was occupied by a naval brigade, and our old enemy, Victor Hugues, the Governor, became our prisoner.

In 1810 Cochrane and Beckwith took Guadaloupe. In the East, Mauritius was taken, and Amboyna and the Moluccas fell into our hands.

In 1811 the work was completed by the occupation of Java by a large army from India.

These expeditions, which sailed to occupy islands from which attacks could be made on our trade, were not the only tasks imposed on the navy in the interest of commerce. As Napoleon fixed his yoke on Europe, and endeavoured to compel all its peoples to join him in excluding English trade, it became necessary to force an entry to new markets, and to find the means of getting access to the old. It was in order to obtain fresh markets that the expeditions to the river Plate were undertaken in 1806 and 1807. Few passages in history are better fitted to show what is the rigid limit of the power of a fleet than these adventures. The first was promoted by the admiral on the Cape Station, Sir Home Popham. He saw that new markets were becoming necessary, and he knew that the Spanish colonists were discontented. From these sound premises he drew the illegitimate deduction that the people of Buenos Ayres would welcome English rule. He persuaded the authorities at the Cape to despatch troops to Buenos Ayres. The navy carried them there, but it could not save General Beresford and his men from being compelled to capitulate when the townsmen rose on them. The commercial classes in England forced the Government to continue the enterprise begun by Sir Home. Monte Video was occupied, and Buenos Ayres was again attacked in 1807. But our troops, ill-commanded by General Whitelocke, were again forced to surrender. England was on the verge of finding herself committed to a war of conquest in South America, which would have employed her whole disposable army, when the rising of Spain against Napoleon in 1808 gave her an honourable excuse for withdrawing from a compromising adventure.

The eager disposition of the trading classes in England to follow the lead given by Sir Home Popham, was immediately stimulated by Napoleon’s Berlin decree of the 27th October 1806. It was the beginning of a furious rivalry between himself and the British Government, in which each endeavoured to prevent the other from obtaining any benefit from neutral trade. The emperor strove to exclude our commerce, and we to prevent any goods from reaching Europe except through English ports. The neutral was ground between the upper and the nether millstone. The navy was employed in covering a vast contraband trade, which arose inevitably from the natural desire of the inhabitants of Europe to obtain goods they needed, and England’s equally natural desire to sell. There was an element of hypocrisy on both sides, and in practice each undid much of its public policy by an underhand use of a licensed trade. Napoleon undoubtedly employed this device to obtain the very things he pretended to exclude. But he attempted to confine the right to disregard his decrees to himself. Therefore the smuggling trade could not be dispensed with, and it became one of the duties of the navy to shepherd the smugglers. The great field of this peculiar commerce was the Baltic. The Peace of Tilsit, between France and Russia in July 1807, threatened England with a renewal of the Northern Coalition. Her Government, whether informed of the secret articles of the treaty directed against it, or acting, as it was entitled to act, on the certainty that the Emperor of the French would lay hands on any weapon he could reach to be used against England, took prompt measures to diminish the danger. In September it despatched a powerful combined expedition to occupy Copenhagen and seize the Danish fleet. If this vigorous measure requires any justification, one can be found in the paroxysm of rage which it provoked in Napoleon.

The seizure of the Danish fleet entailed a war with Denmark, and during the ensuing years the navy had to fight many sharp actions in order to cover the merchant vessels on their way into and out of the Baltic. When in that sea the trading vessels were frequently compelled to cruise to and fro till they could co-operate with the smugglers on shore, or till the Governments found a way of admitting their goods out of sight of Napoleon’s agents. As Russia was compelled to make believe to go to war with England, and was very seriously engaged in depriving the Swedes of Finland, a brush took place in August 1808. The English fleet co-operated with the inefficient fleet of the Swedes, and escorted the 200 transports carrying English troops, under Sir John Moore, to their assistance. The Russian fleet would not be drawn into a battle, but one of their liners, the _Sewolod_, 74, was cut off and taken. The Russian crew showed solid courage, but their gunnery was not above the Spanish level. The British fleets remained in the Baltic till the downfall of Napoleon began. The service was trying, and the loss from shipwreck was at times severe. But the work was mainly political, apart from the obligation to protect the traders from privateers sailing from ports under French control. Among the political duties discharged was one which demonstrated the scope of the navy’s power. Napoleon had compelled the Spanish Government to supply him with a body of troops for use in Germany—for he was as hard put to it to find men for the vast armies his victories compelled him to maintain, as the British Government was to keep up the establishment of its navy. He had stationed the Spaniards in Denmark, and they were there when their country rose against the French in 1808. The British Government found means to inform the Spanish general, Romana, of what had taken place. He concentrated the greater part of his men, by forced marches in August, at Nyborg in Fünen, and embarked them on board an English squadron commanded by Sir R. Keats. They were sent on to Spain.

It cannot well be said that the power of the navy was shown in the discharge of another piece of political duty it had been called upon to perform at the other extremity of Europe from the Baltic. In 1806 Napoleon was instigating the Turks to attack Russia, who was still in arms against him. The English Government desired to help the enemy of our enemy, and Sir Thomas Duckworth was sent with a squadron to coerce the Turks into keeping the peace. He forced the passage of the Dardanelles in February 1807, and placed his squadron opposite Constantinople. But he unfortunately allowed himself to be played upon by the diplomacy of the Turks, and the French ambassador, General Sebastiani. He delayed action till the Turks had thrown up batteries which made the position of his squadron dangerous, and he was compelled to retreat. On his return his squadron was roughly handled by the Turkish batteries.

With the beginning of the war in the Peninsula the navy was provided with a field on which it could perform, profitably and with a definite aim, duties which it had too often been called upon to discharge to no purpose. From the beginning of the war it had escorted troops to be landed for conquest or co-operation with allies. Many of these undertakings were of the most futile character. If it took Abercromby to success in Egypt, it also took General Fraser to disaster. It carried Sir John Moore to the fiasco of the Swedish expedition, and General Stuart to that barren victory at Maida in Calabria, which was followed by re-embarkation, and served no other purpose than to aggravate the sufferings of the very people we came to help. After Sir Sidney Smith covered the escape of the Portuguese royal family in November 1807 and escorted them to Brazil, the work of our army was to be done on a great scale, nobly, and with triumphant results in Spain and Portugal. It would be pleasant to dwell on the incidents of the story; on the feats of the =Impérieuse=, and the untiring activity of English cruisers which intercepted the coast roads, and helped to keep the war alive all along the coast of the Bay of Biscay. The navy helped to take coast forts, or defend them. It embarked the Spanish irregular bands when hard pressed, and disembarked them to begin again. It contributed marines to hold the lines of Torres Vedras. It kept the sea routes clear for the food and reinforcements sent to Wellington’s army. But a service made up of scores of small actions cannot be shown by a few examples, or told fully except at great length.

The same work was being done on a smaller scale on the coasts of Sicily and Calabria, to guard the island against the attacks of the two successive French rulers in Naples—the emperor’s brother Joseph, and his brother-in-law Murat—and to keep resistance to them alive on the mainland. When Napoleon had extorted Venice and Dalmatia from Austria, English ships entered the Adriatic to carry on there the work of blockade and harassment which others were doing elsewhere. But in this sea the little war of skirmishes, single combats, and affairs in boats, was varied by an action too considerable and too significant to be allowed to pass among minor operations.

On the 13th March 1811 a Franco-Venetian squadron of four heavy frigates, two lighter frigates, and some small craft, commanded by Captain Dubourdieu, attacked an English squadron of three frigates and a 22-gun corvette, under Captain Hoste, near Lissa. The French officer was to windward, and he attacked in two divisions, a weather and a lee line, heading to cut through the English and surround the rear ships. If Hoste had been forced to remain passive with an awkward fleet, Dubourdieu would no doubt have succeeded. But a good breeze was blowing, and the English squadron was thoroughly alert. Hoste closed his line till the bowsprit of one ship was over the taffrail of the ship ahead of her, and he stood on. As he was moving ahead the Franco-Venetians were compelled to advance on slanting lines, and the lee ships masked part of the weather line. Hoste knew that a sunk rock lay across his course. He stood on in hot action with the leader of the Franco-Venetian weather line and of the lee line, which came behind, till he could not safely go any further. He then wore his line together. The leading Franco-Venetian ship, the =Favorite=, ran on the rocks, and the others wore to escape her fate. Their division into two lines became a cause of confusion. The single unhampered English line cut them to pieces, and they were beaten with the loss of three frigates. Dubourdieu would have done better if he had formed his squadron in a single line, had engaged the four English vessels to windward with four of his frigates, and had left the two others to double on one end of Hoste’s line. Even so he would probably have been beaten. When the English had turned, two French vessels assailed the =Amphion=, Hoste’s frigate, which was now the rear ship of his line. But the English officer shot from between them, and crossed the bows of the vessel on his lee quarter. Superior mobility and quality more than counterbalanced advantages of number and position or ingenuity of plan of attack.

This is the lesson which Lissa teaches, and which had been taught by every encounter in the war, great or small. But patent as it was, England might have overlooked it but for a series of actions with a new enemy which occurred at the close of the twenty-three years of war. It is not my intention to depart from my rule of not describing small ship actions or operations on lakes. Therefore I do not tell in detail the events of the war of 1812 with the United States. The single ship actions and encounters between flotillas on the American lakes, of which it was composed, have been affectionately studied by the patriotism of a great people. To us they are, but for one consequence they had, only minor events in a long and varied history. To describe how the vast numerical superiority of the English navy enabled it in the end to drive the American flag from the sea and to cover invasion of the territory of the United States, would be to tell a story which has little intrinsic interest. The consequence of the early actions of the war were, however, of extreme importance.

There was a serious risk that England would come to the end of the war in the complacent belief that she was endowed with a privilege to be superior on the sea. Her superiority was the fair reward of foresight and preparation. When looked at properly, her victories over the French and Spanish Navies afforded no guarantee that she would not be beaten if she forgot that:—

The same arts that did gain A power must it maintain.

The rapid loss of a handful of vessels to a single opponent in the course of a few months drove that lesson home by a spasm of pain to our pride and self-confidence. The United States were not at that time able to maintain a great fleet. The rulers of the Republic very wisely decided that since they could not possess many ships, they would take care that such ships as they had should be of excellent quality and excellently handled. They won the just reward of sound judgment and timely preparation. Nor was that reward a slight one. The victories of the United States frigates and sloops taught England that there was on the other side of the Atlantic a growing power which must one day be numerous and wealthy, which would be able to maintain great fleets, and had shown that her seamen could defeat all but the best of the English Navy. Idle attempts were made to belittle these successes by insisting on the size and armament of the American frigates. The navy knew their size and armament before it fought them. It learnt only from experience that the Americans could make full use of these advantages, which they had for the rest procured for themselves and not by accident. The good sense of the navy and the country would not be blinded. Englishmen drew the very sane deduction that they could be beaten at sea if they allowed other people to surpass them in the quality of their armaments and in skill. Nothing is more striking than the sense of insecurity, the doubts about the future, the painful consciousness that there was something misleading and hollow in all our naval successes, which can be traced in the writings of seamen from the end of the great war. They all insist that we must not rest on our successes, but prepare for yet harder struggles in the future. A great work of reform and instruction began in the years immediately after the close of the war, and it began under the impulse given by the successes of the American ships. The fortune of England has been wonderful, and it never served her better than when it gave her that warning. The Americans had beaten her because they were prepared and capable, and what the Americans had done others could do if we allowed ourselves to be surpassed.

That what we needs must call fortune has had a great share in the victories of England on the sea cannot be denied by any sound-minded man who looks at the history of her navy as a whole. Fortune, and not England, has provided that from the day when Hubert de Burgh and the men of the Cinque Ports defeated Eustace the Monk, till the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1815, she has never had to meet an enemy at once strong in numbers and good in quality on the sea, except during the second half of the seventeenth century when she fought the Dutch. They, a small people occupying a little corner of land, compelled to fight on shore for very existence, were necessarily surpassed. The Spaniard was always inept at sea. The French navy, the creation of Louis XIV., has been valiant, ingenious, not seldom successful, but it was neglected, starved, misused by the monarchy, and so torn to pieces by the Revolution that it could never recover. The sound national instinct, the healthy social order, the innate love of good work which have shaped our Navy, are just subjects for pride. But they are also a lesson and a warning. Great navies are forming now, which have thoroughly learned all we have taught. We must not rely on possessing the same superiority we had in the eighteenth century without strenuous effort. And we must not forget what that superiority was. It did not lie in numbers nor in armament, nor in methods of attack, however valuable these elements of strength may be. It lay in that skill of the men who handled the weapons, in that loyalty to the service, in that readiness of resource, promptitude to decide, and firmness to act, without which, numbers, arms, and ingenious tactics are of no avail.

FOOTNOTES

[1] I have thought best to leave whatever it is needful to say about the internal history of the British Navy in these years until it can find a place in the account of the events of 1797.

[2] I omit all mention of the mutinies in single ships which began to occur about this time, thinking it more convenient, and more likely to tend to clearness, to treat them along with the general outbreak of 1797.

[3] We may stop for a moment to look at this list of accidents. Whenever an accident happens to the navy to-day there is an outcry over the decay of seamanship, and profuse assertions that such things did not occur in the good old days are made. Yet we see that, when Bridport started on his tardy pursuit of Morard de Galle, two collisions and one grounding took place in his fleet. Between the 10th December 1796 and the 12th February 1797 there were six accidents, two of them total losses in the fleet of Jervis—nine accidents in about eight weeks among the best forces we had. The losses of Villaret-Joyeuse in his disastrous winter cruise in 1794 were hardly greater. The grounding of the =St. George= was attributed to the Portuguese pilot. But the presence of a pilot does not remove the responsibility of the captain and his officers. Lisbon was as familiar to us as any English port. Would a navigating officer now need a pilot when entering or leaving Lisbon? And was the pilot responsible for blundering into the frigate?

[4] The times entered in the logs were taken from the watches of signal officers and masters. They were not chronometers, nor were the observations made by men engaged in calm scientific investigation. Discrepancies are frequent, and it is rarely, perhaps never, possible to be sure if the time at which any movement was made to within a quarter of an hour or twenty minutes. Other discrepancies are frequent.

[5] The occupation of the Dutch Colonies will be told when the ancillary services of the navy are dealt with as a whole.

[6] Though I do not undertake to give a full account of the Commissions and their Reports, I will take leave to say a few words as to the general impression an examination of them has left on me. There was waste due:—1st, to the division of responsibility between the Admiralty Board and the Navy Office; 2nd, to the survival of the old belief that a man in a Government office committed no mortal sin if he “licked his fingers”; 3rd, to the fact that while the work of the Admiralty and Navy Board had increased enormously since 1793, there had been no proportionate increase in the administering and supervising staff. Pitt, who long clung to the belief that France would be reduced to submission by financial distress, and was by nature a rigid economist, was unwilling to add to the permanent expenses of Government, and accounts remained unchecked and unbalanced for want of hands to do the work. Money was lost, because expenditure could not be followed, and checked. Fallen mankind availed itself of the opportunity. Big men kept public money lying at their bankers, who gave them interest for it. Little men drew pay for work they never did. Contractors took illegitimate profits. All this was bad, but it may all be conceded, and yet we may find that we cannot accept the wholesale denunciations of the Navy Board made by St. Vincent, and by his men, notably his sycophantic secretary, Tucker. Such a story as that of the illegal—at least the tyrannical—impressment of D. E. Bartholomew speaks very ill for the spirit prevailing in the men about St. Vincent, and for him. The notorious case of Sir Home Popham is even worse. Sir Home was accused of having wasted public money on the repair of his ship in India. He was very capable of taking care of himself, and he forced an inquiry. It was proved to demonstration that in the accounts on which the accusation brought against him was based, the same sums had been counted several times over, and some of them were given in pounds sterling, and not in the correct currency—rupees. The total was in fact multiplied by ten, and a legitimate outlay of £7000 was swollen, either by deliberate dishonesty, or by carelessness amounting to dishonest negligence, to an enormous figure. How many officials were denounced on no better grounds than Sir Home Popham? No man is so unscrupulous in accusation as a passionate reformer convinced of his own virtue, unless it be a follower eager to earn the approval of his reforming patron by a display of zeal.

[7] I give all figures _sous bénéfice d’inventaire_. Nothing is better calculated to show how hard men find it to be accurate than the discrepancies between the list of ships given by different authorities in 1804, or at any time. James does not agree with Tucker (_Life of St. Vincent_), and neither agree with Captain Desbrière (_Projets et Tentatives_). It must be remembered, too, that at any given moment a squadron might be below its establishment owing to the absence of ships in need of repair or stores, or above it because ships joined the flag as reliefs or in transit.

[8] I am not unaware that Duncan’s ships bore down on the Dutch at Camperdown from windward, and that although they suffered a greater loss of life in proportion than the ships of Trafalgar, they were not sunk, or ruined beyond repair. But at Camperdown our ships were running before a strong breeze, on a rough sea, and were on an average heavier ships than their opponents. Therefore they crossed the belt of danger during their approach more rapidly, were better able to stand hammering, and were fired at from a more unsteady platform than was afforded by the almost becalmed ships of the Franco-Spaniards. Moreover, the Dutch deliberately reserved their fire.

INDEX

Abercromby, Sir Ralph, General, in Cadiz, 419 commands troops in Mediterranean,413-414 in expedition to Egypt, 420, 421 in West Indies, 483

Aboukir, position of, 392 Turks defeated at, 409

=Achille=, at Trafalgar, 458

_Achille_, at Trafalgar, 460 on 1st June, 319 taken on 1st June, 321

=Achilles=, flagship of Rodney, 178 in blockade of Vannes, 186

Achin, Suffren winters at, 291

Acre, siege of, 409

_Actif_, action with =Nonsuch=, 263

=Active=, sent by Hood to North America, captured, 267 sights Villeneuve, 447

=Adamant=, at battle of Camperdown, 351 _et seq._

_Admiraal de Ruiter_, flagship of Zoutman, 256

_Admirable_, burnt at Cherbourg, 43 French, La Hogue, 38

_Admiral Generaal_, in Dutch squadron, 1781, 256

=Adventure=, La Hogue, 37

=Advice=, La Hogue, 37

Affleck, Sir Edmond, Admiral, in command at New York, 267

=Africa=, at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._

_Africaine_, taken, 420, 421

=Agamemnon=, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._ at Trafalgar, 458 detached by Kempenfelt, 273

_Aggershuus_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

=Agincourt=, at battle of Camperdown, 352

_Aigle_, at Trafalgar, 460 joins Villeneuve, 447

_Aigrette_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

_Aimable_, French, La Hogue, 38 in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Aix, island of, plundered, 167

=Ajax=, at Trafalgar, 458 joins Nelson, 455

_Ajax_, in squadron of Allemand, 477 in squadron of Suffren, 287

Alava, J. M. de, Admiral, at Trafalgar, 460

=Albemarle=, La Hogue, 37

Albemarle, Lord, General, at taking of Havana, 196

_Alceste_, Sardinian frigate, taken by French, 330

_Alcide_, taken by Boscawen, 142

=Alcmene= brings news of mutiny to ships off Cadiz, 380 on coast of Egypt, 401

_Alcmène_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

=Alexander=, joins Nelson, 388 at battle of Nile, 393, 397 taken by French, 324 taken by Nelson to Naples, 401

_Alexandre_, separates from fleet of D’Orvilliers, 224 taken, 327

=Alfred=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480 in battle of 1st June, 320

Algeciras, action at, 430-433

_Algesiras_, at Trafalgar, 460

_Alkmaar_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Allan, Lord, comes to Chatham, 373

Allemand, Admiral, escape of from Brest, 477 his cruise from Rochefort, 452, 455 second sortie, 477 _et seq._

Allouarn, Captain, commands _Juste_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

Alms, James, Captain, commands =Monmouth=, 283 _et seq._

=Amazon=, attacks _Droits de l’homme_, 340

_Ambitieux_, French, La Hogue, 38 Tourville hoists flag in, 41

Ambrose, Captain, court-martial on, 115, 116

=Ambuscade=, capture of, 472

=Amelia=, in action of Tory Island, 400

=America=, driven to sea, 259 in action with La Clue, 180

_America_, in battle of 1st June, 319 taken on 1st June, 321

Amherst, Lord, General, at taking of Louisbourg, 171, 173

Amiens, Peace of, 435

=Amphion=, carries pennant of Sir W. Hoste, 489

_Amsterdam_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Anacreon_, her cruise to Ireland, 401

Andrews, Captain, commands =Defiance= at battle of Minorca, 152

=Andromache=, look-out ship of Rodney’s fleet, 276

=Anglesea=, taken by French, 120, 121

Angria, pirate chief, 140

=Anna=, victualler with Anson’s squadron, 108

Anson, George, Baron, his voyage round the world, 107, 109 convoys Duke of Marlborough to coast of France, 168 defeats La Jonquière and St. George, 123, 124 his political weakness, 148 is appointed to lead expedition to South Seas, 103 made a peer, 125 on Board of Admiralty, 117, 118

=Anson=, in action off Tory Island, 400

=Antelope=, Byng goes home as prisoner in, 155 takes Belliqueux, 175, 176

Antraigues, Count d’, secret service of, 442

Apodaca, Ruiz de, burns his ships at Trinidad, 483

_Apollo_, French privateer, takes =Anglesea=, 120

_Aquilon_, at the battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._ prize sent to Gibraltar, 401

Aranda, Count of, Spanish Ambassador, quoted, 254

Arbuthnot, Marriot, Admiral, action off Capes of Virginia, 260 at New York, 259 commands =Portland= at battle of Quiberon, 189 defends Channel Islands, reaches New York, 244 sent to America, 241

=Ardent=, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._ at battle of Camperdown, 352 taken by Allies, 242 with Howe at New York, 230

=Arethusa=, action with _Belle Poule_, 223

_Argonanta_, at Trafalgar, 460

_Argonaute_, at Trafalgar, 460

Argumosa, T., commands _Monarca_ at Trafalgar, 460

“Armed Ship,” what was, 214

Arnold, Benedict, attacks Quebec, 218 in Virginia, 260

=Arrogant=, unfit for service, 209

Artois Count d’ (Charles X.), to command expedition, 326

Ashby, John, knighted, 20 at battle of Hogue, La, _q.v._ at Beachy Head, _q.v._ in joint commission of 1691, 32

Asiento, what was, leads to war with Spain, 99

=Atlas=, stranding of, 342, 343

_Audacieux_, joins Villaret-Joyeuse, 312

=Audacious=, at Algeciras, 431, 433 at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ in Howe’s fleet, 311 sent to Gibraltar, 401

_Aventurier_, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

=Babet=, at action at Groix, 327

_Bahama_, at Trafalgar, 460 taken by American privateers, 219

Baird, P., Captain, commands =Portland= at battle of Minorca, 152 commands =Defiance= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Baker, John, Admiral, in command in Mediterranean, 54

Balchen, Sir John, Admiral, sent to coast of Spain, 109 his death, 121

Bâle, Peace of, 294

Balfour, George, Captain, boards _Bienfaisant_, 173, 174

Ball, Sir Alexander John, Admiral, commands =Alexander= at battle of Nile, 394

Ballinamuck, surrender of French at, 398

Bantry Bay, battle in, 18, 19 French ships at, 338-339

=Barfleur=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._ on 1st June, 319

Barfleur Cape. _See_ Hogue, La

Bargas, J., commands _San Ildefonso_ at Trafalgar, 460

Barham, Lord. _See_ Middleton, Sir C.

Barlow, captain of =Phœbe=, 420

Barnett, Curtis, Commodore, sails to East Indies, 128 takes prizes, 129; his death, _ibid._

Barras de Saint Laurent, Chef d’escadre, joins Grasse, 268, 269

Barrington, Samuel, Admiral, captain of =Achilles= in blockade of Vannes, 186 at Barbadoes, 237 takes Santa Lucia, beats off D’Estaign, 238

Barrow, Sir John, quoted, 133

Bart, Jean, privateer, 74

Bartholomew, D. E., Captain, pressed, 437 _note_

Basque Roads, action in, 476

Bastia, taken, 328

_Batave_, damaged, 405 in fleet of Bruix, 403 _et seq._

_Batavier_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Batticaloa, Suffren refits at, 289

Battle of 1st June 1794, 318-320

Bausset, Chef d’escadre, in capture of Moutray’s convoy, 252

Bayntun, H. W., Captain, commands =Leviathan= at Trafalgar, 458

_Bayonnaise_, takes =Ambuscade=, 472

Beachy Head, battle of, 24-29

Beaudoin, L. A., commands _Fougueux_ at Trafalgar, 460

Beauffremont, at Louisbourgh, 163 commands _Tonnant_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 sails to America, 162

Beaumont Lemaître, Captain, commands _Téméraire_ at battle of Minorca, 152

Beaver, Philip, Captain, cuts out _Prima_, 414 quoted, 419, 433, 434

Beckwith, General, takes Martinique and Guadaloupe, 484

=Bedford=, at battle of Camperdown, 352 dismasted, 259

Bedford, Duke of, at head of Admiralty, 117

Belingant, Chevalier de, commands _Northumberland_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

Bell, George, lieutenant of =Indefatigable=, 341

_Belle Poule_, action with =Arethusa=, 223 in action at Pulo Aor, 480

=Belleisle=, at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._ former French _Formidable_, 327

Belleisle. _See_ Quiberon taken, 196

=Bellerophon=, at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ at Trafalgar, 458 in Howe’s fleet, 310 _et seq._ sent to Gibraltar, 401

=Belliqueux=, at battle of Camperdown, 352

_Belliquex_, taken, Bristol Channel, 175

=Bellona=, at Copenhagen, 426 in action off Cape Ortegal, 466

_Bellone_, in expedition of Bompard, 399

Benbow, John, Vice-Admiral, commands expedition to West Indies, 53 attacks St. Malo, 49 his career and death, 91 _et seq._

Bengal, Bay of, operations in, 196, 202

Bentley, Sir John, Vice-Admiral, commands =Warspight= in battle of Quiberon, 189

_Berceau_, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

Berenger, C., commands _Scipion_ at Trafalgar, 460

Beresford, Marshal, Lord, surrenders at Buenos Ayres, 485

Berkeley, Hon. G. Cranfield, Baron, Admiral, commands =Marlborough=, 311

Berkeley, Lord, Admiral, attacks Brest, 50, 51 bombards Dieppe and Havre, 51

Bernadotte, Marshal, and King of Sweden, commands in West of France, 418

Berry, Sir Edward, Captain, carries Nelson’s despatches, 401 commands =Agamemnon= at Trafalgar, 458 Rear-Admiral, captain of =Vanguard= at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._

Bertie, captain of =Ardent= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Bertie, Lord Robert, his regiment in Byng’s squadron, 148 _et seq._

Bertie, Sir Albemarle, Admiral, commands =Thunderer= in Howe’s fleet, 311

=Berwick=, at battle of Toulon, 113 in north squadron, 1781, 255 _et seq._ La Hogue, 37 taken by French, 330

_Berwick_, at Trafalgar, 460

_Beschermer_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Bettesworth, captain of =Curieux=, 450

Bévisier. _See_ Beachy Head

_Bexhirmer_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Bexley, Lord, _see_ Vansittart, 424

_Biche_, at Louisbourg, 172

Bickerton, Sir Richard, Admiral, blockades Carthagena, 453 joins Collingwood off Cadiz, 455 Vice-Admiral, joins Hughes, 290

_Bienfaisant_, taken at Louisbourg, 173

Bigot de Morogues, commands _Magnifique_ at battle of Quiberon, 190 head of _Académie de la Marine_, 147

_Bizarre_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 in squadron of Suffren, 286 _et seq._

Blackwood, Sir Henry, Admiral, commands =Euryalus= at Trafalgar, 460 _et seq._

Blakeney, General, lieutenant-governor of Minorca, warns Ministry, 147

Blane, Sir Gilbert, physician to fleet, 275, 276

Blanquet Duchayla, Admiral, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

=Blenheim=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345-349

Bligh, General, takes Cherbourg, 168

Bligh, Sir Richard Rodney, Admiral, captain of =Alexander=, 324

Bligh, William, Admiral, captain of =Glatton= at Copenhagen, 426 commands =Director= at battle of Camperdown, 351 in mutiny at Nore, 370 _et seq._

Blockade, methods of, 304, 305

Bloys, Rear-Admiral, at battle of Camperdown, 351

=Boadicea=, pursues Bompard, 399

Boca Chica, entry to Carthagena, 104

Boischateau, Keremar de, Captain, commands _Brilliant_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Bombay Castle=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480 lost, 243

Bompard, Admiral, his expedition to Ireland, 398, 399

Bompard, M. de, cruise to West Indies, 177 in West Indies, 195 returns to Brest, 187

Bonaparte. _See_ Napoleon

=Bonaventure=, La Hogue, 37

=Bonne Citoyenne=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345 joins Nelson, 388 on coast of Egypt, 401

Boscawen, Sir Edward, Admiral, his career and character; takes command in East Indies, 131

## action with La Clue, 179-182

convoy scattered on his return home, 175 on Board of Admiralty, 148 operations in North America, 141 operations on Coromandel coast, 131, 132 returns home, 141 sails to intercept Dubois de Lamotte, 141 takes Louisbourg, 171, 173

=Boston=, attacked by French, 76

Boston, French squadron at, 235, 236

Boteler, Captain, succeeds Wren in West Indies, 52

Bott, mutineer, 369

Bouillé, Marquis de, co-operates in taking of St. Kitts, 275 retakes St. Eustatius, 271 surprises Dominica, 237 takes Tobago, 265

Boulogne, attacks on flotilla at, 434, 435

Bounties for seamen offered, 143

=Bounty= mentioned, 324

_Bourbon_, French, La Hogue, 38

_Bourgoyne_, separates from fleet of D’Orvilliers, 224

Bouvet, M. de, French officer, relieves Pondicherry, 131

Bouvet, Rear-Admiral, in expedition to Ireland, 337, 339

Bover, Lieutenant, threatened by mutineers at Spithead, 367

Bowyer, Sir George, Admiral, wounded on 1st June, 319

=Boyne=, at battle of Toulon, 115

Boys, Commodore, blockades Dunkirk, 178

Braddoch, General, his attack on Port Duquesne, and death, 141

_Brandenberg_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Brave_, French, La Hogue, 38

=Breda=, Benbow’s flagship, 92 La Hogue, 37

Brenton, Sir Edward, Captain, quoted, 377

Brereton, Major-General, misleads Nelson, 450

Brest, port of, and attack on, 51

Brett, Peircy, Admiral, commands =Lion= in action with _Elizabeth_, 122 in Downs, 178

Bridport, Lord. _See_ Hood, Alexander

_Brilliant_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 French, La Hogue, 38

=Brilliant=, in mutiny at Nore, 374 in squadron of Suffren, 286

_Brilliante_, in squadron of Tronjolly, 282

Brinley, John, mutinous seaman, 90

=Bristol=, in Anson’s fleet, 1747, 124

=Britannia=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq_. at Trafalgar, 458 flagship of Russell, 41 La Hogue, 37

Brodrick, Thomas, Admiral, in action with La Clue, 179, 182 commands in Mediterranean, 162

Bronard, G. A., commands _Algesiras_ at Trafalgar, 460

Brookes, Cæsar, midshipman of =Milford=, 84 _et seq._

Brown, Rob. Hunter, captain of =Dorsetshire=, 480

Browning, master of =Mountjoy=, killed at Londonderry, 21

Brueys d’Aigalliers, Admiral, commands in expedition to Egypt, 389 anchors at Aboukir, the disposition of his ships, 392, 393

Bruix, Eustache, his cruise to Mediterranean, 403, 407

Brune, Marshal, subdues Italy, 417

=Brunswick=, on 1st June, 320

_Brutus_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Bucentaure_, flagship of Villeneuve, at Trafalgar, 460

=Buckingham=, flagship of Temple West at battle of Minorca, 152

Buckle, M., Captain, commands =Namur= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Buckner, Rear-Admiral, at Nore in mutiny, 370 _et seq._

Buenos Ayres, expeditions to, 485

Bullen, Sir Charles, commands =Britannia= at Trafalgar, 458

Bunker Hill, battle of, 218

Burchett, Josiah, quoted, 68

=Burford=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 La Hogue, 37

Burgess, Captain, commanded =Ardent= at Camperdown, killed, 352 _et seq._

Burgoyne, General, his advance, 218

Burke, Edmund, character of Keppel, 221 on naval estimates, 209

Burrish, Captain, court-martial on, 114

Burslem, F., Captain, commands =Coventry= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Bussy, General, in East Indies, 291 _et seq._

Butler, Captain, succeeds Wilmot; lawsuit with Ruth Wilmot, 89

Buxton, Theophilus, steward, 89

Byard, Sir T., Captain, commands =Bedford= at battle of Camperdown, 352

Byng, Sir George, Admiral, father of John Byng, created Viscount Torrington, 148 in taking of Gibraltar, 64 _et seq._ in command in Mediterranean, 54

Byng, John, Admiral, commands in Channel, 145 birth and early career, 147, 148 takes reliefs to Minorca; his campaign and death, 148, 156

Byron, Captain, commands =Andromache=, 276

Byron, John, Admiral, his career and character; sails to America, 222 in North America and West Indies, 235, 240 stormy passage, 232, 233

_Ça Ira_, taken, 330

Cadiz, bombarded, 387 mutiny averted in ships off, 381-382 threatened, 419

=Cæsar=, at Algeciras, 431-433 flagship of Sir Richard Strachan, 466 in Howe’s fleet, 312 _et seq._

Cagigal, F. X., commands _San Agustin_ at Trafalgar, 460

Calder, Sir Robert, Admiral, captain of fleet with Jervis, 346 _et seq._ commands off Ferrol, 450, 452 court-martial, 460 joins Collingwood off Cadiz, 455

Caldwell, Sir Benjamin, commands =Agamemnon=, 273

Callis, Captain, burns Spanish galleys at St. Tropez, 110

Calvi, taken, 328

_Calypso_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

Camaret Bay. _See_ Brest

Camas, J. G. F., commands _Berwick_ at Trafalgar, 460

Cambon, Captain, commands _Mercure_ at the battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

=Cambridge=, La Hogue, 37

Campbell, John, Captain, flag-captain at battle of Quiberon, 189 takes French convoy, 169

Campbell, captain of =Blenheim=, overawes mutineers of =Marlborough=, 383

Campbell, Portuguese officer, gives information to Nelson, 449 reports position of Spaniards to Jervis, 345

Camperdown, battle of, 351, 354

Camperdown, Viscount. _See_ Duncan, Adam

=Canada=, escapes from French squadron, 323 in action off Tory Island, 400

Cape Coast-Castle attacked by French, 170

Cape Français, action off, 170, 171

Cape, mutiny at, 381 restored and retaken, 484 taken, 483

=Captain=, at battle of Minorca, 152 at Louisbourg, 172 La Hogue, 37 Nelson’s pennant in, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 344, 349

_Captain General_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Captain’s servants, 95, 96

Carkett, Robert, first lieutenant of =Monmouth=, 161

Carleton, Sir Guy, General, defends Quebec, 218

_Carlotta_, Portuguese frigate, 345

Carmarthen, Peregrine Osborne, 2nd Duke of Leeds, Marquis of, in attack on Brest, 51

=Carnarvon=, Indiaman, taken by French, 175

Carnegie, William, Earl of Northesk, in mutiny at Nore, 377 third in command at Trafalgar, 458

Carrickfergus, taken by Thurot, 195

Carronade, by whom invented, and use of, 469, 470

Carter, Rear-Admiral, at La Hogue, _q.v._

Carthagena, English attack on, 104, 105

Casabianca, flag-captain (French), at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Casse, M. du, French naval officer, his action with Benbow, 92, 93

Castagnier, Captain, lands invaders at Fishguard, 335

_Casteel Medenblick_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Castlebar, French victory at, 398

=Castor=, taken by French, 308

Castries, Marquis de, French Minister of Marine, 296

Catamarans, failure of, 443

Catford, Captain, commands =Captain= at battle of Minorca, 152

Cathcart, Lord-General, appointed to command troops in West Indies, 103 his death, 104

Caumont, Chevalier de, Captain, commands _Inflexible_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

Cautious Leeshore. _See_ Keppel

Cawdor, French surrender to, 335

Cayenne, taken, 484

_Censeur_, in fleet of Bruix, 403 retaken by French, 331 taken, 330

_Centaure_, in action of La Clue with Boscawen, 181

=Centurion=, 125 at Gibraltar, 1704, 65 flagship of Anson, 107-109 joins Howe at New York, 232 La Hogue, 37

_Cerberus_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

=Cerberus=, brings report of approach of Spanish fleet to Rodney, 250

_César_, action with =Isis=, 235 in squadron of Estaign, 229

Ceylon, Dutch possessions in, taken, 483

Chandernagore, taken, 198

Charles Edward, Prince, sails in _Doutelle_, 122

Charles III., King of Spain, and his navy, 217

_Charlotte Amelie_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Chartres, Duke of, at battle of Ushant, 225

Chasteloger, Captain, commands _Intrépide_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

Châteaurenault, Count of, French Admiral, brings troops to Ireland, 17 at Beachy Head, _q.v._ fails to join Tourville in 1692, 34 fights battle in Bantry Bay, 18-19 joins Tourville, 24 sails from Toulon to Brest, 58

=Chatham=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 La Hogue, 37

Chatham, fortified against mutineers, 373

Cherbourg, enlarged by Napoleon, 476 taken, 168

_Chesapeake_, taken by =Shannon=, 472

=Chester=, La Hogue, 37 taken by French, 78

=Chesterfield=, in Byng’s squadron, 151

Chézac, captain of _Soleil Royal_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Chichester=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 at battle of Toulon, 115

=Childers= sloop, brings news of war with Holland to Rodney, 261

_Chimère_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Chouans, what were, 334, 335

Christian, Sir Hugh Cloberry, Rear-Admiral, in West Indies, 483

Churruca, C., commands _San Juan Nepomuceno_ at Trafalgar, 460

Cillart, Captain, surrenders _Sévère_, 290

_Cisalpin_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

Cisneros, B. H., Admiral, at Trafalgar, 460

Clarke, W. Stanley, captain of =Wexford=, 480

_Classes_, original _inscription maritime_. _See_ Navy, French Royal

Clerk, John, referred to, 315 _et seq._

Clinton, Sir Henry, General, retreats from Philadelphia to New York, 230

Clive, Lord, co-operates with Watson in taking Geriah, 140

_Clorinde_, her cruise to East Indies, 467

Clue, La. _See_ La Clue

=Clyde=, in mutiny at Nore, 356 _et seq._ leaves mutineers, 374

_Cocarde_, in expedition to Ireland, 338

Cochin, Dutch ports taken, 483

Cochrane, Lord (Earl Dundonald), taken, 431 at Basque Roads, 476

Cochrane, Sir Alexander Forrester, Admiral, in West Indies, 448 takes Martinique and Guadaloupe, 484

Codrington, Colonel, governor of Virgin Islands, 69 _et seq._

Codrington, Sir Edward, Admiral, captain of =Babet=, 327 commands =Orion= at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._ quoted, 471

Coghlan, Jeremiah, Captain, cuts out French privateer, 418

Colbert, organises French Navy, 9

Colbert de Seignelay succeeds his father, 10

Collier, Sir John, in North America, 244

Collingwood, Commodore, in West Indies, 247

Collingwood, Cuthbert, Lord, Vice-Admiral, conduct off Cadiz, 455 commands =Barfleur= on 1st June, 319 commands =Excellent= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 misses Ganteaume, 477, 478 replaces Orde at Cadiz, 449 second in command at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._

=Colossus=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._ at Trafalgar, 458 in collision with =Culloden=, 343 joins Jervis, 343

Colpoys, Sir John, Admiral, commands off Brest, 338 goes to Spithead, 342 mutiny in his flagship, 364 _et seq._

_Comète_, escapes from Louisbourg, 174

_Concorde_, in Savary’s squadron, 398 sent by Grasse to North America, 267

Conflans, Marechal de, commands Brest fleet, 176 at battle of Quiberon, 187, 194 blockaded by Hawke, 182, 183 his orders, 187 leaves Brest, _ibid._ plan of campaign, 183

Conn, J., Captain, commands =Dreadnought= at Trafalgar, 458

_Conquerant_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._ French, La Hogue, 38 prize sent to Gibraltar, 401

=Conqueror=, at Trafalgar, 458

Constable, captain of =Windsor=, his misconduct, 92 dismissed and imprisoned, 93

_Constitution_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

_Content_, at Battle of Minorca, 152 convoys trade, 127 French, La Hogue, 38 helps to take Northumberland, 119

_Convention_, in battle of 1st June, 319 in fleet of Bruix, 403

Convoy, act to regulate, 479 ships employed on, in 1778, 213

Cooke, Edward, Captain, at Toulon, 302

Cooke, J., Captain, commands =Bellerophon= at Trafalgar, 458

Cooper, Captain, court-martial on, 115

Copenhagen, battle of, 424, 430

_Coquille_, in expedition of Bompard, 399

Córdoba, Jose de, commands Spanish fleet at St. Vincent, 344

Cordoba, Luis de, commands allied fleet in Channel, 269 his piety, 262 Spanish admiral, in Channel, 241, 242 takes English convoy, 252, 253

Corfu, occupied by French, 402

Cornish, Sir Samuel, vice-admiral in expedition to Manilla, 196

Cornwall, Captain, commands =Intrepid= at battle of Minorca, 152 captain, killed at battle of Toulon, 113

=Cornwall=, joins Howe at New York, 232 La Hogue, 37

Cornwallis, Sir William, Admiral, action with Ternay, 251 blockades Brest, 438 divides his fleet, 454 drives back Brest fleet, 455 retreat of, 326

Cornwallis, Lord, General, takes Charlestown, 244

Corsairs, French, 73, 79

Corsica, occupation of, 328 _et seq._ evacuation of, 332

Cotgrave, Captain, in action at Boulogne, 435

Cotton, Sir Charles, Admiral, joins Keith, 408

Countess, Captain, commands =Ethalion=, 399

_Courageux_, French, La Hogue, 38

=Courageux=, lost, 343 in action off Cape Ortegal, 466

Courand, Captain, commands _Sans Pariel_, 314

_Couronne_, battle of Minorca, 152 French, La Hogue, 38

Court, M. de, French Admiral, at battle of Toulon, 112 _et seq._ supports Spaniards, 110

Court-martial, reorganisation of, by Act 22nd, George II., 136, 139

Coutance Laselle, Captain, commands _Sphinx_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Coutts= in action at Pulo Aor, 480

_Covadonga, Nuestra Señora de_, Spanish galleon, taken by Anson, 109

=Coventry=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

Craig, General, brings troops to Mediterranean, 449

Craven, first-lieutenant of =Northumberland=, 120

Croisic, Pointe de. _See_ Quiberon

=Crown=, La Hogue, 37

Cruikshank, Isaac, caricatures Howe, 301

Cruisers, ships employed as, in 1778, 213

Cuddalore, occupied by Suffren, 289 siege of, 291

Cullemberg, Admiral, Dutch, at Beachy Head, _q.v._

=Culloden=, at battle of Minorca, 152 grounds on Aboukir shoal, 394 in action with La Clue, 180 in attack on Santa Cruz, 387 in battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345, 349 in collision with =Colossus=, 343 lost on Long Island, 259 on 1st June, 319

Cumberland, Duke of, recommends creation of Marines, 144

=Cumberland= in action at Pulo Aor, 480 taken, 339 taken by French, 78

Cuming, Captain of =Russell= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Cumming Thomas, Quaker, advocates expedition to coast of Africa, 170 _et seq._

Cunningham, Sir Charles, Rear-admiral, his account of mutiny at Nore, quoted 356 _et seq._, captain of =Clyde=, _ibid._

Curaçao, occupied, 483, restored, retaken, 484

=Curieux=, sent to England, 450

Curtis, Sir Roger, commands squadron in Channel, 337 his caution on 1st June, 321 joins flag off Cadiz, 388

Dacres, J. R., Captain, commands =Barfleur= at Battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

Dalbarade, Captain, commands _Conquerent_ at the battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Dance, Sir Nathaniel, East India Company’s commodore, 480

Danish fleet seized, 486 Islands in West Indies taken, 483

=Daphne= taken, 325

Darby, George, Vice-Admiral, in command in Channel, 251 outmatched in Channel, 270 relieves Gibraltar, 262, 263

Darby, Captain, commands =Bellerophon= in battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._

Dardanelles, Passage of, 487

=Dartmouth=, at Londonderry, 21

_Dauphin Royal_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 escapes Boscawen, 142

D’Aché, Count, in East Indies, 198-202

D’Aiguillon, Duke, General, to command army of invasion, 177

D’Albert de Rions, Comte, ill-treated by mob, 297

_Decatur_ captures =Dominica=, 472

Decrés, Admiral, his defence of _Guillaume Tell_, 412

=Defence=, at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._ at Trafalgar, 458 on 1st June, 319 sent to Gibraltar, 401 unfit for service, 209

=Defiance=, at battle of Minorca, 152 at battle of Quiberon, 189 at Trafalgar, 458 flagship of Richard Graves at Copenhagen, 425 _et seq._ in Anson’s fleet, 1747, 124 in Benbow’s squadron, 92 La Hogue, 37

D’Herville, Captain, commands _Fier_ at battle of Minorca, 152

D’Hocquart, Captain, French Navy, taken by Boscawen, 142

Delaval, Sir Ralph, at Beachy Head, _q.v._ in joint commission of, 1693, 45 with Smyrna convoy, 35

_Delft_, at battle of Camperdown, 351 Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Denieport, G., commands _Achille_ at Trafalgar, 460

Denis, Sir Peter, Vice-admiral, commands =Dorsetshire= at battle of Quiberon, 189

_Denmark_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Denmark, Prince George of, husband of Queen Anne, Lord High Admiral, 59

_De Provinzen_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

=Deptford=, joins Byng, 149 La Hogue, 37

_Desaix_, in action at Algeciras, 430 _et seq._

Desbrière, Captain, quoted, 334

D’Estaign, Charles Henri, Théodat D’Estaign du Saillans, Comte, his career and character, sails to America, 222 _et seq._ in West Indies and Carolina, 236, 240 passed Gibraltar, 229, operation on coast of North America, 229, 234

Destouches, Chevalier, in command of French squadron at Newport, 259

D’Estrèes, at Beachy Head, _q.v._ brings French squadron to Portsmouth, 9

Devaux, General, commands troops in Algeciras, 431

=Devonshire=, blown up in action with French, 78 La Hogue, 37

_Devries_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

De Winter, Jan Willem, Dutch Admiral, at battle of Camperdown, 351, 354

=Diadem=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

_Diamant_, French, La Hogue, 38 taken by Boscawen, 141

Diamond Rock, English position, taken, 448

Dickson, Captain of =Veteran=, 427 _et seq._

=Didon=, joins Villeneuve, 448 taken, 453

Digby, Captain, commands =Africa= at Trafalgar, 458

Digby, Rear-Admiral, pursues La Motte Picquet, 263 commanded =Dunkirk= at battle of Quiberon, 189 sent to North America, 269

Diggs, D., Captain, commands =Maidstone= at battle of Quiberon, 189

_Diligente_, French privateer, 76

Dilk, captain, court martial on, 115

Dilkes, Captain of _Raisonable_, 427 _et seq._

Dilkes, Sir Thomas, at battle of Malaga, 65

=Director=, at battle of Camperdown, 352 at Nore, 370

Diron, captain of _Decatur_, 472

=Discovery=, deserts mutineers, 377

_Dix Août_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

Dixon, captain of =Ramillies=, 427 _et seq._

Dixon, James, master of Northumberland, 138

Dixon, Manley, Captain, his humanity to his men, 359

Djezzar, Pasha of Acre, 409

Dogger Bank, battle of, 257, 258

=Dolphin=, in Byng’s squadron, 151 in North Sea squadron, 256

Domett, Sir William, Admiral, captain of fleet with Sir Hyde Parker, 426 _et seq._

Dominica, action off, on 9th April, 277 battle of, 12th April, 278, 279 taken, 483 taken from French, 196

=Dominica=, taken by _Decatur_, 472

Don, master of =Ardent=, killed at battle of Camperdown, 354

Donnidge, Mr., surgeon of Milford, 84, 85

Dordelin, captain of _Tyrannicide_, in fleet of Villaret-Joyeuse, 313 _et seq._

Dorré, lieutenant of _Revolutionnaire_, 311

=Dorsetshire=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 court-martial on lieutenants of, 115 in action at Pulo Aor, 480

D’Orves, dies at sea, 286 takes command of French naval forces in East Indies, 283

D’Orvilliers, Guillonet, Comte, at battle of Ushant, 223, 226 commands Brest fleet, 221 in channel, 241, 242

Douglas, Sir Charles, captain of fleet, with Rodney, 276; his advice to Rodney, 278 serves on American Lakes, 218

Douglas, Sir James, Admiral, at taking of Dominica, 196

_Doutelle_, carries Prince Charles Edward to Scotland, 122

=Dragon=, money spent on, rotten, 209 with Admiral Knight’s convoy, 449

_Dragon_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

Drake, Sir Francis Samuel, Rear-Admiral, commands =Falkland= at battle of Quiberon, 189 commands van in battle of Lynn Haven, 268 detached by Rodney, 265

Draper, Sir William, Lieutenant-General, at taking of Manila, 196

=Dreadnought=, at Trafalgar, 458 commanded by Boscawen, 141 La Hogue, 37

_Droits de l’homme_, destruction of, 339-342

Drucourt, governor of Louisbourg, 171, 173

Drury, W. O’Brien, Captain, commands =Powerful= at battle of Camperdown, 352

Dubois de Lamotte, French naval officer, takes reinforcements to Canada, 141, 142

Dubourdieu, Captain, at battle of Lissa, 488

Duchaffault de Besné, action with Boscawen, takes =Carnarvon=, reaches France, 172 attempts to relieve Louisbourg, _ibid._ escapes British fleet, 175

=Duchess=, La Hogue, 37

Duckworth, Sir John Thomas, Admiral, at Minorca, 402 at Constantinople, 487 at Minorca, 404

Duff, G., Captain, commands =Mars= at Trafalgar, 458

Duff, Robert, Vice-Admiral, in blockade of Vannes, and battle of Quiberon, 186 _et seq._

Dugommier, French general, retakes Toulon, 303

_Duguay-Trouin_ at Trafalgar, 460 taken off Cape Ortegal, 466

Duguay-Trouin, Réné, defeats English convoy, 78 French privateer and naval officer, 74 his birth and education, 75 prisoner at Plymouth, 76 takes Dutch convoy, 77

=Duke=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 in mutiny at Spithead, 366 _et seq._ La Hogue, 37

Dumanoir-le-Pelley, or Lepelley, Admiral, his flight from Trafalgar and capture, 466 commands allied van at Trafalgar, 460 _et seq._

Dumourier, Captain, commands _Trajan_, 314

Duncan, Adam, Lord Camperdown, his antecedents, 350 commands in North Sea, 327 fights battle of Camperdown, 552, 554 mutiny in his squadron, 375 watches the Texel single handed, 376

Dundas, Henry, Lord Melville, in Pitt’s cabinet, 350

Dundas, Sir David, General, in Corsica, 328

Dundonald. _See_ Cochrane, Lord

=Dunkirk=, 90 at battle of Quiberon, 189 in Boscawen’s squadron, 142

Dupetit-Thouard, commands _Tonnant_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Dupleix, French governor of Pondicherry, seizes Madras, his intrigues, 139

Duquesne, captain of _Foudroyant_, 160, 161

Duquesne, Fort, attack on, 403

_Duquesne_, in fleet of Bruix, 141

Durevest, Captain, commands the _Sage_ at battle of Minorca, 152 sails to America, 158

Durham, P. C. Captain, commands =Defiance= at Trafalgar, 458

d’Urtubie, Vicomte, Captain, commands _Dauphin Royal_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

Dutch sailors, in English ships, 414

=Eagle=, La Hogue, 37 with Howe at New York, 231

=Earl Camden=, ship of Commodore Dance, 480

=Earl of Abergavenny=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

_Echo_, at Louisbourg, 172

=Edgar=, at Copenhagen, 425 _et seq._ called in by Sir Vincent, 405 La Hogue, 37

Edgcumbe, George, Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, commands squadron in Mediterranean, 149 commands =Hero= at battle of Quiberon, 189 in =Lancaster= at battle of Minorca, 152

Edwards, Captain Richard, defeated by Duguay-Trouin, 78

=Egmont=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._

=Egyptienne=, with Calder, 451

_Egyptienne_, reaches Alexandria, 420

Eimeriau, Captain, commands _Spartiate_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Ekins, Sir Charles, Admiral, quoted, 359 _et seq._

El Arish, convention of, 416-417

Elba, occupied, 332

=Elephant=, flagship of Nelson at Copenhagen, 425 _et seq._

_Elephantin_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

_Elèves_, rank in French Navy, 296

=Elisabeth=, taken by French, 78

_Elisabeth_, action with =Lion=, 122

=Elizabeth=, La Hogue, 37

Elliot, John, Admiral, his action with Thurot, 195

Elliot, Sir Gilbert, Earl Minto, Commissioner in Corsica, 329 _et seq._ advises choice of Nelson to command in Mediterranean, 388

Ellis, Welbore, Treasurer of Navy, 209

Ellison, captain of =Marlborough=, rebuked by Jervis, 383 commits suicide, _ibid._

Elton, Captain, loses =Anglesea=, 120, 121

_Elven_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Embden, occupied, 169

_Embuscade_, in expedition of Bompard, 399

=Emerald=, in attack on Santa Cruz, 387 joins Nelson, 388 on coast of Egypt, 401

_Engageante_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

_Entend_, French, La Hogue, 38

_Eole_, on 1st June, 319

=Eolus=, commanded by Captain Elliot, 195

=Epervier=, taken, 471

Epron, J., commands _Argonaute_ at Trafalgar, 460

_Erste Edele_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Escaño, A., Rear-Admiral, at Trafalgar, 460

_Esperance_, taken by Byng’s Channel squadron, 145

Espiritu Santo, Cape, the _Covadonga_ taken by Anson near, 109

=Essex=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 at battle of Toulon, 115 commanded by Captain John Campbell, 169 La Hogue, 37

_Essex_, taken by =Phœbe=, 470

Essington, W., Captain, commands =Triumph= at battle of Camperdown, 352

_Ethalion_, pursues Bompard, 399

Etienne, Captain, commands _Henreux_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

=Etna=, fireship at Louisbourg, 173

_Etswont_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

=Euryalus=, at Trafalgar, 455 _et seq._

Evans, Captain, commands =Union= at battle of Quiberon, 189

_Eveillé_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

Everitt, Captain, commands =Buckingham= at battle of Minorca, 152

=Excellent=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

_Excellent_, French, La Hogue, 38

=Exeter= in action at Pulo Aor, 480 in action of 17 Feb. 1782, 288

Exmouth Lord. _See_ Pellew, Sir Edward

=Expedition=, La Hogue, 37

Fairfax, Sir William George, Vice-Admiral, commanded =Venerable= at Camperdown, 352

=Falkland=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

Fancourt, Captain, his weakness in mutiny at Nore, 377 captain of =Agamemnon= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Fandino, commands Spanish guarda costa, his treatment of Captain Jenkins, 100

_Fantasque_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Farquharson, James, captain of =Alfred=, 480

Farrer, W. Ward, captain of =Cumberland=, 480

_Favorite_ taken at Lissa, 489

Fenwick, Sir John, his murder plot, 57

Ferdinand, King of Naples, defeated, submits to French, 416 detains Nelson at Palermo, 404

Ferguson, Colonel, surrenders Tobago, 265

Ferris, Captain, commands =Inflexible= at Nore, 370 Captain of =Hannibal=, 432

Ferrol, action off, 451 French ships at, 438 _et seq._ threatened, 419

_Fidèle_, at Louisbourg, 172

_Fier_, at battle of Minorca, 152

Fighting, instructions or orders, beginning of the, 3 their leading principles and effect, 4, 5

=Firedrake= at Bantry Bay, 19

=Firm=, in blockade of Vannes, 186

_Firme_, taken, 451

Fishguard, French land at, 335

_Flamand_, in squadron of Suffren, 286

Fleury, Cardinal, Prime Minister of France, his peace policy, 98

Flores, Luis de, commands _San Francisco de Asis_ at Trafalgar, 460

Flotilla, invasion, 1803 to 1805, constitution of, 442, 443 invasion, collected by Napoleon, 433

Foley, Sir Thomas, Admiral, captain of =Goliath=, 393 _et seq._ commands =Britannia= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 captain of =Elephant= at Copenhagen, 425

Foligno, treaty of, 417

_Formidable_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 at Trafalgar, 460 in action at Algeciras, 430 _et seq._ in fleet of Bruix, 403 taken, 327 taken off Cape Ortegal, 466

=Formidable=, collision of, with =Ville de Paris=, 342 flagship of Palliser at Ushant, 225 Rodney’s flagship, 279

Forant, French Admiral. _See_ Bantry Bay

Forbin, Comte de, serves with Duquay Tronin, 78

Forde, Captain of _La Nymphe_, 267

Forrest, Commodore, action with Kersaint, 170, 171

_Fort_, French, La Hogue, 38

_Forte_, action with =Sybille= mentioned, 302

Fortescue, E., Captain, commands =Hercules= in battle of Quiberon, 189

=Fortitude=, in North Sea Squadron, 1784, 256

=Fortune=, Jans Byng, 149

=Foudroyant=, at capture of _Genéreux_, 412 in action of Tory Island, 400

_Foudroyant_, captured, 159, 161 flagship of La Galisonière, 152 French, La Hogue, 38

_Fougueux_, at Trafalgar, 460 damaged, 405 in fleet of Bruix, 403

Foul weather Jack, _see_ Byron, John

Foulis, Captain, at Cherbourg, 43

Fowke, General, Governor of Gibraltar, 149 _et seq._

Fox, General, commands troops, 413

=Fox=, sunk in attack on Santa Cruz, 387

Fox, Thomas, Captain, captures French convoy, 125

_François_, French privateer, 76 in Savar’s squadron, 398

_Franklin_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._ prize sent to Gibraltar, 401

Fraser, captain of =Nymphe=, 403

Fraser, General, commands troops in St. Kitts, 274

_Fraternité_, Hoche and Morard de Galle sail in, 337, 339

Frederick, T. L., Captain, commands =Illustrious=, 331 commands =Blenheim= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

Fremantle, Sir Thomas Francis, Vice-Admiral, captain of =Ganges= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._ commands =Neptune= at Trafalgar, 458

_Freya_ seized, 423

_Frisia_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Froger de l’Eguille, commands _Foudroyant_ at battle of Minorca, 152

Frogmore, Captain, his death, 115

Frye, lieutenant of marines, case of, 117, 137

Gabanons, Captain, commands _Couronne_ at battle of Minorca, 152

Gabaret, Louis, French Admiral, at battle in Bantry Bay, 18 at Beachy Head, _q.v._ lands James II. in Ireland, 17

_Gæsterland_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Gage, General, commands at Boston, 219

_Gaillard_, French, La Hogue, 38

Galiano, D., commands _Bahama_ in Trafalgar, 460

Galissonière. _See_ La Galissonière

Gallivats, pirate galleys of Malabar Coast, 140

Galves, Bernardo de, conquers Florida, 243

Gambier, James, Vice-Admiral, commands =Burford= at battle of Quiberon, 189 Lord-Admiral, at action in Basque Roads, 476 succeeds Howe, superseded by Byron, 235

=Ganges=, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._ in action at Pulo Aor, 480

Ganteaume, Honoré, Admiral, Captain of the Fleet (French) at the battle of the Nile, 395, _et seq._ commands Brest fleet, 445 commands _Trente et-un Mai_, 314 his cruise to carry reinforcements to Egypt, 421, 423 relieves Corfu, 478

Garde de la Marine. _See_ Navy, French Royal

Gardiner, Captain, flag-captain with Byng at Minorca, 152 his advice to Byng, 154

Gardiner, Captain, brings about capture of _Foudroyant_; his death, 159, 161

Gardner, Alan, Baron, Admiral, captain of =Maidstone=, 230 draws sword on mutineers, 368 in Howe’s fleet, 313 _et seq._

Gardner, Alan Hyde, Captain, commands =Hero=, 466

Gardoqui, J., commands _Santa Ana_ at Trafalgar, 460

_Gasparin_, on 1st June, 318

Gassin, Captain, of _Jacobin_, 319

Gaston, Miguel, Captain, commands _San Justo_ at Trafalgar, 460 Spanish Admiral, escorts treasure ships, 270

_Gaulois_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

Geary, Sir Francis, Admiral, commands reserve squadrons, 187 commands in Channel, 251

_Gelderland_, A, Dutch, La Hogue, 37 B, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Gelykeid_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Généreux_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._ at Corfu, 404 taken, 412 takes =Leander=, 401

Genêt, M., French diplomatic agent, 305

Gentili, General, occupies Corsica, 332

Geriah, pirate stronghold taken, 140

_Gerner_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Gibraltar, besieged, 254 relief of, by Howe, 280, 281 sights French squadron, 179 taken, 65 to be attacked by Allies, 64 state of fortress, _ibid._ 64

=Gibraltar=, driven on Pearl Rock, 343 on 1st June, 319

Gillet, Captain, commands _Franklin_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Gillray, James, caricatures Howe, 301

Glandève, Commodore de, at battle of Minorca, 152

=Glatton=, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

_Glorieux_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 French, La Hogue, 38

=Glory=, in battle of 1st June, 320

=Gloucester=, in Anson’s squadron, 107, 108

Goes, Van der, Dutch Admiral, with Smyrna convoy, 45

=Goliath=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._ at battle of the Nile, 393 _et seq._ taken by Nelson to Naples, 401

Goree, repulse of English at, 171

Gould, Davidge, Captain, commands =Audacious= at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._

Gourrège, P. P., commands _Aigle_ at Trafalgar, 460

Grabs, pirate craft of Malabar Coast, 140

=Grafton=, La Hogue, 37

Graham, Sir James, his naval administration, 437 _et seq._

Grand Port, British frigates destroyed at, 467

Grands, Cardinaux. _See_ Quiberon

Grasse François Joseph Paul, Comte de, and Marquis de Grasse-Tilley, reinforces D’Estaign, 239

## action with Hood, 264

attacks Santa Lucia, takes Tobago, 265, 266 attacks St. Kitts, 273, 275 defeated by Rodney, 276, 279 leaves Brest for West Indies, 258 reaches Martinique, 262 sails from Chesapeake to Martinique, 271 sails to North America, 266; aids in siege of Yorktown, 267-269

Graves, Samuel, Admiral, in command in North America, 219 commands =Duke= at battle of Quiberon, 189 attempts to relieve Yorktown, 267, 268

Graves Sir Thomas, Admiral, second in command at Copenhagen, 425 _et seq._

Gravina, Admiral, accompanies Villeneuve to West Indies, 447 _et seq._ at Trafalgar, 460

Graydon, John, Vice-Admiral, sails to West Indies, 53

Greenway, Captain, at Cherbourg, 43

=Greenwich=, in Benbow’s squadron, 93 La Hogue, 37

Gregory, G., Captain, commands =Veteran= at battle of Camperdown, 352

Grenada, island, taken by French, and battle of, 246 taken, 483

Grenville, Captain, of =Defiance=, 124

Grenville, George, his Act for the Encouragement of Seamen, 357

Grey, G., Captain, commands =Victory= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

Grey Sir Charles, Earl Grey in West Indies, 303, 304 in West Indies, 482

Griffin, Thomas, Admiral, supersedes Peyton, his sloth, 131

Griffiths, Captain, Anselm, quoted, 473

Grindale, R., Captain, commands =Prince= at Trafalgar, 458

Grouchy, Marshal, in expedition to Ireland, 339

Guadaloupe, taken, 482; lost, 483; retaken, 484

_Guarda Costa_, Spanish Revenue cutter, 100

Guébriant de Budez, chef d’escadre at battle of Quiberon, 190

Guernsey, in action with La Clue, 180

_Guerrier_, at battle of Minorca, 152 at the battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ escapes from Boscawen, 182 in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Guichen Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, Comte de, commands in West Indies, 247, 250 defeated by Kempenfelt, 272, 273

_Guillaume Tell_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._ at Malta, 404 taken, 412

_Haarlem_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Haddock, Nicholas, Admiral, blockades Cadiz, 109 goes to Gibraltar for winter, 110; does not attack United French and Spaniards, _ibid._; goes to Minorca, _ibid._ resigns command, _ibid._

Haddock, Sir Richard, in joint commission of 1691, 32

_Haerlem_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Hague La, Cape, 35

Half pay, amount of, 7, 8 granted under William III., 6 of captains increased, 204

Halley, Lieutenant, helps to suppress mutiny in St. George, 382

Hallowell, Sir Benjamin Hallowell Carew, Admiral, commands =Swiftsure= at battle of Nile, 394 _et seq._

Halsted, Captain, commands =Namur=, 466

Hamilton, Archibald, captain of =Bombay Castle=, 480 captain of =Canada=, 324

Hamilton, Lord, present in dispute on flagship, 83

Hamilton, Sir William, ambassador, 415

=Hampton Court= at taking of _Foudroyant_, 160 La Hogue, 37

=Hannibal= at Algeciras, 431, 433 taken by Suffren, 287

Hardy General (French), commands troops in expedition of Bombard, 399

Hardy Sir Charles, Admiral, 121 at battle of Quiberon, 189 convoys Lisbon trade, 119

Hardy, Sir Charles, son of above, at Louisbourg, 172 commands in Channel, 241, 242 in St. Lawrence, 174

Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman, Vice-Admiral, captain of =Mutine=, 390 captain of =St. George= at Copenhagen; with Nelson on =Elephant=, 426 _et seq._ flag-captain at Trafalgar, 458

Hargood, Sir William, Admiral, commands =Belleisle= at Trafalgar, 458

Harland, Sir Robert, Admiral, second in command at battle of Ushant, 223, 226

Harrison, T., Captain, commands =Venus= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Harvey, Eliab, Captain, commands =Temeraire= at Trafalgar, 458

Harvey, John, Captain, commands =Brunswick= on 1st June, killed, 320

Harvey, Rear-Admiral, takes Trinidad, 483

Hastings, Captain, killed at La Hogue, 40

Hatherall, chaplain of =Sandwich=, his boldness to mutineers, 377

Havana taken, 196

Hawke, Sir E., Lord, Admiral, action with L’Etanduêre, 126, 127 at battle of Quiberon, 187, 194 at battle of Toulon, 113 command in Channel, 144 expedition to Rochefort, 167 his blockade of Brest, 182 _et seq._ orders periodical visitation of dockyards, 134 resigns command in Channel, 145 scatters French convoy in Basque Roads, 169 succeeds Byng in Mediterranean, 158

Heath, Captain, at Cherbourg, 43

Heath, John, seaman, 90

_Hébé_, taken by =Rainbow=, 470

_Hector_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 223

=Hector=, takes _Licorne_, 223

Heliopolis, defeat of Turks at, 417

_Heliopolis_, enters Alexandria, 422

_Henri_, French, La Hogue, 38

=Henry Addington=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

Herbert, A., at battle of Bantry Bay, 18, 19 at battle of Beachy Head, 24-29 Commissioner of Navy, 15 court-martial on, 31, 32 created Earl of Torrington, 20 dismissed from Admiralty, 23 sent to intercept James II., 17

_Hercules_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

=Hercules=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

=Hermione=, mutiny of, 383, 384

=Hero=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 at Porto Praya, 285 in action off Cape Ortegal, 466 in Hughes squadron in East Indies, 283

_Héros_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 at Trafalgar, 460 in squadron of Suffren, 285

Hervey, A. J., third Earl Bristol, Admiral, captain of =Monmouth=, in blockade of Brest, 186 _et seq._ lands at Molines, 168

Hervey, The Hon. William, captain of =Superb=, court-martial on, 90 _et seq._

Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince of, at taking of Gibraltar, 65 _et seq._

_Heureux_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Hillyar, Sir James, Rear-Admiral, captain of =Phœbe=, 470

=Hinchinbroke=, East Indiaman, at Porto Praya, 285

Hinext, Captain, commands _Beschermer_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Hippopotame_, at battle of Minorca, 152

_Hjeelperen_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

_Hoche_ (formerly _Pêgase_) in Bompard’s expedition, 399, 400

Hoche, Lazare, General, his expedition to Ireland, 335 _et seq._

Hodges, William, _quoted_, 358

Hodgson, Major-General, at taking of Belleisle, 196

Hogue, La, battle of, 34, 43

Hohenlinden, battle of, 417

Holburne, Francis, Admiral, sails to America, 162 sent to support Boscawen, 141 squadron scattered by storm, 163

Holland, Captain, commands =Wassenaer= at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Holland_, in Dutch squadron, in 1781, 256

Holland, war declared with, 253

Holloway, Captain, arrested by mutineers at Spithead, 366

Holmes, Captain, occupies Embden, 169

_Holsteen_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Hood, Alexander, Lord Bridport, Admiral, commands =Minerva= at battle of Quiberon, 189 deceived by Bruix, 403, 404 fails to intercept Bompard, 399 fails to intercept Hoche, 337 _et seq._ his action at Groix, 326 _et seq._ ineffectual movements of, 342 mutinous combination in his squadron, 362 second in command to Howe, 324

Hood, Sir Samuel, Lord Admiral appointed to command in Mediterranean, 299 brings reinforcements to Rodney, 261 commands =Venus=, 178 Vice-Admiral, commands =Zealous= at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ his operations at St. Kitts, 274, 275 in battles of Dominica, 276, 279 in Mediterranean, 1794-1795, 328-330 joins Rodney, 275 leaves Antigua for North America, 267 leaves Sandy Hook for Barbadoes, 272 quoted, 226 serves with Graves, 268 superseded by Troubridge, 409 watches Fort Royal, expostulates with Rodney, 262

_Hoorn_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Hope, G., Captain, commands =Defence= at Trafalgar, 458

=Hope=, in action at Pulo Aor, 488 La Hogue, 37

Hope, Sir William, Vice-Admiral, commands =Bellerophon=, 310

Hopson, Major-General, in West Indies, 195

Hopsonn, Sir Thomas, Admiral, in attack on Vigo, 61 present in dispute on flagship, 83

Hosier, Francis, Vice-Admiral, his death in West Indies, 102

Hoste, Sir William, at battle of Lissa, 488

Hotham, Sir William, Admiral, actions with Martin, 330-331 commands =Adamant= at battle of Camperdown, 252 commands under Hood, 330; succeeds him, _ibid._ his convoy taken by La Motte Picquet, 263 resigns, 332 sails from New York to West Indies, 236

Howe, Richard, Earl, abused in newspapers, 301

## action with Villaret-Joyeuse on 28th May 1794, 311

appointed to command in Channel, 299 at sea, 325 at sea, 1794, 323 commands =Dunkirk= in Boscawen’s squadron, 141 commands in North America, 219 commands =Magnanime= at battle of Quiberon, 189 _et seq._ his signals, 470 in battle of 1st June 1794, 316, 320 in winter of 1793-1794, 305 operations in 1793, 300-301 operations of, at New York and Rhode Island, 230-235 pacifies mutineers at Spithead, 369 pursues French, 309 reconnoitres Brest, 308 relieves Gibraltar, 280, 282 sails from St. Helens, 306 state of his fleet in 1794, 307 statement of grievances of sailors sent to, 363

Howe, Sir William, General, commands in North America, 219

Hubert, J. J., commands _Indomptable_ at Trafalgar, 460

Hudson, Captain, of =Pendennis=, his death, 93

Hughes, Sir Edward, Admiral, commands in East Indies, 283 _et seq._ his engagements with Suffren, 288, 292

Hugues, Victor, in West Indies, 483, 484 taken at Cayenne, 484

Humbert, General, his invasion of Ireland, 398

Hume, James, Captain, killed in attack on French convoy, 170

=Hunter=, sloop at Louisbourg, 173

Hult, John, Captain, commands =Queen= in Howe’s fleet, 313

Hyder Ali, Sultan of Mysore at war with East India Company, 283 _et seq._ death of, 291

Hyères, British fleet at, 111

_Illustre_, French, La Hogue, 38

=Illustrious=, in first action between Hotham and Martin, 331

_Immortalité_, in expedition of Bompard, 399

=Imperieuse=, her activity, 488

_Impétueux_, taken on 1st June, 321

=Impregnable=, on 1st June, 319

=Indefatigable=, attacks _Droits de l’homme_, 340, 342 commanded by Pellew, 337

_Indivisible_, flagship of Ganteaume, 421

_Indomptable_, at Trafalgar, 460 in action at Algeciras, 430 _et seq._ in expedition to Ireland, 339 in fleet of Bruix, 403 in fleet of Villaret-Joyeuse, 313 _et seq._

=Industry=, victualler with Anson’s squadron, 108

Infernet, L. A. C., commands _Intrépide_ at Trafalgar, 460

_Inflexible_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Inflexible=, in mutiny at Nore, 370 threatens to fire into San Fiorenzo, 372

_Infödstretten_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Inglis, J., Captain, commands =Belliqueux= at battle of Camperdown, 352

_Inscription, Maritime._ _See_ _Classes_, and Navy, French Royal

_Intendant de marine, des Armées navales._ _See_ Navy, French Royal

=Intrepid=, at battle of Minorca, 152 in action with La Clue, 180 in fleet of Graves, 312 loses topmast, 153

=Intrepide=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

_Intrépide_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 at Trafalgar, 460 in action of 14th October 1747, 126

_Invincible_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

Ionian Islands, retaken from French, 402

=Irresistible=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345, 349 joins Jervis, 343

Irwin, T., captain of =Prince George=, 346

=Isis=, action with _César_, 235 at battle of Camperdown, 352 at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._ in squadron of Hughes, 283 with Howe at New York, 231

Iviça, British and Spanish fleets meet at, 302

_J. J. Rousseau_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

_Jacobin_, on 1st June, 319

Jacobson, Captain, commands _Cerberus_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

=Java=, loss of, mentioned, 474

Java, island of, taken, 484

_Jean Bart_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

Jean Bon Saint André, French delegate, 306, 307

_Jemmapes_, in fleet of Bruix, 403 in squadron of Allemand, 477

Jenkins, John, master of =Rebecca=, ill-used by Spaniards, 100

Jenkins’s Ear, war of, 102

Jennings, Sir John, commands expedition to West Indies, 53

Jervis, Sir John, Earl St. Vincent, defeats Spaniards near Cape St. Vincent, 344, 349 establishes his blockade of Brest, deceived by Ganteaume, 421 evacuates Mediterranean, 333 First-Lord, his policy of inquiry and reform, 437-438 _note_ goes to Lagos and then Lisbon, 386 his movements during the cruise of Bruix, 405-407 in West Indies, 482, 483 letter to Keppel, 226 ordered to detach two ships of line into Mediterranean, 388 prevents mutiny off Cadiz, 381, 382 First-Lord, takes command in Mediterranean, 332 to command in West Indies, 299

John, Archduke, defeated at Hohenlinden, 417

Johnston, Major, heads mutiny against Bligh, 370

Johnstone, George, “Governor,” in action at Porto Praya and at Cape of Good Hope, 283, 284

Joinville, Prince de, quoted, 324

Jones, R., Captain, in action at Boulogne, 435

Jonquière, M. de la, French naval officer, defeated by Anson, 123, 124

_Jupiter_, at battle of Camperdown, 351 _et seq._

=Jupiter=, at Porto Praya, 285

_Juste_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 taken on 1st June, 321

_Justice_, reaches Alexandria, 420

_Jylland_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Keats, Sir Richard Goodwin, Admiral, captain of =Boadicea=, 399 ships Spanish troops at Fünen, 487 taken by Ganteaume, 423

Keith Elphinstone, Lord Keith, at Cadiz, 419 at siege of Genoa, 415 blockades Cadiz, 404 commands in Downs, 438 driven from Cadiz by French, 404 his pursuit of Bruix, 408 in expedition to Egypt, 420, 421 pursues Ganteaume, 422 suppresses mutiny at Plymouth, 380 takes Cape, 483 takes command against mutineers at Nore, 378 takes command in Mediterranean, 412

Kempenfelt, Richard, defeats Guichen, 272, 273; his death, _ibid._ his signals, 470

=Kent=, La Hogue, 37

Keppel, Augustus, Viscount, at Admiralty, 280 at Battle of Ushant, 223, 226 at Canaries, takes Gorée, 172 at taking of Belleisle, 196 commands =Torbay= at battle of Quiberon, 189 commands Western squadron, 221 court-martial on, 228 expedition to coast of Africa, 171, 172 his quarrel with Palliser, 226, 227 in blockade of Brest, 186 takes Braddock to America, 141

Kerjulien, J. M. C., commands _Pluton_ at Trafalgar, 460

Kersaint, Captain de, commands _Thesée_ at battle of Quiberon, 190 attacks Cape Coast Castle, and has action with Commodore Forrest, 170, 171

Kidd, Dandy, captain of =Wager=, in Anson’s squadron, 107

Killala, French land at, 398

Killigrew, Admiral, fails to intercept Châteaurenault in Straits of Gibraltar, 24; convoys trade to England, _ibid._ in joint commission of 1691, 32, and in 1693, 45

King, R., Captain, commands =Achille= at Trafalgar, 458

King, Sir Richard, Admiral, in action of 17th February 1782, 288

=Kingfisher=, mutiny averted in, 382

=Kingston=, at battle of Minorca, 152 at battle of Quiberon, 189

Kinsbergen, captain of _Admiral General_, 256

Kirby, captain of =Defiance=, his misconduct, 92 shot, 93

Kirke, Colonel, his misconduct at Londonderry, 20-22

Kirkpatrick, John, captain of =Henry Addington=, 480

Kjöge Bay, British fleet in, 429

Kléber, General, in command in Egypt, 416 murdered, 417

Knight, Sir John, Admiral, commands =Montagu= at battle of Camperdown, 352 convoys General Craig’s troops, 449

Knowles, Sir Charles, Admiral, his services in West Indies, 105

Knowles, Sir Charles Henry, Admiral, son of the above, commands =Goliath= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

_Koning Wilhelm_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Kosseir, Indian troops landed at, 421

Kraft, Captain, commands _Alkmaar_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Kronborg_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

La Bourdonnais, Bertrand Mahé de, forms squadron at Île de France, 129 his character and plans, 128 his operations on Coromandel coast, and his end, 130, 131

La Clochetterie, captain of _Belle Poule_, 223

La Clue, action with Boscawen and death, 179, 182 at battle of Minorca, 152 commands squadron at Toulon, 176 takes refuge in Carthagena, 159 _et seq._

La Crosse, Captain, Baron, commands _Droits de l’homme_, 339-342

Laforey, Sir John, Captain, commands =Spartiate= at Trafalgar, 458 Admiral, boards _Prudent_, 173, 174

La Galissonière, French Admiral, commands squadron at Minorca, 152 _et seq._

La Guayra, attack on, 105

Lally, Count, in East Indies, 198, 202

Lambert, captain of =Saturn=, 427 _et seq._

Lamesle, captain of _Indomptable_, 313

La Motte Picquet, captures Hotham’s convoy, 263 reinforces D’Estaign, 239

=Lancaster=, at battle of Camperdown, 352 at battle of Minorca, 152

Lángara, Juan de, Spanish Admiral, at Toulon, 302 defeated by Rodney, 246 escorts Richery, and goes to Toulon and to Carthagena, 330

Langle, Vicomte de, Captain, commands _Solitaire_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

_Languedoc_, action with =Renown=, 235 flagship of D’Estaign, 229

_L’Annibal_, in squadron of Suffren, 285

=La Nymphe=, reports departure of Grasse to Rodney, 267

Laprévalais, Chevalier de, Captain, commands _Eveillé_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=La Prudente=, detached by Kempenfelt, 273

Larkins, Thomas, Captain of =Warren Hastings=, 480

_L’Artésien_, in squadron of Suffren, 285

Latouche-Tréville, Admiral, commands Toulon fleet, 444 his death, 445

_Laurier_, French, La Hogue, 38

Laureston, General, quoted, 467

Lawford, captain of =Polyphemus= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Leake, Sir John, at battle of Malaga, 65 in battle of Bantry Bay, 19 in command on coast of Spain, 53, 54 joins Rooke, 61 raises siege of Londonderry, 21 relieves Gibraltar, 67

=Leander=, at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ in attack on Santa Cruz, 387 sent home with despatches, and taken, 401

Lee, Captain, commands =Courageux=, 466

Le Gardeur de Tilly, takes =Romulus=, 260

Legge, Hon. Edward, captain of =Severn= in Anson’s squadron, 107

_Legion des Francs_, and _Noire_, what were, 335

Lejoille, Captain, commands _Généreux_ at battle of the Nile, 395

Le Maire Straits, Anson’s squadron in, 108

=Lenox=, La Hogue, 37

=Leopard=, recaptured from mutineers, 379

_L’Epée_. _See_ Navy, French Royal

Leso, Blas de, Spanish naval officer, defends Carthagena, 104

Lestock, at battle of Toulon, 112 _et seq._ Richard, Admiral, brings reinforcements to Haddock, 109 commands attack on French coast, 123 court-martial on, 115 on bad terms with Mathews, 110 put under arrest by Mathews, 113

L’Etanduère, Desherbiers de, French Admiral, defeated by Hawke, 126, 127

Letellier, J. M., commands _Formidable_ at Trafalgar, 460

Levant, Vice-Admiral du, _See_ Navy, French Royal

Levassor de Latouche, Captain, commands _Dragon_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Leviathan=, at Trafalgar, 458 in Howe’s fleet, 311 with Howe at New York, 231

Lexington, skirmish at, 218

Ley, Captain, quarrel with Norris, 83

_Leyden_, at battle of Camperdown, 351 Dutch, La Hogue, 37

=Lichfield=, wrecked on coast of Morocco, 171

_Licorne_, taken, 223

Lillingston, Luke, Colonel, his quarrel with Captain Wilmot, 35 _et seq._

Lincoln, American general, besieges Savannah, 240

Linois, Durand, Admiral, at Algeciras, 431-433 in East Indies, 480

=Lion=, action with _Elizabeth_, 122 blockades Malta, 401 La Hogue, 37

_Lion_, at battle of Minorca, 152 in squadron of Allemand, 477

Lissa, battle of, 488

Lizard, action off the, 78

Lloyd, Captain, court-martial on, 115

Lloyd, Captain David, follows James II. into exile, Jacobite agent, 16 tempts captains to treason, 35

Loades, Captain, brings away stores from Cadiz, 59

Lochner, J. Christ., captain of =Ocean=, 480

Lockhart, afterwards Lockhart-Ross, Sir John, Vice-Admiral, commands =Chatham= at battle of Quiberon, 189

_Lodi_, reaches Alexandria, 420

_Loire_, in expedition of Bompard, 399

=London=, flagship of Admiral Colpoys at Spithead, 364 _et seq._ flagship of Sir Hyde Parker, 424 _et seq._ La Hogue, 37 off Cadiz, story of warning to, 382

Londonderry, siege of, 20-22

Lord High Admiral, office in commission after 1688, 5

_L’Orient_, in East Indies, 286 _et seq._ wrecked, 290

Loudoun, Lord, plans attack on Louisbourg, 162

Louis, Sir Thomas, Rear-Admiral, commands =Minotaur= at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._

Louisbourg, taken, 122, exchanged for Madras, 132 taken, 171, 173

Lucas, J. J. E., commands _Redoutable_ at Trafalgar, 460

=Ludlow Castle=, commanded by Rodney, 178

Lunéville, treaty of, 417

Luttrell, Temple, on inefficiency of the Press, 215 on waste in navy, 209

Lynn Haven, battle of, 268, 269

Lyonne, M. de, French minister of marine, 9

_Lys_, taken by Boscawen, 142

M‘Cleverty, captain of =Gibraltar=, 179

Macdonel, E., commands _Rayo_ at Trafalgar, 460

Macnémara, Comte de, French naval officer, accompanies convoy for America, 141

Madeira occupied, 482

Madras, exchanged for Louisbourg, 132 taken by La Bourdonnais, 131

_Maegd van Dort_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Magendie, J. J., captain of _Bucentaure_ at Trafalgar, 460 surrenders _Africaine_, 421

=Magnanime=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 in action off Tory Island, 400

_Magnanime_, in squadron of Allemand, 477

_Magnifique_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 French, La Hogue, 38

Magon, Admiral, joins Villeneuve in West Indies, 448 Rear-Admiral, at Trafalgar, 460

Mahon, Port, in Minorca. _See_ Minorca

=Maidstone=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 reports approach of D’Estaign, 230

_Maire Guiton_, French prize, 308

Maistral, E. T., commands _Neptune_ at Trafalgar, 460

Maitland, General, commands troops at Quiberon, 418

Maitland, Sir Frederick Lewis, Rear-Admiral, suppresses mutiny in =Kingfisher=, 382

=Majestic=, in battle of 1st June, 320 at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ sent to Gibraltar, 401

_Majestueux_, in squadron of Allemand, 477, 478

Malaga, battle of, 65, 66

Malta, surrender of, 412 taken by French, 389

Manila taken, 196

Mann, Rear-Admiral, captain of =Cerberus=, 250 his blockade of Cadiz and return to England, 332-333

Mann, Sir Horace, minister at Florence, quoted, 111

Mansfield, J. M., Captain, commands =Minotaur= at Trafalgar, 458

Maplesden, J., Captain, commands =Intrepide= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Marcouf Islands, English post on, attacked, 386

Marengo, battle of, 415

_Marengo_, flagship of Linois, 480

Marigalante taken, 484

Marine Society founded, 143

Marines, organised, 144 two regiments of, raised, 15

=Marlborough=, at Toulon, 113 in Howe’s fleet, 310 in mutiny at Spithead, 364 mutiny in, 382, 383

Marmorice Bay, expedition to Egypt, anchors in, 420

_Maro_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

=Mars=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 at Trafalgar, 458

_Mars_ helps to take =Northumberland=, 119

_Marseilles_, action with =Preston=, 235 in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Marsh, Captain, takes Senegal, 171

Marshal, Samuel, captain of =Arethusa=, 223

Martel, captain of _Belliqueux_, 175, 176

Martin, G., Captain, commands =Irresistible= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

Martin, William, Admiral, enforces neutrality of Naples, 111

Martin, French Admiral, actions with Hotham, 330, 331 sails from Toulon, 330

Martinique attacked, 481 taken, 482 restored, 484 retaken, _ibid._

Massena, Marshal, his defence of Genoa, 415

Mathews, Thomas, Admiral, commander-in-chief in Mediterranean, and envoy plenipotentiary to Italian princes, 110 at Turin, 111 court-martial on, 114, 116 fights battle of Toulon, 112 _et seq._ joins fleet at Hyères, 111

_Maure_, French, La Hogue, 38

Mauritius (Ile de France) taken, 484.

Mautort, Chevalier de, quoted, 287

May, Rear-Admiral, quoted, 315

Maydman, Henry, author of _Sea Politics_, quoted, 97

Mayne, Perry, Admiral, presides over court-martial on Mathews, 117 charged with contempt of court, _ibid._

Mazaredo, José, goes to Brest with Bruix, 408 refuses command of Spanish fleet, 344

Meadows, General, commands troops in Johnstone’s squadron, 283

_Medée_, in Savary’s squadron, 398 taken by Boscawen, 142

_Medenblick_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

=Medusa=, Nelson hoists flag in, 434

=Melampus=, in action off Tory Island, 400

Melville, General, invents carronade, 469

Ménage, General, French, commands troops in expedition of Bompard, 399

Ménou, General, commands French troops in Egypt, 417

Menses, Rear-Admiral, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Mercier, Captain de, commands _Triton_ at battle of Minorca, 152

_Mercure_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Meriton, Henry, captain of =Exeter=, 480

_Merveilleux_, French, La Hogue, 38

Middleton, Sir Charles, Lord Barham, Admiral, quoted, 351 orders concentration off Ferrol, 450

=Milford=, commanded by Captain Moses, 83

Military Ports, French, 9

Miller, Ralph Willett, Captain, commands =Captain= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 commands =Theseus= at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._

=Minerva=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 reports position of Spaniards, 345

Minorca, battle of, 151, 154 besieged and taken by French, 147, 154 besieged by allies and taken, 254 invaded, 145 occupied, 402

=Minotaur=, at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ at Trafalgar, 458 narrow escape at Genoa, 415 sent to Gibraltar, 401

Minto, Earl, _see_ Elliot, Sir Gilbert

Miquelon taken, 481

Missiessy, Baron, Admiral, his cruise to West Indies, 445-446

Mitchell, Cornelius, Captain, his misconduct in West Indies, 105 court martial on, 106

Mitchell, Sir David, Vice-Admiral, commands in Mediterranean, 57

Mitchell, M., Captain of =Pearl= in Anson’s squadron, 107 commands =Isis= at battle of Camperdown, 352

Modéré, French, La Hogue, 38

_Modeste_, cutting out of, 186 taken at Lagos, 182

Moffat, William, captain of =Ganges=, 480

Molines, island of, ransomed, 168

Molloy, Anthony James Pye, Captain, commands =Cæsar= in Howe’s fleet, 312

Molucca, Dutch islands taken, 483

_Monarca_ at Trafalgar, 460

=Monarch=, at battle of Camperdown, 352 at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

=Monarque=, execution of Byng on, 156

_Monarque_, French, La Hogue, 38

Monckton, Major General, in West Indies, 196

=Monk=, La Hogue, 37

=Monmouth=, at battle of Camperdown, 352 at taking of Foudroyant, 159, 161 in Hughes squadron, 283 _et seq._ La Hogue, 37 on coast of Brittany, 168 violence of mutineers in, 377

_Montagnard_, deserts Villaret-Joyeuse, 313

_Montagne_, flagship of Villaret-Joyeuse, 319

Montagu, Admiral, off Brest, 321

Montagu, William “Mad Montague,” 124

Montagu, Sir George, Admiral, sent to intercept French convoy, 306 _et seq._

=Montague=, at battle of Camperdown, 352 at battle of Quiberon, 189 in battle of 1st June, 320 La Hogue, 37

_Montanes_, at Trafalgar, 460

_Mont Blanc_, at Trafalgar, 460 detached by Howe, 313 in fleet of Bruix, 403 taken off Cape Ortegal, 466

Monte Video, occupied, 485

Montgomery, his attack on Quebec, 218

Moore Sir John, Admiral, in the West Indies, 195

Moorsom R., Captain, commands =Revenge= at Trafalgar, 458

Morard de Galle, French Admiral, appointed to command in Channel, 300 sails with Hoche, 337 _et seq._

Morbihan. _See_ Quiberon

Mordaunt, General, with Hawke in attack on Rochefort, 167

Moreau, General, defeats Austrians at Hohenlinden, 417

Morel Henri, Captain, commands _Téméraire_, 314

Moreno, Juan Joaquin, in action at Algeciras, 430

Morla, General, governor of Cadiz, 419

_Morning Chronicle_ quoted, 449

Morocco, Emperor of, is paid ransom for crew of =Lichfield=, 171

Morogues. _See_ Bigot de

Morris J. N. captain, commands =Colossus= at Trafalgar, 458

Moses, William, captain of Milford, story of, 83, 84, 85

Mosse, captain of =Monarch= at Copenhagen, 426

=Mountjoy=, at Londonderry, 21

Moutray, John, Captain, his convoy taken, 252-253

_Mucius_, on 1st June, 319

_Muiron_, in action at Algeciras, 430 _et seq._

Mulgrave, Lord, _see_ Phipps, Constantine John

Munden, Sir John, Rear-Admiral, his failure at Corunna, 64

_Munickendam_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Munro, Sir Hector, General, takes Pondicherry, 282

Murat, Marshal and King of Naples, subdues Italy, 417

Murray, G., Captain, commands =Colossus= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 captain of =Edgar=, at Copenhagen, 426

Murray, Commissary, in Wilmot’s expedition, 87

Murray, Honourable G., Captain of =Trial= in Anson’s squadron, 107

Muskeyn, attacks Marcouf Islands, 386

Musquetier, Captain, commands _Leyden_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

=Mutine=, brings news to Nelson, 390

=Namur=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 at battle of Quiberon, 189 commanded by Boscawen, 141 flagship of Boscawen in action with _La Clue_, 179, 183 flagship of Admiral Matthews at Toulon, 112 in action off Cape Ortegal, 466 in battle of Dominica, 279 joins Jervis, 343 unfit for service, 109

Napoleon Bonaparte, appointed General of the Army of England, 385 at Toulon, 303 coup d’état of 18 Brumaire, 411 escapes from Egypt, 409, 410 gives Villeneuve conditional leave to go to Cadiz, 452 his aggressions, 436 his anger, 454 his anger with Villeneuve, 446 his campaign in Italy, 332 his endeavour to reinforce army in Egypt, 416 _et seq._ his threat of invasion considered, 420, 440 imprisoned in Egypt, 401 plans concentration of forces in Channel, 442, 445 sails to invade Egypt, 389

Nassau, Count of, commands Dutch troops on coast of Spain, 56

Navarro, José de, Spanish Admiral, at battle of Toulon, 112 blockaded by Haddock, 110 goes to Toulon, 110 joins French squadron, 110 sails from Cadiz, 110

Navigation Laws, manning clauses suspended, 143

Navy, British Royal, effect of Revolution on, 1, 2 administrative corruption, 207-210 administrative reforms of, 132-133 Discipline Act of 1749 passed 137, 138 disposition of, in 1778, 212-213 growth of, between 1793 and 1815, 468 improved discipline of, 205-207 improvement in ships of, 136 increase of, till 1783, 211 internal condition of, 471-474 manning of, 213-216, 218, 219 pay of seamen increased, 476 ships in commission, 1803, 438 strength and disposition of, 1803, 440 strength of, in 1688, 14 in 1739, 101 in 1756, 145 in 1778, 211 in 1781, 253 in 1793, 298

Navy, Dutch, state of, 1778, 217, 218

Navy, French Royal, condition in 1778, 216, 217 organisation of, 8, 14 ruined by Revolution, 295, 298 strength of, in 1756, 146 French Imperial, strength in 1803, 439 French National, strength in 1793, 298

Navy, Spanish, condition in 1778, 217

Neale, Sir Harry Burrard, admiral-captain of =San Fiorenzo=, 371

Nelson, Sir Horatio, Viscount, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345-349 at battle of Copenhagen, 424, 430 at Kjöge and Revel, 430 at Naples, 407 at Palermo, 404 captain’s servant, 96 detached to Santa Cruz, wounded, 387 fights battle of Trafalgar, 456-466 goes from Egypt to Naples, 401, 402 goes to Egypt, 446 misses Villeneuve, 447 offers his services, and sails for Straits, 455 operations against Invasion Flotilla, 434, 435 French expedition to Egypt, 390, 391 pursues Villeneuve, 448 _et seq._ refits =Vanguard= on San Pietro, 389 rejoins fleet off Cadiz, and is detached up Mediterranean, 388 returns to England, 415, 453 returns to Straits, 450, 451 takes command in Mediterranean, 438 takes Généreux, 412 Vice-Admiral, loses an eye at Calvi, 329 watches Toulon, 444

=Neptune=, at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._ La Hogue, 37 lost, 325

_Neptuno_, at Trafalgar, 460

Nesmond, French Naval officer, escapes from La Hogue, _q.v._, 43

_Nestor_, in expedition to Ireland, 338

_Neuf Thermidor_ (_Jacobin_ renamed) lost, 325

Nevil, Vice-Admiral, commands expedition to West Indies, 53, 71

=Newark=, Boscawen hoists flag in, 182

Newcastle, Duke of, politician, 118 pushes on armaments, 143

Newport, operations round, 233, 234

_Nidelven_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Nielly, Rear-Admiral, French, sails to meet grain convoy, 305 in expedition to Ireland, 337 joins Villaret-Joyeuse, 314 takes =Alexander=, 324

Nightingale, G., Captain, commands =Vengeance= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Noailles, Marquis de, French Ambassador, announces treaty with Americans, 220

Noel, Captain, commands =Princess Louisa= at battle of Minorca, 152

=Nonsuch=, action with _Actif_, 263 with Howe at New York, 230

Nore, mutiny at, 369, 380

Norris, Richard, captain of =Gloucester= in Anson’s squadron, 107 takes refuge in Spain, 115

Norris, Sir John, Admiral of the fleet, in command in Mediterranean, 54 his quarrel with Captain Ley, 83 in command in Channel, 109 in Downs, 111 mentioned, 118

_North Holland_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Northern Coalition formed, 423

Northesk, Earl of. _See_ Carnegie, William

_Northumberland_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 taken on 1st June, 321

=Northumberland=, La Hogue, 37 taken by French, 119

=Nottingham=, in action of the 14th October, 1747, 126

Nottingham, Lord, Secretary of State, his letter to fleet, 36

_Nyborg_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

=Nymphe=, reports to Bridport, 403

O’Brien, L., Captain, commands =Essex= in battle of Quiberon, 189 commands =Monarch= at battle of Camperdown, 352

_Ocean_, flagship of La Clue, 180 in fleet of Bruix, 403

=Ocean=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

Ogle, Sir Chaloner, Admiral, commands fleet in West Indies, 90 joins Vernon in West Indies, 104 suppresses the pirate Roberts, 98

Oglethorpe, General, his inquiry into state of prisons, 82

Onslow, Sir Richard, Admiral, second in command at battle of Camperdown, 352 _et seq._

Orde, Sir John, Admiral, blockades Cadiz, driven off, 447

_Ordonnance._ _See_ Navy, French Royal

Orford, Earl of. _See_ Russell, Edward

_Orient_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 flagship of Brueys at the battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

_Oriente_, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 347

=Orion=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345-346 at battle of Nile, 393 at Trafalgar, 458 in battle of 1st June, 320 joins Jervis, 343 joins Nelson, 388 sent to Gibraltar, 401

Ormonde, Duke of, commands troops on coast of Spain, 60, 61

_Orgueilleux_, French, La Hogue, 38

_Orphée_, at battle of Minorca, 152

Ortegal Cape, Sir Richard Strachan’s action off, 466

Osborn, or Osborne, Henry, Admiral, commands in Mediterranean, 158 _et seq._

=Ossory=, La Hogue, 37

Otway, Sir Robert Waller, captain of =London=, 426 _et seq._

=Oxford=, La Hogue, 37

Palliser, Sir Hugh, Admiral, Sea Lord, 210 court-martial on, 228; return, _ibid._ quarrel with Keppel, 226, 227 third in command at battle of Ushant, 223, 226

Pannetier, Chef d’escadre, takes French ships to St. Malo after La Hogue, 42 leaves St. Malo, 44

Paoli, Pasqual, Corsican leader, 328-330

Parejas, A., commands _Argonanta_ at Trafalgar, 460

Parker, E. T., Captain, killed at Boulogne, 435

Parker, Richard, mutineer, his antecedents, 369-370 leads mutiny at Nore, 370, 380, and execution, _ibid._ quota man, 355

Parker, Sir Hyde, Vice-Admiral, called “Vinegar Parker,” commands in North Sea, 255-258 services in West Indies, 244 _et seq._

Parker, Sir Hyde, Admiral, son of above, commands in Mediterranean, 332 in Baltic, 424 recalled, 429

Parker, Sir William, Admiral, brings reinforcements to Jervis, 343 at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 commands =Audacious= in Howe’s fleet, 311

Parry, Captain, commands =Kingston= at battle of Minorca, 152

Pasley, Rear-Admiral, wounded, 319 Sir Charles, General, _quoted_, 114, 413

Pasley, Sir Thomas, Admiral, commands advance squadron in Howe’s fleet, 310 _et seq._

Pater, Captain, commands =Bellona=, 466

_Patriote_ joins Villaret-Joyeuse, 309

Patriots, Political Party, 100, 101

Patton, Captain, warns Admiralty of mutiny at Spithead, 362

Paul, Czar, forms Northern Coalition, 423 _et seq._ murder of, 429

Paulet, Lord Henry, captain of =Defence=, 426 _et seq._

Pay of naval officers in 1694, 6 in 1700, 7

Payne, John Willett, Rear-Admiral, commands =Russell= in Howe’s fleet, 310

Pearce, Captain, suppresses mutiny in St. George, 382

=Pearl=, in Anson’s squadron, fails to round the Horn, 108

_Pégase_, in expedition to Ireland, 337

Pellew, Israel, Admiral, commands =Conqueror= at Trafalgar, 458

Pellew, Sir Edward, Lord Exmouth, Admiral, attacks _Droits de l’homme_, 340 blockades Ferrol, 438 captain of =Indefatigable=, 337 carries troops to Quiberon, 418 commands in East Indies, 481 _quoted_, 439

Pelt, Captain, court-martial on, 115

Pembroke, Earl of, raises regiment of marines, 15; to be Lord High Admiral, 59

Peñas, Golfo de, wreck of =Wager= in, 108

=Pendennis=, in Benbow’s squadron, 93

_Pénélope_, successful cruise of, 478

Penmarch, Pointe de, _See_ Quiberon.

Pension, Greenwich Hospital, compared to Chelsea, 361

_Perle_, French, La Hogue, 38

Perrée, Rear-Admiral, taken by Keith, 407; killed, 412

_Peuple Souverain_, at the battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._ prize sent to Gibraltar, 401

Peyton, Edward, Captain, action with La Bourdonnais, 130; his timidity, _ibid._ commands =Defence= at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ succeeds Barnett, 129 superseded, 131

=Phæton=, at Algeciras, 431, 433

Philadelphia occupied, 219

Philipps, Baker, Lieutenant, surrenders Anglesea, shot, 121

Phipps, Constantine John, Baron Mulgrave, in admiralty, 210

Phips, Sir W., attacks Nova Scotia and Quebec, 52

=Phœbe=, sent to warn Colpoys, 338 sights Villeneuve, 447 takes _Africaine_, 420, 421 takes _Essex_, 470

=Phœnix=, at Londonderry, 21 in Byng’s squadron, 151 with Howe at New York, 231

Pigot, captain of =Hermione=, murdered, 384

Pigott, General, defends Newport, 233 in command in Rhode Island, 230

Pilford, J., Captain, commands =Ajax= at Trafalgar, 458

Pipon, Lieutenant, in destruction of _Droits de l’homme_, 342

=Pique=, warns Keith of approach of Ganteaume, 422

Pirates of Malabar Coast, 140

_Plume, La._ _See_ Navy, French Royal

=Pluto=, fireship in action with French convoy, 169

_Pluton_, at Trafalgar, 460

=Plymouth=, at Algeciras, 431 La Hogue, 37

Pocock, Sir George, Admiral, in expedition to Havana, 196 in East Indies, 198-202

_Poder_, Spanish man-of-war, taken at battle of Toulon, burnt, 113

Pointis, M. de, defeated in Gibraltar Bay, 67

Pole, Sir Charles Morice, Admiral, action with Spanish squadron in Aix Roads, 411

=Polyphemus= at Copenhagen, 426 at Trafalgar, 458

=Pompée= at Algeciras, 431-433 chased by French, 477

Ponant, Vice-Admiral. _See_ Navy, French Royal

Pondicherry, failure of English attack on, 132 taken, 481

Popham, Sir Home, Admiral, accused of malversation, 437, 438, _note_ lands troops from India in Egypt, 421 promotes attack on Spanish colonies 485 _quoted_, 360

=Portland= in action with _La Clue_, 180 joins Byng, 149

Porto Bello, blockaded by Hosier, 102 taken by Vernon, 103

Porto Novo, Suffren visits, 289

Porto Playa, action at, 284

Porto Rico, unsuccessful attack on, 484

Poulain, J. B. J. R., commands _Héros_ at Trafalgar, 460

=Powerful=, at battle of Camperdown, 352

Prendergass, Jas., captain of =Hope=, 480

Prescott, General, co-operates with Hood at St. Kitts, 275

=President= joins Hood, 274

Press, inefficiency of, 215

=Preston=, action with _Mars_, 235 in North squadron, 1781, 256 with Howe at New York, 231

Price, captain of =Viper=, his account of his crew, 215

Prieur de la Marne, French delegate, 306

_Prima_ cut out at Genoa, 415

=Prince=, at Trafalgar, 458 collision with _Sans-Pareil_, 342

_Prince_, French, La Hogue, 38

=Prince George=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345 joins Jervis, 343

_Prince Noir_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

_Princesa_, Spanish man-of-war, 81

=Princess Amelia=, in North Sea squadron, 1781, 256

=Princess Louisa=, at battle of Minorca, 152 joins Byng, 149

_Principe de Asturias_, at Trafalgar, 460

Pringle, Captain, serves on American Lakes, 218

_Printz_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Prinz Casimir_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Printzess_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Pritchard, Captain, destroys French convoy in Berteaume Bay, 50

Privateers, American, activity of, 1774-1778, 220 British, excesses of, and legislation upon, 166, 167

Prize money, how distributed, 386

Promotion to flag rank regulated, 135

=Proserpine=, mutineers ill-use boatswain of, 373

_Protecteur_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

_Provence_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

_Prövesteen_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Prowse, William, Rear-Admiral, commands =Sirius= at Trafalgar, 462

_Prudent_, taken at Louisbourg, 173

Puerto Cabello, attack on, 105

Pulo Aor, action near, 480

Pulteney, General, threatens Ferrol and Vigo, 419

Purvis, captain of =London=, 382

=Queen Charlotte=, Howe’s flagship, 313 _et seq._

=Queen=, in Howe’s fleet, 312 with Admiral Knight’s convoy, 449

Quevedo, J., commands _San Leandro_ at Trafalgar, 460

Quiberon, battle of, 187, 194 expedition to, 418 French Royalists landed at, 326 _et seq._ position of, 184

Quota-men, meaning of, 355

Raccord, Captain, commands _Peuple Souverain_ at battle of the Nile, 395

Radstock, Lord. _See_ Waldegrave, W.

=Rainbow=, armed with carronades, 469

=Raisonable=, at Copenhagen, 427 _et seq._ joins Howe, 232

Ramatuelle, French writer on naval warfare, quoted, 164

=Ramillies=, at Copenhagen, 427 _et seq._ flagship of Byng, 152 in battle of 1st June, 320

Raymondis, Captain de, commands _Orphée_ at battle of Minorca, 152

Rayneval, Gérard de, French envoy goes to America with D’Estaign, 229

Rayney, Mr., Norris, confined in his cabin, 83

_Rayo_, at Trafalgar, 460

_Real Carlos_, blown up, 433

_Real Felipe_, Spanish man-of-war at Toulon, 112 _et seq._

Rear-Admiral of Blue Squadron, ditto “in general terms,” difference between, 135

=Rebecca=, trading ship searched by Spaniards in West Indies, 100

Redmill, R., Captain, commands =Polyphemus= at Trafalgar, 458

_Redoutable_, at battle of Minorca, 152 destroyed at Lagos, 182 in fleet of Bruix, 403 at Trafalgar, 460

_Régénérée_, reaches Alexandria, 420

Renaudeau, lieutenant of _Revolutionnaire_, 311

Renaudin, captain of _Vengeur_, 320 promoted and sent to Mediterranean, 324 reaches Toulon, 326

_Rendsborg_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

=Renown=, action with _Lanquedoc_, 235 joins Howe, 232

Rentone, Captain, his contempt of court, 117

_Républicain_, in battle of 1st June, 320 in fleet of Bruix, 403 lost, 325

=Repulse=, deserts mutineers, 379

=Resolution=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 La Hogue, 37

_Resolue_, in expedition of Bompard, 399

=Restoration=, La Hogue, 37

Retalick, Captain of =Defiance= at Copenhagen, 425 _et seq._

Revel, escape of Russian squadron from, 430

=Revenge=, at battle of Minorca, 152 at battle of Quiberon, 189 at Trafalgar, 458

_Revolution,_ in fleet of Bruix, 403

_Revolutionnaire_, on 28th May 1794, 311

Reynolds, Robert Carthew, Rear-Admiral, captain of =Amazon=, 340, 342 in blockade of Vannes, 186

Reyntjes, Vice-Admiral, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Richelieu, Duke of, invades Minorca, 147

Richery, Admiral, his cruise from Toulon, 331-334

_Riddershap_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

=Ripon=, in East Indies, 282

_Ripperda_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Rivoli_, taken by =Victorious=, 477

Robb, Lieutenant, recaptures =Leopard= from mutineers, 379

Roberts, Bartholomew, Pirate, suppressed by Sir C. Ogle, 98

=Robust=, in action of Tory Island, 400

_Robuste_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

Rochambeau, M. de, French naval officer, attacks English trade, 119 mentioned, 121

Rochefort, expedition against, 167

Rochemore, Captain, commands _Hippopotame_ at battle of Minorca, 152

=Rochester=, in blockade of Vannes and battle of Quiberon, 186 _et seq._

_Roderick Random_, referred to, 85

Rodney, Sir George, Lord, at St. Eustatius, 261, 262 blockades Havre, 178 early career and character, 244 relieves Gibraltar and proceeds to West Indies, 245, 246 goes to North America, 251 his final command in West Indies, 275, 279 his opinion of Lestock, 116 in West Indies, 196 in West Indies, 246, 251;

## action to leeward of Martinique with Guichen, 248, 249

outmanœuvred by Grasse, 264, 266; goes home, 267

Rohan, Chevalier de, Captain, commands _Bizarre_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

Rollo, Lord General, at taking of Dominica, 196

_Romaine_, in expedition of Bompard, 399 in expedition to Ireland, 338

Romana, Marquis de la, General, embarked by English ships, 487

=Romulus=, taken by French, 260

Rooke, Sir George, at battle of Malaga, 65 commands in Mediterranean, 57 in attack on Cadiz, 60; on Vigo, 61; brings Archduke Charles to England and sails for Mediterranean, _ibid._ _et seq._ sent to Baltic, 53; at Cadiz and Vigo, _ibid._ sent to coast of Scotland by Herbert, 17; at Londonderry, 20, 22; convoys troops to Ireland, _ibid._

Roquefeuil, M. de, French admiral in Channel, 111 mentioned, 118

Rosily, Admiral, sent to supersede Villeneuve, 454

Ross. _See_ Lockhart-Ross, Sir John

Rossem, Captain van, commands _Vryheid_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

Rotheram, Edward, Captain, commands =Royal Sovereign= at Trafalgar, 458

Rouillé, M. de, French Minister of Marine, 146

Rowley, Sir Joshua, Admiral, commanded =Montagu= at battle of Quiberon, 189 reinforces Byron, 239

Rowley, Sir William, Admiral, at battle of Toulon, 115 blockades Carthagena, 122

=Royal Catherine=, La Hogue, 37

=Royal George=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 _et seq._ in action at Pulo Aor, 480 in battle of 1st June, 320 sinking of, 273

=Royal Oak=, at battle of Toulon, 114 in action off Lizard, 78 La Hogue, 37

=Royal Sovereign=, at Trafalgar, 458 La Hogue, 37 on 1st June, 319

=Ruby=, in Benbow’s squadron, 93 La Hogue, 37 taken by French, 78

=Rupert=, at battle of Toulon, 114 La Hogue, 37

=Russell=, at battle of Camperdown, 351 _et seq._ at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._ in Howe’s fleet, 310

Russell, Sir Edward, Lord Orford, his operations in the Mediterranean, 55, 57 in command at battle of La Hogue, _q.v._ displaced from command, 44 restored, 47 sails to Mediterranean, 50

Rutherford, D. G., Captain, commands =Swiftsure= at Trafalgar, 458

Ruysen, Captain, commands _Gelykeid_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

Rysoort, Captain van, commands _Hercules_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

Saba, taken, 261

Sabran Grammont, Captain de, commands _Content_ at battle of Minorca, 152 killed in action of La Clue with Boscawen, 186

Sacheverell, William, member of Board of Admiralty, 15

Safferay, Mr., assistant surgeon, commits suicide, 373

_Sage_, at battle of Minorca, 152

_Sagittaire_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Sailors, how raised and paid, 15-16

Saint Aignan, Captain, commands _Lion_ at battle of Minorca, 152

=St. Albans=, La Hogue, 37

Saint André, Duverger, Chef d’escadre, at battle of Quiberon, 190

=St. Andrew=, La Hogue, 37

St. Cas, British defeat at, 169

St. Catherine, in Brazil, Anson’s squadron at, 108

St. Christopher, or St. Kitts, taken, 274, 275

St. Clair, Lieutenant-General, commands troops landed in Brittany, 123

St. Eustatius, taken, 261, 262 retaken, 271

=St. George=, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._ mutiny suppressed in, 382 stranded 343

St. Georges, M. de, French naval officer, defeated by Anson, 123, 124

St. Jago de Cuba, attack on, 105

St. Julian, Port, Anson’s squadron at, 108

St.-Lo, George, Captain, quoted, 356

_Saint Louis_, French, La Hogue, 38

St. Malo, flight of French to, 42 attacked by Benbow, 49 its privateering activity, 74 threatened, 168

=St. Michael=, La Hogue, 37

_St. Michel_, French, La Hogue, 38

_St. Philippe_, French, La Hogue, 38

St. Pierre, taken, 481

Saint Sauveur, M. de, French naval officer, killed at Boston, 235

St. Tropez, Spanish galleys burnt at, 110

St. Vincent, Earl. _See_ Jervis, Sir John

St. Vincent Cape, battles near, 1780, 246; 1797, 346 _et seq._

St. Vincent, island, in West Indies, captured by Trolong at Rumain, 240 taken by French, 483; retaken, _ibid._

Salcedo, J., commands _Montanes_ at Trafalgar, 460

_San Agustin_, at Trafalgar, 460

San Domingo, British troops in, 481 _et seq._ expedition to, 436

=San Fiorenzo=, escapes from mutineers, 374 in mutiny at Nore, 371 _et seq._

_San Francisco de Asis_, at Trafalgar, 460

_San Hermenegildo_, blown up, 433

_San Ildefonso_, at Trafalgar, 460

_San Josef_, taken at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 348

_San Juan Nepomuceno_, at Trafalgar, 460

_San Justo_, at Trafalgar, 460

San Lazaro, Spanish fort at Carthagena, 105

_San Leandro_, at Trafalgar, 460

_San Nicolas_, taken at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 348

_San Rafael_, taken, 451

Sandwich, Earl of, at Admiralty, 118, 209, 227 _et seq._ First Lord, 133

=Sandwich=, flagship at Nore, 370 La Hogue, 37 mutiny at Nore begins in, 371

=Sans-Pareil=, collision with =Prince=, 342

=Sanspareil=, English man-of-war, 76

_Sans Pareil_, French, La Hogue, 38 in battle of 1st June, 320 joins Villaret-Joyeuse, 314 _et seq._ taken on 1st June, 321

_Santa Ana_, at Trafalgar, 460

Santa Cruz, attack on, 387

Santa Lucia, taken, 482 lost, 483 retaken, _ibid._

_Santissima Trinidad_, at Trafalgar, 460

Sanzay, Vicomte de, commands _Héros_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Sapphire=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

=Saturn=, at Copenhagen, 427 _et seq._

Saumarez, Philip, Captain, killed in action of 14th Oct. 1747, 126

Saumarez, Sir James, Lord, at Algeciras, 430 _et seq._ captain of =Orion= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._ commands =Orion= at Nile, quoted, 393 takes squadron and prizes to Gibraltar, 401

Saumarez, Thomas, Captain, takes _Belliqueux_, 175

Saunders, Sir Charles, Admiral, at taking of Quebec, 196 returns from America, 188 succeeds Hawke in Mediterranean, 158

Saunier or Saulnier, Captain, captain of the _Africaine_, 421 commands _Guillaume Tell_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Savannah, besieged, 240

Savarof, Marshal, commands Russian troops in Italy, 413

Savary, Captain, carries General Humbert to Ireland, 398; his second cruise, 400

Savoy, Duke of, ally of England, 61, 62

_Scévola_ lost, 339

_Schattershoff_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Schomberg, Marshal, commands army in Ireland, 22

_Scipion_, at Trafalgar, 460 lost, 325 taken off Cape Ortegal, 416

Sclater, Captain, court-martial on, 115

=Seahorse=, in attack on Santa Cruz, 387 on coast of Egypt, 401

Seamen, bad treatment of, 94, 95

Sebastiani, General, at Constantinople, 487

_Seduisant_, wrecked, 338

Seignelay. _See_ Colbert, de

_Semillante_, in action at Pulo Aor, 480 in expedition of Bompard, 399

Senegal taken, 171, 484

=Serapis=, deserts mutineers, 375

_Serieux_, French, La Hogue, 38

_Sévère_, in squadron of Suffren, 286 _et seq._ the case of, 290

=Severn=, in Anson’s squadron, fails to round the Horn, 108

Sewolod taken, 486

Seymour, Lord Hugh, Vice-Admiral, commands =Leviathan= in Howe’s fleet, 311

=Shannon=, takes _Chesapeake_, 472; her crew, 474

Shirley, governor of St. Kitts, 274

Shirley, Hon. W., commands =Temple= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Shovell, Sir Cloudesley, at battle of Malaga, 65 in Mediterranean, 53, 61; his death, 54 knighted, 20 on coast of Ireland, 32; at Hogue, La, battle of, _q.v._ sails to join Rooke, 63

Shuldham, Molyneux, Baron, Admiral, command in North America, 219

Signal, the, at Trafalgar, 462

=Sirius=, at Trafalgar, 460

_Sjcelland_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Smith, Admiral, commands in Downs, 178

Smith, Sir William Sidney, Admiral, agrees to let French troops leave Egypt, 416 at Toulon, 303 commands in North Sea, 438 escorts Portuguese royal family to Brazil, 488 his anomalous position and actions on coast of Egypt and Syria, 409 informs Keith of value of Marmorice Bay, 420

Smith, Spencer, envoy at Constantinople, 409

Smollett, Tobias, 118 quoted 82, 85

Smyrna Convoy, attacked by Tourville, 45-47

_Söhesten_ at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Solano, José de, Spanish admiral, brings reinforcements to West Indies, 250

=Solebay=, advance ship of Graves’ fleet, sights French, 268

_Soleil Royale_, burnt at Cherbourg, 43 fails to round La Hogue, 41 flagship of Conflans, 190 _et seq._ French flagship, 29 La Hogue, 38

_Solitaire_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Somerset=, with Howe at New York, 231

Somerville, P., Captain, in action at Boulogne, 435

Souters, Captain, commands _Batavier_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Souverain_, escapes from Boscawen, 182 French, La Hogue, 38

Spain declares war in 1779, 241 war with, 333

_Spartiate_, at the battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._ at Trafalgar, 458

=Speedy= taken, 431

Speke, H., Captain, commands =Resolution= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Spencer, Earl, First Lord, comes to Chatham, 373

=Spencer=, at Algeciras, 431, 433

_Sphinx_, at battle of Quiberon, 190 in squadron of Suffren, 285

Spithead, mutiny at, 362, 369

_Stadden Land_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Stadt Meeyden_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

=Standard=, at Corfu, 478 retaken from mutineers, 379

Stanhope, Sir T., commands =Swiftsure= at battle of Quiberon, 189

State-the-case-men, meaning of, 355

_States General_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Stevens, Charles, Commodore, reinforces Pocock, 199

Stewart, Brigadier, commands troops on coast of Spain, 56

Stewart, Colonel, quoted, 428

Stewart, master of Brunswick, 320

=Stirling Castle=, La Hogue, 37

Stirling, Charles, Vice-Admiral, joins Calder, 450

Stockham, J., Lieutenant, commands =Thunderer= at Trafalgar, 458

Storij, Admiral, surrenders Dutch ships, 414 Rear-Admiral, at battle of Camperdown, 351 _et seq._

Storr, J., captain of =Revenge= in battle of Quiberon, 189

Strachan, Sir John, Captain, commands =Sapphire= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Strachan, Sir Richard, Admiral, defeats Dumanoir, 466 fails to stop Allemand, 477

Strickland, Sir Roger, follows James II. into exile, 16

Stuart, General, occupies Minorca, 402

Stuart, Keith, Commodore, in North Sea, 255

_Suœrdfisken_ at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

=Success= sights Bruix off Oporto, 404

Suckling, Maurice, Captain, in action with Kersaint, 171

=Suffolk=, La Hogue, 37

Suffren de Saint Tropez, Pierre André de, early career, 284 attacks Johnstone at Porto Praya, 284 his campaign in Bay of Bengal, 286, 292 his death, 292

_Suffren_, in squadron of Allemand, 477

Sullivan, American general at Newport, 234, 235

=Superb=, 90 at Algeciras, 431, 433 flagship of Sir E. Hughes, 288

_Superbe_ lost, 325

Suraj-ud-Daulah, Nabob of Bengal, 197-198

Surinam taken, 483 restored and retaken, 484

Sutton, Captain, at Porto Praya, 286

=Swallow=, at Londonderry, 20 sent to North America by Rodney, destroyed by privateers, 267

Swedish islands in West Indies taken, 483

=Swiftsure=, at battle of Nile, 394 _et seq._ at battle of Quiberon, 189 at taking of _Foudroyant_, 159, 161 at Trafalgar, 458 in action with La Clue, 180 La Hogue, 37 on coast of Egypt, 401 taken by Ganteaume, 423

_Swiftsure_, at Trafalgar, 460

=Sybille=, actions with _Forte_ mentioned, 302

=Sylph= pursues Bompard, 399

Talbot, Captain, commands =Victorious=, 477

_Tarpen_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Tate, commands French at Fishguard, 335

Teignmouth plundered by French, 31

Teignouse. _See_ Quiberon

=Téméraire=, at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._

_Téméraire_, at battle of Minorca, 152

_Téméraire_, joins Villaret-Joyeuse, 314 taken at Lagos, 182

=Temple=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

_Tergoes_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Ternay, D’Arzac de, Chef d’escadre, brings French troops to America, 251

=Terpsichore= in attack on Santa Cruz, 387 joins Nelson, 388

=Terrible=, damaged in battle of Lynn Haven, and sunk, 269

_Terrible_, French, La Hogue, 38 in fleet of Bruix, 403 on 1st June, 319

=Thalia= joins Jervis, 343

=Thames=, at Algeciras, 431, 433

=The Royal William=, La Hogue, 37

_Thémes_, successful cruise of, 478

_Thésée_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Theseus=, at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ in attack on Santa Cruz, 387 sent to Gibraltar, 401

Thevenard, Captain, commands _Aquilon_ at the battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Thompson, Sir Charles, Admiral, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 246

Thompson, Sir Thomas Boulden, Rear-Admiral, captain of =Bellona= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._ commands =Leander= in battle of Nile, 394 _et seq._

Thornborough, Sir Edward, Admiral, at Palermo, 478

=Thunderer=, at Trafalgar, 458 in battle of 1st June, 320 in Howe’s fleet, 311 joins Nelson, 455

Thurot, French privateer to sail from Dunkirk, 178 takes Carrickfergus; his death, 195

=Tigre=, flagship of Sir S. Smith, 409 taken, 327

Timmins, John Fam, captain of =Royal George=, 480

_Timoléon_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, succeeds Hyder Ali, 291

Tobago taken, 265, 481

Tollemache, Thomas, General, mortally wounded at Brest, 51

=Tonnant=, at Trafalgar, 458

_Tonnant_ at battle of Quiberon, 190 at the battle of the Nile, 395, _et seq._ French, La Hogue, 38 in action of 14th October, 1747, 126 in D’Estaign squadron, 229 prize sent to Gibraltar, 401

=Torbay=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

Torin, Robert, captain of =Coutts=, 480

Torres, Rodrigo de, Spanish naval officer in West Indies, 104

Torrington, Earl of. _See_ Herbert, Arthur

Torrington Viscount. _See_ Byng, George

Tory Island, defeat of Bompard near, 399, 400

Touch, the Nelson, 457, 458

Touffet, C., commands _Duguay-Trouin_ at Trafalgar, 460

Toulon, battle of, 112 _et seq._ battle of, Parliamentary inquiry into, 114 occupation of, in 1793, 302, 303

Toulouse, Comte de, Admiral of France, sails from Brest, 62, 63 at battle of Malaga, 65, 66

Tourville, Hilarion de Côtentin, Comte de, at battle of La Hogue. _See_ Hogue, La. Sails to attack Smyrna Convoy, 50 at Beachy Head, 24, 29; his offshore cruise, 33

_Tourville_, in fleet of Bruix, 403 on 1st June, 319

Towry, G. H., Captain, commands =Diadem= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

Trafalgar, battle of, 456 _et seq._

_Trajan_ joins Villaret-Joyeuse, 314

Tréhouart, French delegate, 301

_Trekroner_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

=Tremendous=, on 1st June, 319

_Trente-et-un Mai_ joins Villaret-Joyeuse, 314

Treslong, Captain van, commands _Brutus_ at battle of Camperdown, 513

Trevor, Captain, present at dispute on flagship, 83

=Trial=, in Anson’s squadron, 107

=Trident=, at battle of Minorca, 152 with Howe at New York, 231

Trincomalee, Hughes anchors at, 289 taken by Sir E. Hughes, 283 taken by Suffren, 290

Trinidad, taken, 483

_Triton_, at battle of Minorca, 152

=Triumph=, at battle of Camperdown, 352

_Triumphant_, burnt at Cherbourg, 43 French, La Hogue, 38

Trogoff de Kerlessi, French Admiral, surrenders Toulon, 302

Trollope, Sir Henry, Admiral, commands =Russell= at battle of Camperdown, 351 _et seq._

Trolong de Rumain, French partisan, takes St. Vincent, 240

Tronjolly, action with Sir E. Vernon, 282 relieves Pondicherry, _ibid._

Troubridge Sir Thomas, Rear Admiral, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._ at Santa Cruz, 387 brings reinforcements to Nelson, 390 refits the =Culloden=, 343 superseded in Egypt by Sir Sidney Smith, 409 taken prisoner, 308 unable to take part in battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._

Trouin, de la Barbinais, Luc, father of Duguay-Trouin, 75

Trullet, Captain, commands _Guerrier_ at battle of the Nile, 395

Trullet Léonce, Captain, commands _Timoléon_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Tyler, captain of =Warrior= at Copenhagen, 427 _et seq._

Tyler, C., Captain, commands =Tonnant= at Trafalgar, 458.

_Tyrannicide_, in fleet of Bruix, 403 in fleet of Villaret-Joyeuse, 313 _et seq._

Tyrawley, Lord, Governor of Minorca, absent from post, 147

=Union=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

Uriarte, F. de, commands _Santissima Trinidad_ at Trafalgar, 460

Ushant, battle of, 223-226

_Vaillant_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Valdés, Cayetano, commands _Neptuno_, at Trafalgar, 460

=Valiant=, in battle of 1st June, 320

_Valkyrien_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Vandongen, captain of _Revolutionnaire_, killed, 311

=Vanguard=, dismasted in gale, 389 La Hogue, 37 Nelson’s flagship at battle of Nile, 388 _et seq._ taken by Nelson to Naples, 401

Vannes, in Morbihan, French troops collected at, 184

Vansittart, Nicholas, Lord Bexley, envoy to Denmark, 424

Vanstabel, Admiral, and the grain convoy, 305 brings convoy to Brest, 322 French Rear-Admiral, escapes from Howe, 300 Rear-Admiral, brings home convoy, 314

Vaubois, General, surrenders Malta, 413

Vaudreuil, Comte de, killed in action of 14th Oct. 1747, 126

Vaudreuil, Rigaud, Marquis de, reinforces D’Estaign, 239

Vaughan, General, brings troops from North America to West Indies, 246

Velasco, Don Francisco de, Governor of Barcelona, 62

_Velew_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Vence, Rear-Admiral, pursued by Cornwallis, 326

Vendôme, Duke of, commands French army in Catalonia, 56

=Venerable=, at Algeciras, 431, 433 flagship of Duncan, 351

=Vengeance=, at battle of Quiberon, 188

_Vengeur_, in squadron of Suffren, 285 on 1st June, 320

=Venus=, brings news to Howe, 308 in battle of Quiberon, 189 Rodney hoists flag in, 178

_Venus_, helps to take =Northumberland=, 119 in Savary’s squadron, 398

Verdoorn, Captain, commands _Delft_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Vere_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Vermandois, Count of, Admiral of France, 9

Vernon, Edward, Admiral, his early career, 102 in attack on Carthagena, 104, 105 returns home, quarrels with Admiralty, and dismissal, 106, 107 takes Porto Bello and threatens Carthagena, 103

Vernon, Sir Edward, action with Tronjolly in East Indies, 282

_Vestale_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Veteran=, at battle of Camperdown, 352 at Copenhagen, 427 _et seq._

=Victorious=, takes _Rivoli_, 477

=Victory=, flagship of Jervis at Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._ flagship of Sir John Balchen, lost, 121 La Hogue, 37 Nelson’s flagship, 455 _et seq._

Vienne, Marquis de, Captain, commands _Robuste_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Vigilant=, with Howe at New York, 231

Vigo, threatened, 419

Vilaine, River. _See_ Quiberon

Vilarzel, Captain de, commands _Redoutable_ at battle of Minorca, 152

Villaret-Joyeuse, French Admiral, at action of Groix, 326 _et seq._ at battle of 1st June, 311, 321 at Quiberon, 300 commands Brest fleet, 306 his successive engagements with Howe, 28th and 29th May, and 1st June 1794, 310, 320 ordered to sea, 324 _et seq._ orders to, 307 pursues Cornwallis, 326 sails from Brest, 308 takes Dutch convoy, 309

Villars de Labrosse, Captain, commands _Glorieux_ at battle of Quiberon, 190 commands _Guerrier_ at battle of Minorca, 152

=Ville de Paris=, collision of with =Formidable=, 342 story of sailor in, 382 taken from fleet by Jervis, 406, 407

_Ville de Paris_, flagship of Comte de Grasse, surrendered, 279

Villegris La, G. J. N., commands _Mont Blanc_ at Trafalgar, 460

Villemadrin, C. E. L. H., commands _Swiftsure_ at Trafalgar, 460

Villeneuve, Admiral, death of, 466 hears that he is to be superseded, and goes to sea, 456 his first sortie, 446 his flag in _Guillaume Tell_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._ his operation on north-west of Spain, 451, 453 his orders, 445 _et seq._ leaves West Indies for Ferrol, 450 new orders to, 446; his depression, _ibid._ reaches Martinique, receives fresh orders, hears of arrival of Nelson, 448 sails from Toulon to L’Orient, 333 second sortie, and cruise to West Indies, 447 _et seq._ succeeds Latouche-Treville, 445 turns to Cadiz, 454

Villette Mursay, Marquis de, French Admiral, at Beachy Head, 29

“Vinegar Parker.” _See_ Parker, Sir Hyde

Viomesnil, commands troops in squadron of Destouches, 260

=Viper=, how manned, 215

Voltaire, his phrase about Byng, 157

_Vryheid_, at battle of Camperdown, 351 _et seq._

Wade, captain of =Greenwich=, shot, 93

=Wager=, in Anson’s squadron, lost in Golfo de Peñas, 108

Wager, Sir Charles, Admiral, captures Spanish treasure ship, 68 in command in West Indies, 54

Wages, vote for, how distributed, 209

Waldegrave, W., Baron Radstock, Admiral, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

Walker, captain of =Isis= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Walker, Sir Hovenden, Admiral, his expedition to Quebec, 54

Walker, J., Captain, commands =Monmouth= at battle of Camperdown, 352

Wallace, Sir James, Admiral, captain of =Nonsuch=, 263

Wallace, William, mutineer, commits suicide, 379

Wallis, Sir Provo, admiral of fleet, captains’ servants, 96

Walpole, Horace, 118 his character of Mathews, 114

Walpole, Sir Robert, Prime Minister, consents to war with Spain, 100 his peace policy, 98

Walton, George, captain of =Ruby=, supports Benbow, 93

Ward, Captain, commands =Culloden= at battle of Minorca, 152

Wardour, Lieutenant, defies Parker, 378

=Warley=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

Warren, Commodore, co-operates in taking of Louisbourg, 122

=Warren Hastings=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

Warren, Sir John Borlase, defeats Bompard, 399-400 escorts General Pulteney to courts of France and Spain, 418-419 fails to intercept Ganteaume, 422 in command in Straits, 420 takes French royalists to Quiberon, 326 _et seq._

=Warrior=, at Copenhagen, 427 _et seq._

=Warspight=, at battle of Quiberon, 189 La Hogue, 37 in action with La Clue, 180

_Wassenaer_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Wassenaer, Baron, Dutch Admiral, defeated by French, 77

Watson, Captain, loses the =Northumberland=, 119, 120

Watson, Charles, goes to Bay of Bengal 140 in conquest of Bengal, his death, 197, 198

Watson, Charles, Rear-Admiral, sent to East Indies, 139 takes Geriah, 140

_Wattignies_, in fleet of Briux, 403

Wells, J., Captain, commands =Lancaster= at battle of Camperdown, 352

Wentworth, General, succeeds Cathcart, 104

_West Friesland_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

West Indies, operations in, 303, 304

West, Temple, Vice-Admiral, court-martial on, 115 praised by Sir Horace Mann, 111 resigns, 157 second in command to Byng, 149 _et seq._

Westcott, Captain, commands =Majestic=, at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._ killed in battle, 397

=Wexford=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

Wheeler, Sir F., commands expedition to West Indies, 53

Whetstone, Sir William, succeeds Benbow in West Indies, 53

Whitaker, Sir Edward, Admiral, in command in Mediterranean, 54

White, Captain, commands =Sylph=, 399 quoted 315

White, Seaman, killed by Captain W. Hervey, 90

Whitelock, General, surrenders at Buenos Ayres, 485

Whitshed, Sir James Hawkins, Admiral, commands =Namur= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 joins Jervis at Minorca, 406

Wiggerts, Captain, commands _Haarlem_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

Willes, Sir John, Chief Justice of Common Pleas, attaches naval officers for contempt of court, 117

Willet, E. S., Captain, commands =Chichester= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Williams, Captain, court martial on, 114

Williamson, I., Captain, commands =Agincourt= at battle of Camperdown, 352; court martial on, 354

Wilmot, Robert, Captain, commands expedition to West Indies, 53 his quarrel with Colonel Lillingston, 87 _et seq._

Wilmot, Ruth, widow of Captain R. Wilmot, 89

Wilson, Henry, captain of =Warley=, 480

=Windsor=, in Benbow’s squadron, 92

=Windsor Castle=, La Hogue, 37

Wishart, Sir James, at battle of Malaga, 65 present at dispute on flagship, 83

Wolfe, General, at taking of Louisbourg, 171, 173 takes Quebec, 196

=Woolwich=, La Hogue, 37

Wordsworth, John, captain of =Earl of Abergavenny=, 480

Worge, Colonel, at taking of Goree, 172

Wren, Ralph, Captain, commands expedition to West Indies, dies of fever, 52

Wright, Lawrence, Captain, commands expedition to West Indies, 52, 69, 71

Yarmouth Roads, mutiny of Duncan’s ships in, 375 _et seq._

York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of, 303 averts mutiny in army, 363 defeated in Holland, 414 driven out of Holland, 327 James, Duke of (James II.), and the fighting orders, 3

=York=, La Hogue, 37

Yorktown, siege and surrender of, 267, 268

Young, James, Admiral, comes to Chatham, 373; commands =Intrepid= at battle of Minorca, 152 commands =Mars= at battle of Quiberon, 189

_Zealand_, A, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

=Zealous=, in attack on Santa Cruz, 387 reports presence of French at Aboukir, 391 stranded in Tangier Bay, 343

=Zebra=, reports approach of D’Estaign, 230

Zegers, Captain, commands _Devries_ at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Zélé_, crippled in collision, 277, 278 in fleet of Bruix, 403 in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Zoutman, Johan Arnold, Schout-bij-Nacht, commands Dutch squadron in North Sea, 256, 258

_Zurick Zee_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

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