Part 10
The bindings made for Queen Mary often show her coat-of-arms encircled by flames. They were bound by Thomas Berthelet, who had been Royal Bookbinder to Henry VIII. Most of the books are bound in calf, but some are in embroidered velvet, and show the pomegranate flower. Mary also used the badges of the fleur-de-lys and the portcullis of the De Beauforts. Her initials, "M. I.," are sometimes used on her bindings. Queen Mary used the same supporters as Henry VIII. in the latter part of his reign, namely, the lion and the red dragon, but they do not show on any of her books. Queen Mary's books came to the British Museum in 1757.
[Illustration]
MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND
_Arms._--Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory gu. _Scotland._
As used by James I. (q.v.).
_Crest._--The Scottish Royal Crown, ppr., thereon a lion sejant or, holding in his dexter paw a sword and in his sinister paw a sceptre, all ppr.
_Helmet._--Royal.
_Supporters._--Two unicorns arg., armed, unguled, each gorged with a princely coronet and chained or, as used by James I. (q.v.).
_Motto._--IN DEFENS.
Behind the shield are two spears, on the dexter of which is a banner bearing the arms of Scotland, and on the sinister a banner bearing the cross of St. Andrew arg., on a field az.
The shield is enclosed within the collar of the Order of the Thistle, from which depends the badge of the Order.
_Legend._--MARIA REGINA.
[_The Black Acts._ Edinburgh, 1556.]
[Illustration]
Cypher Μ., _i.e._ "Marie," and Φ, _i.e._ "Francis," used about 1559 or 1560, when Mary was Queen of Francis II., King of France.
The motto "SA VERTV MATIRE" is an anagram on the name Marie Stuuarte.
The crown is the crown of France.
_Note._--A foreign stamp.
[PTOLEMY. _Geographia._ Rome, 1490.]
[The late Sir Wollaston Franks, K.C.B.]
Mary, Princess of Scotland (born 8th December 1542, died 8th February 1587), was the daughter of James V., King of Scotland, and on his death in 1542, when she was eight days old, she succeeded to his crown. Mary was the granddaughter of the Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII., who had married James IV., King of Scotland, in 1502.
In 1558 she married the Dauphin of France, who shortly afterwards became king as Francis II. He died in 1560, and Mary returned to Scotland, and in 1565 married Henry Stuart, Earl of Darnley, who was proclaimed King of Scotland on the day of his marriage.
Lord Darnley was murdered in 1567, and Queen Mary dethroned in favour of her son, James VI., and in the same year she married John Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who is supposed to have been Darnley's murderer. Troubles multiplied round the unfortunate queen. Her husband had to take refuge abroad, and she herself was made a prisoner and shut up at Loch Leven. Queen Mary asked Queen Elizabeth's help in the discords which became incessant in Scotland, and at last Mary was induced to put herself in her rival's power, and took refuge at Carlisle.
The end was that after a long imprisonment in England she was tried, condemned, and beheaded at Fotheringay in 1587, the plea being that she had conspired against Queen Elizabeth's life.
Queen Mary was very intellectual and a notable linguist. Many of her books are bound in black and have black edges. This is supposed to have been intended as a mark of mourning for her first husband. Mary's only son, James VI., succeeded to the throne of England on the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, his title in England being James I.
The present official coat-of-arms of Scotland is, quarterly:
1st and 4th, Scotland.
2nd, England.
3rd, Ireland.
Colours as used by James I. (q.v.).
_Supporters._--Dexter: A unicorn arg., maned, horned, hoofed, and gorged with a princely coronet and chained or.
Sinister: A lion or, royally crowned.
_Crest._--The crest of Scotland as used by Mary, Queen of Scotland, but on an English Royal Crown. Behind the shield are two standards bearing respectively the crosses of St. Andrew and St. George, and the helmet, collar of the Order of the Thistle, and motto are all as used by Queen Mary.
[Illustration]
MARY OF MODENA, QUEEN CONSORT OF JAMES II.
_Arms._--Two shields side by side.
Dexter shield: Gu., 3 lions passant guardant, in pale, or, langued and unguled az. _England._
Sinister shield: Arg., an eagle displayed sa. _D'Este._
Ensigned with a Royal Crown of foreign design, and enclosed between two palm branches.
_Note._--This stamp was probably made in France after 1689.
[DESPORCELLETS. _Regne de Jacques II._ MS.]
[Illustration]
_Arms._--Impaled.
Dexter: Quarterly.
1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly; France and England.
2nd grand quarter; Scotland.
3rd grand quarter; Ireland.
As used by James I. (q.v.). Over all the label, with three points arg., of an eldest son.
Sinister: Quarterly.
1st and 4th; arg., an eagle displayed sa., coroneted ppr. _D'Este._
2nd and 3rd; az., 3 fleurs-de-lys or, within a bordure counter-indented, or and gu. _Ferrara._
Ensigned with a princely coronet.
_Supporters._--Dexter: A lion of England or, wearing a princely coronet ppr., and charged on the neck with a label of three points arg.
Sinister: An eagle of D'Este sa., wearing a ducal coronet or.
_Note._--This stamp was made while James was still Duke of York, that is to say, between 1673 and 1685.
[WALLER. _Poems._ London, 1668.]
Mary Beatrice of Modena (born 5th October 1658, died 7th May 1718) was a daughter of Alphonso IV., D'Este, Duke of Modena. She was a strong Roman Catholic. In 1673 she married James, Duke of York, whom she presently converted to the Roman Catholic religion, and when she became queen in 1685, her influence over the king continued to be very great. There were many disquieting rumours about the birth of the Prince of Wales, and Queen Mary was never liked in England. She seems, however, to have been a devoted and affectionate wife.
Her trouble culminated about 1688, when she fled to France with her little son, and was well and honourably received by Louis XIV. James II. presently joined her at the Palace of St. Germain, which the French king had put at his disposal on his deposition from the throne of England in 1689. After James's death in 1701 Queen Mary continued to live at St. Germain, and remained there for the rest of her life.
[Illustration]
MARY, PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, AFTERWARDS QUEEN OF FRANCE AND DUCHESS OF SUFFOLK.
_Arms._--Quarterly, France and England, as used by Henry VIII. (q.v.).
_Badges._--Tudor roses, gu. and arg., and portcullis arg., chained or.
_Initials._--M. S. (Mary Suffolk).
_Note._--The book bears the arms of Henry VIII., and the initials have been added. It is one of the earliest gold-tooled English bindings in existence, and was probably made by John Taverner for an earlier inside than that which it now covers.
[_Herbarum Imagines._ Francofurti, 1535.]
Mary Tudor (born 1497, died 23rd June 1534) was the youngest daughter of Henry VII. At an early age she was enamoured of Charles Brandon, afterwards Duke of Suffolk. Henry VIII., however, decided that her marriage with Louis XII. of France was more expedient, and in 1514 she became his Queen. Next year she was left a widow, and almost immediately she married the Duke of Suffolk abroad, and the marriage was afterwards re-solemnised in England.
[Illustration]
MATTHEW, TOBIAS, ARCHBISHOP OF YORK
_Arms._--Impaled.
Dexter: Gu., two keys in saltire arg., in chief a Royal Crown or. _See of York, after 1515._
Sinister: Quarterly.
1st and 4th; sa., a lion rampant arg.
2nd and 3rd; gu., 3 chevrons arg. _Matthew._
[_Novum Testamentum._ 1580.]
Tobias Matthew (born circ. 1546, died 29th March 1628) was the son of John Matthew of Ross in Herefordshire. He was educated at Oxford and ordained in 1566. He preached before Queen Elizabeth at St. Mary's Church in the High Street at Oxford, and attracted Her Majesty's attention by his eloquence and his handsome appearance. He was made a Canon of Christchurch Cathedral in 1570, and Dean in 1576. In 1583 he was Dean of Durham. In 1595 he was consecrated Bishop of Durham, and in 1606 Archbishop of York. Archbishop Matthew took a prominent
## part in the political as well as the theological affairs of his
time. Lady Arabella Stuart was imprisoned in his house, and she escaped from it in 1611.
[Illustration]
MONCK, CHRISTOPHER, SECOND DUKE OF ALBEMARLE
_Arms._--Within the Garter. Gu., a chevron between 3 lions' heads erased arg. _Monck._
_Coronet._--That of a Duke.
[HEYLYN. _Ecclesia Restaurata._ London, 1674.]
Christopher Monck (born circ. 1653, died 6th October 1688) was the son of General George Monck, who, in recognition of his services concerning the restoration of Charles II., was by that monarch created Duke of Albemarle in 1660. Christopher Monck succeeded his father in the Dukedom in 1669. He was made a Knight of the Garter in the same year, and in 1687 he was appointed Governor of Jamaica.
[Illustration]
MONTAGU, JOHN, SECOND DUKE OF MONTAGU
_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.
1st and 4th; arg., 3 lozenges conjoined in fess gu., within a bordure sa. _Montagu._
2nd and 3rd; or, an eagle displayed vert., beaked and membered gu. _Monthermer._
On an escutcheon of pretence. Sa., a lion rampant arg., on a canton of the last a cross gu. _Churchill._
_Coronet._--That of a Duke.
[BACON. _The Historie of the Reigne of King Henry the Seventh._ London, 1641.]
[Illustration]
_Crest._--Within the Garter. A griffin's head couped or, beak and wings endorsed sa. _Montagu._
[BERKELEY. _Siris._ London, 1744.]
John Montagu (born circ. 1688, died 6th July 1749) was the son of Ralph Montagu, Duke of Montagu, whom he succeeded in 1709. At the coronation of George I. the Duke of Montagu was High Constable, and he was Governor of St. Lucia and St. Vincent, both of which islands were given to him by the king.
The Duke of Montagu carried the sceptre with the cross at the coronation of George II., and in 1740 he was made Master-General of the Ordnance. He raised a regiment of cavalry, known as "Montagu's Carabineers." In 1719 he was made a Knight of the Garter, and in 1725 Grand Master of the Order of the Bath, and he also held several military appointments. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Royal College of Physicians.
The Duke's town residence, Montagu House, originally occupied the site now covered by the British Museum, and at his death it was acquired by the Government. Many alterations were carried out for the better housing of the collections which were placed in it, and eventually it was entirely rebuilt in a more convenient form. It had been originally built for Ralph, the first Duke of Montagu. The Duke married Mary Churchill, daughter of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, the great General. Lady Mary Churchill's only brother having died as a boy, she and her sisters became heraldic heiresses, so their coat-of-arms were borne on an escutcheon of pretence in the centre of the coats-of-arms of their respective husbands.
[Illustration]
MORDAUNT, JOHN, VISCOUNT MORDAUNT
_Crest._--A Saracen's head in profile ppr., wreathed about the temples, arg. and sa. _Mordaunt._
_Coronet._--That of a Viscount.
[BUCHONIUS. _Primitiae gnomonicae Catoptricae, etc._ Avenione, 1635.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--In a smaller size.
[_Recueil general des Caquets de l'Acouchée._ 1623.]
John Mordaunt (born 18th June 1626, died 5th June 1675) was the second son of John Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough. He was educated at Oxford and was a strong Royalist. In 1658 he was in consequence tried for his life, and only escaped death by one vote. He was with Charles II. on the Continent, and in 1659 was created Viscount Mordaunt of Avalon. In 1660, on the Restoration, Lord Mordaunt was knighted. He commanded a troop of horse and a regiment of foot, and was Constable of Windsor Castle and Keeper of the Great Park. He was also Lord Lieutenant of Surrey.
[Illustration]
MUSGRAVE, SIR WILLIAM, BARONET
_Crest._--Two arms in armour, gauntleted ppr., holding an annulet or. _Musgrave._
[SAINT GERMAN. _Doctor and Student._ In the Savoy, 1751.]
William Musgrave (born 8th October 1735, died 16th January 1800) was the second son of Sir Richard Musgrave of Hayton Castle, and succeeded to the family Baronetcy in 1755, on the death of his elder brother.
Sir William was a Commissioner of Customs and of Accounts, a Fellow and Vice-President of the Royal Society, a lawyer of much distinction, and a Bencher and Treasurer of the Middle Temple. He was author of a very useful compilation known as Musgrave's Obituary; it gives reference to places where the various persons deceased are mentioned, and also further
## particulars. The obituary was published by the Harleian Society
in 1899-1901.
Sir William Musgrave made large collections of manuscripts on the subject of portrait-painting in England, and also concerning the history of England. He bequeathed these manuscripts, as well as a considerable number of printed books, to the British Museum, of which he was a Trustee. He had already given several books to the library during his lifetime, many of which contain an autograph note of the presentation.
[Illustration]
NAUNTON, SIR ROBERT
_Arms._--Quartered.
1. Gu., 3 martlets or. _Naunton._
2. Quarterly, or and gu., in the first quarter a lion rampant of the second. _Inglish._
3. Arg., a chief indented sa. _Hillock._
4. Sa., an eagle displayed arg., between 6 bezants, 3, 2, and 1. _Busserard._
5. Arg., a lion rampant sa., a chief gu., a crescent for difference. _Ashby._
6. Gu., 10 bezants, 4, 3, 2, and 1. _Zouch._
7. Arg., 2 bars gu. _Martin._
8. Gu., a lion rampant between 14 tau crosses or. _Powell_ (?).
9. A chevron between 3 Hebrew letters "Cheth," probably standing for "Jehovah." _Unknown._
10. Erm., a cross engrailed sa. _Houghton_.
_Crest._--A basilisk ppr.
_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.
_Motto._--PRVDENS SIMPLICITAS.
[_Common Prayer._ London, 1612.]
Robert Naunton (born circ. 1563, died 27th March 1635) was the son of Henry Naunton of Alderton. He was educated at Cambridge, where in 1594 he was elected Public Orator, and travelled largely on the Continent for the purpose of studying politics. He was Member of Parliament for Helston in 1606, then for Camelford and for Suffolk, and sat in three Parliaments as Member for Cambridge. In 1614 he received the honour of Knighthood, and in 1617 became Secretary of State, and afterwards Master of the Court of Wards. Sir Robert was an earnest Protestant, and the Catholics considered that he was too strongly opposed to their interests. The latter part of his life was troubled, chiefly because he was too free in expressing his own views as to matters of public interest. Although he held several important official offices, he does not appear to have been a man of much talent, but his management of the matters entrusted to him was marked by strong common sense and trustworthiness. He wrote several valuable books on travel, biography, and history.
[Illustration]
NEVILL, GEORGE, EARL OF ABERGAVENNY
_Badges._--1. A Lancastrian rose gu., seeded or, and leaved vert. 2. A portcullis of De Beaufort arg., chained and ringed or, nailed az. Both ensigned with an Earl's Coronet.
[C. SUETONIUS. _Tranquillus ex recensione F. Oudendorpii._ Lugduni Batavorum, 1751.]
George Nevill (born 24th June 1727, died 9th September 1785) was the son of William Nevill, Lord Abergavenny. He was a godson of George II., and succeeded his father in the Barony in 1744. Lord Abergavenny was Lord Lieutenant of Sussex, and in 1784 he was created Earl of Abergavenny.
The use of the badges shown is not confined to any particular earl, but had been generally used by the Nevill family for a long time. The Red Rose of Lancaster was adopted as a badge by Richard Nevill, Earl of Warwick, whose daughter Anne married Edward, Prince of Wales, only son of Henry VI., the last of the Lancastrian Kings, in 1470. The Princess Anne afterwards married Richard III., the last of the Yorkist Kings. The portcullis was used as a badge of descent from the house of De Beaufort, and both badges are still used by the family of Nevill.
[Illustration]
NOEL, BAPTIST, THIRD EARL OF GAINSBOROUGH
_Arms._--Impaled.
Dexter: Or, fretty gu., a canton erm. _Noel._
Sinister: Or, two bars az., a chief quarterly of the last and gu., in the first and fourth quarters 2 fleurs-de-lys or, and in the second and third quarters a lion passant guardant, of the last langued and unguled az. _Manners._
_Coronet._--That of an Earl.
[SETTLE. _Thalia Lacrymans._ London, 1714.]
Baptist Noel (born 1684, died 17th April 1714) was the son of Baptist Noel of Luffenham, Rutland, who was the eldest son, by his fourth marriage, of Baptist Noel, second Baron Noel and third Viscount Campden. The eldest son of Lord Campden succeeded to his father's title in 1682, and in 1681 he was created Earl of Gainsborough with special remainder to his younger brothers. In consequence of this remainder, on the death of Wriothesley Noel, second Earl of Gainsborough, in 1691, without male heir, the Earldom reverted to Baptist Noel, his cousin, who succeeded as third Earl.
Lord Gainsborough married, about 1706, his first cousin, Dorothy Manners, daughter of John, first Duke of Rutland.
[Illustration]
PARKER, MATTHEW, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY
_Arms._--Gu., on a chevron between 3 keys erect arg., as many estoiles of the field. The estoiles were an augmentation added in 1559. _Parker._
[_New Testament._ London, 1574.]
Matthew Parker (born 6th August 1504, died 17th May 1575) was educated at Cambridge, and in 1527 he took orders and became a Fellow of his College, and quickly made a name as a powerful preacher. In 1537 he was made Chaplain to the King and a Prebendary of Ely. He became Master of his old College, St. Benet's (Corpus Christi), in 1544. In 1552 he was Dean of Lincoln, but on Mary's accession he lost that and his other preferments on the ground of his being married.
During all Queen Mary's reign Dr. Parker kept himself well out of the way, but when Elizabeth came to the throne he was sought out and in 1559 consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury, being the second Protestant Archbishop of that See.
Archbishop Parker concerned himself much with literature, and wrote several valuable books. He had much to do with the Book of Common Prayer, and also with the revisal of the then existing translation of the Bible, the edition finally issued by him being known as the "Bishop's Bible." He founded the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1572, and bequeathed a large number of books and manuscripts to the University of Cambridge and to his old College.
Archbishop Parker had a staff of workmen in his own house, part of which was fully equipped for their use. His work _De Antiquitate Britannicae Ecclesiae_, of which it is said no two copies are alike, as the Archbishop made some alterations in the proofs every time they were submitted to him, is said to have been printed at the Archbishop's press by John Day. Some of his books are beautifully bound in embroidered velvet, also supposed to have been done in his own house. In one of his letters to Lord Burghley, he says that he has in his house "Paynters, Lymners, Wryters, and Book-Bynders." It is possible that several of the fine bindings made for Queen Elizabeth and for Lord Burghley were really made in the Archbishop's workshop.
[Illustration]
PEPYS, SAMUEL, SECRETARY TO THE ADMIRALTY
_Arms._--Quarterly.
1st and 4th; sa., on a bend or, between 2 nags' heads erased arg., 3 fleurs-de-lys of the field. _Pepys._
2nd and 3rd; gu., a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed arg. _Gray._
_Crest._--A camel's head erased or, bridled, lined, ringed, and gorged with a ducal coronet or.
_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.
_Motto._--MENS CUIUSQUE IS EST QUISQUE.
[_Several books in the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge._]
[The Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge.]
[Illustration]
_Variety._--A shield lettered "SAM. PEPYS CAR. ET IAC. ANGL. REGIB. A SECRETIS ADMIRALIÆ."
Behind the shield are two fouled anchors.
_Crest_ and _helmet_ as in the preceding example.
[_Books at Magdalene College, Cambridge._]
[The Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge.]
Samuel Pepys (born 23rd February 1632, died 26th May 1703) was the son of John Pepys of Cottenham, in Cambridgeshire. He was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and became clerk of the Acts of the Navy in 1660.
In 1673 Mr. Pepys was Secretary to the Admiralty, and he introduced several admirable reforms in the management of that office, which he retained until 1689. He accompanied Lord Dartmouth to Tangier, and made several expeditions to the Continent and about the coasts of England.
In 1690 he published his _Memoirs_ concerning the navy of England, a very important work. In 1684 Mr. Pepys was President of the Royal Society. He left a considerable library to his old College at Cambridge, manuscripts as well as printed books, and also several prints. Pepys kept a curious _Diary_ in cypher from 1659 to 1669. It has been deciphered and published several times, but the best edition is that issued by Mr. H. B. Wheatley in 1893.
[Illustration]
PERCY, HENRY, NINTH EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND
_Badge._--Within the Garter.
A crescent arg., ensigned with an Earl's coronet.
[JAMES I. _Triumphs_, etc. London, 1610.]
Henry Percy (born April 1564, died 5th November 1632) was the son of the eighth Earl of Northumberland and succeeded his father, who was murdered in the Tower, in 1585. Lord Northumberland was fined and imprisoned in the Tower in consequence of an alleged complicity in the Gunpowder Plot. In 1593 he was made a Knight of the Garter, and in 1603 he was Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen Pensioners.
Northumberland was in distant remainder to the Crown of England, and at one time it was probable that his claims might be strengthened by a marriage with Lady Arabella Stuart, niece of Lord Darnley, and great-granddaughter of Margaret, elder daughter of Henry VII., but the negotiation came to nothing. The Earl was fond of scientific pursuits and was known as "The Wizard Earl," and was a great smoker. The badge of the silver crescent was used by the Percy family generally and not exclusively by any particular member of it.
[Illustration]
PETTY, WILLIAM FITZMAURICE, MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE
_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.
1st and 4th; erm., on a bend az., a magnetic needle pointing at a Pole Star or. _Petty._
2nd and 3rd; arg., a saltire gu., a chief erm. _Fitzmaurice._
_Coronet._--That of a Marquis.
_Supporters._--Two pegasi erm., bridled, crined, winged, and unguled or., each charged on the shoulder with a fleur-de-lys az.
_Motto._--VIRTUTE NON VERBIS.
[PONTIFICALE. Lansdowne MS. 451.]
William Fitzmaurice Petty (born 1737, died 7th May 1805) was the son of John, Earl of Shelburne. He was educated at Oxford, and then entered the army, and fought at Campen and at Minden, eventually becoming a general officer. He represented High Wycombe in Parliament. In 1761, on the death of his father, William Petty became Earl of Shelburne, and quickly made his mark in the House of Lords, and became head of the Board of Trade. In 1766 he became a Secretary of State for the Southern Department. On the death of Lord Rockingham in 1782, Lord Shelburne succeeded as Premier, and held this position until 1783. In 1784 Lord Shelburne was created Marquis of Lansdowne, and he spent the remainder of his life at his beautiful Wiltshire seat of Bowood.
About 1765 he began collecting books, particularly those concerning history and politics. Among the books collected by Lord Shelburne were several which had belonged to Sir Julius Cæsar, and also many of Lord Burghley's. Lord Lansdowne's manuscripts were acquired for the British Museum by purchase after his death.
[Illustration]
PHILPOT, JOHN, SOMERSET HERALD
_Arms._--Quarterly.
1st and 4th; gu., a cross arg., between four swords erect of the second, pommelled and hilted or. _Philpot._
2nd and 3rd; sa., a bend ermine. _Philipot._
On an escutcheon of pretence. Az., a chevron erm., between 3 crescents arg. _Glover._