Part 43
Plan"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, planes; a planing machine; esp., a machine for planing wood or metals.
2. (Print.) A wooden block used for forcing down the type in a form, and making the surface even. Hansard.
Planer centers. See under Center.
Plan"er tree` (?). [From J. S. Planer, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A small-leaved North American tree (Planera aquatica) related to the elm, but having a wingless, nutlike fruit.
Plan"et (?), n. [OE. planete, F. planËte, L. planeta, fr. Gr. &?;, and &?; a planet; prop. wandering, fr. &?; to wander, fr. &?; a wandering.] 1. (Astron.) A celestial body which revolves about the sun in an orbit of a moderate degree of eccentricity. It is distinguished from a comet by the absence of a coma, and by having a less eccentric orbit. See Solar system.
The term planet was first used to distinguish those stars which have an apparent motion through the constellations from the fixed stars, which retain their relative places unchanged. The inferior planets are Mercury and Venus, which are nearer to the sun than is the earth; the superior planets are Mars, the asteroids, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which are farther from the sun than is the earth. Primary planets are those which revolve about the sun; secondary planets, or moons, are those which revolve around the primary planets as satellites, and at the same time revolve with them about the sun.
2. A star, as influencing the fate of a men.
There's some ill planet reigns.
Shak.
Planet gear. (Mach.) See Epicyclic train, under Epicyclic. -- Planet wheel, a gear wheel which revolves around the wheel with which it meshes, in an epicyclic train.
Plane" ta`ble (?). See under Plane, a.
Plan`e*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. planÈtaire. See Planetary.] An orrery. See Orrery.
Plan"et*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. L. planetarius an astrologer, F. planÈtaire planetary. See Planet.] 1. Of or pertaining to the planets; as, planetary inhabitants; planetary motions; planetary year.
2. Consisting of planets; as, a planetary system.
3. (Astrol.) Under the dominion or influence of a planet. "Skilled in the planetary hours." Drayton.
4. Caused by planets. "A planetary plague." Shak.
5. Having the nature of a planet; erratic; revolving; wandering. "Erratical and planetary life." Fuller.
Planetary days, the days of the week as shared among the planets known to the ancients, each having its day. Hutton. -- Planetary nebula, a nebula exhibiting a uniform disk, like that of a planet.
Plan"et*ed, a. Belonging to planets. [R.] Young.
{ Pla*net"ic (?), Pla*net"ic*al (?), } a. [L. planeticus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to planets. Sir T. Browne.
Plan"et*oid (?), n. [Planet + -oid.] (Astron.) A body resembling a planet; an asteroid.
Plan"et*oid*al (?), a. Pertaining to a planetoid.
Plane" tree` (?). (Bot.) Same as 1st Plane.
{ Plan"et-strick`en (?), Plan"et-struck` (?), } a. Affected by the influence of planets; blasted. Milton.
Like planet-stricken men of yore He trembles, smitten to the core By strong compunction and remorse.
Wordsworth.
Plan"et*ule (?), n. A little planet. [R.] Conybeare.
Plan"gen*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being plangent; a beating sound. [R.]
Plan"gent (?), a. [L. plangens, -entis, fr. plangere to beat. See Plaint.] Beating; dashing, as a wave. [R.] "The plangent wave." H. Taylor.
{ Plan"i- (?), Plan"o- (?) }. [L. planus. See Plane, a.] Combining forms signifying flat, level, plane; as planifolious, planimetry, plano- concave.
Plan`i*fo"li*ous (?), a. [Plani- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Flat-leaved.
Plan"i*form (?), a. (Anat.) Having a plane surface; as, a planiform, gliding, or arthrodial articulation.
Pla*nim"e*ter (?), n. [Plani- + -meter. Cf. Planometer.] An instrument for measuring the area of any plane figure, however irregular, by passing a tracer around the bounding line; a platometer.
{ Plan`i*met"ric (?; 277), Plan`i*met"ric*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. planimÈtrique.] Of or pertaining to planimetry.
Pla*nim"e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. planimÈtrie.] The mensuration of plane surfaces; -- distinguished from stereometry, or the mensuration of volumes.
Plan"ing (?), a. & vb. n. fr. Plane, v. t.
Planing machine. (a) See Planer. (b) A complex machine for planing wood, especially boards, containing usually a rapidly revolving cutter, which chips off the surface in small shavings as the piece to be planed is passed under it by feeding apparatus.
Pla`ni*pen"nate (?), a. Of or pertaining to Planipennia.
||Pla`ni*pen"ni*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. planus plane + penna wing.] ||(Zoˆl.) A suborder of Neuroptera, including those that have broad, ||flat wings, as the ant-lion, lacewing, etc. Called also Planipennes.
Plan`i*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Plani- + petal.] (Bot.) Having flat petals.
Plan"ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Planishing.] [OF. planir, F. planer. See Plane, v., and -ish.] To make smooth or plane, as a metallic surface; to condense, toughen, and polish by light blows with a hammer.
Plan"ish*er (?), n. One who, or that which, planishes. Weale.
Plan"ish*ing, a. & vb. n. from Planish, v. t.
Planishing rolls (Coining), rolls between which metal strips are passed while cold, to bring them to exactly the required thickness.
Plan"i*sphere (?), n. [Plani- + sphere: cf. F. planisphËre. See Plain, and Sphere.] The representation of the circles of the sphere upon a plane; especially, a representation of the celestial sphere upon a plane with adjustable circles, or other appendages, for showing the position of the heavens, the time of rising and setting of stars, etc., for any given date or hour.
Plan`i*spher"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a planisphere.
Plank (?), n. [OE. planke, OF. planque, planche, F. planche, fr. L. planca; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;, anything flat and broad. Cf. Planch.] 1. A broad piece of sawed timber, differing from a board only in being thicker. See Board.
2. Fig.: That which supports or upholds, as a board does a swimmer.
His charity is a better plank than the faith of an intolerant and bitter-minded bigot.
Southey.
3. One of the separate articles in a declaration of the principles of a party or cause; as, a plank in the national platform. [Cant]
Plank road, or Plank way, a road surface formed of planks. [U.S.] -- To walk the plank, to walk along a plank laid across the bulwark of a ship, until one overbalances it and falls into the sea; -- a method of disposing of captives practiced by pirates.
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Plank (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Planking.] 1. To cover or lay with planks; as, to plank a floor or a ship. "Planked with pine." Dryden.
2. To lay down, as on a plank or table; to stake or pay cash; as, to plank money in a wager. [Colloq. U.S.]
3. To harden, as hat bodies, by felting.
4. (Wooden Manuf.) To splice together the ends of slivers of wool, for subsequent drawing.
Planked shad, shad split open, fastened to a plank, and roasted before a wood fire.
Plank"ing, n. 1. The act of laying planks; also, planks, collectively; a series of planks in place, as the wooden covering of the frame of a vessel.
2. The act of splicing slivers. See Plank, v. t., 4.
Plank"-sheer` (?), n. (Shipbuilding) The course of plank laid horizontally over the timberheads of a vessel's frame.
Plan"less (?), a. Having no plan.
Plan"ner (?), n. One who plans; a projector.
Pla"no- (?). See Plani-.
Plan"o*blast (?), n. [Gr. &?; to wander + -blast.] (Zoˆl.) Any free-swimming gonophore of a hydroid; a hydroid medusa.
Pla"no-con"cave (?), a. [Plano- + concave.] Plane or flat on one side, and concave on the other; as, a plano-concave lens. See Lens.
Pla"no-con"ic*al (?), a. [Plano- + conical.] Plane or flat on one side, and conical on the other. Grew.
Pla"no-con"vex (?), a. [Plano- + convex.] Plane or flat on one side, and convex on the other; as, a plano-convex lens. See Convex, and Lens.
Pla"no-hor`i*zon"tal (?), a. [Plano- + horizontal.] Having a level horizontal surface or position. Lee.
Pla*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Plano- + -meter. Cf. Planimeter.] An instrument for gauging or testing a plane surface. See Surface gauge, under Surface.
Pla*nom"e*try (?), n. (Mech.) The art or process of producing or gauging a plane surface.
Pla"no-or*bic"u*lar (?), a. [Plano- + orbicular.] Plane or flat on one side, and spherical on the other.
||Pla*nor"bis (?), n. [NL., fr. L. planus flat + orbis a circle.] ||(Zoˆl.) Any fresh-water air-breathing mollusk belonging to Planorbis ||and other allied genera, having shells of a discoidal form.
Pla"no-su"bu*late (?), a. [Plano- + subulate.] Smooth and awl-shaped. See Subulate.
Plant (?), n. [AS. plante, L. planta.] 1. A vegetable; an organized living being, generally without feeling and voluntary motion, and having, when complete, a root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion, or a series of cellules, or even a single cellule.
Plants are divided by their structure and methods of reproduction into two series, phÊnogamous or flowering plants, which have true flowers and seeds, and cryptogamous or flowerless plants, which have no flowers, and reproduce by minute one-celled spores. In both series are minute and simple forms and others of great size and complexity.
As to their mode of nutrition, plants may be considered as self-supporting and dependent. Self-supporting plants always contain chlorophyll, and subsist on air and moisture and the matter dissolved in moisture, and as a general rule they excrete oxygen, and use the carbonic acid to combine with water and form the material for their tissues. Dependent plants comprise all fungi and many flowering plants of a parasitic or saprophytic nature. As a rule, they have no chlorophyll, and subsist mainly or wholly on matter already organized, thus utilizing carbon compounds already existing, and not excreting oxygen. But there are plants which are partly dependent and partly self-supporting.
The movements of climbing plants, of some insectivorous plants, of leaves, stamens, or pistils in certain plants, and the ciliary motion of zoˆspores, etc., may be considered a kind of voluntary motion.
2. A bush, or young tree; a sapling; hence, a stick or staff. "A plant of stubborn oak." Dryden.
3. The sole of the foot. [R.] "Knotty legs and plants of clay." B. Jonson.
4. (Com.) The whole machinery and apparatus employed in carrying on a trade or mechanical business; also, sometimes including real estate, and whatever represents investment of capital in the means of carrying on a business, but not including material worked upon or finished products; as, the plant of a foundry, a mill, or a railroad.
5. A plan; an artifice; a swindle; a trick. [Slang]
It was n't a bad plant, that of mine, on Fikey.
Dickens.
6. (Zoˆl.) (a) An oyster which has been bedded, in distinction from one of natural growth. (b) A young oyster suitable for transplanting. [Local, U.S.]
Plant bug (Zoˆl.), any one of numerous hemipterous insects which injure the foliage of plants, as Lygus lineolaris, which damages wheat and trees. -- Plant cutter (Zoˆl.), a South American passerine bird of the genus Phytotoma, family PhytotomidÊ. It has a serrated bill with which it cuts off the young shoots and buds of plants, often doing much injury. -- Plant louse (Zoˆl.), any small hemipterous insect which infests plants, especially those of the families AphidÊ and PsyllidÊ; an aphid.
Plant (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planted; p. pr. & vb. n. Planting.] [AS. plantian, L. plantare. See Plant, n.] 1. To put in the ground and cover, as seed for growth; as, to plant maize.
2. To set in the ground for growth, as a young tree, or a vegetable with roots.
Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees.
Deut. xvi. 21.
3. To furnish, or fit out, with plants; as, to plant a garden, an orchard, or a forest.
4. To engender; to generate; to set the germ of.
It engenders choler, planteth anger.
Shak.
5. To furnish with a fixed and organized population; to settle; to establish; as, to plant a colony.
Planting of countries like planting of woods.
Bacon.
6. To introduce and establish the principles or seeds of; as, to plant Christianity among the heathen.
7. To set firmly; to fix; to set and direct, or point; as, to plant cannon against a fort; to plant a standard in any place; to plant one's feet on solid ground; to plant one's fist in another's face.
8. To set up; to install; to instate.
We will plant some other in the throne.
Shak.
Plant, v. i. To perform the act of planting.
I have planted; Apollos watered.
1 Cor. iii. 6.
Plant"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being planted; fit to be planted. B. Edwards.
Plant"age (?), n. A word used once by Shakespeare to designate plants in general, or anything that is planted.
As true as steel, as plantage to the moon.
Shak. (Troil. iii. sc. 2).
Plan"tain (?), n. [Cf. F. plantain- arbre, plantanier, Sp. pl·ntano, pl·tano; prob. same word as plane tree.] 1. (Bot.) A treelike perennial herb (Musa paradisiaca) of tropical regions, bearing immense leaves and large clusters of the fruits called plantains. See Musa.
2. The fruit of this plant. It is long and somewhat cylindrical, slightly curved, and, when ripe, soft, fleshy, and covered with a thick but tender yellowish skin. The plantain is a staple article of food in most tropical countries, especially when cooked.
Plantain cutter, or Plantain eater (Zoˆl.), any one of several large African birds of the genus Musophaga, or family MusophagidÊ, especially Musophaga violacea. See Turaco. They are allied to the cuckoos. -- Plantain squirrel (Zoˆl.), a Java squirrel (Sciurus plantani) which feeds upon plantains. -- Plantain tree (Bot.), the treelike herb Musa paradisiaca. See def. 1 (above).
Plan"tain, n. [F., fr. L. plantago. Cf. Plant.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Plantago, but especially the P. major, a low herb with broad spreading radical leaves, and slender spikes of minute flowers. It is a native of Europe, but now found near the abode of civilized man in nearly all parts of the world.
Indian plantain. (Bot.) See under Indian. -- Mud plantain, a homely North American aquatic plant (Heteranthera reniformis), having broad, reniform leaves. -- Rattlesnake plantain, an orchidaceous plant (Goodyera pubescens), with the leaves blotched and spotted with white. -- Ribwort plantain. See Ribwort. -- Robin's plantain, the Erigeron bellidifolium, a common daisylike plant of North America. -- Water plantain, a plant of the genus Alisma, having acrid leaves, and formerly regarded as a specific against hydrophobia. Loudon.
Plant"al (?), a. [L. planta a plant.] Belonging to plants; as, plantal life. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
Plan"tar (?), a. [L. plantaris, fr. planta the sole of the foot.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sole of the foot; as, the plantar arteries.
Plan*ta"tion (?), n. [L. plantatio: cf. F. plantation.] 1. The act or practice of planting, or setting in the earth for growth. [R.]
2. The place planted; land brought under cultivation; a piece of ground planted with trees or useful plants; esp., in the United States and West Indies, a large estate appropriated to the production of the more important crops, and cultivated by laborers who live on the estate; as, a cotton plantation; a coffee plantation.
3. An original settlement in a new country; a colony.
While these plantations were forming in Connecticut.
B. Trumbull.
Plant"-cane` (?), n. A stalk or shoot of sugar cane of the first growth from the cutting. The growth of the second and following years is of inferior quality, and is called rattoon.
Plant"-eat`ing (?), a. Eating, or subsisting on, plants; as, a plant-eating beetle.
Plant"ed (?), a. (Joinery) Fixed in place, as a projecting member wrought on a separate piece of stuff; as, a planted molding.
Plant"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, plants or sows; as, a planterof corn; a machine planter.
2. One who owns or cultivates a plantation; as, a sugar planter; a coffee planter.
3. A colonist in a new or uncultivated territory; as, the first planters in Virginia.
Plant"er*ship, n. The occupation or position of a planter, or the management of a plantation, as in the United States or the West Indies.
Plant"i*cle (?), n. [Dim. of Plant.] A young plant, or plant in embryo. E. Darwin.
||Plan`ti*gra"da (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoˆl.) A subdivision of Carnivora ||having plantigrade feet. It includes the bears, raccoons, and allied ||species.
Plan"ti*grade (?), a. [L. planta sole of the foot + gradi to walk: cf. F. plantigrade.] (Zoˆl.) (a) Walking on the sole of the foot; pertaining to the plantigrades. (b) Having the foot so formed that the heel touches the ground when the leg is upright.
Plan"ti*grade, n. (Zoˆl.) A plantigrade animal, or one that walks or steps on the sole of the foot, as man, and the bears.
Plant"ing (?), n. 1. The act or operation of setting in the ground for propagation, as seeds, trees, shrubs, etc.; the forming of plantations, as of trees; the carrying on of plantations, as of sugar, coffee, etc.
2. That which is planted; a plantation.
Trees of righteousness, the planting of the Lord.
Isa. lxi. 3.
3. (Arch.) The laying of the first courses of stone in a foundation. [Eng.]
Plant"less, a. Without plants; barren of vegetation.
Plant"let, n. A little plant.
Plan*toc"ra*cy (?), n. [Planter + -cracy, as in democracy.] Government by planters; planters, collectively. [R.]
Plant"ule (?), n. [F., dim. of plante a plant, L. planta.] (Bot.) The embryo which has begun its development in the act of germination.
||Plan"u*la (?), n.; pl. PlanulÊ (#). [L., a little plane.] 1. (Biol.) ||In embryonic development, a vesicle filled with fluid, formed from ||the morula by the divergence of its cells in such a manner as to give ||rise to a central space, around which the cells arrange themselves as ||an envelope; an embryonic form intermediate between the morula and ||gastrula. Sometimes used as synonymous with gastrula.
2. (Zoˆl.) The very young, free- swimming larva of the cúlenterates. It usually has a flattened oval or oblong form, and is entirely covered with cilia.
Planx"ty (?), n. [Cf. L. plangere to mourn aloud.] (Mus.) An Irish or Welsh melody for the harp, sometimes of a mournful character.
Plaque (?), n. [F. Cf. Plack, and see Placard.] Any flat, thin piece of metal, clay, ivory, or the like, used for ornament, or for painting pictures upon, as a slab, plate, dish, or the like, hung upon a wall; also, a smaller decoration worn on the person, as a brooch.
Plash (?), n. [OD. plasch. See Plash, v.] 1. A small pool of standing water; a puddle. Bacon. "These shallow plashes." Barrow.
2. A dash of water; a splash.
Plash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Plashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Plashing.] [Cf. D. plassen, G. platschen. Cf. Splash.] To dabble in water; to splash. "Plashing among bedded pebbles." Keats.
Far below him plashed the waters.
Longfellow.
Plash, v. t. 1. To splash, as water.
2. To splash or sprinkle with coloring matter; as, to plash a wall in imitation of granite.
Plash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plashed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Plashing.] [OF. plaissier, plessier, to bend. Cf. Pleach.] To cut partly, or to bend and intertwine the branches of; as, to plash a hedge. Evelyn.
Plash, n. The branch of a tree partly cut or bent, and bound to, or intertwined with, other branches.
Plash"et (?), n. [Plash + - et.] A small pond or pool; a puddle.
Plash"ing, n. 1. The cutting or bending and intertwining the branches of small trees, as in hedges.
2. The dashing or sprinkling of coloring matter on the walls of buildings, to imitate granite, etc.
Plash"oot (?), n. A hedge or fence formed of branches of trees interlaced, or plashed. [Obs.] Carew.
Plash"y (?), a. [From 1st Plash.] 1. Watery; abounding with puddles; splashy. "Plashy fens." Milton. "The plashy earth." Wordsworth.
2. Specked, as if plashed with color. Keats.
Plasm (?), n. [L. plasma anything formed or molded, that which is molded, Gr. &?;, &?;, from &?; to form, mold: cf. F. plasme. Cf. Plasma.] 1. A mold or matrix in which anything is cast or formed to a
## particular shape. [R.] Woodward.
2. (Biol.) Same as Plasma.
Plas"ma (?), n. [See Plasm.] 1. (Min.) A variety of quartz, of a color between grass green and leek green, which is found associated with common chalcedony. It was much esteemed by the ancients for making engraved ornaments.
2. (Biol.) The viscous material of an animal or vegetable cell, out of which the various tissues are formed by a process of differentiation; protoplasm.
3. Unorganized material; elementary matter.
4. (Med.) A mixture of starch and glycerin, used as a substitute for ointments. U. S. Disp.
Blood plasma (Physiol.), the colorless fluid of the blood, in which the red and white blood corpuscles are suspended. -- Muscle plasma (Physiol.), the fundamental part of muscle fibers, a thick, viscid, albuminous fluid contained within the sarcolemma, which on the death of the muscle coagulates to a semisolid mass.
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{ Plas*mat"ic (?), Plas*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;.] 1. Forming; shaping; molding. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to plasma; having the character of plasma; containing, or conveying, plasma.
Plas*ma"tion (?), n. [L. plasmatio.] The act of forming or molding. [R.] Grafton.
Plas*ma"tor (?), n. [L.] A former; a fashioner. [R.] "The sovereign plasmator, God Almighty." Urquhart.
Plas"ma*ture (?), n. Form; mold. [R.]
Plas"mic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or connected with, plasma; plasmatic.
Plas"min (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid body, separated by some physiologists from blood plasma. It is probably identical with fibrinogen.
Plas*mo"di*al (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to, or like, a plasmodium; as, the plasmodial form of a life cycle.
||Plas*mo"di*um (?), n.; pl. Plasmodia (#). [NL. See Plasma.] 1. ||(Biol.) A jellylike mass of free protoplasm, without any union of ||amúboid cells, and endowed with life and power of motion.
2. (Zoˆl.) A naked mobile mass of protoplasm, formed by the union of several amúbalike young, and constituting one of the stages in the life cycle of Mycetozoa and other low organisms.
Plas"mo*gen (?), n. [Plasma + -gen.] (Biol.) The important living portion of protoplasm, considered a chemical substance of the highest elaboration. Germ plasm and idioplasm are forms of plasmogen.
||Plas"son (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to form.] (Biol.) The albuminous ||material composing the body of a cytode.
It is considered simpler than protoplasm of an ordinary cell in that it has not undergone differentiation into the inner cell nucleus and the outer cell substance. Haeckel.
Plas"ter (?), n. [AS., a plaster (in sense 1), fr. L. emplastrum, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to daub on, stuff in; &?; in + &?; to mold: cf. OF. plastre a plaster (in sense 2), F. pl‚tre. Cf. Plastic, Emplaster, Piaster.] [Formerly written also plaister.] 1. (Med.) An external application of a consistency harder than ointment, prepared for use by spreading it on linen, leather, silk, or other material. It is adhesive at the ordinary temperature of the body, and is used, according to its composition, to produce a medicinal effect, to bind parts together, etc.; as, a porous plaster; sticking plaster.
2. A composition of lime, water, and sand, with or without hair as a bond, for coating walls, ceilings, and partitions of houses. See Mortar.
3. Calcined gypsum, or plaster of Paris, especially when ground, as used for making ornaments, figures, moldings, etc.; or calcined gypsum used as a fertilizer.