M.
_Macedonia_, Mardonius in, iv. 313; Perdikkas and Brasidas in, vi. 449, 453 _seq._; increasing power of, from B. C. 414, x. 44; and Athens, contrasted, x. 47; kings of, after Archelaus, x. 48; state of, B. C. 370, x. 248, 249; Iphikrates in, x. 250 _seq._; Timotheus in, x. 300; government of, xi. 210 _seq._; military condition of, under Philip, xi. 282 _seq._, xii. 55 _seq._; and conquered Greece, xii. 1, 52; and the Greeks, on Alexander’s accession, xii. 9; Antipater, viceroy of, xii. 67, 68; and Sparta, war between, xii. 281 _seq._; Grecian confederacy against, after Alexander’s death, xii. 313 _seq._; Kassander in, xii. 366; Demetrius Poliorketes acquires the crown of, xii. 389.
_Macedonian_ dynasty, iv. 12, 13; envoys at Athens, xi. 387, 390, 398; phalanx, xi. 501, xii. 59 _seq._, 251; interventions in Greece, B. C. 336-335, xii. 16 _seq._; pike, xii. 57, 101 _seq._; troops, xii. 61 _seq._; officers of Alexander’s army in Asia, xii. 72; fleet, master of the Ægean, xii. 141; soldiers of Alexander, mutiny of, xii. 242 _seq._
_Macedonians_, ii. 233, iv. 1 _n._, 8 _seq._; conquered by Megabazus, iv. 276; poverty and rudeness of, xi. 283; military aptitude of, xii. 67; small loss of, at the battle of the Granikus, xii. 86.
_Machaôn_ and Podaleirius, i. 180.
_Mæandrius_, iv. 245 _seq._
_Mæonians_ and Lydians, iii. 219.
_Magians_, massacre of, after the assassination of Smerdis, iv. 225.
_Magistrates_ of early Athens, v. 352 _seq._; Athenian, from the time of Periklês, v. 355, 357, 366 _seq._
_Magna Græcia_, iii. 399.
_Magnesia_, iii. 179, 192; Xerxes’s fleet near, v. 84 _seq._; on the Pagasæan Gulf, xi. 304 _n._ 3.
_Magnetes_, Thessalian and Asiatic, ii. 285.
_Magon_, off Katana, x. 495; near Abakæna, xi. 6; at Agyrium, xi. 7; death of, xi. 41.
_Magon_ and Hiketas, xi. 156 _seq._; death of, xi. 171.
_Maia_ and Zeus, offspring of, i. 10.
_Makrônes_ and the Ten Thousand, ix. 112.
_Malians_, ii. 282.
_Malli_, xii. 234.
_Mallus_, Alexander at, xii. 114.
_Mamerkus_ and Timoleon, xi. 180 _seq._
_Manetho_ and the Sothiac period, iii. 339 _seq._
_Mania_, sub-satrap of Æolis, ix. 214 _seq._
_Mantinea_ and Tegea, ii. 442 _seq._, vi. 452, vii. 14; and Sparta, ii. 444, vii. 20, 94, x. 35 _seq._; and Argos, vii. 19; congress at, vii. 81 _seq._; battle of, B. C. 418, vii. 81 _seq._; expedition of Agesipolis to, x. 36 _seq._; and the river Ophis, x. 36 _n._ 2; re-establishment of, x. 205 _seq._; march of Agesilaus against, x. 211 _seq._; muster of Peloponnesian enemies to Thebes at, x. 329; attempted surprise of, by the cavalry of Epaminondas, x. 332 _seq._; battle of, B. C. 362, x. 335 _seq._, 357; peace concluded after the battle of, x. 350.
_Mantineans_ and the Pan-Arcadian union, x. 322 _seq._; opposition of to Theban intervention, x. 326.
_Mantinico-Tegeatic_ plain, x. 338.
_Mantitheus_ and Aphepsion, vii. 200 _seq._
_Mantô_, iii. 184.
_Marakanda_, Alexander at, xii. 204, 207 _seq._
_Marathon_, battle of, iv. 342-360.
_Marathus_ surrenders to Alexander, xii. 130.
_Mardi_ and Alexander, xii. 178, 188.
_Mardonius_, in Ionia, iv. 313; in Thrace and Macedonia, iv. 315; fleet of, destroyed near Mount Athos, iv. 314; urges Xerxes to invade Greece, v. 3 _seq._, 7; advice of, to Xerxes after the battle of Salamis, v. 138; forces left with, in Thessaly, v. 141; and Medizing Greeks, after Xerxes’s retreat, v. 148; in Bœotia, v. 149, 158 _seq._; offers of peace to Athens by, v. 150 _seq._, 154; at Athens, v. 154; and his Phokiôn contingent, v. 161; on the Asôpus, v. 167; at Platæa, v. 169 _seq._
_Marine_, military, unfavorable to oligarchy, iii. 31.
_Maritime_ and inland cities contrasted, ii. 225.
_Marpessa_ and Idas, i. 172.
_Marriage_ in legendary Greece, ii. 83; among the Spartans, ii. 386; among the Hindoos, iii. 141 _n._ 2.
_Marshes_ and lakes of Greece, ii. 219.
_Marsyas_, iii. 213, 213 _n._ 1.
_Masistes_, v. 199.
_Masistius_, v. 164.
_Maskames_, v. 295.
_Massagetæ_, iii. 245.
_Massalia_, iii. 280, 348, 400 _seq._, xii. 453 _seq._
_Mausôlus_ and the Social War, xi. 222.
_Mazæus_ at Thapsakus, xii. 150; at the battle of Arbela, xii. 164, 165; surrender of Babylon by, xii. 168; appointed satrap of Babylon by Alexander, xii. 169.
_Mazares_, iv. 200 _seq._
_Medea_ and the Argonauts, i. 237 _seq._
_Medes_, early history of, iii. 224 _seq._; and Persians, iv. 183, 224 _seq._
_Media_, the wall of, iii. 304 _n._ 2, ix. 63, 65 _n._; Darius a fugitive in, xii. 178, 180.
_Medius_, xii. 254.
_Medus_, i. 205 _n._ 4, 242.
_Medusa_, i. 7, 90.
_Megabates_, iv. 283, 284.
_Megabazus_, iv. 275, 276.
_Megabyzus_, v. 333.
_Megaklês_, iii. 37 _n._, 38, 82.
_Megalêpolis_, capture of, by Agathokles, xii. 414.
_Megalopolis_, foundation of, ii. 448, x. 224 _seq._, 233 _n._ 6; the centre of the Pan-Arcadian confederacy, x. 232; disputes at, x. 358; and Sparta, xi. 198, 263, 290, 300 _seq._
_Megapenthes_ and Perseus, i. 90.
_Megara_, early history of, iii. 2, 44 _seq._; Corinth and Sikyôn, analogy of, iii. 47; and Athens, iii. 90 _seq._, v. 321, 348, 351 _n._, 352, vi. 76, 370 _seq._; Long Walls at, v. 322; Brasidas at, vi. 375 _seq._; revolution at, vi. 378 _seq._; Philippizing faction at, xi. 449.
_Megara in Sicily_, iii. 365, v. 215.
_Megarian Sicily_, iii. 365.
_Megarians_ under Pausanias, and Persian cavalry under Masistius, v. 164; repudiate the peace of Nikias, vi. 493, vii. 2; refuse to join Argos, vii. 16; recovery of Nisea by, viii. 131.
_Megarid_, Athenian ravage of, in the Peloponnesian war, vi. 137.
_Meidias of Skepsis_, ix. 213 _seq._
_Meidias the Athenian_, xi. 343, 343 _n._ 2.
_Meilaniôn_ and Atalanta, i. 149.
_Meilichios_, meaning of, ix. 171 _n._
_Melampus_, i. 33, 109, 398, v. 89.
_Melannippus_ and Tydeus, i. 274, 279.
_Melanthus_, ii. 23.
_Meleager_, legend of, i. 143 _seq._
_Meleagrides_, i. 145.
_Melesippus_, vi. 126.
_Melian_ nymphs, i. 5.
_Melissus_, vi. 28, viii. 341, 343.
_Melkarth_, temple of, iii. 269.
_Melon_, x. 81 _seq._, 88.
_Melos_, settlement of, ii. 28; expedition against, under Nikias, vi. 295; capture of, vii. 109 _seq._; Antisthenês at, vii. 396.
_Memnôn, son of Tithônus_, i. 298.
_Memnôn the Rhodian_, operations of, between Alexander’s accession and landing in Asia, xii. 49, 77; and Mentor, xii., 75; advice of, on Alexander’s landing in Asia, xii. 78; made commander-in-chief of the Persians, xii. 92; at Halikarnassus, xii. 95 _seq._; his progress with the Persian fleet, and death, xii. 105 _seq._; change in the plan of Darius after his death, xii. 107, 109.
_Memphis_, Alexander at, xii. 146.
_Men_, races of, in “Works and Days”, i. 64 _seq._
_Mende_, and Athens, vi. 441 _seq._
_Menedæus_, and the Ambrakiots, vi. 305 _seq._
_Menekleidas_ and Epaminondas, x. 268, 305 _seq._
_Menekles_, viii. 203.
_Menelaus_, i. 162 _seq._, iii. 269 _n._ 4.
_Menestheus_, i. 312, ii. 22.
_Menœkeus_, i. 274.
_Menœtius_, i. 6, 8.
_Menon the Thessalian_, ix. 30, 71.
_Menon the Athenian_, x. 373.
_Mentor the Rhodian_, xi. 439 _seq._, xii. 75.
_Mercenary_ soldiers, multiplication of, in Greece after the Peloponnesian war, xi. 281 _seq._
_Mermnads_, Lydian dynasty of, iii. 221.
_Meroe_, connection of, with Egyptian institutions, iii. 313.
_Messapians_, iii. 391; and Tarentines, xii. 394.
_Messene_, foundation of, ii. 422, iii. 366; foundation of, by Epaminondas, x. 225, 233 _n._ 6, 261; and Sparta, x. 290, 350, xi. 198, 263, 290.
_Messene, in Sicily_, chorus sent to Rhegium from, iv. 53 _n._; re-colonization of, by Anaxilaus, v. 213; Laches at, vii. 134; Athenian fleet near, vii. 136; Alkibiades at, vii. 193; Nikias at, vii. 223; and Dionysius, x. 474 _seq._, xi. 3; Imilkon at, x. 492 _seq._; and Timoleon, xi. 158.
_Messenia_, Dorian settlements in, ii. 8, 311.
_Messenian_ genealogy, i. 172; wars, ii. 421-438; victor proclaimed at Olympia, B. C. 368, x. 262.
_Messenians_ and Spartans, early proceedings of, ii. 328; expelled by Sparta, ix. 229, xi. 3; plan of Epaminondas for the restoration of, x. 214.
_Messenians in Sicily_, defeated by Naxians and Sikels, vii. 135.
_Metaneira_, i. 38.
_Metapontium_, iii. 386.
_Methana_, Athenian Garrion at, vi. 451.
_Methône_, iv. 23; Philip at, xi. 260.
_Methône in Peloponnesus_, Athenian assault upon, vi. 134.
_Methymna_, vi. 222, 225; Kallikratidas at, viii. 164.
_Metics_, and the Thirty at Athens, viii. 247.
_Metis_ and Zeus, daughter of, i. 9.
_Metrodorus_, i. 419, 444 _n._
_Metropolis_, relation of a Grecian, to its colonies, vi. 60 _n._
_Midas_, iii. 209, 217.
_Middle ages_, monarchy in, iii. 8 _seq._
_Mikythus_, v. 230, 231, 238.
_Milesian_ colonies in the Troad, i. 339.
_Milesians_ and Lichas, viii. 98; and Kallikratidas, viii. 164.
_Miletus_, early history of, iii. 176 _seq._; and Alyattês, iii. 255 _seq._; and Crœsus, iii. 258; sieges of, by the Persians, iv. 290, 305; Histiæus of, iv. 273 _seq._, 277, 280, 284, 298 _seq._; Phrynichus’s tragedy on the capture of, iv. 309; exiles from, at Zanklê, v. 211 _seq._; and Samos, dispute between, vi. 26; revolt of, from Athens, vii. 375, 385, 387 _seq._; Tissaphernes at, vii. 376, 399; Lichas at, vii. 399; Peloponnesian fleet at, viii. 25, 94, 95 _seq._, 99; revolution at, by the partisans of Lysander, viii. 213; capture of, by Alexander, xii. 92 _seq._
_Military_ array of legendary and historical Greece, ii. 106 _seq._; divisions not distinct from civil in any Grecian cities but Sparta, ii. 456; force of early oligarchies, iii. 31; order, Egyptian, iii. 316; arrangements, Kleisthenean, iv. 136.
_Miltas_, xi. 88.
_Miltiades the First_, iv. 117.
_Miltiades the Second_, iv. 119; and the bridge over the Danube, iv. 271, 274 _n._ 2; his retirement from the Chersonese, iv. 274; capture of Lemnos and Imbros by, iv. 278; escape of, from Persian pursuit, iv. 307; adventures and character of, iv. 334 _seq._; elected general, 490 B. C., iv. 341; and the battle of Marathon, iv. 343 _seq._; expedition of, against Paros, iv. 363; disgrace, punishment, and death of, iv. 365 _seq._
_Milto_, ix. 47.
_Miltokythes_, x. 372, 378.
_Milton_ on the early series of British kings, i. 484; his treatment of British fabulous history, i. 487.
_Mimnermus_, iv. 82.
_Mindarus_, supersedes Astyochus, viii. 98; deceived by Tissaphernês, viii. 99; removal of, from Milêtus to Chios, viii. 181; eludes Thrasyllus and reaches the Hellespont, viii. 102, 103 _n._; at the Hellespont, viii. 109; Peloponnesian fleet summoned from Eubœa by, viii. 111; siege of Kyzikus by, viii. 121; death of, viii. 121.
_Mineral_ productions of Greece, ii. 229.
_Minôa_, capture of, by Nikias, vi. 285.
_Minôs_, i. 219 _seq._
_Minôtaur_, the, i. 220 _seq._
_Minyæ_, i. 130, ii. 26 _seq._
_Minyas_, i. 128 _seq._
_Miraculous_ legends, varied interpretation of, i. 472 _n._ 2.
_Mistake_ of ascribing to an unrecording age the historical sense of modern times, i. 432.
_Mitford_, his view of the anti-monarchical sentiment of Greece, iii. 12 _seq._
_Mithridates the Persian_, ix. 87 _seq._
_Mithridates of Pontus_, xii. 463.
_Mithrines_, xii. 90, 207.
_Mitylenæan_ envoys, speech of, to the Peloponnesians at Olympia, vi. 226 _seq._; prisoners sent to Athens by Pachês, vi. 243, 255.
_Mityleneans_ at Sigeium, i. 339.
_Mitylênê_, iii. 193; political dissensions and poets of, iii. 198; revolt of, from Athens, vi. 221 _seq._; blockade of, by Pachês, vi. 237 _seq._; and the Athenian assembly, vi. 244, 246 _seq._; loss and recovery of, by Athens, B. C. 412, vii. 383, 384; Kallikratidas at, viii. 167 _seq._; removal of Kallikratidas from, viii. 170; Eteonikus at, viii. 170, 174, 189; blockade of, by Memnon, xii. 105; surrender of, by Chares, xii. 142.
_Mnassippus_, expedition of, to Korkyra, x. 142 _seq._
_Mnêmosynê_, i. 5, 10.
_Mnesiphilus_, v. 122.
_Mœræ_, and Crœsus, iv. 194 _seq._
_Mœris_, lake of, iii. 322 _n._ 1.
_Molionids_, the, i. 140.
_Molossian_ kingdom of Epirus, xii. 395.
_Molossians_, iii. 413 _seq._
_Molossus_, i. 189.
_Mômus_, i. 7.
_Monarchy_, in mediæval and modern Europe, iii. 8 _seq._; aversion to, in Greece, after the expulsion of Hippias, iv. 176.
_Money_, coined, not known to Homeric or Hesiodic Greeks, ii. 116; coined, first introduction of, into Greece, ii. 320.
_Money-lending_ at Florence in the middle ages, iii. 109 _n._; and the Jewish law, iii. 111 _n._; and ancient philosophers, iii. 113.
_Money-standard_, Solon’s debasement of, iii. 100; honestly maintained at Athens after Solon, iii. 114.
_Monsters_, offspring of the gods, i. 11.
_Monstrous_ natures associated with the gods, i. 1.
_Monts de Piété_, iii. 162.
_Monuments_ of the Argonautic expedition, i. 241 _seq._
_Moon_, eclipse of, B. C. 413, vii. 315; eclipse of, B. C. 331, xii. 151.
_Mopsus_, iii. 184.
_Mora_, Spartan, ii. 458 _seq._; destruction of a Spartan, by Iphikrates, ix. 351 _seq._
_Moral_ and social feeling in legendary Greece, ii. 79.
_Moralizing_ Greek poets, iv. 91 _seq._
_Mosynæki_, and the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 128.
_Mothakes_, ii. 418.
_Motyê_, capture of, by Dionysius, x. 485 _seq._; recapture of, by Imilkon, x. 490.
_Motyum_, Duketius at, vii. 123.
_Mountainous_ systems of Greece, ii. 212 _seq._
_Müller_ on Sparta as the Dorian type, ii. 342.
_Multitude_, sentiment of a, compared with that of individuals, ix. 279.
_Munychia_ and Peiræus, Themistoklês’ wall round, v. 249; Menyllus in, xii. 326, 339; Nikanor in, xii. 339, 345.
_Muse_, inspiration and authority of the, i. 355.
_Muses_, the, i. 10.
_Music_, ethical effect of old Grecian, ii. 433; Greek, improvements in, about the middle of the seventh century B. C., iv. 77; comprehensive meaning of, among the ancient Greeks, viii. 349.
_Musical_ modes of the Greeks, iii. 212.
_Musicians_, Greek, in the seventh century B. C., iv. 76 _n._
Μῦθος, i. 356, 432 _n._, 458.
_Mutilated_ Grecian captives at Persepolis, xii. 173.
_Mutilation_ of dead bodies in legendary and historical Greece, ii. 92; of Bessus, xii. 206.
_Mutiny_ at Athens immediately before Solon’s legislation, iii. 93.
_Mygdonia_, iii. 210.
_Mykalê_, Pan-Ionic festival at, iii. 177; the battle of, v. 191 _seq._
_Mykalêssus_, massacre at, vii. 357 _seq._
_Myknæ_, i. 90 _seq._
_Myriandrus_, Alexander’s march from Kilikia to, xii. 114; Alexander’s return from, xii. 117.
_Myrkinus_, iv. 273, 296.
_Myrmidons_, origin of, i. 184.
_Myrôn_, iii. 32.
_Myrônidês_, v. 323, 331.
_Myrtilus_, i. 159.
_Mysia_, the Ten Thousand Greeks in, ix. 172 _seq._
_Mysians_, iii. 196, 205 _seq._, 209.
_Mysteries_, principal Pan-Hellenic, i. 28, 38, 41, 43, v. 209 _n._; and mythes, i. 496.
_Mystic_ legends, connection of, with Egypt, i. 32; legends, contrast of, with Homeric hymns, i. 34; brotherhoods, iii. 87.
_Mythe_ of Pandôra and Prometheus, now used in “Works and Days”, i. 71; meaning of the word, i. 356.
_Mythes_, how to be told, i. 2; Hesiodic, traceable to Krête and Delphi, i. 15; Grecian, origin of, i. 4, 52, 61 _seq._, 340 _seq._; of the gods, discrepancies in, i. 53 _n._, 54; contain gods, heroes and men, i. 64; formed the entire mental stock of the early Greeks, i. 340, 359; difficulty of regarding them in the same light as the ancients did, i. 341; Grecian, adapted to the personifying and patriotic tendencies of the Greeks, i. 344 _seq._; Grecian, beauty of, i. 351; Grecian, how to understand properly, i. 351 _seq._; how regarded by superior men in the age of Thucydides, i. 375; accommodated to a more advanced age, i. 376 _seq._; treatment of, by poets and logographers, i. 377 _seq._; treatment of, by historians, i. 391 _seq._; historicised, i. 409 _seq._; treatment of, by philosophers, i. 418 _seq._; allegorized, i. 419 _seq._; semi-historical interpretation of, i. 433; allegorical theory of, i. 436; connection of, with mysteries, i, 436; supposed ancient meaning of, i. 438; Plato on, i. 441 _seq._, 420; recapitulation of remarks on, i. 450 _seq._; familiarity of the Greeks with, i. 456 _seq._; bearing of, on Grecian art, i. 459 _seq._; German, i. 363; Grecian, proper treatment of, i. 487 _seq._; Asiatic, iii. 221.
_Mythical_ world, opening of, i. 1; sentiment in “Works and Days”, i. 68 _seq._; geography, i. 246 _seq._; faith in the Homeric age, i. 357; genealogies, i. 445 _seq._; age, gods and men undistinguishable in, i. 449; events, relics of, i. 457; account of the alliance between the Hêrakleids and Dorians, ii. 2; races of Greece, ii. 19.
_Mythology_, Grecian, sources of our information on, i. 106; German, Celtic, and Grecian, i. 462, 463; Grecian, how it would have been affected by the introduction of Christianity, B. C. 500, i. 467.
_Mythopæic_ faculty, stimulus to, i. 351; age, the, i. 361; tendencies, by what causes enfeebled, i. 361 _seq._; tendencies in modern Europe, i. 469 _seq._
_Myûs_, iii. 172.
N.
_Napoleon_, analogy between his relation to the confederation of the Rhine, and that of Alexander to the Greeks, xii. 51.
_Nature_, first regarded as impersonal, i. 368.
_Naukraries_, iii. 52, 65.
_Naukratis_, iii. 327, 335 _seq._
_Naupaktus_, origin of the name, ii. 3; Pharmio’s victory near, vi. 206 _seq._; Eurylochus’s attack upon, vi. 301; Demosthenês at, vi. 301; naval battle at, B. C. 413, vii. 358 _seq._
_Nausinikus_, census in the archonship of, x. 115 _seq._
_Naval_ attack, Athenian, vi. 63.
_Naxians_ and Sikels, defeat of Messenians by, vii. 135.
_Naxos_, early power of, iii. 165; expedition of Aristagoras against, iv. 282 _seq._; Datis at, iv. 330; revolt and reconquest of, v. 307.
_Naxos in Sicily_, iii. 363, vii. 193, x. 468.
_Nearchus_, voyages of, xii. 233, 235, 237, 238.
_Nebuchadnezzar_, iii. 333.
_Necklaces_ of Eriphylê and Helen, i. 287 _seq._
_Nectanebus_, xi. 440.
_Negative_ side of Grecian philosophy, viii. 345.
_Neileus_, or _Nêleus_, i. 109, ii. 24, iii. 173.
_Nekôs_, iii. 329 _seq._
_Nektanebis_, x. 362, 366.
_Nêleids_ down to Kodrus, i. 111.
_Nêleus_ and Pelias, i. 107 _seq._
_Nemean_ lion, the, i. 7; games, ii. 461, iv. 65 _seq._
_Nemesis_, i. 7.
_Neobulê_ and Archilochus, iv. 81.
_Neon the Cyreian_, ix. 136 _seq._, 147.
_Neon the Corinthian_, xi. 156 _seq._
_Neoptolemus, son of Achilles_, i. 188, 300, 305.
_Neoptolemus the actor_, xi. 373.
_Nephelê_, i. 123 _seq._
_Nereas_, i. 7.
_Nereids_, i. 7.
_Nessus_, the centaur, i. 150.
_Nestor_, i. 110.
_Niebelungen_ Lied, i. 479.
_Nikæa_ on the Hydaspes, xii. 229, 233.
_Nikanor_, xii. 339, 354 _seq._
_Nikias_, at Minôa, vi. 285; position and character of, vi. 285 _seq._; and Kleon, vi. 287 _seq._, 457 _seq._; at Mêlos, vi. 295; in the Corinthian territory, vi. 355 _seq._; at Mendê and Skiônê, vi. 441 _seq._; peace of, vi. 490 _seq._ vii. 1 _seq._; and the Spartans taken at Sphakteria, vii. 6 _seq._; embassy of, to Sparta, vii. 44; and Alkibiadês, vii. 104 _seq._, viii. 158; appointed commander of the Sicilian expedition, B. C. 415, vii. 148; speeches and influence of, on the Sicilian expedition, B. C. 415, vii. 148 _seq._, 155, 159; his plan of action in Sicily, vii. 191; dilatory proceedings of, in Sicily, vii. 219, 225, 258 _seq._; stratagem of, for approaching Syracuse, vii. 221; at the battle near the Olympeion at Syracuse, vii. 220; measures of, after his victory near the Olympeion at Syracuse, vii. 223; at Messênê in Sicily, vii. 223; forbearance of the Athenians towards, vii. 225 _seq._; at Katana, vii. 234; in Sicily in the spring of B. C. 414, vii. 243; his neglect in not preventing Gylippus’s approach to Sicily and Syracuse, vii. 263 _seq._, 266 _seq._; fortification of Cape Plenimyrium by, vii. 270; at Epipolæ, vii. 272; despatch of, to Athens for reinforcements, vii. 275 _seq._, 281 _seq._; opposition of, to Demosthenês’s proposals for leaving Syracuse, vii. 308 _seq._; consent of, to retreat from Syracuse, vii. 313; exhortations of, before the final defeat of the Athenians in the harbor of Syracuse, vii. 321 _seq._; and Demosthenês, resolution of, after the final defeat in the harbor of Syracuse, vii. 330; exhortations of, to the Athenians on their retreat from Syracuse, vii. 333 _seq._; and his division, surrender of, to Gylippus, vii. 343 _seq._, 347 _n._ 2; and Demosthenês, treatment of, by their Syracusan conquerors, vii. 346; disgrace of, at Athens after his death, vii. 348; opinion of Thucydidês about, vii. 349; opinion and mistake of the Athenians about, vii. 351 _seq._
_Nikodromus_, v. 47.
_Nikoklês_, x. 26.
_Nikomachus the Athenian_, viii. 307 _seq._
_Nikomachus the Macedonian_, xii. 191, 194.
_Nikostratus_, vi. 271 _seq._, 440 _seq._
_Nikoteles_, x. 466.
_Nile_, the, iii. 309.
_Nineveh_, or _Ninus_, siege of, iii. 233; capture of, iii. 255; and Babylon, iii. 290; site of, iii. 294 _n._ 2; and its remains, iii. 305.
_Nine Ways_, nine defeats of the Athenians at the, x. 302 _n._ 1.
_Ninon_ and Kylon, iv. 409.
_Niobê_, i. 158.
_Nisæa_, alleged capture of, by Peisistratus, iii. 154 _n._; connected with Megara by “Long Walls”, v. 324; surrender of, to the Athenians, vi. 375 _seq._; recovery of, by the Megarians, viii. 131.
_Nisus_, i. 205, 221.
_Nobles_, Athenian, early violence of, iv. 152.
_Nomads_, Libyan, iv. 35 _seq._
_Nomios_ Apollo, i. 61.
_Nomophylakes_, v. 371.
_Nomothetæ_, iii. 123, 125, v. 372, viii. 296.
_Non-Amphiktyonic_ races, ii. 270.
_Non-Hellenic_ practices, ii. 256.
_Non-Olympiads_, ii. 435.
_Notium_, iii. 183; Pachês at, vi. 242; recolonized from Athens, vi. 243; battle of, viii. 153.
_Notus_, i. 6.
_Numidia_, Agathokles and the Carthaginians in, xii. 427.
_Nymphæum_, xi. 264, _n._ 1, xii. 480.
_Nymphs_, i. 5, 7.
_Nypsius_, xi. 107, 109, 111.
_Nyx_, i. 4, 6.
O.
_Oarus_, fortresses near, iv. 266.
_Oath_ of mutual harmony at Athens, after the battle of Ægospotami, viii. 225.
_Obæ_ ar Obês, ii. 361.
_Ocean_, ancient belief about, iii. 286 _n._
_Oceanic_ nymphs, i. 6.
_Oceanus_, i. 5, 6, 8.
_Ochus_, x. 367, xi. 437 _seq._, xii. 75 _seq._
_Odeon_, building of, vi. 31.
_Odes_ at festivals in honor of gods, i. 52.
_Odin_ and other gods degraded into men, i. 466.
_Odrysian_ kings, vi. 215 _seq._
_Odysseus_, i. 290; and Palamêdês, i. 294; and Ajax, i. 299; steals away the Palladium, i. 302; return of, from Troy, i. 309; final adventures and death of, i. 314 _seq._; at the agora in the second book of the Iliad, ii. 70 _seq._
_Odyssey_ and Iliad, date, structure, authorship and character of, ii. 118-209.
_Œchalia_, capture of, i. 151.
_Œdipus_, i. 265 _seq._
_Œneus_ and his offspring, i. 143 _seq._
_Œnoê_, vi. 127, viii. 83, ix. 353.
_Œnomaus_ and Pelops, i. 158.
_Œnônê_, i. 301 _n._ 3.
_Œnophyta_, Athenian victory at, v. 331.
_Œnotria_, iii. 350 _seq._
_Œnotrians_, iii. 351, 375, 393.
_Œta_, path over Mount, v. 78.
_Œtæi_, ii. 213.
_Office_, admissibility of Athenians citizens to, iv. 113.
_Ogygês_, i. 194.
_Okypetê_, i. 7.
_Olbia_, xii. 474 _seq._
_Oligarchical_ government, change from monarchical to, in Greece, iii. 15 _seq._; party at Athens, v. 365, viii. 235 _seq._, 300 _seq._; Greeks, corruption of, vii. 401; conspiracy at Samos, viii. 6 _seq._, 26 _seq._; conspiracy at Athens, viii. 15, 31 _seq._; exiles, return of, to Athens, viii. 232.
_Oligarchies_ in Greece, iii. 17, 29, 30, 31.
_Oligarchy_, conflict of, with despotism, iii. 28; vote of the Athenian assembly in favor of, viii. 14; establishment of, in Athenian allied cities, viii. 34; of the Four Hundred, viii. 36 _seq._, 45 _seq._, viii. 75, 88 _seq._
_Olive trees_, sacred, near Athens, iii. 135 _n._ 2, vi. 267 _n._ 3.
_Olpæ_, Demosthenes’s victory at, vi. 303 _seq._
_Olympia_, Agesipolis, and the oracle at, ix. 356; Lysias at, x. 73 _seq._; panegyrical oration of Isokrates at, x. 77; occupation of, by the Arcadians, x. 315, 322; topography of, x. 319 _n._ 2; plunder of, by the Arcadians, x. 322 _seq._
_Olympias_, xi. 262, 512, 516, 519; and Antipater, xii. 68, 254, 256 _n._ 2; intrigues of, after Alexander’s death, xii. 333; return of, from Epirus to Macedonia, xii. 340 _seq._, 366; death of, xii. 366; Epirus governed by, xii. 395 _n._ 2.
_Olympic_ games, and Aëthlius, i. 100; origin of, i. 140; presidency of, ii. 10, 317 _seq._; nature and importance of, ii. 241, 242; the early point of union between Spartans, Messenians, and Eleians, ii. 334; and the Delian festival, iv. 54; celebrity, history and duration of, iv. 55 _seq._; interference of, with the defence of Thermopylæ, v. 77; and the Karneia, v. 77 _n._; conversation of Xerxes on, v. 113; of the 90th Olympiad, vii. 52 _seq._; celebration of, by the Arcadians and Pisatans, x. 318 _seq._; legation of Dionysius to, xi. 28 _seq._
_Olympieion_ near Syracuse, battle of, vii. 219 _seq._
_Olympus_, ii. 211.
_Olympus, the Phrygian_, iii. 213 _n._, iv. 75.
_Olynthiac_, the earliest, of Demosthenês, xi. 327 _seq._; the second, of Demosthenês, xi. 331 _seq._; the third, of Demosthenês, xi. 335 _seq._
_Olynthiacs_ of Demosthenês, order of, xi. 358 _seq._
_Olynthian_ confederacy, x. 50 _seq._, 68, 381, xi. 324; war, xi. 325-363.
_Olynthus_, iv. 24; capture and re-population of, by Artabazus, v. 149; increase of, by Perdikkas, vi. 69; expedition of Eudamidas against, x. 58; Teleutias at, x. 65 _seq._; Agesipolis at, x. 67; submission of, to Sparta, x. 68; alliance of, rejected by the Athenians, xi. 236; alliance of, with Philip, xi. 236 _seq._; secedes from the alliance of Philip, and makes peace with Athens, xi. 319; hostility of Philip to, xi. 320; Philip’s half-brothers flee to, xi. 321; intrigues of Philip in, xi. 321; attack of Philip upon, xi. 325, 381; alliance of, with Athens, xi. 326; renewed application of, to Athens, against Philip, xi. 331; assistance from Athens to, B. C. 350, xi. 334; three expeditions from Athens to, B. C. 349-348, xi. 334 _n._, 349; expedition of Athenians to, B. C. 349, xi. 346, 347; capture of, by Philip, xi. 350 _seq._, 364, 365, 372.
_Oneirus_, i. 7, ii. 185.
_Oneium_, Mount, Epaminondas at, x. 254.
_Onesilus_, iv. 292 _seq._
_Onomakles_, viii. 84 _seq._
_Onamakritus_, v. 3.
_Onomarchus_, and the treasures in the temple at Delphi, xi. 255; successes of, 256, 293; at Chæroneia, xi. 257; power of the Phokians under, xi. 261; aid to Lykophron by, xi. 293; death of, xi. 294.
_Ophellas_, xii. 428, 431 _seq._
_Ophis_, the, x. 36.
_Opici_, iii. 353.
_Opis_, Alexander’s voyage to, xii. 243.
_Oracle at Delphi_, legend of, i. 41; and the Krêtans, i. 226 _n._ 2; and the Battiad dynasty, iv. 43; answers of, on Xerxes’s invasion, v. 60 _seq._
_Oracles_, consultation and authority of, among the Greeks, ii. 255; in Bœotia consulted by Mardonius, v. 149.
_Orations_, funeral, of Periklês, vi. 31, 144 _seq._
_Orchomenians_, i. 313.
_Orchomenus_, ante-historical, i. 130 _seq._; and Thêbes, i. 135, v. 159 _n._ 4, x. 194.
_Orchomenus_, early historical, ii. 273; capitulation of, B. C. 418, vii. 75; revolt of, from Thebes to Sparta, ix. 293; and the Pan-Arcadian union, x. 209, 210; destruction of, x. 311.
_Oreithyia_, i. 199.
_Orestês_, i. 163 _seq._; and Agamemnôn transferred to Sparta, i. 165.
_Orestês_, bones of, ii. 447.
_Oreus_, xi. 449, 452.
_Orgies_, post-Homeric, i. 27.
_Orœtês_, iv. 226, 245.
_Orontês the Persian nobleman_, ix. 36, 40 _n._ 2.
_Orontês_, the Persian satrap, x. 22, 24.
_Orôpus_, vi. 383 _n._ 2, viii. 25, x. 286.
_Orphans_ in legendary and historical Greece, ii. 91.
_Orpheotelestæ_, iii. 87.
_Orpheus_, i. 21, 22.
_Orphic_ Theogony, i. 16 _seq._; egg, i. 18; life, the, i. 23; brotherhood, i. 34.
_Orsines_, xii. 237.
_Orthagoridæ_, iii. 33 _seq._
_Orthros_, i. 7.
_Ortygês_, iii. 187.
_Ortygia_, iii. 363; fortification and occupation of, by Dionysius, x. 458 _seq._; Dionysius besieged in, x. 462 _seq._; blockade of, by Dion, xi. 95, 98, 114; sallies of Nypsius from, xi. 107, 109, 111; Dion’s entry into, xi. 117; surrender of, to Timoleon, xi. 150 _seq._; advantage of, to Timoleon, xi. 155; siege of, by Hiketas and Magon, xi. 156 _seq._; Timoleon’s demolition of the Dionysian works in, xi. 165; Timoleon erects courts of justice in, xi. 165.
_Oscan_, Latin and Greek languages, iii. 354.
_Oscans_, iii. 353.
_Ossa_ and Pelion, ii. 214.
_Ostracism_, similarity of, to Solon’s condemnation of neutrality in sedition, iii. 145, 147 _seq._, vii. 108 _seq._; of Hyperbolus, iv. 151, vii. 101 _seq._; of Kimon, v. 366; of Thucydidês, son of Melêsias, vi. 19; projected contention of, between Nikias and Alkibiadês, vii. 106 _seq._; at Syracuse, vii. 122.
_Otanês_, iv. 223, 249 _seq._, 277.
_Othryadês_, ii. 449.
_Othrys_, ii. 213 _seq._
_Otos_ and Ephialtês, i. 136.
_Ovid_ at Tomi, xii. 474 _n._
_Oxus_ crossed by Alexander, xii. 201.
_Oxylus_, i. 153, ii. 4, 9.
_Oxythemis Korônæus_, ii. 332 _n._ 2.
P.
_Pachês_, at Mitylênê, vi. 226, 237 _seq._; at Notium, vi. 242; pursues the fleet of Alkidas to Patmos, vi. 241; sends Mitylenæan prisoners to Athens, vi. 243; crimes and death of, vi. 258.
_Pæonians_, iv. 15; conquest of, by Megabazus, iv. 276; victory of Philip over, xi. 214.
_Pagasæ_, conquest of, by Philip, xi. 295; importance of the Gulf of, to Philip, xi. 303.
_Pagondas_, vi. 384 _seq._
_Paktyas, the Lydian_, iv. 200 _seq._
_Palæmon_ and Inô, i. 124.
_Palæphatus_, his treatment of mythes, i. 415 _seq._
_Palamêdês_, i. 294.
_Palikê_, foundation of, vii. 123.
_Palladium_, capture of, i. 302.
_Pallakopas_, xii. 250.
_Pallas_, i. 6, 8.
_Pallas, son of Pandiôn_, i. 205.
_Pallênê_, i. 318, iv. 24.
_Palus Mæotis_, tribes east of, iii. 242.
_Pammenes_, expedition of, to Megalopolis, x. 359, xi. 257, 299.
_Pamphyli_, Hylleis, and Dymanes, ii. 360.
_Pamphylia_, conquest of, by Alexander, xii. 99.
_Panaktum_, vii. 24, 29.
_Pan-Arcadian Ten Thousand_, x. 232, 322.
_Pan-Arcadian union_, x. 208 _seq._, 321 _seq._
_Pandiôn_, i. 196.
_Pandiôn, son of Phineus_, i. 199.
_Pandiôn II._, i. 204.
_Pandôra_, i. 71, 76 _seq._
_Pan-Hellenic_ proceeding, the earliest approach to, iv. 50; feeling, growth of, between B. C. 776-560, iv. 51; character of the four great games, iv. 67; congress at the Isthmus of Corinth, v. 57 _seq._; patriotism of the Athenians on Xerxes’s invasion, v. 62; union under Sparta after the repulse of Xerxes, v. 260; schemes and sentiment of Periklês, vi. 18; pretences of Alexander, xii. 51.
_Pan-Ionic_ festival and Amphiktyony in Asia, iii. 177.
_Panoptês_, Argos, i. 84.
_Pantaleôn_, ii. 434.
_Pantikapæum_, xii. 479 _seq._, 487.
_Pantitês_, story of, v. 94 _n._ 1.
_Paphlagonia_, submission of, to Alexander, xii. 111.
_Paphlagonians_, and the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 144.
_Paragraphê_, viii. 299.
_Parali_, at Samos, viii. 29.
_Paralus_, arrival of, at Athens from Samos, viii. 30.
_Paranomôn_, Graphê, v. 375 _seq._, viii. 36.
_Parasang_, length of, ix. 14 _n._ 3.
_Paris_, i. 286 _seq._, 301.
_Parisades I._, xii. 482.
_Parmenidês_, viii. 343, 344 _n._
_Parmenio_, embassy of, from Philip to Athens, xi. 386, 388, 389, 398, 401; operations of, in Asia Minor against Memnon, xii. 49; debate of, with Alexander at Milêtus, xii. 92; captures Damascus, xii. 128; at the battle of Arbela, xii. 158, 159, 164, 165; invested with the chief command at Ekbatana, xii. 181; family of, xii. 190; alleged conspiracy and assassination of, xii. 196 _seq._
_Paropamisadæ_, subjugation of, by Alexander, xii. 200.
_Paros_, Theramenês at, viii. 118.
_Partheniæ_, iii. 387.
_Parthenon_, vi. 21, 22; records of offerings in, xi. 249 _n._, 252 _n._ 3.
_Parthia_, Darius pursued by Alexander into, xii. 182 _seq._
_Partition of lands_ ascribed to Lykurgus, ii. 380, 393 _seq._, 401 _seq._; proposed by Agis, iii. 399, 401.
_Parysatis, wife of Darius Nothus_, ix. 61, 72.
_Parysatis, daughter of Darius Nothus_, xii. 241.
_Pasimêlus_, ix. 331 _seq._
_Pasion_, and Xenias, ix. 28.
_Pasiphaë_ and the Minôtaur, i. 220.
_Pasippidas_, banishment of, viii. 128.
_Patizeithês_, conspiracy of, iv. 223.
_Patrokleidês_, amnesty proposed by, viii. 224.
_Patroklus_, treatment of, in the Iliad, ii. 177.
_Patronymic_ names of demes, iii. 63 _n._ 2.
_Patrôus_ Apollo, i. 50.
_Pattala_, xii. 235 _n._ 4.
_Pausanias, the historian_, on the Achæans, i. 104; his view of mythes, i. 414; his history of the Bœotians between the siege of Troy and the Return of the Hêrakleids, ii. 16; his account of the Messenian wars, ii. 425 _seq._, 428 _seq._; on Iphikrates at Corinth, B. C. 369, x. 238 _n._
_Pausanias, the Spartan regent_, at the Isthmus of Corinth, v. 165; at Platæa, v. 168 _seq._, 177 _seq._; misconduct of, after the battle of Platæa, v. 178 _seq._, 181; conduct of, after losing the command of the Greeks, v. 269; detection and death of, v. 272 _seq._; and Themistoklês, v. 273, 282.
_Pausanias the Spartan king_, and Lysander, viii. 262; his expedition to Attica, viii. 275 _seq._; his attack upon Peiræus, viii. 276; his pacification between the Ten at Athens and the exiles at Peiræus, viii. 277 _seq._; in Bœotia, ix. 295 _seq._; condemnation of, ix. 297 _seq._; and the democratical leaders of Mantinea, x. 37.
_Pausanias the Macedonian_, x. 249, xi. 515 _seq._
_Pedaritus_, vii. 399, 391, viii. 19.
_Pedieis_, iii. 93.
_Pedigrees_, mythical, connect _gentes_, i. 193.
_Pegasus_, i. 4, 122.
_Peiræum_, Athenian victory near, vii. 369; defeat of the Athenian fleet near, vii. 381; capture of, by Agesilaus, ix. 343, 345 _seq._; recovery of, by Iphikrates, ix. 353.
_Peiræus_, fortification of, by Themistoklês, v. 249 _seq._; and Athens, Long Walls between, v. 324 _seq._, viii. 229, ix. 333 _seq._; improvements at, under Periklês, vi. 20; departure of the armament for Sicily from, vii. 181; walls built at, by the Four Hundred, viii. 63; approach of the Lacedæmonian fleet under Agesandridas to, viii. 66, 71; Thrasybulus at, viii. 272 _seq._; king Pausanias’s attack upon, viii. 276; attack of Teleutias on, ix. 377 _seq._; attempt of Sphodrias to surprise, x. 98 _seq._; seizure of, by Nikanor, xii. 346.
_Peisander_, and the mutilation of the Hermæ, vii. 200; and the conspiracy of the Four Hundred, viii. 8, 12, 13 _seq._, 21, 26, 33 _seq._; statements respecting, viii. 32 _n._; punishment of, viii. 88.
_Peisander, the Lacedæmonian admiral_, ix. 274, 283.
_Peisistratids_, and Thucydidês iv. 112 _n._ 2; fall of the dynasty of, iv. 122; with Xerxes in Athens, v. 115 _seq._
_Peisistratus_, iii. 153 _seq._, iv. 102 _seq._, 117.
_Peithias, the Korkyræan_, vi. 268 _seq._
_Pelasgi_, ii. 261 _seq._; in Italy, iii. 351; of Lemnos and Imbros, iv. 277.
_Pelasgikon_, oracle about the, vi. 129 _n._ 2.
_Pelasgus_, i. 173.
_Pêleus_, i. 114, 187 _seq._
_Pelias_, i. 108 _seq._, 114 _seq._
_Pelion_ and Ossa, ii. 214.
_Pella_, embassies from Grecian states at, B. C. 346, xi. 404 _seq._; under Philip, xii. 66.
_Pellênê_, i. 318; and Phlius, x. 271.
_Pelopidas_, escape of, to Athens, x. 61; conspiracy of, against the philo-Laconian rulers at Thebes, x. 81 _seq._; slaughter of Leontiades by, x. 86; and Epaminondas, x. 121; victory of, at Tegyra, x. 134; in Thessaly, x. 249, 263, 283 _seq._, 303, 307 _seq._; and Philip, x. 249 _n._ 2, 264; and Alexander of Pheræ, x. 282 _seq._; death of, x. 308.
_Pelopidas_, i. 153 _seq._, 160.
_Peloponnesian_ war, its injurious effects upon the Athenian empire, vi. 46; war, commencement of, vi. 103-153; fleet, Phormio’s victories over, vi. 196 _seq._, 203 _seq._; war, agreement of the Peloponnesian confederacy at the commencement of, vii. 19 _n._; allies, synod of, at Corinth, B. C. 412, vii. 368; fleet of under Theramenês, vii. 387 _seq._; fleet at Rhodes, vii. 400 _seq._, viii. 94; fleet, return of, from Rhodes to Milêtus, viii. 25; fleet discontent in, Milêtus, viii. 95, 97 _seq._; fleet, capture of, at Kyzikus, viii. 121; fleet, pay of, by Cyrus, viii. 143; confederacy, assembly of, at Sparta, B. C. 404, viii. 228; confederacy, Athens at the head of, B. C. 371, x. 201; allies of Sparta after the Peloponnesian war, xi. 280.
_Peloponnesians_, immigrant, ii. 303; conduct of, after the battle of Thermopylæ, v. 106; and Mardonius’s approach, v. 154 _seq._; and the fortification of Athens, v. 243 _seq._, 247; five years’ truce of, with Athens, v. 334; position and views of, in commencing the Peloponnesian war, vi. 94 _seq._, 113, 124 _seq._; invasions of Attica, by, under Archidamus, vi. 126 _seq._, 154; slaughter of neutral prisoners by, vi. 182; and Ambrakiots attack Akarnania, vi. 194 _seq._; application of revolted Mitylenæans to, vi. 226 _seq._; and Ætolians attack Naupaktus, vi. 301; and Tissaphernês, vii. 387, 395 _seq._, viii. 4, 21 _seq._, 113 _seq._; defeat of, at Kynossêma, viii. 109 _seq._; at Abydos, viii. 117; aid of Pharnabazus to, viii. 126; letters of Philip to, xi. 492.
_Peloponnesus_, eponym of, i. 154; invasion and division of, by the Hêrakleids, ii. 4; mythical tide of the Dorians to, ii. 6; extension of Pindus through, ii. 212; distribution of, about B. C. 450, ii. 299 _seq._; difference between the distribution, B. C. 450 and 776, ii. 302; population of, which was believed to be indigenous, ii. 303; southern inhabitants of, before the Dorian invasion, ii. 337; events in, during the first twenty years of the Athenian hegemony, v. 315 _seq._; voyage of Tolmidês round, v. 331; ravages of, by the Athenians, vi. 135, 164; political relations in, B. C. 421, vii. 23; expedition of Alkibiadês into the interior of, vii. 63; expedition of Konon and Pharnabazus to, ix. 322; circumnavigation of, by Timotheus, x. 132; proceedings in, after the battle of Leuktra, x. 198, 242; expedition of Epaminondas to, x. 215 _seq._, 254 _seq._, 266 _seq._, 328 _seq._; state of, B. C. 362, x. 313 _seq._; visits of Dion to, xi. 61; disunion of, B. C. 360-359, xi. 199; affairs of, B. C. 354-352, xi. 290 _seq._; war in, B. C. 352-351, xi. 299; intervention of Philip in, after B. C. 346, xi. 443; expedition of Philip to, xi. 511; Kassander and Polysperchon in, xii. 360, 365; Kassander and Alexander, son of Polysperchon, in, xii. 368, 369.
_Pelops_, i. 154 _seq._
_Pelusium_, Alexander at, xii. 146.
_Penal_ procedure at Athens, iv. 366 _n._
_Penestæ_, Thessalian, ii. 279 _seq._
_Pentakosiomedimni_, iii. 117.
_Pentapolis_ on the south-west coast of the Euxine, xii. 458, 472.
_Pentekontêrs_, Spartan, ii. 459.
_Pentekostys_, i. 458.
_Penthesileia_, ii. 209, 298.
_Pentheus_ and Agavê, i. 262 _seq._
_Perdikkas I._, iv. 17.
_Perdikkas II._, relations and proceedings of, towards Athens, vi. 67 _seq._, 71, 141, 370, 448 _seq._, vii. 96, 104; and Sitalkês, xi. 217, 220; application of, to Sparta, vi. 398; and Brasidas, relations between, vi. 369, 448, 450 _seq._; joins Sparta and Argos, vii. 96; death of, x. 46.
_Perdikkas, brother of Philip_, x. 300, 301, 370, 382, xi. 205 _seq._
_Perdikkas, Alexander’s general_, xii. 256, 319, 333 _seq._, 337.
_Pergamum_, i. 286 _n._ 5, 324.
_Pergamus_, custom in the temple of Asklêpius at, i. 301 _n._ 4.
_Pergamus in Mysia_, the Ten Thousand Greeks at, ix. 172 _seq._
_Periander, the Corinthian despot_, power and character of, iii. 41 _seq._
_Perikles_, difference between the democracy after, and the constitution of Kleisthenês, iv. 148; effect of, on constitutional morality, iv. 163; at the battle of Tanagra, v. 328; expeditions of, to Sikyon and Akarnania, v. 332; policy of, B. C. 450, v. 342; reconquest of Eubœa by, v. 349; and Ephialtês, constitution of dikasteries by, v. 355 _seq._; and Kimon, v. 362 _seq._; public life and character of, v. 362 _seq._; and Ephialtês, judicial reform of, v. 355 _seq._, 366 _seq._; real nature of the constitutional changes effected by, v. 367 _seq._; commencement of the ascendancy of, v. 370; and Kimon, compromise between, v. 329, 371; his conception of the relation between Athens and her allies, vi. 4; and Athenian kleruchs by, vi. 10; and Thucydidês, son of Melêsias, vi. 15 _seq._; Pan-Hellenic schemes and sentiment of, vi. 18; city-improvements at Athens under, vi. 20 _seq._, 23 _seq._; sculpture at Athens under, vi. 22; attempt of, to convene a Grecian congress at Athens, vi. 25; Sophoklês, etc., Athenian armament under, vi. 27 _seq._; funeral orations of, vi. 31, 143 _seq._; demand of the Spartans for his banishment, vi. 97, 105; indirect attacks of his political opponents upon, vi. 98 _seq._; his family relations, and connection with Aspasia, vi. 101, 102; charge of peculation against, vi. 103 _seq._; stories of his having caused the Peloponnesian war, vi. 104 _n._; speech of, before the Peloponnesian war, vi. 107 _seq._; and the ravages of Attica by Archidamus, vi. 128 _seq._; last speech of, xii. 165 _seq._; accusation and punishment of, vi. 168 _seq._; old age and death of, vi. 170 _seq._; life and character of, vi. 172 _seq._; new class of politicians at Athens after, vi. 171 _seq._; and Nikias compared, vi. 287.
_Perriklymenos_, i. 112 _seq._
_Perinthus_, iv. 27; and Athens, viii. 126, xi. 461; siege of, by Philip, xi. 454, 458.
_Periœki_, ii. 364 _seq._, 369, 371 _n._ 2; Libyan, iv. 40, 42, 45.
_Pêrô_, Bias and Melampus, i. 110 _seq._
_Perseid_ dynasty, i. 91.
_Persephonê_, i. 10; mysteries of, v. 208 _n._ 2.
_Persepolis_, Alexander’s march from Susa to, xii. 170 _seq._; Alexander at, xii. 172 _seq._, 237; Alexander’s return from India to, xii. 237.
_Persês_, i. 6.
_Perseus_, exploits of, i. 89 _seq._
_Persia_, application of Athens for alliance with, iv. 165; state of, on the formation of the confederacy of Delos, v. 267; treatment of Themistoklês in, v. 284 _seq._; operations of Athens and the Delian confederacy against, v. 303 _seq._; and Athens, treaty between, B. C. 450, v. 335 _seq._; Asiatic Greeks not tributary to, between B. C. 477-412, v. 337 _n._ 2; surrender of the Asiatic Greeks by Sparta to, ix. 205; and the peace of Antalkidas, ix. 385 _seq._, x. 2 _seq._, 158; applications of Sparta and Athens to, x. 5 _seq._; hostility of, to Sparta after the battle of Ægospotami, x. 8; unavailing efforts of, to reconquer Egypt, x. 13; and Evagoras, x. 20 _seq._; Spartan project against, for the rescue of the Asiatic Greeks, x. 44; application of Thebes to, x. 277 _seq._; embassy from Athens to, B. C. 366, x. 293; state of, B. C. 362, x. 360, 366; alarm at Athens about, B. C. 354, xi. 285; projected invasion of, by Philip, xi. 511 _seq._; correspondence of Demosthenes with, xii. 20 _seq._; accumulation of royal treasures in, xii. 175 _n._ 3; roads in, xii. 180 _n._
_Persian_ version of the legend of Io, i. 86; noblemen, conspiracy of, against the false Smerdis, iv. 223 _seq._; empire, organization of, by Darius Hystaspês, iv. 233 _seq._; envoys to Macedonia, iv. 276; armament against Cyprus, iv. 292; force against Milêtus, iv. 299; fleet at Ladê, iv. 304; fleet and Asiatic Greeks, iv. 307; armament under Datis, iv. 329 _seq._, 345; fleet before the battle of Salamis, v. 85 _seq._, 99 _seq._, 113, 119, 125, 127 _nn._; army, march of, from Thermopylæ to Attica, v. 114 _seq._; fleet at Salamis, v. 130 _seq._; fleet after the battle of Salamis, v. 137, 147; army under Mardonius, v. 154 _seq._; fleet at Mykalê, v. 191; army at Mykalê, v. 193; army, after the defeat at Mykalê, v. 198; war effect of, upon Athenian political sentiment, v. 274; kings, from Xerxes to Artaxerxes Mnemon, vi. 362 _seq._; cavalry, and the retreating Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 89 _seq._; empire, distribution of, into satrapies and subsatrapies, ix. 209; preparations for maritime war against Sparta, B. C. 397, ix. 255, 268; king, Thebans obtain money from, xi. 302; forces in Phrygia on Alexander’s landing, xii. 75, 78; Gates, Alexander at, xii. 171; fleet and armies, hopes raised in Greece by, B. C. 334-331, xii. 276.
_Persians_, condition of, at the rise of Cyrus the Great, iv. 187; conquests of, under Cyrus the Great, iv. 209, 216 _seq._; the first who visited Greece, iv. 257 _seq._; conquest of Thrace by, under Darius Hystaspês, iv. 273; successes of, against the revolted coast of Asia Minor, iv. 289; attempts of, to disunite the Ionians at Ladê, iv. 300; narrow escape of Miltiadês from, iv. 307; cruelties of, at Milêtus, iv. 308; attempted revolt of Thasos from, iv. 314; at Marathon, iv. 333, 345 _seq._; after the battle of Marathon, iv. 351, 352; change of Grecian feeling towards, after the battle of Marathon, iv. 355; their religious conception of history, v. 10; at Thermopylæ, v. 83, 85 _seq._; in Psyttaleia, v. 128, 136; at Salamis, v. 131 _seq._; at Platæa, v. 163 _seq._; at Mykalê, v. 197; between Xerxes and Darius Codomannus, v. 241; necessity of Grecian activity against, after the battles of Platæa and Mykalê, v. 296; mutilation inflicted by, ix. 9; heralds from, to the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 52; impotence and timidity of, ix. 75; imprudence of, in letting Alexander cross the Hellespont, xii. 78; defeat of, at the Granikus, xii. 80 _seq._; defeat of, at Issus, xii. 118 _seq._; incorporation of, in the Macedonian phalanx, xii. 251.
_Persis_, subjugation of, by Alexander, xii. 177; Alexander’s return from India to, xii. 237.
_Personages_, quasi-human, in Grecian mythology, i. 342 _seq._
_Personal_ ascendency of the king in legendary Greece, ii. 61; feeling towards the gods, the king, or individuals in legendary Greece, ii. 80 _seq._; sympathies the earliest form of social existence, ii. 84.
_Personalities_, great predominance of, in Grecian legend, ii. 74.
_Personality_ of divine agents in mythes, i. 2.
_Personification_, tendency of the ancient Greeks to, i. 342 _seq._; of the heavenly bodies by Boiocalus, the German chief, i. 345 _n._
_Pestilence_ and suffering at Athens after the Kylonian massacre, iii. 84.
_Petalism_ at Syracuse, iv. 163, vii. 122.
_Peuke_, xii. 23, 25 _n._ 2.
_Peukestes_, xii. 234, 238.
_Pezetæri_, xii. 59.
_Phæax_, expedition of, to Sicily, vii. 143.
_Phalækus_ succeeds to the command of the Phokians, xi. 301; decline of the Phokians under, xi. 374, 418; opposition to, in Phokis, xi. 375; opposition of, to aid from Athens to Thermopylæ, xi. 376; position of, at Thermopylæ, xi. 375, 418 _seq._; death of, xi. 434.
_Phalanthus_, œkist of Tarentum, iii. 387 _seq._
_Phalanx_, Macedonian, xi. 501, xii. 57 _seq._, 251.
_Phalaris_, iv. 378, v. 204.
_Phalerium_, Xerxes at, v. 118.
_Phalinus_, ix. 52.
_Phanes_, and Zeus, i. 18.
_Phanosthenes_, viii. 159.
_Pharakidas_, x. 504 _seq._
_Pharax_, ix. 270, 271 _n._ 3.
_Pharax the officer of Dionysius_, xi. 115, 116, 133.
_Pharis_, conquest of, ii. 420.
_Pharnabazus_ and Tissaphernês, embassy from, to Sparta, vii. 366; and Derkyllidas, viii. 94; and Athens, viii. 114, 125; Athenian victory over, viii. 130; convention of, about Chalkêdon, viii. 132; and Alkibiades, viii. 133, 311 _seq._; and Greek envoys, viii. 135, 137; after the battle of Ægospotami, viii. 311; and Anaxibius, ix. 154, 166; and Lysander, ix. 204; and the subsatrapy of Æolis, ix. 210 _seq._; and Agesilaus, ix. 269, 279 _seq._; and Konon, ix. 283, 322, 325 _seq._; and Abydos, ix. 324; and the anti-Spartan allies at Corinth, ix. 327; and the Syracusans, x. 386; anti-Macedonian efforts of, xii. 127; capture of, with his force, at Chios, xii. 142.
_Pharsalus_, Polydamas of, x. 137 _seq._; and Halus, xi. 411.
_Phaselis_, Alexander at, xii. 100.
_Phayllus_, xi. 293, 297 _seq._, 301.
_Pheidias_, vi. 23, 102.
_Pheidôn the Temenid_, ii. 314; claims and projects of, as representative of Hêraklês, ii. 316; and the Olympic games, ii. 316 _seq._; coinage and scale of, ii. 318 _seq._, 323 _seq._; various descriptions of, ii. 320.
_Pheidôn, one of the Thirty_, viii. 271, 293.
_Phenicia_, ante-Hellenic colonies from, to Greece not probable, ii. 262 _seq._; situation and cities of, iii. 267; reconquest of, by Darius Nothus, xi. 438, 440 _n._ 3; Alexander in, xii. 130 _seq._, 150.
_Phenician_ version of the legend of Io, i. 86; colonies, iii. 271 _seq._; fleet at Aspendus, viii. 99, 100, 114; towns, surrender of, to Alexander, xii. 130, 132.
_Phenicians_ in Homeric times, ii. 103 _seq._; historical, iii. 204, 289, 303, 308, 342 _seq._; and Persians, subjugation of Cyprus by, iv. 293; and Persians at Milêtus, iv. 300 _seq._; and Persians, reconquest of Asiatic Greeks by, iv. 307; and the cutting through Athos, v. 24; and Greeks in Sicily, v. 207; in Cyprus, x. 14 _seq._
_Pheræ, Jason of_, x. 138 _seq._, x. 147 _n._, 153, 189 _seq._, 195 _seq._
_Pheræ, Alexander of_, x. 248, xi. 202 _seq._; despots of, xi. 202 _seq._; Philip and the despots of, xi. 261, 292, 294 _seq._; Philip takes the oath of alliance with Athens at, xi. 417; Alexander of, and Pelopidas, 256, 277 _seq._, 297, 301 _seq._; Alexander of, subdued by the Thebans, x. 309 _seq._; hostilities of Alexander of, against Athens, x. 369.
_Pherekydes_, i. 390, iv. 390.
_Phretime_, iv. 45 _seq._
_Philæus_, eponym of an Attic dême, i. 189.
_Philaidæ_, origin of, i. 189.
_Philip of Macedon_, detained as a hostage at Thebes, x. 249 _n._ 1, 263, xi. 207 _seq._; accession of, x. 382, xi. 212 _seq._; as subordinate governor in Macedonia, xi. 207, 208; position of, on the death of Perdikkas, xi. 209; capture of Amphipolis by, xi. 232 _seq._; his alliance with Olynthus and hostilities against Athens, xi. 236 _seq._; capture of Pydna and Potidæa by, xi. 237 _seq._; increased power of, B. C. 358-356, xi. 239; marriage of, with Olympias, xi. 240; intrigue of, with Kersobleptes against Athens, xi. 158; his activity, and conquest of Methônê, xi. 259 _seq._; and the despots of Pheræ, xi. 261, 292 _seq._; development of Macedonian military force under, xi. 282 _seq._; and Onomarchus, xi. 293; conquest of Pheræ and Pagasæ by, xi. 295; checked at Thermopylæ by the Athenians, xi. 296; power and attitude of, B. C. 352-351, xi. 322; naval power and operations of, B. C. 351, xi. 297 _seq._; in Thrace, B. C. 351, xi. 301; hostility of, to Olynthus, B. C. 351-350, xi. 320; flight of his half-brothers to Olynthus, xi. 321; intrigues of, in Olynthus, xi. 322; destruction of the Olynthian confederacy by, xi. 324, 325, 331, 350 _seq._, 364; Athenian expedition to Olynthus against, xi. 334; intrigues of, in Eubœa, xi. 339; and Athens, overtures for peace between, B. C. 348, xi. 369 _seq._; Thebans invoke the aid of, against the Phokians, xi. 375; and Thermopylæ, xi. 377, 407, 410, 416, 421, 424; embassies from Athens to, xi. 375 _seq._, 401 _seq._, 422; envoys to Athens from, xi. 386, 387, 390, 398, 401; synod of allies at Athens about, xi. 388; peace and alliance between Athens, and, xi. 390 _seq._, 409, 429 _seq._, 442, 446 _seq._; fabrications of Æschines and Philokrates about, xi. 398, 408, 409, 412 _seq._; in Thrace, xi. 402, 404, 450 _seq._; letter of, taken by Æschines to Athens, xi. 410, 416; surrender of Phokis to, xi. 421; declared sympathy of, with the Thebans, B. C. 346, xi. 421; visit of Æschines to, in Phokis, xi. 423; admitted into the Amphiktyonic assembly, xi. 425; ascendancy of, B. C. 346, xi. 428 _seq._; named president of the Pythian festival, xi. 428; position of, after the Sacred War, xi. 434; letter of Isokrates to, xi. 436; movements of, after B. C. 346, xi. 443 _seq._; warnings of Demosthenês against, after B. C. 346, xi. 444; mission of Python from, to Athens, xi. 446; and Athens, dispute between about Halonnesus, xi. 448 _seq._; and Kardia, xi. 450; and Athens, disputes between, about the Bosporus and Hellespont, xi. 450; at Perinthus and the Chersonese, xi. 454, 458 _seq._; and Athens, declaration of war between, xi. 454 _seq._; makes peace with Byzantium, Chios, and other islands, attacks the Scythians, and is defeated by the Triballi, xi. 461; and the Amphissians, xi. 480 _seq._, 497; re-fortification of Elateia by, xi. 482, 484 _seq._; application of, to Thebes for aid in attacking the Athenians, xi. 483 _seq._, 489; alliance of Athens and Thebes against, xi. 490 _seq._, 593 _seq._; letters of, to the Peloponnesians for aid, xi. 492; victory of, at Chæroneia, xi. 497 _seq._, 505; military organization of, xi. 501, xii. 56 _seq._; and the Athenians, peace of Demades between, xi. 507 _seq._; honorary votes at Athens in favor of, xi. 509; expedition of, into Peloponnesus, xi. 510; at the congress at Corinth, xi. 511; preparations of, for the invasion of Persia, xi. 512; repudiates Olympias, and marries Kleopatra, xi. 512; and Alexander, dissensions between, xi. 513; assassination of, xi. 514 _seq._, xii. 6 _seq._; character of, xi. 519 _seq._; discord in the family of, xii. 4; military condition of Macedonia before, xii. 55.
_Philip Aridæus_, xii. 319, 334.
_Philippi_, foundation of, xi. 241.
_Philippics_ of Demosthenes, xi. 309 _seq._, 445, 451.
_Philippizing_ factions in Megara and Eubœa, xi. 448.
_Philippus, the Theban polemarch_, x. 82, 85.
_Philippus, Alexander’s physician_, xii. 113.
_Philiskus_, x. 261.
_Philistides_, xi. 449, 452.
_Philistus_, his treatment of mythes, i. 410; banishment of, xi. 33; recall of, xi. 67; intrigues of, against Plato and Dion, xi. 76; tries to intercept Dion in the Gulf of Tarentum, xi. 89; at Leontini, xi. 99; defeat and death of, xi. 100.
_Philokrates_, motion of, to allow Philip to send envoys to Athens, xi. 371; motion of, to send envoys to Philip, xi. 379; motion of, for peace and alliance with Philip, xi. 390 _seq._, 416; fabrications of, about Philip, xi. 398, 408, 409, 412; impeachment and condemnation of, xi. 433.
_Philoktetes_, i. 301, 310.
_Philolaus_ and Dioklês, ii. 297.
_Philomela_, i. 196 _seq._
_Philomelus_, xi. 245; seizes the temple at Delphi, xi. 248; and Archidamus, xi. 247; and the Pythia at Delphi, xi. 250; successful battles of, with the Lokrians, xi. 251; defeat and death of, xi. 255; takes part of the treasures in the temple at Delphi, xi. 252.
_Philonomus_ and the Spartan Dorians, ii. 327.
_Philosophers_, mythes allegorized by, i. 418 _seq._
_Philosophy_, Homeric and Hesiodic, i. 368; Ionic, i. 372 _n._ 2; ethical and social among the Greeks, iv. 76.
_Philotas_, alleged conspiracy, and execution of, xii. 190 _seq._, 197 _n._ 2.
_Philoxenus_ and Dionysius, xi. 26.
_Phineus_, i. 199, 235.
_Phlegyæ_, the, i. 128.
_Phlius_, return of philo-Laconian exiles to, x. 42; intervention of Sparta with, x. 70; surrender of, to Agesilaus, x. 70 _seq._; application of, to Athens, x. 234 _seq._; fidelity of, to Sparta, x. 257, 270; invasion of, by Euphron, x. 270; and Pellênê, x. 271; assistance of Chares to, x. 272; and Thebes, x. 290 _seq._
_Phœbe_, i. 5, 6.
_Phœbidas_, at Thebes, x. 58 _seq._, 62, 63, 128.
_Phœnissæ_ of Phrynichus, v. 138 _n._ 1.
_Phœnix_, i. 257.
_Phôkæa_, foundation of, iii. 188; surrender of, to Harpagus, iv. 203; Alkibiadês at, viii. 152.
_Phôkæan_ colonies at Atalia and Elea, iv. 206.
_Phôkæans_, exploring voyages of, iii. 281; effects of their exploring voyages upon Grecian knowledge and fancy, iii. 282; emigration of, iv. 205 _seq._
_Phokian_ defensive wall at Thermopylæ, ii. 283; townships, ravage of, by Xerxes’s army, v. 114.
_Phokians_, ii. 288; application of Leonidas to, v. 76; at Leuktra, x. 181, 182; and the presidency of the temple at Delphi, xi. 245 _seq._; Thebans strive to form a confederacy against, xi. 251; take the treasures of the temple at Delphi, xi. 252, 255, 297, 374; war of, with the Lokrians, Thebans, and Thessalians, xi. 254; under Onomarchus, xi. 261, 293; under Phayllus, xi. 297 _seq._; under Phalækus, xi. 374, 418; Thebans invoke the aid of Philip against, xi. 375; application of, to Athens, xi. 376; exclusion of, from the peace and alliance between Philip and Athens, xi. 396 _seq._, 411; envoys from, to Philip, xi. 404, 406; motion of Philokrates about, xi. 416; at Thermopylæ, xi. 418 _seq._; treatment of, after their surrender to Philip, xi. 425 _seq._; restoration of, by the Thebans and Athenians, xi. 493.
_Phokion_, first exploits of, x. 131; character and policy of, xi. 273 _seq._, 308, xii. 278, 311, 357 _seq._; in Eubœa, xi. 340 _seq._, 452; at Megara, xi. 449; in the Propontis, xi. 460; and Alexander’s demand that the anti-Macedonian leaders at Athens should be surrendered, xii. 46, 47; and Demades, embassy of, to Antipater, xii. 322; at Athens under Antipater, xii. 324; and Nikanor, xii. 339, 346 _seq._; and Alexander, son of Polysperchon, xii. 348; condemnation and death of, xii. 349 _seq._; altered sentiment of the Athenians towards, after his death, xii. 357.
_Phokis_, acquisition of, by Athens, v. 331; loss of, by Athens, v. 348; invasion of, by the Thebans, B. C. 374, x. 136; accusation of Thebes against, before the Amphiktyonic assembly, xi. 243; resistance of, to the Amphiktyonic assembly, xi. 246 _seq._; Philip in, xi. 421, 482, 492 _seq._
_Phôkus_, i. 185.
_Phokylidês_, iv. 92.
_Phorkys_ and Kêtô, progeny of, i. 7.
_Phormio_ at Potidæa, vi. 74; at Amphilochian Argos, vi. 121; at Naupaktus, vi. 180; his victories over the Peloponnesian fleet, vi. 199 _seq._, 206 _seq._; in Akarnania, vi. 213; his later history, vi. 277 _n._
_Phormisius_, disfranchising proposition of, viii. 294.
_Phorôneus_, i. 82, 83.
_Phraortês_, iii. 228.
_Phratries_, iii. 52 _seq._, 63; and gentes, non-members of, iii. 133.
_Phrikônis_, iii. 192.
_Phrygia_, Persian forces in, on Alexander’s landing, xii. 75, 78; submission of, to Alexander, xii. 89.
_Phrygian_ influence on the religion of the Greeks, i. 26, 28; music and worship, iii. 213 _seq._
_Phrygians_ and Trojans, i. 335; and Thracians, iii. 210, 213; ethnical affinities and early distribution of, iii. 209 _seq._
_Phrynichus the tragedian_, his capture of Milêtus, iv. 309; his Phœnissæ, v. 138, _n._ 1.
_Phrynichus the commander_, at Milêtus, vii. 388; and Amorgês, vii. 389 _n._ 1; and Alkibiadês, viii. 10 _seq._; deposition of, viii. 15; and the Four Hundred, viii. 11, 58 _seq._; assassination of, viii. 66, 85, _n._; decree respecting the memory of, viii. 85.
_Phrynon_, xi. 370.
_Phryxus_ and Hellê, i. 123 _seq._
_Phthiôtis_ and Deukalion, i. 96.
Φύσις, first use of, in the sense of _nature_, i. 368.
_Phyê-Athênê_, iv. 104.
_Phylarch_, Athenian, ii. 461.
_Phylê_, occupation of, by Thrasybulus, viii. 265.
_Phyllidas_ and the conspiracy against the philo-Laconian oligarchy at Thebes, x. 81 _seq._
_Physical_ astronomy thought impious by ancient Greeks, i. 346 _n._; science, commencement of, among the Greeks, i. 368.
_Phytalids_, their tale of Dêmêtêr, i. 44.
_Phyton_, xi. 18 _seq._
_Pierians_, original seat of, iv. 14.
_Piété, Monts de_, iii. 162.
Πῖλοι of the Lacedæmonians in Sphakteria, vi. 344 _n._
_Pinarus_, Alexander and Darius on the, xii. 118 _seq._
_Pindar_, his treatment of mythes, i. 378 _seq._
_Pindus_, ii. 211 _seq._
_Piracy_ in early Greece, ii. 90, 113.
_Pisa_ and Ellis, relations of, ii. 439.
_Pisatans_ and the Olympic games, ii. 318, 434, ix. 228, x. 318 _seq._; and Eloians, ii. 434, 439.
_Pisatic_ sovereignty of Pelops, i. 157.
_Pisidia_, conquest of, by Alexander, xii. 99.
_Pissuthnes_, vi. 26, 28, ix. 8.
_Pitane_, iii. 190.
_Pittakus_, power and merit of, iii. 198 _seq._
_Plague at Athens_, vi. 154 _seq._; revival of, vi. 293.
_Platæa_, and Thebes, disputes between, iv. 166; and Athens, first connection of, iv. 165; battle of, v. 164 _seq._; revelation of the victory of, at Mykalê the same day, v. 194; night-surprise of, by the Thebans, vi. 114 _seq._; siege of, by Archidamus, vi. 188 _seq._; surrender of, to the Lacedæmonians, vi. 264 _seq._; restoration of, by Sparta, x. 30 _seq._; capture of, by the Thebans, x. 159 _seq._
_Platæans_ at Marathon, iv. 248.
_Plato_, his treatment of mythes, i. 441; on the return of the Hêrakleids, ii. 6; on homicide, ii. 96 _n._; his Republic and the Lykurgean institutions, ii. 390; and the Sophists, viii. 345-399; and Xenophon, evidence of, about Sokratês, viii. 403 _seq._, 444 _n._, 450 _n._; his extension and improvement of the formal logic founded by Sokratês, viii. 429; purpose of his dialogues, viii. 453; incorrect assertions in the Menexenus of, ix. 360 _n._; the letters of, x. 435 _n._ 1; and Dionysius the Elder, xi. 38, 60; and Dion, xi. 39, 57 _seq._, 69, 84; and Dionysius the Younger, xi. 52, 69-80; Dion, and the Pythagoreans, xi. 56 _seq._; statements and advice of, on the condition of Syracuse, xi. 130 _seq._; and the kings of Macedonia, xi. 206.
_Plausible fiction_, i. 435, ii. 51.
_Pleistoanax_, v. 349, 429 _seq._
_Plemmyrium_, vii. 270, 290 _seq._
_Plutarch_ and Lykurgus, ii. 337, 343, 403 _seq._; on the ephor Epitadeus, ii. 405; and Herodotus, iv. 202 _n._, v. 6 _n._ 2; on Periklês, vi. 172.
_Plutarch of Eretria_, xi. 340 _seq._
_Plyntêria_, viii. 144.
_Podaleirus_ and Machaôn, i. 180.
_Podarkês_, birth of, i. 110.
_Poems_, lost epic, ii. 120; epic, recited in public, not read in private, ii. 135.
_Poetry_, Greek, transition of, from the mythical past to the positive present, i. 349; epic, ii. 117 _seq._; epic, Homeric and Hesiodic, ii. 118; didactic and mystic hexameter, ii. 119; lyric and choric, intended for the ear, ii. 137; Greek, advances of, within a century and a half after Terpander, iv. 77.
_Poets_ inspired by the Muse, i. 355; iambic, elegiac, and lyric, predominance of the present in, i. 363; and logographers, their treatment of mythes, i. 377 _seq._; early, chronological evidence of, ii. 45 _seq._; epic, and their probable dates, ii. 122; cyclic, ii. 123 _seq._; gnomic or moralizing, iv. 91 _seq._
_Polemarch_, Athenian, iii. 74.
_Polemarchs_, Spartan, ii. 459.
_Polemarchus_, viii. 248.
_Political clubs_ at Athens, viii. 15.
_Politicians_, new class of, at Athens, after Periklês, vi. 245 _seq._
_Pollis_, defeat of, by Chabrias, x. 130.
_Pollux_ and Castor, i. 171 _seq._
_Polyarchus_, xi. 154.
_Polybiades_, x. 68.
_Polybius_, his transformation of mythes to history, i. 412; perplexing statement of, respecting the war between Sybaris and Kroton, iv. 416; the Greece of, xii. 318.
_Polychares_, and Euæphnus, ii. 426.
_Polydamas of Pharsalus_, x. 137 _seq._
_Polydamas the Macedonian_, xii. 197.
_Polydamidas_, at Mendê, vi. 440 _seq._
_Polykrates of Samos_, iv. 241 _seq._
_Polykrates the Sophist_, harangue of, on the accusation against Sokratês, viii. 478 _n._
_Polynikes_, i. 267, 269 _seq._, 273, 280.
_Polyphron_, x. 248.
_Polysperchon_, appointed by Antipater as his successor, xii. 339; plans of, xii. 340; edict of, at Pella, xii. 343 _seq._; Phokion and Agnonides heard before, xii. 351 _seq._; and Kassander, xii. 360, 372, 382; flight of, Ætalia, xii. 367.
_Polystratus_, one of the Four Hundred, viii. 68 _n._ 1, 69 _n._, 78, 88.
_Polyxena_, death of, i. 305.
_Polyzelus_ and Hiero, v. 228.
_Pompey_ in Colchis, i. 243.
_Pontic Greeks_, xii. 458 _seq._
_Pontic Herakleia_, xii. 460-471.
_Pontus_ and Gæa, children of, i. 7.
_Popular belief_ in ancient mythes, i. 424, 427.
_Porus_, xii. 227 _seq._
_Poseidôn_, i. 6, 9, 56; prominence of, in Æolid legends, i. 110; Erechtheus, i. 192, 193; and Athênê, i. 195; and Laomedôn, i. 285.
_Positive_ evidence indispensable to historical proof, i. 429.
_Positive_ tendencies of the Greek mind in the time of Herodotus, iv. 105 _n._
_Post-Homeric_ poems on the Trojan war, i. 297.
_Potidæa_ and Artabazus, v. 149; relations of, with Corinth and Athens, vi. 67; designs of Perdikkas and the Corinthians upon, vi. 68; revolt of, from Athens, vi. 69 _seq._; Athenian victory near, vi. 73; blockade of, by the Athenians, vi. 74, 140, 164, 182; Brasidas’s attempt upon, vi. 150; capture of, by Philip and the Olynthians, xi. 238.
_Prasiæ_, expedition of Pythodôrus to, vii. 285.
_Praxitas_, ix. 327 _n._ 1, 333 _seq._
_Priam_, i. 285, 292 _n._ 5, 304.
_Priene_, iii. 172, 178, vi. 26.
_Priests_, Egyptian, iii. 314.
_Primitive_ and historical Greece, ii. 57-118.
_Private property_, rights of, at Athens, viii. 304.
_Probability_ alone not sufficient for historical proof, i. 429.
_Pro-Bouleutic Senate_, Solon’s, iii. 121.
_Probûli_, board of, vii. 362.
_Prodikus_, viii. 370, 380 _seq._
_Prœtos_ and his daughters, i. 88 _seq._
_Proknê_, i. 197 _seq._
_Prokris_, i. 198.
_Promêtheus_, i. 6; and Zeus, i. 63, 76, 79 _seq._; and Pandora, i. 75; and Epimêtheus, i. 75; Æschylus’s, i. 382 _n._ 3.
_Property_, rights of, at Athens, iii. 106, 114 _seq._
_Prophecies_, Sibylline, i. 338.
_Propontis_, Phokion in, xi. 460.
_Propylæa_, building of, vi. 21, 23 _n._ 4.
_Prose writing_ among the Greeks, iv. 97.
_Protagoras_, viii. 376, 379 _seq._, 389 _seq._, 392 _n._
_Protesilaus_, i. 290, v. 201.
_Prothoüs_, x. 176.
_Proxenus of Tegea_, x. 209.
_Prytaneium_, Solon’s regulations about, iii. 143.
_Prytanes_, iv. 138.
_Prytanies_, iv. 138.
_Prytanis_, xii. 485.
_Psammenitus_, iv. 219.
_Psammetichus I._, iii. 325 _seq._
_Psammetichus_ and Tamos, x. 13.
_Psammis_, iii. 333.
_Psephism_, Demophantus’s democratical, viii. 81.
_Psephisms_ and laws, distinction between, v. 373.
_Psyttaleia_, Persian troops in, v. 128, 136.
_Ptolemy of Alôrus_, x. 249, 250; and Pelopidas, x. 263; assassination of, x. 300.
_Ptolemy of Egypt_, attack of Perdikkas on, xii. 335; alliance of, with Kassander, Lysimachus and Seleukus against Antigonus, xii. 367, 372, 383, 387; proclamations of, to the Greeks, xii. 369; Lysimachus and Kassander, pacification of, with Antigonus, xii. 371; in Greece, xii. 373.
_Ptolemy, nephew of Antigonus_, xii. 370.
_Public speaking_, its early origin and intellectual effects, ii. 77 _seq._
_Punjab_, Alexander’s conquests in the, xii. 227 _seq._
_Purification_ for homicide, i. 25, 26.
_Pydna_, siege of, by Archestratus, vi. 70; siege of, by Archelaus, viii. 118; and Philip, xi. 236, 237.
_Pylæ_, in Babylonia, ix. 36 _n._ 2., 43 _n._
_Pylagoræ_, ii. 247.
_Pylians_, ii. 12, 335.
_Pylus_, attack of Hêraklês on, i. 110; long independence of, ii. 331 _n._ 2; occupation and fortification of, by the Athenians, vi. 317 _seq._; armistice concluded at, vi. 324, 332; Kleon’s expedition to, vi. 365 _seq._; cession of, demanded by the Lacedæmonians, vii. 29; helots brought back to, by the Athenians, vii. 70; recapture of, by the Lacedæmonians, viii. 131.
_Pyramids_, Egyptian, iii. 321.
_Pyrrha_ and Deukaliôn, i. 96.
_Pyrrho_ and Sokratês, viii. 489 _n._
_Pyrrhus, son of Achilles_, i. 188.
_Pyrrhus, king of Epirus_, and Antipater, son of Kassander, xii. 389.
_Pythagoras, the philosopher_, i. 367 _seq._, iv. 390-411, 416.
_Pythagoras, the Ephesian despot_, iii. 182.
_Pythagorean order_, iv. 395, 403 _seq._, 416.
_Pythagoreans_, logical distinction of genera and species unknown to, viii. 427 _n._ 2; Plato, and Dion, xi. 57 _seq._
_Pytheas_, xii. 457.
_Pythia_, the, at Delphi, and Philomelus, xi. 250.
_Pythian Apollo_, i. 47.
_Pythian games_, ii. 240, 243, iv. 58, 63 _seq._, iv. 65, x. 137 _n._ 1, 195, xi. 428.
_Pythius, the Phrygian_, v. 27.
_Pythodôrus_, vii. 133, 139, 285.
_Python_, mission of, to Athens, xi. 446.
_Pythonikus_, vii. 175, 197.
Q
_Quadriremes_, x. 479.
_Quinqueremes_, v. 47 _n._ 2, x. 479.
R
_Races_ of men in “Works and Days”, i. 64 _seq._
_Religious_ ceremonies a source of mythes, i. 62, 63, 451 _seq._; views paramount in the Homeric age, i. 357; views, opposition of, to scientific, among the Greeks, i. 358, 370 _seq._; festivals, Grecian, iv. 53, 67 _seq._, xi. 353; associations, effect of, on early Grecian art, iv. 99.
_Reply_ to criticisms on the first two volumes of this history, i. 408 _n._
_Rhadamanthus_ and Minôs, i. 219.
_Rhapsodes_, ii. 129, 137 _seq._
_Rhea_, i. 5, 6.
_Rhegians_ and Tarentines, expedition of, against the Iapygians, v. 238.
_Rhegium_, iii. 383; the chorus sent from Messênê to, iv. 53 _n._ 1; and Athens, vii. 128 _n._ 3; the Athenian fleet near, B. C. 425, vii. 134; progress of the Athenian armament for Sicily to, vii. 181; discouragement of the Athenians at, vii. 190; relations of, with Dionysius, B. C. 399, x. 474 _seq._; and Dionysius, xi. 5, 71, 11, 16 _seq._; and Dionysius the Younger, xi. 133; Timoleon at, xi. 144 _seq._
_Rhetoric_, v. 402, viii. 335, 339, 346 _seq._
_Rhetors_ and sophists, v. 402 _seq._
_Rhetra_, the primitive constitutional, ii. 344 _n._ 2, 345 _n._ 2.
_Rhetræ_, the Three Lykurgean, ii. 355 _n._ 3.
_Rhienus_ and the second Messenian war, ii. 430.
_Rhium_, Phormio in the Gulf at, vi. 196 _seq._
_Rhodes_, founder of, ii. 30; dikasteries at, v. 384 _n._ 2; and the Olympic games, vii. 52 _n._ 4; the Peloponnesian fleet at, vii. 399, 400 _seq._, viii. 94, ix. 368, 373; Dorieus at, viii. 116; revolt of, from Sparta, ix. 271; revolt of, from Athens, xi. 220 _seq._; siege of, by Demetrius Poliorketes, xii. 381.
_Rhodians_ and the battle of Chæroneia, xi. 504.
_Rhodôpis_, iii. 337 _n._ 2.
_Rhœkus_ of Samos, iv. 100.
_Rhœsakes_, xii. 84.
_Rites_, post-Homeric, i. 27, 28; ecstatic, i. 30 _seq._
_Rivers_, mythical personages identified with, i. 342 _n._ 2; of Greece, ii. 217.
_Robbery_, violent, how regarded in Greece and Europe, ii. 111 _n._ 2.
_Romances_ of chivalry, i. 475, ii. 156 _n._ 2.
_Roman kings_, authority of, ii. 68 _n._ 3.
_Roman law_ of debtor and creditor, iii. 159 _seq._
_Romans_, respect of, for Illium, i. 327; belief of, with regard to earthquakesi. 400 _n._; dislike of, to paijudicial pleading, viii. 361 _n._ 2; embassy from, to Alexander, xii. 248 _n._ 2; Livy’s opinion as to the chances of Alexander, if he had attacked the, xii. 260.
_Rome_, reduction of the rate of interest at, iii. 112 _n._ 1; debasement of coin at, iii. 114; new tables at, iii. 115 _n._ 2; law of debtor and creditor at, iii. 159 _seq._; political associations at, viii, 16 _n._ 2; and Carthage, treaties between, x. 392 _n._
_Roxana_, xii. 214, 215, 319, 333, 367, 371.
S.
_Sacred games_, Solon’s rewards to victors at, iii. 141; objects, Greek view of material connection with, iii. 84 _n._ 1., 260.
_Sacred War_, the first, iv. 63 _seq._, v. 346; the second, xi. 241 _seq._, 374, 421 _seq._; position of Philip after the second, xi. 434; the third, xi. 467.
_Sacrifices_, i. 62; human, in Greece, i. 126 _seq._
_Sacrilege_, French legislation upon, vii. 212 _n._
_Sadyattês_, iii. 253.
_Saga_, the, Ampère on, i. 357 _n._
_Sage_, a universal manifestation of the human mind, i. 461.
_Sagen-poesie_, applied as a standard to the Iliad and Odyssey, ii. 162.
_Sagra_, date of the battle at, iv. 411 _n._ 2.
_Saints_, legends of, i. 469 _seq._
_Sakadas_, iv. 89.
_Salæthus_, vi. 237 _seq._
_Salamis_, the serpent of, i. 186; war between Athens and Megara about, iii. 98 _seq._; retreat of the Greek fleet from Artemisium to, v. 102, 107; the battle of, v. 104-147; Persian and Greek fleets after the battle of, v. 147; migration of Athenians to, on Mardonius’s approach, v. 154; seizure of prisoners at, by the Thirty Tyrants at Athens, viii. 267.
_Salamis in Cyprus_, i. 189, x. 14 _seq._
_Salmoneus_, i. 108.
_Samian exiles_, application of, to Sparta, iv. 242; attack of, on Siphnos, iv. 244; at Zanklê, v. 211.
_Samians_ and Athenians, contrast between, iv. 247; slaughter of, by Otanês, iv. 249; at Ladê, iv. 304; migration of, to Sicily, iv. 305; transfer of the fund of the confederacy from Delos to Athens proposed by, v. 343; application of, to Sparta for aid against Athens, vi. 29.
_Samnites_, xi. 8.
_Samos_, foundation of, iii. 173; condition of, on the accession of Darius Hystaspês, iv. 240; Lacedæmonians and Polykratês at, iv. 243; Persian armament under Datis at, iv. 329; Persian fleet at, after the battle of Salamis, v. 147, 192; Greek fleet moves to the rescue of, from the Persians, v. 192; an autonomous ally of Athens, vi. 2; revolt of, from the Athenians, vi. 25 _seq._, 29; and Milêtus, dispute between, about Priênê, vi. 26; Athenian armament against, under Periklês, Sophoklês, etc., vi. 27 _seq._; blockaded, vi. 28; government of, after its capture by Periklês, vi. 30; democratical revolution at, vii. 377 _seq._; powerful Athenian fleet at, B. C. 412, vii. 386; oligarchical conspiracy at, viii. 7 _seq._, 25 _seq._; embassy from the Four Hundred to, viii. 44, 52 _seq._, 55; Athenian democracy reconstituted at, viii. 46 _seq._; the Athenian democracy at, and Alkibiadês, viii. 49 _seq._; eagerness of the Athenian democracy at, to sail to Peiræus, viii. 52, 54; envoys from Argosto the Athenian Demos at, viii. 57; Athenian democracy at, contrasted with the oligarchy of the Four Hundred, viii. 92 _seq._; Strombichidês’s arrival at, from the Hellespont, viii. 96; Alkibiadês’s return from Aspendus to, viii. 115; Alkibiadês sails from, to the Hellespont, viii. 116; Alkibiadês at, B. C. 407, viii. 155; Alkibiadês leaves Antiochus in command at, viii. 153; dissatisfaction of the armament at, with Alkibiadês, viii. 154; Konon at, viii. 160; Lysander at, viii. 223, 237; conquest of, by Timotheus, x. 294, 297 _n._ 2.
_Samothracians_, exploit of, at Salamis, v. 135.
_Sangala_, capture of, by Alexander, xii. 231.
_Sapphô_, i. 363, iv. 90 _seq._
_Sardinia_, proposition of Bias for a Pan-Ionic emigration to, iv. 207.
_Sardis_, iii. 220; capture of, by Cyrus, iv. 192; march of Aristagoras to, and burning of, iv. 290; march of Xerxes to, and collection of his forces at, v. 14; march of Xerxes from, v. 27; retirement of the Persian army to, after their defeat at Mykalê, v. 198 Alkibiadês’s imprisonment at, and escape from, viii. 119, 120; forces of Cyrus the Younger collected at, ix. 8; march of Cyrus the Younger from, to Kunaxa, ix. 11 _seq._; victory of Agesilaus near, ix. 267; surrender of, to Alexander, xii. 89.
_Sarissa_, xii. 57, 101 _seq._
_Sarmatians_, iii. 243.
_Sarpêdôn_, i. 219.
_Sataspes_, iii. 285, 288 _n._
_Satrapies_ of Darius Hystaspes, iv. 235 _seq._
_Satraps_ under Darius Hystaspes, discontents of, iv. 226 _seq._; of Alexander, xii. 239 _seq._
_Satyrus of Herakleia_, xii. 564.
_Satyrus I._ of Bosporus, xi. 264 _n._ 1, xii. 481.
_Satyrus the actor_, xi. 270, 364.
_Satyrus II._ of Bosporus, xii. 484.
_Saxo Grammaticus_ and Snorro Sturleson contrasted with Pherekydes and Hellanikus, i. 468.
_Scales_ Æginæan and Euboic, ii. 319 _seq._, 325; Æginæan, Euboic and Attic, iii. 171.
_Scandinavian_ mythical genealogies, i. 465 _n._ 3; and Teutonic epic, i. 479 _seq._
_Scardus_, ii. 212.
_Science_, physical, commencement of, among the Greeks, i. 367.
_Scientific_ views, opposition of, to religions, among the Greeks, i. 359-370 _seq._
_Scission_ between the superior men and the multitude among the Greeks, i. 375.
_Sculpture_ at Athens, under Periklês, vi. 22.
_Scurrility_ at festivals, iv. 80 _n._ 2.
_Scylla_, i. 1, 221.
_Scythia_, iii. 235; Darius’s invasion of, iv. 263 _seq._
_Scythians_, iii. 233 _seq._, xii. 475; invasion of Asia Minor and Upper Asia by, iii. 245 _seq._; strong impression produced by, upon Herodotus’s imagination, iv. 268; attack of Philip on, xi. 462; and Alexander, xii. 206, 214.
_Secession_ of the mythical races of Greece, ii. 19.
_Seisachtheia_, or debtors’ relief-law of Solon, iii. 99 _seq._
_Selene_, i. 6, 346 _n._
_Seleukus_, alliance of, with Kassander, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy against Antigonus, xii. 367, 372, 383, 387; Kassander, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, pacification of, with Antigonus, xii. 371; and the Pontic Hêrakleia, xii. 470; death of, xii. 470.
_Selinuntines_, defeat of, by the Egestæans and Carthaginians, x. 404.
_Selinus_, iii. 367; and Egesta, vii. 145, x. 401, 404; application of, to Syracuse, x. 404; capture of, by Hannibal, x. 405 _seq._; abandonment of, by the rest of Sicily, x. 408; Hermokrates at, x. 417.
_Selli_, ii. 268.
_Selymbria_, viii. 126, 133, xi. 455 _n._ 3.
_Selymbris_, iv. 27.
_Semele_, i. 259.
_Semi-historical_ interpretation of ancient mythes, i. 433.
_Senate_ and Agora subordinate in legendary, paramount in historical Greece, ii. 76; Spartan, ii. 345, 357; of Areopagus, iii. 73; powers of, enlarged by Solon, iii. 122; of Four Hundred, Solon’s, iii. 121; of Five Hundred, iv. 137; at Athens, expulsion of, by the Four Hundred, viii. 39.
_Senators_, addition to the oath of Athenian, viii. 298.
_Sentiment_, mingled ethical and mythical, in “Works and Days”, i. 69 _seq._
_Sepias Akte_, Xerxes’s fleet at, v. 83 _seq._
_Servitude_, temporary, of the gods, i. 57, 113 _n._ 2.
_Sestos_, capture of, B. C. 479, v. 202 _seq._; escape of the Athenian squadron from, to Elæus, viii. 105; Derkyllidas at, ix. 320; capture of, by Kotys, x. 373; surrender of, to Athens, B. C. 358, x. 379 _n._; conquest of, by Chares, xi. 257.
_Seuthes_, and the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 154, 169 _seq._
_Seven chiefs_ against Thebes, the, i. 274.
_Seven wise men_ of Greece, iv. 95 _seq._
_Sibyl_, the Erythræan, i. 28.
_Sibylline_ prophecies, i. 28, 338.
_Sicilian_ Greeks, prosperity of, between B. C. 735 and 485, iii. 367 _seq._; Greeks, peculiarity of their monetary and statical scale, iii. 369; comedy, iii. 373; Greeks, early governments of, v. 206; Greeks, and Phenicians, v. 207; cities, B. C. 431, vii. 127, 131; and Italian Dorians, aid expected from, by Sparta, vii. 129; cities, general peace between, B. C. 424, vii. 138; aid to Syracuse, B. C. 413, vii. 295.
_Sicily_, Phenicians and Greeks in, iii. 276; ante-Hellenic population of, iii. 350, 361, 372; and Italy, early languages and history of, iii. 354 _n._; and Italy, date of earliest Grecian colony in, iii. 356; rapid multiplication of Grecian colonies in, after B. C. 735, iii. 360; the voyage from Greece to, iii. 361; spot where the Greeks first landed in, iii. 361; Megarian, iii. 365; subcolonies from, iii. 366; Sikel or Sikan caverns in, iii. 368 _n._; mixed population of, iii. 369; difference between Greeks in, and those in Greece Proper, iii. 372; despots in, about B. C. 500, v. 204; Carthaginian invasion of, B. C. 480, v. 220; expulsion of despots from, B. C. 465, v. 233; after the expulsion of the despots, B. C. 465, v. 234, 236 _seq._, vii. 118; return of Duketius to, vii. 122; intellectual movement in, between B. C. 461-416, vii. 127; relations of, to Athens and Sparta, altered by the quarrel between Corinth and Korkyra, vii. 129; Dorians attack the Ionians in, about B. C. 427, vii. 131; Ionic cities in, solicit aid from Athens, against the Dorians, B. C. 427, vii. 132; Athenian expedition to, B. C. 427, vii. 133; Athenian expedition to, B. C. 425, vii. 133; Athenian expedition to, B. C. 422, vii. 142; Athenian expedition to, B. C. 415, vii. 148-162, 179-191, 217-278; Athenian expedition to, B. C. 413, vii. 279-287, 288-353; effect of the Athenian disaster in, upon all Greeks, vii. 363; intervention of Carthage in, B. C. 410, x. 401 _seq._; invasion of, by Hannibal, B. C. 409, x. 405 _seq._; abandonment of Selinus by the Hellenic cities of, B. C. 409, x. 408; Hannibal’s return from, B. C. 409, x. 415; return of Hermokrates to, x. 415; invasion of, by Hannibal and Imilkon, x. 422 _seq._; southern, depressed condition of, B. C. 405, x. 457; expedition of Dionysius against the Carthaginians in, x. 483 _seq._; frequency of pestilence among the Carthaginians in, xi. 1; Dionysius’s conquests in the interior of, B. C. 394, xi. 4; condition of, B. C. 353-344, xi. 130; voyage of Timoleon to, xi. 143 _seq._; invasion of, by the Carthaginians, B. C. 340, xi. 170; Timoleon in, xi. 170-195; expedition to, under Giskon, xi. 180; Agathokles in, xii. 439 _seq._; ceases to be under Hellenic agency after Agathokles, xii. 451.
_Sidon_, iii. 265; conquest of, by Darius Nothus, xi. 438; surrender of, to Alexander, xii. 130.
_Sidus_, capture of, by the Lacedæmonians, ix. 335; recovery of, by Iphikrates, ix. 353.
_Siege of Troy_, i. 284-306.
_Sigeium_, Mitylenæan at, i. 339; and Peisistratus, iv. 117.
_Sikans_, iii. 349, 351 _n._ 3, 369.
_Sikel_ prince, Duketius, iii. 374.
_Sikels_, iii. 349; in Italy, iii. 351, 375; migration of, from Italy to Sicily, iii. 353 _n._ 2; in Sicily, iii. 367, x. 494, xi. 5, 6.
_Sikinnus_, v. 126, 140, 313 _n._ 2.
_Sikyôn_, origin of, i. 120 _seq._; early condition of, iii. 4; despots at, iii. 32 _seq._, 38; classes of people at, iii. 35; names of Dorion and non-Dorion tribes at, iii. 34, 37; Corinth, and Megara, analogy of, iii. 47; Athenian attacks upon, v. 332; Spartan and Argeian expedition against, vii. 97; desertion of, from Sparta to Thebes, x. 257; intestine dissensions at, B. C. 367-366, x. 269 _seq._; Euphron at, x. 269 _seq._, 272, 273.
_Silanus the prophet_, ix. 40, 133 _seq._
_Silphium_, iv. 33.
_Silver race_, the, i. 65.
_Simon_, i. 304.
_Simonidês of Keôs_, epigram of, on the battle of Thermopylæ, v. 104; mediation of, between Hiero and Thero, v. 227.
_Simonidês of Amorgus_, poetry of, i. 463, iv. 73, 82.
_Sinôpe_ and the Amazons, i. 212 _n._ 3; date of the foundation of, iii. 249 _n._ 3; Perikles’s expedition to, vi. 10; and the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 129 _seq._, 144; long independence of, xii. 459; envoys from with Darius, xii. 459.
_Siphnus_, iii. 166; attack of Samian exiles on, iv. 244.
_Sirens_, the, i. 1.
_Siris_, or Herakleia, iii. 384.
_Sisygambis_, xii. 124, 164, 171.
_Sisyphus_, i. 118 _seq._
_Sitalkes_, vi. 141, 215 _seq._
_Sithonia_, iv. 24, 25.
_Sittake_, the Ten Thousand Greeks at, ix. 65.
_Skalds_, Icelandic, songs of, ii. 150 _n._ 2, ii. 157 _n._
_Skedasus_, x. 178.
_Skepsis_, Derkyllidas at, ix. 213.
_Skillus_, Xenophon at, ix. 176 _seq._
_Skiône_, revolt of, from Athens to Brasidas, vi. 435 _seq._; dispute about, after the One year’s truce between Athens and Sparta, vi. 437; blockade of, by the Athenians, B. C. 423, vi. 442; capture of, by the Athenians, B. C. 421, vii. 22.
_Skiritæ_, vii. 80, 84, x. 233.
_Skylax_, iv. 237, 283, x. 227 _n._ 6.
_Skyllêtium_, iii. 384.
_Skyros_, conquest of, by Kimon, v. 303.
_Skytalism_ at Argos, x. 200 _seq._
_Skythês_ of Zanklê, v. 211 _seq._
_Skythini_, and the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 110.
_Slavery_ of debtors in Attica before Solon, iii. 94.
_Slaves_ in legendary Greece, ii. 97 _seq._
_Smerdis_, iv. 221 _seq._
_Sminthian Apollo_, i. 50, 337.
_Smyrna_, iii. 182, 189.
_Social War_, xi. 220, 231.
_Socratic philosophers_, their unjust condemnation of rhapsodes, ii. 139.
_Socratici viri_, viii. 403 _n._
_Sogdian rock_, capture of, by Alexander, xii. 214.
_Sogdiana_, Alexander in, xii. 202 _seq._, 207.
_Sôkratês_, his treatment of the discrepancy between scientific and religious views, i. 370; treatment of, by the Athenians, i. 374 _seq._; alleged impiety of, attacked by Aristophanês, i. 401 _n._; and the sophists, v. 404, vii. 35 _n._ 2; viii. 387 _n._, 400, 441 _n._; at the battle of Delium, vi. 396; and Alkibiadês, vii. 35 _seq._; and Kritias, vii. 35 _seq._; at the Athenian assembly, on the generals at Arginusæ, vii. 200; and the Thirty, viii. 244, 257; and Parmenidês, viii. 346 _n._; dislike of, to teaching for pay, viii. 342; life, character, philosophy, teaching, and death of, viii. 400-496.
_Solemnities_ and games, i. 106.
_Soli_ in Cyprus, iii. 148.
_Sollium_, Athenian capture of, vi. 135.
_Soloeis_, Cape, iii. 272 _n._ 2.
_Solon_ and the Iliad, ii. 152 _n._ 2; civil condition of Attica before, iii. 48; life, character, laws, and constitution of, iii. 88-159.
_Sophokles_, his Œdipus, i. 270; his treatment of mythes, i. 379 _seq._, 385; Periklês, etc., Athenian armament under, against Samos, vi. 27 _seq._; number of tragedies by, viii. 319 _n._; Æschylus and Euripidês, viii. 332; and Herodotus, viii. 323 _n._ 2.
_Sophokles_ and Eurymedon, expeditions of, to Sicily and Korkyra, vi. 313 _seq._, 357 _seq._, vii. 133, 136, 139.
_Sôsis_, xi. 104.
_Sosistratus_, xii. 394, 388, 405.
_Sothiac period_ and Manetho, iii. 340 _seq._
_Sparta_ and Mykênæ, i. 165 _seq._; occupation of, by the Dorians, ii. 311, 326 _seq._, 360; and the disunion of Greek towns, ii. 259; not strictly a city, ii. 261; inferior to Argos and neighboring Dorians, B. C. 776, ii. 307, 312; first historical view of, ii. 323; not the perfect Dorian type, ii. 341; pair of kings at, ii. 349; classification of the population at, ii. 348 _seq._; syssitia and public training at, ii. 380 _seq._;
## partition of lands at, ascribed to Lykurgus, ii. 393-415;
progressive increase of, ii. 417; and Lepreum, ii. 440; Argos, and Arcadia, relations of, ii. 443 _n._ 2; and Mantinea, ii. 444; and Arcadia, ii. 445 _seq._; and Tegea, ii. 446 _seq._; bones of Orestês taken to, ii. 447; acquisitions of, towards Argos, ii. 450 _seq._; extensive possessions and power of by, B. C. 540, ii. 453 _seq._; military institutions of, ii. 456 _seq._; recognized superiority of, ii. 461, iv. 242, 318; peculiar government of, iii. 6; alleged intervention of, with the Nemean and Isthmian games, iv. 66 _n._; exclusive character of her festivals, iv. 69; musical and poetical tendencies at, iv. 83 _seq._, 86 _n._ 1; choric training at, iv. 84 _seq._; first appearance of, as head of Peloponnesian allies, iv. 169, 174 _seq._; preparations at, for attacking Athens, after the failure of Kleomenês, iv. 173 _seq._; and Crœsus, iv. 190; and Asiatic Greeks, iv. 199, iv. 207, 208; and Samian exiles, iv. 242; and Aristagoras, iv. 287 _seq._; treatment of Darius’s herald at, iv. 317; appeal of Athenians to, against the Medism of Ægina, iv. 318; war of, against Argos, B. C. 496-5, iv. 320 _seq._; no heralds sent from Xerxes to, v. 57; Pan-Hellenic congress convened by, at the Isthmus of Corinth, v. 57 _seq._; leaves Athens undefended against Mardonius, v. 153 _seq._; headship of the allied Greeks transferred from, to Athens, v. 261 _seq._; and Athens, first open separation between, v. 263, 265 _seq._, 290; secret promise of, to the Thasians, to invade Attica, v. 312; restores the supremacy of Thebes in Bœotia, v. 313, 331; and the rest of Peloponnesus, between B. C. 477-457, v. 314; earthquake and revolt of Helots at, B. C. 464, v. 315 _seq._; Athenian auxiliaries to, against the Helots, v. 316 _seq._; Athenians renounce the alliance of, B. C. 464, v. 319; and Athens, five years’ truce between, v. 334; and Delphi, B. C. 452-447, v. 346; and Athens, thirty years’ truce between, v. 350; application of Samians to, vi. 29; imperial, compared with imperial Athens, vi. 39, ix. 187 _seq._; and her subject-allies, vi. 41; and Athens, confederacies of, vi. 46; promise of, to the Potidæans, to invade Attica, vi. 69; application of the Lesbians to, vi. 76; assembly at, before the Peloponnesian war, vi. 78 _seq._; relations of, with her allies, vi. 79; congress of allies at, B. C. 432, vi. 92 _seq._; requisitions addressed to Athens by, B. C. 431, vi. 97 _seq._, 105 _seq._; efforts of, to raise a naval force on commencing the Peloponnesian war, vi. 125; and the Mitylenæans, vi. 226 _seq._; despatches from Artaxerxes to, vi. 360 _seq._; and Athens one year’s truce between, B. C. 423, vi. 437 _seq._, 453, 457 _seq._; and the Peace of Nikias, vii. 2, 9; and Argos, uncertain relations between, B. C. 421, vii. 3; and Athens, alliance between, B. C. 421, vii. 5; revolt of Elis from, vii. 17 _seq._; congress at, B. C. 421, vii. 24; and Bœotia, alliance between, B. C. 420, vii. 26; and Argos, fifty years’ peace between, vii. 28 _seq._; embassy of Nikias to, vii. 44; and Athens, relations between, B. C. 419, vii. 70; and the battle of Mantinea, B. C. 418, vii. 86; and Argos, peace and alliance between, B. C. 418, vii. 92 _seq._; submission of Mantinea to, vii. 95; and Athens, relations between, B. C. 416, vii. 103; and Sicily, relations of, altered by the quarrel between Corinth and Korkyra, vii. 129; aid expected from the Sicilian Dorians by, B. C. 431, vii. 130; embassy from Syracuse and Corinth to, B. C. 415, vii. 235 _seq._; Alkibiadês at, vii. 236 _seq._, viii. 2; and Athens, violation of the peace between, B. C. 414, vii. 285; resolution of, to fortify Dekeleia and send a force to Syracuse, B. C. 414, vii. 286; application from Chios to, vii. 365; embassy from Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus to, vii. 366; embassy from the Four Hundred to, viii. 63, 84; proposals of peace from, to Athens, B. C. 410, viii. 122 _seq._; alleged proposals of peace from, to Athens, after the battle of Argenusæ, viii. 210; first proposals of Athens to, after the battle of Ægospotami, viii. 226; embassies of Theramenês to, viii. 227, 228; assembly of the Peloponnesian confederacy at, B. C. 404, viii. 228; terms of peace granted to Athens by, B. C. 404, viii. 229; triumphant return of Lysander to, viii. 238; and her allies, after the capture of Athens by Lysander, viii. 259; oppressive dominion of after the capture of Athens by Lysander, viii. 260; opposition to Lysander at, viii. 262; pacification by, between the Ten at Athens and the exiles at Peiræus, viii. 278; empire of, contrasted with her promises of liberty, ix. 191 _seq._; change in the language and plans of, towards the close of the Peloponnesian war, ix. 194; and the Thirty at Athens, ix. 197; opportunity lost by, for organizing a stable confederacy throughout Greece, ix. 199 _seq._; alienation of the allies of, after the battle of Ægospotami, ix. 223 _seq._; and Elis, war between, ix. 225 _seq._; refuses to restore the Olympic presidency to the Pisatans, ix. 229; expels the Messenians from Peloponnesus, ix. 229; introduction of gold and silver to, by Lysander, ix. 230 _seq._; in B. C. 432 and after B. C. 404, contrast between, ix. 232; position of kings at, ix. 238 _seq._; conspiracy of Kinadon at, ix. 247 _seq._; Persian preparations for maritime war against, B. C. 397, ix. 255, 270; revolt of Rhodes from, ix. 271; relations of, with her neighbors and allies, after the accession of Agesilaus, ix. 284; and Hêrakleia Trachynia, ix. 285, 302; and Timokrates, ix. 286 _seq._; and Thebes, war between, B. C. 395, ix. 289 _seq._; alliance of Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos against, ix. 301; proceedings of, against Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos, ix. 303, 305 _seq._; consequences of the battles of Corinth, Knidus, and Korôneia to, ix. 317 _seq._; hostility of, to partial land confederacies in Greece, ix. 361; congress at, on the peace of Antalkidas, ix. 386; and the peace of Antalkidas, x. 2 _seq._, 9 _seq._, 28; applications of, for Persian aid, x. 5 _seq._; and Persia after the battle of Ægospotami, x. 8; and Grecian autonomy, x. 11 _seq._, 28; miso-Theban proceedings of, after the peace of Antalkidas, x. 28 _seq._; restores Platæa, x. 30 _seq._; oppressive conduct of towards Mantinea, B. C. 386, x. 35 _seq._; mischievous influence of, after the peace of Antalkidas, x. 40 _seq._; naval competition of Athens with, after the peace of Antalkidas, x. 42 _seq._; and the Olynthian confederacy, x. 52 _seq._, 57, 65 _seq._; and the surprise of Thebes by Phœbidas, x. 61 _seq._; and Phlius, x. 70; ascendency and unpopularity of, B. C. 379, x. 72 _seq._; Xenophon on the conduct of, between B. C. 387-379, x. 77; effect of the revolution at Thebes, B. C. 379, on, x. 93; trial of Sphodrias at, x. 100 _seq._; war declared by Athens against, B. C. 378, x. 102; separate peace of Athens with, B. C. 374, x. 137, 141; and Polydamas, x. 137 _seq._; decline of the power of, between B. C. 382-374, x. 140; discouragement of, by her defeat at Korkyra and by earthquakes, B. C. 372, x. 157; disposition of Athens to peace with, B. C. 372, x. 158, 165; general peace settled at, B. C. 371, x. 165 _seq._, 174, 198; effect of the news of the defeat at Leuktra on, x. 186; and Athens, difference between in passive endurance and active energy, x. 188; reinforcements from, after the battle of Leuktra, x. 188; treatment of defeated citizens on their return from Leuktra, x. 192 _seq._; and Thebes, alleged arbitration of the Achæans between, after the battle of Leuktra, x. 199 _n._; position of, after the battle of Leuktra, x. 201; and the Amphiktyonic assembly, x. 202 _seq._, xi. 242; feeling against Agesilaus at, B. C. 371, x. 207; hostile approaches of Epaminondas to, x. 218 _seq._, 330 _seq._; abstraction of Western Laconia from, x. 226 _seq._; application of, to Athens for aid against Thebes, B. C. 369, x. 234 _seq._; and Athens, alliance between, B. C. 369, x. 253; reinforcement from Syracuse in aid of, x. 258; peace of her allies with Thebes, x. 290 _seq._; alliance of Elis and Achaia with, B. C. 365, x. 313; and Dionysius, x. 457, 505, xi. 22; degradation of, B. C. 360-359, xi. 197 _seq._; countenance of the Phokians by, B. C. 353, xi. 262; plans of, against Megalopolis and Messênê, B. C. 353, ix. 263, 290; decline in military readiness among the Peloponnesian allies of, after the Peloponnesian war, xi. 280; ineffectual campaign of, against Megalopolis, xi. 299 _seq._; envoys from, to Philip, xi. 405, 409; envoys from, with Darius, xii. 189; anti-Macedonian policy of, after Alexander’s death, xii. 281 _seq._
_Spartan_ kings, ii. 11, 76, 353 _seq._; senate, assembly, and ephors, ii. 349 _seq._; popular assembly, ii. 357; constitution, ii. 359 _seq._; government, secrecy of, ii. 378; discipline, ii. 381 _seq._; women, ii. 383 _seq._; law and practice of succession, erroneous suppositions about, ii. 409 _seq._; arbitration of the dispute between Athens and Megan about Salamis, iii. 92; expeditions against Hippias, iv. 122; empire, commencement of, ix. 181, 184 _seq._, 188 _seq._; empire, Theopompus on, ix. 195 _n._; allies at the battle of Leuktra, x. 182.
_Spartans_, and Pheidôn, ii. 318; and Messenians, early proceedings of, ii. 329; local distinctions among, ii. 361; the class of, ii. 361 _seq._; and Helots, ii. 373 _seq._; marriage among, ii. 385; their ignorance of letters, ii. 390 _n._ 3; musical susceptibilities of, ii. 433; and the second Messenian war, ii. 434, 437; careful training of, when other states had none, ii. 455; and the battle of Marathon, iv. 342, 358; unwillingness of, to postpone or neglect festivals, v. 77; at Platæa, v. 157, 166 _seq._; and the continental Ionians after the battle of Mykalê, v. 193; and the fortification of Athens, v. 243 _seq._; favorable answer of the oracle at Delphi to, on war with Athens, B. C. 432, vi. 91; final answer of the Athenians to, before the Peloponnesian war, vi. 106; their desire for peace, to regain the captives from Sphakteria, vi. 428 _seq._; and Thebans, at the battle of Korôneia, ix. 317; project of, for the rescue of the Asiatic Greeks, x. 44; miso-Theban impulse of, B. C. 371, x. 175; confidence and defeat of, at Leuktra, x. 179 _seq._; retirement of, from Bœotia after the battle of Leuktra, x. 190; refusal of, to acknowledge the independence of Messênê, x. 290, 350; and Dion, xi. 61.
_Sparti_, i. 259, 261.
_Spartokidæ_, xii. 479 _seq._
_Speaking_, public, its early origin and intellectual effects, ii. 77 _seq._
_Sperthiês_ and Bulis, vi. 182 _n._
_Speusippus_, indictment of, by Leogoras, vii. 206 _n._ 3.
_Sphakteria_, locality of, vi. 314; occupation of, by the Lacedæmonians, vi. 320, 346; blockade of Lacedæmonians in, vi. 324, 332 _seq._; Lacedæmonian embassy to Athens for the release of the prisoners in, vi. 324 _seq._; Demosthenês’s application for reinforcements to attack, vi. 334 _seq._; condition of, on the attack by Demosthenês and Kleon, vi. 340; victory of Demosthenês and Kleon over Lacedæmonians in, vi. 341 _seq._; surrender of Lacedæmonians in, vi. 345 _seq._; arrival of prisoners from, at Athens, vi. 351; restoration of prisoners taken at, vii. 6 _seq._; disfranchisement of restored prisoners from, vii. 22.
_Sphendaleis_, Attic deme of, v. 158 _n._ 2.
_Sphinx_, the, i. 7, 266.
_Spodrias_, attempt of, to surprise Peiræus, x. 98 _seq._
_Spitamenes_, xii. 207, 213, 214.
_Spithridates_, and the Lacedæmonians, ix. 260, 274 _seq._
_Stables_, the Augean, i. 139.
_Stageira_, iv. 25.
_Standard_ of historical evidence raised with regard to England, but not with regard to Greece, i. 484.
_Stasippus_, x. 209.
_Statira_, xii. 124, 154, 241.
_Statues_, Greek, identified with the beings they represented, i. 460.
_Stenyklêrus_, Dorians of, ii. 328.
_Steropês_, i. 5.
_Stesichorus, the lyric poet_, and Helen, i. 307 _seq._; dialect of, iv. 78 _seq._
_Stesiklês_, x. 144, 147 _n._
_Sthenelaïdas_, the ephor, vi. 90 _seq._
_Story_ of striking off the overtopping ears of corn, iii. 24 _n._
_Strabo_ on the Amazons, i. 214; his version of the Argonautic expedition, i. 255; on Old and New Ilium, i. 329 _seq._; his transformation of mythes to history, i. 413.
_Strangers_, supplication of, ii. 79 _n._; reception of, in legendary Greece, ii. 85.
_Stratêgi_, Kleisthenean, iv. 136; enlarged functions of Athenian, after the Persian war, v. 276.
_Stratolas_, x. 320.
_Stratus_, attack of Peloponnesians, Ambrakiots and Epirots upon, B. C. 429, vi. 194.
_Strelitzes_, suppression of the revolt of, by Peter the Great, iv. 232 _n._ 3.
_Strombichidês_, pursuit of Chalkideus and Alkibiadês by, vii. 371; expedition of, to Chios, vii. 374, 390, 392; removal of, from Chios to the Hellespont, viii. 94; arrival of, at Samos, from the Hellespont, viii. 95; and other Athenian democrats, imprisonment of, viii. 236; trial and execution of, viii. 240 _seq._
_Strophê_, introduction of, iv. 89.
_Struthas_, victory of, over Thimbron, ix. 362.
_Strymôn_, Greek settlements east of, in Thrace, iv. 25; Xerxes’s bridges across the, v. 25.
_Styx_, i. 7, 8.
_Styx_, rocks near, ii. 301 _n._
_Subterranean_, course of rivers in Greece, ii. 219.
_Succession_, Solon’s laws of, iii. 139.
_Suli_, iii. 418.
_Suppliants_, reception of, in legendary Greece, ii. 85.
_Supplication_ of strangers, ii. 79 _n._
_Susa_, sum found in by Alexander the Great, iv. 236 _n._; Pharnabazus conveys Greek escorts towards, viii. 135; Alexander at, xii. 168, 238; Alexander’s march from, to Persepolis, xii. 246 _seq._
_Susia_, xii. 189.
_Susian Gates_, Alexander at, xii. 171.
_Syagrus_, reply of, to Gelôn, i. 167.
_Sybaris_, foundation, territory and colonies of, iii. 376 _seq._; fall of, iii. 392, 399, iv. 413 _seq._; maximum power of, iii. 394 _seq._; and Krotôn, war between, iv. 412.
_Sybarites_, character of, iii. 394 _seq._; defeat of, by the Krotoniates, iv. 413; descendants of, at Thurii, vi. 13.
_“Sybaritic tales”_, iii. 394.
_Syennesis of Kilikia_, and Cyrus the Younger, ix. 18.
_Sylosôn_, iv. 248 _seq._
_Symmories_ at Athens, x. 117 _seq._; speech of Demosthenês on the, xi. 285 _seq._
_Symplêgades_, the, i. 235.
_Syntagma_, Macedonian, xii. 60.
_Syracusan_ assembly, on the approaching Athenian expedition, B. C. 415, vii. 183 _seq._; ships, improvements in, to suit the narrow harbor, vii. 297; squadron under Hermokrates against Athens in the Ægean, x. 385 _seq._; generals at Agrigentum, complaints against, x. 427, 431; generals at Agrigentum, speech of Dionysius against, x. 433 _seq._; horsemen, mutiny of, against Dionysius, x. 451 _seq._; soldiers mutiny of, against Dionysius, x. 462 _seq._
_Syracusans_, confidence and proceedings of, after the capture of Plemmyrium, B. C. 413, vii. 293 _seq._; and Athenians, conflicts between, in the Great Harbor, vii. 294, 299 _seq._, 316 _seq._, 324 _seq._; defeat of the Athenian night attack upon Epipolæ by, vii. 305 _seq._; their blockade of the Athenians in the harbor, vii. 318; captured by Thrasyllus, viii. 129; delay of, in aiding Selinus, B. C. 409, x. 404, 408; improvement in Dionysius’s behavior towards, B. C. 399, x. 473; victory of, over the Carthaginians in the great Harbor, x. 501; negotiations of Dionysius the Younger with Dion and the, xi. 96; defeat of Dionysius the Younger, by Dion and the, xi. 97 _seq._; application from, to Dion at Leontini, xi. 108; gratitude of, to Dion, xi. 112; opposition of, to Dion as dictator, xi. 121 _seq._; application of, to Hiketas and Corinth, B. C. 344, x. 134 _seq._; and Timoleon, application of, to Corinth, xi. 167.
_Syracuse_, foundation of, iii. 363; petalism or ostracism at, iv. 162; inferior to Agrigentum and Gela, before B. C. 500, v. 204; in B. C. 500, v. 205; increased population and power of, under Gelo, v. 214 _seq._; prisoners awarded to, after the battle of Himera, v. 225; topography of, B. C. 465, v. 235 _n._; fall of the Gelonian dynasty at, v. 235 _seq._; Gelonian citizens of, v. 237 _seq._; reaction against despotism at, after the fall of the Gelonian dynasty, v. 240; political dissensions and failure of ostracism at, vii. 122; foreign exploits of, B. C. 452, vii. 123; Duketius at, vii. 124; and Agrigentum, hostilities between, B. C. 446, vii. 125; conquests and ambitious schemes of, B. C. 440, vii. 126; incredulity and contempt at, as to the Athenian armament for Sicily, B. C. 415, vii. 182; quiescence of the democracy at, vii. 183 _n._; preparations at, on the approach of the Athenian armament at, B. C. 415, vii. 190; empty display of the Athenian armament at, B. C. 415, vii. 194; increased confidence at, through Nikias’s inaction, B. C. 415, vii. 218; landing of Nikias and his forces in the Great Harbor of, B. C. 415, vii. 219; defensive measures of, after the battle near the Olympieion, vii. 228; embassy from, to Corinth and Sparta, B. C. 415, vii. 235; local condition and fortifications of, in the spring of B. C. 414, vii. 244; localities outside the walls of, vii. 245; possibilities of the siege of, B. C. 415 and 414, vii. 245; siege of, B. C. 414, vii. 248 _seq._; battle near, B. C. 414, vii. 255 _seq._; entrance of the Athenian fleet into the Great Harbor at, B. C. 414, vii. 256; approach of Gylippus to, vii. 262 _seq._; arrival of Gylippus and Gongylus at, vii. 265; expedition to, under Demosthenês B. C. 413, vii. 289; Athenian victory in the harbor of, B. C. 413, vii. 291; defeat of a Sicilian reinforcement to, B. C. 413, vii. 295; disadvantages of the Athenian fleet in the harbor of, vii. 296; arrival of Demosthenês at, vii. 301, 303; philo-Athenians at, during the siege, vii. 311 _n._; increase of force and confidence in, after the night attack upon Epipolæ, vii. 314; postponement of the Athenians’ retreat from, by an eclipse of the moon, vii. 315; number and variety of forces engaged at, vii. 318; postponement of the Athenians’ retreat from, by Hermokratês, vii. 330; retreat of the Athenians from, vii. 331 _seq._; number and treatment of Athenian prisoners at, vii. 344 _seq._; topography of, and the operations during the Athenian siege, vii. 401 _seq._; rally of Athens during the year after the disaster at, viii. 1; reinforcement from, in aid of Sparta, B. C. 368, x. 258; after the destruction of the Athenian armament, x. 383, 389 _seq._; and the quarrel between Selinus and Egesta, B. C. 410, x. 403 _seq._; embassy from, to Hannibal, at Selinus, x. 409; aid from, to Himera, against Hannibal, x. 410, 411; attempts of Hermokrates to enter, x. 416 _seq._; first appearance of Dionysius at, x. 420; discord at, B. C. 407, x. 421; reinforcement from, to Agrigentum, x. 426; movement of the Hermokratean party at, to raise Dionysius to power, x. 432; Dionysius one of the generals at, 434 _seq._; return of the Hermokratean exiles to, x. 436; return of Dionysius from Gela, to, B. C. 405, x. 429; establishment of Dionysius as despot at, x. 444 _seq._, 454; re-distribution of property at, by Dionysius, x. 459 _seq._; locality of, x. 470; additional fortifications at, by Dionysius, x. 471 _seq._; plunder of Carthaginians at, by permission of Dionysius, x. 482; provisions of Dionysius for the defence of, against the Carthaginians, B. C. 396, x. 494; retreat of Dionysius from, to Katana, B. C. 395, x. 497; siege of, by Imilkon, x. 498 _seq._; Carthaginians before, x. 498 _seq._, 506 _seq._; exultation at, over the burning of the Carthaginian fleet at Daskon, x. 509; new constructions and improvements by Dionysius at, xi. 39; feeling at, towards Dionysius the Younger and Dion, B. C. 357, xi. 86; Dion’s march from Herakleia to, xi. 90; Timokrates, governor of, xi. 92 _seq._; Dion’s entries into, B. C. 357 and B. C. 356, xi. 92 _seq._, 110; flight of Dionysius the Younger from, to Lokri, xi. 104; rescue of, by Dion, xi. 108 _seq._; condition of, B. C. 353-344, xi. 129 _seq._; return of Dionysius the Younger to, xi. 132; first arrival of Timoleon at, xi. 149; return of Timoleon from Adranum to, xi. 158; flight of Magon from, xi. 159 _seq._; Timoleon’s temptations and conduct on becoming master of, xi. 163 _seq._; Timoleon’s recall of exiles to, xi. 166; desolate condition of, on coming into the hands of Timoleon, xi. 166, 167; efforts of Corinth to reconstitute, xi. 167, 168; influx of colonists to, on the invitation of Corinth and Timoleon, xi. 169; Timoleon marches from, against the Carthaginians, xi. 172 _seq._; Timoleon lays down his power at, xi. 185; great influence of Timoleon at, after his resignation, xi. 186, 193; residence of Timoleon at, xi. 190; Timoleon in the public assembly of, xi. 190 _seq._; the constitution established by Timoleon at, exchanged for a democracy, xii. 393; expedition from, to Krotôn, about B. C. 320, xii. 397; revolutions at, about B. C. 320, xii. 399, 400; massacre at, by Agathokles in collusion with Hamilkar, xii. 401 _seq._; Agathokles constituted despot of, xii. 402; Hamilkar’s unsuccessful attempt to take, xii. 422 _seq._; barbarities of Agathokles at, after his African expedition, xii. 446.
_Syrians_, not distinguished from Assyrians in Greek authors, iii. 290 _n._
_Syrphax_, xii. 90.
_Syssitia_, or public mess at Sparta, ii. 381.
T.
_Tachos_, x. 361 _seq._
_Tagus_, Thessalian, ii. 281.
_Talôs_, i. 240.
_Tamos_, x. 13.
_Tamynæ_, Phokion’s victory at, xi. 341; Demosthenes reproached for his absence from the battle of, xi. 344.
_Tanagra_, battle of, v. 328; reconciliation of leaders and parties at Athens, after the battle of, v. 329.
_Tantalus_, i. 157.
_Taochi_, and the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 109 _seq._
_Taphians_ in Homer’s time, ii. 102.
_Taranto_, fishery at, iii. 389 _n._ 2.
_Tarentines_ and Rhegians, expedition of, against the Iapygians, v. 238; and Mesapians, xii. 394.
_Tarentum_, foundation of cities in the Gulf of, i. 230; Greek settlements on the Gulf of, iii. 384; foundation and position of, iii. 387 _seq._
_Tarsus_, origin of, i. 85 _n._, iii. 277; Cyrus the Younger at, ix. 20 _seq._; Alexander at, xii. 112.
_Tartarus_, i. 4, 8, 9.
_Tartessus_, iii. 274; not visited by Greeks before B. C. 630, iii. 277; Kôlæus’s voyage to, iii. 278.
_Tauri_ in the Crimea, iii. 245.
_Tauromenium_, iii. 362; commencement of, x. 493; repulse of Dionysius at, xi. 5; capture of, by Dionysius, xi. 8; Timoleon at, xi. 146.
_Taurus_, xii. 182 _n._ 2.
_Taurus, Mount_, Alexander at, xii. 111.
_Taxiarch_, ii. 460.
_Taxila_, Alexander at, xii. 227.
_Tearless Battle_, the, x. 265 _seq._
_Tegea_ and Mantinea, ii. 443 _seq._, vi. 452, vii. 13; and Sparta, ii. 447 _seq._; bones of Orestês taken from, ii. 448; refusal of, to join Argos, B. C. 421, vii. 19; plans of the Argeian allies against, B. C. 418, vii. 76; march of Agis to the relief of, B. C. 418, vii. 77; revolution at, B. C. 370, x. 209; seizure of Arcadians at, by the Theban harmost, x. 324 _seq._; Epaminondas at, B. C. 362, x. 329, 330, 333, 335 _seq._; march of Epaminondas from, B. C. 362, x. 333 _seq._
_Tegyra_, victory of Pelopidas at, x. 134.
_Teian_ inscriptions, iii. 186 _n._
_Telamôn_, i. 189 _seq._
_Telegonus_, i. 315.
_Têlekus_, conquests of, ii. 421; death of, ii. 425.
_Teleontes_, iii. 51.
_Têlephus_, i. 177, 292.
_Teleutius_ and Agesilaus, capture of the Long Walls at Corinth, and of Lechæum by, ix. 339 _seq._; expedition of, to Rhodes, ix. 364, 368; at Ægina, ix. 373, 376; attack of, on the Peiræus, ix. 377 _seq._; at Olynthus, x. 65 _seq._
_Têlinês_, iv. 106 _n._, v. 208 _seq._
_Telys, of Sybaris_, iv. 412 _seq._
_Temenion_ and Solygeius, ii. 309.
_Temenus_, Kresphontês, and Aristodêmus, ii. 2 _seq._; and Kresphontês, family of, lowest in the series of subjects for heroic drama, ii. 10.
_Temnos_, situation of, iii. 191 _n._ 1.
_Tempe_, remarks of Herodotus on the legend of, i. 400; Delphian procession to, ii. 275 _n._ 2; Grecian army sent to defend, against Xerxes, v. 68; abandonment of the defence of, against Xerxes, v. 69 _seq._
_Temple of Eleusis_ built by order of Dêmêtêr, i. 40.
_Tenedos_, continental settlements of, iii. 195; recovery of, by Macedonian admiralty, xii. 141.
_Ten_, appointment of the, at Athens, viii. 271; measures of the, at Athens, viii. 272; peace between the, at Athens, and Thrasybulus, viii. 279 _seq._; treatment of the, at Athens, B. C. 403, viii. 293.
_Ten generals_ appointed to succeed Alkibiadês, viii. 159.
_Tennes_, the Sidonian prince, xi. 438.
_Ten Thousand Greeks_, position and circumstances of, ix. 11; commencement of their retreat, ix. 52; Persian heralds to, on commencing their retreat, ix. 52; negotiations and convention of Tissaphernes with, ix. 59 _seq._; quarrel of, with Ariæus, ix. 63; retreating march of, under Tissaphernes, ix. 63 _seq._; at the Tigris, ix. 65 _seq._; at the Greater Zab, ix. 69; summoned by Ariæus to surrender, ix. 76; distress of, after the seizure of the generals, ix. 76; new generals appointed by, ix. 80; great ascendency of Xenophon over, ix. 83 _seq._; crossing of the Great Zab by, ix. 88; harassing attacks of the Persian cavalry on, ix. 88 _seq._; retreat of, along the Tigris, ix. 90 _seq._; and the Karduchians, ix. 96 _seq._; at the Kentritês, ix. 100 _seq._; in Armenia, ix. 102 _seq._; and the Chalybes, ix. 107 _seq._; and the Taochi, ix. 107 _seq._; and the Skythine, ix. 110; first sight of the Euxine by, ix. 111; and the Makrônes, ix. 112; and the Kolchians, ix. 112, 127; at Trapezus, ix. 113, 124 _seq._; geography of the retreat of, ix. 115 _seq._; feelings of the Greeks on the Euxine towards, ix. 123 _seq._; leave Trapezus, ix. 127; at Kerasus, ix. 127; march of, to Kotyôra, ix. 128; at Kotyôra, ix. 129 _seq._; and the Paphlagonians, ix. 144; sail to Sinopê, ix. 144; at Herakleia, ix. 146; at Kalpê, ix. 147; and Kleander, ix. 149 _seq._, 164; and Anaxibius, ix. 154 _seq._, 163; and Seuthes, ix. 154, 165 _seq._; after leaving Byzantium, ix. 163 _seq._; and Aristarchus, ix. 164 _seq._; under the Lacedæmonians, ix. 168, 173, 206, 214; in Mysia, ix. 172 _seq._; Xenophon’s farewell of, ix. 175; effects of their retreat on the Greek mind, ix. 179 _seq._
_Ten Thousand_, the Pan-Arcadian, x. 232.
_Teôs_, foundation of, iii. 185; inscriptions of, iii. 186 _n._; emigration from, on the conquest of Harpagus, iv. 203; loss of, to Athens, B. C. 412, vii. 383; capture of, by the Lacedæmonians, viii. 154.
_Tereus_, i. 196.
_Terpander_, ii. 141; musical improvements of, iv. 75.
_Tethys_, i. 5, 6.
_Teukrians_, the, i. 335; and Mysians, ethnical affinities and migrations of, iii. 208 _seq._
_Teukrus_, i. 189.
_Teukrus, the metic_, vii. 195, 197, 205 _n._ 1.
_Teuthrania_ mistaken by the Greeks for Troy, i. 292.
_Teutonic and Scandinavian epic_, its analogy with the Grecian, i. 479 _seq._; points of distinction between the Grecian and, i. 481.
_Thais_ and the burning of the palace of Persepolis, xii. 176 _n._ 3.
_Thales_, Xenophanês, and Pythagoras, i. 367 _seq._; predictions ascribed to, ii. 116; alleged prediction of an eclipse of the sun by, iii. 231 _n._ 3; suggestion of, respecting the twelve Ionic cities in Asia, iii. 259; philosophy and celebrity of, iv. 381 _seq._
_Thaletas_, iv. 83, 86.
_Thamyris_, analogy between the story of, and that of Marsyas, iii. 214.
_Thanatos_, i. 7.
_Thapsakus_, Cyrus the Younger end his forces at, ix. 29 _seq._; Alexander crosses the Euphrates at, xii. 150.
_Thasos_, island of, iv. 25; attempted revolt of, from the Persians, iv. 313; contribution levied by Xerxes on, v. 42; revolt of, from the confederacy of Delos, v. 310; blockade and conquest of, B. C. 464-463, v. 312; application of, to Sparta, for aid against Athens, v. 312; expulsion of the Lacedæmonians from, viii. 127; reduction of, by Thrasyllus, viii. 144; slaughter at, by Lysander, viii. 222.
_Thaumas_, i. 7.
_Theagenes of Rhegium_, the first to allegorize mythical narratives, v. i. 418.
_Theagenes, despot of Megara_, iii. 44.
_Theagenes of Thasus_, statue of, 17, v. _n._ 2.
_Theatre_, Athenian, accessibility of, to the poorest citizens, viii. 320.
_Thebaïd_ of Antimachus, i. 268.
_Thebaïs_, the Cyclic, i. 268; ascribed to Homer, ii. 129.
_Theban_ contingent of Leonidas, doubts about, v. 91, 95; leaders put to death after the battle of Platæa, v. 187; prisoners in the night-surprise at Platæa, slaughter of, vi. 118 _seq._; military column, depth of, vi. 386, 390; band of Three Hundred, vi. 387; exiles at Athens, x. 61, 80 _seq._
_Thebans_ and Æginetans, i. 184; against the seven chiefs, i. 273; application of, to Ægina, for assistance against Athens, iv. 172; and Xerxes’s invasion, v. 76; defeated by the Athenians at Platæa, v. 179; night-surprise of Platæa by, B. C. 431, vi. 114 _seq._; capture of, in the night-surprise of Platæa, vi. 116 _seq._; captured in the night-surprise of Platæa, slaughter of, vi. 118 _seq._; opposition of, to peace with Athens, B. C. 404, viii. 229 _n._; humiliation of Agesilaus by, ix. 256; application of, to Athens for aid against Sparta, B. C. 395, ix. 291 _seq._; at the battle of Corinth, ix. 306 _n._; and Spartans at the battle of Korôneia, ix. 315; and the peace of Antalkidas, ix. 386; expulsion of the Lacedæmonians from Bœotia by, B. C. 374, x. 135; invasion of Phokis by, B. C. 374, x. 136; discouragement and victory of, at Leuktra, x. 177 _seq._; and allies, invasion of Laconia by, B. C. 370, x. 215 _seq._; displeasure of, with Epaminondas, B. C. 367, x. 268; expeditions of, to Thessaly, to rescue Pelopidas, x. 283, 303 _seq._; destruction of Orchomenus by, x. 311; under Pammenes, expedition of, to Megalopolis, x. 359; extinction of free cities in Bœotia by, xi. 201; exertions of, to raise a confederacy against the Phokians, B. C. 356, ix. 251; Lokrians and Thessalians, war of, against the Phokians, B. C. 355, xi. 254; assistance under Pammenes sent by, to Artabazus, xi. 257, 299; assistance of, to Megalopolis against Sparta, B. C. 352-351, xi. 299 _seq._; obtain money from the Persian king, B. C. 350-349, xi. 302; invoke the aid of Philip to put down the Phokians, xi. 375; Philip declares his sympathy with, B. C. 346, xi. 421; invited by Philip to assist in an attack upon Attica, B. C. 339, xi. 483 _seq._; and Athenians, war of, against Philip in Phokis, xi. 493, 494 _seq._; revolt of, against Alexander, xii. 29 _seq._
_Thêbê_, xi. 204 _seq._
_Thebes_ and Orchomenos, i. 135; legends of, i. 256 _seq._; how founded by Kadmus, i. 258; five principal families at, i. 259; foundation of, by Amphiôn, i. 263; poems on the sieges of, i. 266; sieges of, i. 269 _seq._; the seven chiefs against, i. 273 _seq._; repulse of the seven chiefs against, i. 274 _seq._; the seven chiefs against death of all but Adrastus, i. 276; the seven chiefs against, burial of the fallen, i. 277; second siege of, i. 279, 280; early legislation of, ii. 297; and Platæa, disputes between, iv. 166; summoned to give up its leaders after the battle of Platæa, v. 186; discredit of, for its _Medism_, v. 314; supremacy of, in Bœotia restored by Sparta, v. 314, 327; mastery of Athens over, B. C. 456, v. 331; reinforcements from, in support of the night-surprise at Platæa, vi. 114 _seq._; hard treatment of Thespiæ by, B. C. 423, vi. 452; altered feeling of, after the capture of Athens by Lysander, viii. 259, 264, 275; and Sparta, war between, B. C. 395, ix. 289 _seq._; revolt of Orchomenos from, to Sparta, ix. 293; alliance of, with Athens, Corinth, and Argos, against Sparta, ix. 301; increased importance of, B. C. 395, ix. 301; alarm at, and proposals of peace from, on the Lacedæmonian capture of the Long Walls at Corinth, ix. 341; envoys from, to Agesilaus, ix. 347, 352; and the peace of Antalkidas, x. 12; proceedings of Sparta against, after the peace of Antalkidas, x. 28 _seq._; seizure of the Kadmeia at, by Phœbidas, x. 58 _seq._; government of, B. C. 382, x. 59 _n._ 1; under Leontiades and other philo-Laconian oligarchs, x. 79 _seq._; conspiracy against the philo-Laconian oligarchy at, x. 81 _seq._; alliance of, with Athens, B. C. 378, x. 102; state of, after the revolution of, B. C. 379, x. 119; the Sacred Band at, x. 120; expeditions of Agesilaus against, B. C. 378 and 377, x. 127 _seq._; displeasure of Athens against, B. C. 474, x. 134, 158; dealings of, with Platæa and Thespiæ, B. C. 372, x. 159 _seq._; exclusion of, from the peace of B. C. 371, x. 167 _seq._; increased power of, after the battle of Leuktra, x. 193; and Sparta, alleged arbitration of the Achæans between, after the battle of Leuktra, x. 199 _n._; influence of, in Thessaly, B. C. 369, x. 248; alienation of the Arcadians from, B. C. 368, x. 259 _seq._; assassination of Euphron at, x. 273 _seq._; application of, to Persia, B. C. 367, x. 277 _seq._; Persian rescript in favor of, x. 278 _seq._; protest of the Arcadians against the headship of, x. 281; peace of Corinth, Epidaurus an Phlius with, B. C. 366, x. 290 _seq._; opposition of the Mantineans and other Arcadians to, B. C. 362, x. 326; power of, B. C. 360-359, xi. 200 _seq._; Philip at, xi. 207 _seq._; Eubœa rescued from, by Athens, B. C. 358, xi. 217 _seq._; accusation of, against Sparta before the Amphiktyonic assembly, xi. 243; accusation of, against Phokis before the Amphiktyonic assembly, xi. 243; the Phokians countenanced by Athens and Sparta as rivals of, xi. 262; envoys to Philip from, B. C. 346, xi. 405, 408; and Athens, unfriendly relations between, B. C. 339, xi. 484; mission of Demosthenês to, B. C. 339, xi. 486 _seq._; and Athens, alliance of, against Philip, B. C. 339, xi. 490; severity of Philip towards, after the battle of Chæroneia, xi. 505; march of Alexander from Thrace to, xii. 36; capture and destruction of, by Alexander, xii. 37 _seq._; restored by Kassander, xii. 441.
_Thebes in Egypt_, iii. 312.
_Theft_, laws of, at Athens, iii. 142.
_Theia_, i. 5.
_Themis_, i. 5, 10.
_Themistoklês_, character of, iv. 337 _seq._; and Aristeidês, rivalry between, v. 50, 273; change of Athens from a land-power to a sea-power proposed by, v. 52; long-sighted views of, in creating a navy at Athens, v. 53, 293 _n._ 2; and the Laurian mines, v. 54; his explanation of the answer of the Delphian oracle on Xerxes’s invasion, v. 61; prevails upon the Greeks to stay and fight at Artemisium, v. 97 _seq._; inscribed invitations of, to the Ionians under Xerxes, v. 102;
## activity and resource of, on Xerxes’s approach, v. 110;
opposes the removal of the Greek fleet from Salamis to the isthmus of Corinth, v. 121 _seq._; and Eurybiadês at Salamis, v. 123 _n._; and Adeimantus of Corinth, at Salamis, v. 122, 125; his message to Xerxes before the battle of Salamis, v. 126; his message to Xerxes after the battle of Salamis, v. 139; levies fines on the Cyclades, v. 141; honors rendered to, after the battle of Salamis, v. 146; alleged proposal of, to burn all the Grecian ships except the Athenian, v. 203 _n._ 2; stratagem of, respecting the fortification of Athens, v. 244 _seq._; plans of, for the naval aggrandizement of Athens, v. 248 _seq._; persuades the Athenians to build twenty new triremes annually, v. 252; and Pausanias, v. 273, 282; opponents and corruption of, after the Persian war, v. 278 _seq._; and Timokreon, v. 278; first accusation of treason against, v. 280; two accusations of treason against, v. 280 _n._ 1; ostracism of, v. 281, 282 _n._ 1; second accusation of treason against, v. 382; flight and adventures of, on charge of _Medism_, v. 283 _seq._; and Admêtus, v. 283; and Artaxerxes Longimanus, v. 285 _seq._; in Persia, v. 285 _seq._; rewards and death of, v. 287 _seq._
_Theodôrus of Samos_, iv. 98 _n._
_Theodôrus the Syracusan_, speech of, against Dionysius, x. 501 _seq._
_Theognis_, iii. 44, iv. 92.
_Theogony_ of the Greeks not a cosmogony, i. 2; of Hesiod, i. 3; Orphic, i. 17 _seq._; Hesiodic and Orphic, compared, i. 20 _seq._; Hesiodic legend of Pandôra in, i. 75.
_Theoklês_, the founder of Naxos, in Sicily, iii. 361; expels the Sikels from Leontini and Katana, iii. 363.
_Theology_, triple, of the pagan world, i. 439.
_Theophrastus_, the phytologist, i. 360 _n._; his treatment of mythes, i. 412.
_Theopompus, the Spartan king_, ii. 424 _nn._
_Theopompus, the historian_, on the Spartan empire, ix. 195 _n._
_Theôric Board_ at Athens, creation of, ix. 379.
_Theôric Fund_, allusions of Demosthenês to, xi. 334, 338; motion of Apollodorus about, xi. 348; not appropriated to war purposes till just before the battle of Chæroneia, xi. 353; true character of, xi. 353 _seq._; attempt of the Athenian property-classes to evade direct taxation by recourse to, xi. 357; application of, to military purposes, xi. 492.
_Theôrikon_, viii. 321.
_Theôrs_, ii. 243.
_Thêra_, ii. 27; foundation of Kyrênê from, iv. 29 _seq._
_Theramenês_, Peloponnesian fleet under, vii. 388; statement of, respecting the Four Hundred, viii. 13 _n._ 2; expedition of, to the Hellespont, viii. 118; accusation of the generals at Arginusæ by, viii. 181 _seq._; probable conduct of, at Arginusæ, viii. 185 _seq._, 187 _n._; first embassy of, to Sparta, viii. 227; second embassy of, to Sparta, viii. 228; and the executions by the Thirty, viii. 241, 242, 245; and Kritias, dissentient views of, viii. 241 _seq._, 249; exasperation of the majority of the Thirty against, viii. 249; denunciation of, by Kritias in the senate, viii. 249; reply of, to Kritins’s denunciation in the senate, viii. 251; condemnation and death of, vii. 253 _seq._
_Theramenês_ the Athenian, viii. 19; his opposition to the Four Hundred, viii. 58 _seq._; his impeachment of the embassy of the Four Hundred to Sparta, viii. 84 _seq._
_Therimachus_, ix. 366.
_Therma_, Xerxes’s movements from, to Thermopylæ, v. 83; capture of, by Archestratus, vi. 70.
_Thermaic Gulf_, original occupants on, iv. 13.
_Thermopylæ_, Greeks north of, in the first two centuries, ii. 274; Phokian defensive wall at, ii. 283; resolution of Greeks to defend against Xerxes, v. 71; the pass of, v. 73 _seq._; path over Mount Œta avoiding, v. 73; movements of Xerxes from Therma to, v. 83; impressions of Xerxes about the defenders at, v. 86; repeated Persian attacks upon, repulsed, v. 87; debate among the defenders of, when the Persians approached their rear, v. 89; manœuvres ascribed to Xerxes respecting the dead at, v. 103; numbers slain at, on both sides, v. 103; inscriptions commemorative of the battle at, v. 104; effect of the battle of, on the Greeks and Xerxes, v. 105 _seq._; conduct of the Peloponnesians after the battle of, v. 106; hopeless situation of the Athenians after the battle of, v. 106; Onomarchus at, xi. 256; Philip checked at, by the Athenians, xi. 296; position of Phalækus at, B. C. 347-346, xi. 374, 418; application of the Phokians to Athens for aid against Philip at, B. C. 347, xi. 376; importance of, to Philip and Athens, B. C. 347, xi. 378; march of Philip to, B. C. 346, xi. 407 _seq._; plans of Philip against, B. C. 346, xi. 410; letters of Philip inviting the Athenians to join him at, xi. 417; Phokians at, B. C. 347-346, xi. 418 _seq._; surrender of, to Philip, xi. 421; professions of Philip after his conquest of, xi. 424; special meeting of the Amphiktyous at, B. C. 339, xi. 479.
_Thermus_, ii. 291.
_Thêro of Agrigentum_ and Gelo, v. 220 _seq._; and Hiero, v. 228; severe treatment of Himeræans by, v. 228; death of, v. 230.
_Thersander_, the Orchomenian, at the Theban banquet to Mardonius, v. 160.
_Thersitês_, i. 298, ii. 70 _seq._
_Therseium_ at Athens, v. 306.
_Thêseus_, i. 169, 207 _seq._; and the Minôtaur, i. 223; obtains burial for the fallen chiefs against Thêbes, i. 277; the political reforms of, ii. 21; and Menestheus, ii. 22; restoration of the sons of, to his kingdom, ii. 23; consolidation of Attica by, iii. 69; bones of, conveyed to Athens, v. 304.
_Thesmoi_, iii. 76.
_Thesmophoria_, festival of, i. 44.
_Thesmothetæ_, iii. 74.
_Thespiæ_, hard treatment of, by Thebes, B. C. 423, vi. 452; severity of Thebes towards, B. C. 372, x. 162.
_Thespian_ contingent of Leonidas, v. 91.
_Thespians_, distress of, caused by Xerxes’s invasion, v. 91 _n._ 1; at the battle of Leuktra, x. 180; expulsion of, from Bœotia, after the buds of Leuktra, x. 195.
_Thespis_ and Solon, story of, iii. 146.
_Thesprotians_, iii. 414 _seq._
_Thessalian_ cities, disorderly confederacy of, ii. 282; and Athenian cavalry, skirmishes of, with Archidamus, vi. 134; cavalry sent home by Alexander, xii. 181.
_Thessalians_, migration of, from Thesprôtis to Thessaly, ii. 14; non-Hellenic character of, ii. 15; and their dependants in the first two centuries, ii. 274 _seq._; character and condition of, ii. 276 _seq._; and Xerxes’s invasion, v. 67, 69; alliance of, with Athens and Argos, about B. C. 461, v. 320; Thebans, and Lokrians, war of, with the Phokians, B. C. 355, xi. 254.
_Thessalus_, son of Kimon, impeachment of Alkibiadês by, vii. 210.
_Thessaly_, affinities of, with Bœotia, ii. 17; quadruple division of, ii. 281; power of, when united, ii. 283; Athenian march against, B. C. 454, v. 382; Brasidas’s march through, to Thrace, vi. 399 _seq._; Lacedæmonian reinforcements to Brasidas prevented from passing through, vi. 449; state of, B. C. 370, x. 248; influence of Thebes in, B. C. 369, x. 248; expedition of Pelopidas to, B. C. 369, x. 248; expedition of Pelopidas to, B. C. 368, x. 263; expeditions of Pelopidas to, x. 264 _n._ 2; mission of Pelopidas to, B. C. 366, x. 282; expedition of Pelopidas to, B. C. 363, x. 303, 307 _seq._; despots of, xi. 202 _seq._; first expedition of Philip into, against the despots of Pheræ, xi. 261, 292, 295 _n._ 2; second expedition of Philip into, against the despots of Pheræ, xi. 292; victory of Leosthenes over Antipater in, xii. 315.
_Thêtes_ in legendary Greece, ii. 100; in Attica immediately before Solon’s legislation, iii. 94 _seq._; mutiny of, iii. 97.
_Thetis_ and Pêleus, i. 187.
_Thimbron_, expedition of, to Asia, ix. 208; defeat and death of, ix. 362, xii. 429 _seq._
_Thirlwall’s_ opinion on the partition of land ascribed to Lykurgus, ii. 401 _seq._, 404, 407 _seq._
_Thirty at Athens_, nomination of, viii. 236; proceedings of, viii. 239 _seq._; executions by, viii. 240 _seq._, 243 _seq._, 247 _seq._; discord among, viii. 243; three thousand hoplites nominated by, viii. 246; disarming of hoplites by, viii. 247; murders and spoliations by, viii. 247, 256; tyranny of, after the death of Theramenês, viii. 256; intellectual teaching forbidden by, viii. 257; and Sokratês, viii. 258; growing insecurity of, viii. 259; disgust in Greece at the enormities of, viii. 262; repulse and defeat of, by Thrasybulus at Phylê, viii. 265; seizure and execution of prisoners at Eleusis and Salamis by, viii. 267; defeat of, by Thrasybulus at Peiræus, viii. 269 _seq._; deposition of, viii. 271; reaction against, on the arrival of king Pausanias, viii. 275; flight of the survivors of the, viii. 280; treatment of, B. C. 403, viii. 292; oppression and suffering of Athens under the, ix. 185; Athens rescued from the, ix. 185; the knights or horsemen supporters of the, ix. 186; Athens under the, a specimen of the Spartan empire, ix. 187; compared with the Lysandrian Dekarchies, ix. 188; and Kallibius, ix. 188; put down by the Athenians themselves, ix. 198.
_Thorax_ and Xenophon, ix. 134 _seq._
_Thrace_, Chalkidic colonies in, iv. 22 _seq._; Greek settlements east of the Strymôn in, iv. 25; conquest of, by the Persians under Darius, iv. 273; and Macedonia, march of Mardonius into, iv. 373; contributions levied by Xerxes on towns in, v. 41; Brasidas’s expedition to, vi. 370, 397 _seq._; war continued in, the one year’s truce between Athens and Sparta, vi. 438; Alkibiadês and Thrasybulus in, B. C. 407, viii. 144; Iphikrates in, between B. C. 387-378, x. 106 _seq._; Iphikrates in, B. C. 368-365, x. 250 _seq._; Philip in, B. C. 351, xi. 306, and B. C. 346, xi. 402, 404, and B. C. 342-341, xi. 450 _seq._; Alexander’s expedition into, xii. 22 _seq._; march of Alexander from, to Thebes, xii. 36.
_Thracian_ influence upon Greece, i. 31; race in the north of Asia Minor, iii. 207; Chersonesus, iv. 27; subject-allies of Athens not oppressed by her, vi. 404 _seq._; mercenaries under Diitrephês, vii. 356 _seq._
_Thracians_ in the time of Herodotus and Thucydides, ii. 88; and Phrygians, affinities between, iii. 208 _seq._, 212; affinities and migrations of, iii. 208 _seq._; numbers and abode of, iv. 15; general character of, iv. 15 _seq._; Asiatic characteristics of, iv. 17; venality of, vi. 217 _n._ 2.
_Thrasius_, xi. 173, 180.
_Thrasybulus of Syracuse_, v. 232 _seq._
_Thrasybulus, the Athenian_, speech of, at Samos, viii. 47; efforts of, at Samoa, in favor of Alkibiadês, viii. 50; in Thrace, viii. 144; accusation of the generals at Arginusæ by, viii. 182 _seq._; flight of, from Attica, viii. 242; occupation of Phylê, and repulse and defeat of the Thirty by, viii. 265; occupation of Peiræus by, viii. 268; victory of, over the Thirty at Peiræus, viii. 269 _seq._; increasing strength of, at Peiræus, vii. 273; straitened condition of, in Peiræus, viii. 274; at Peiræus, king Pausanias’s attack upon, viii. 276; and the Ten at Athens, peace between, viii. 277; and the exiles, restoration of, to Athens, viii. 279; assistance of, to Evander and others, viii. 306 _n._ 2; honorary reward to, viii. 309; aid to the Thebans by, ix. 295; acquisitions of, in the Hellespont and Bosporus, ix. 366; victory of, in Lesbos, ix. 367; death and character of, ix. 367.
_Thrasydæus_, v. 226; cruel government, defeat, and death of, v. 228, ix. 223, 226.
_Thrasyklês_ and Strombichidês, expedition of, to Chios, vii. 374.
_Thrasyllus_, vii. 73, 74; at Samos, B. C. 411, viii. 46, 48; at Lesbos, viii. 101; eluded by Mindarus, viii. 102; at Elæus, viii. 109; repulse of Agis by, viii. 128; expedition of, to Ionia, viii. 129; and Alkibiadês, at the Hellespont, viii. 130.
_Thrasylochus_ and Demosthenês, xi. 268 _n._ 2.
_Thrasymachus_, rhetorical precepts of, viii. 370; doctrine of, in Plato’s Republic, viii. 390 _seq._
_Three thousand_, nominated the Thirty at Athens, viii. 246.
_Thucydidês_, altered intellectual and ethical standard in the age of, i. 366; his treatment of ancient mythes, i. 391, 405 _seq._; his version of the Trojan war, i. 405 _seq._; on the dwellings of the earliest Greeks, ii. 109; his date for the return of the Herakleids, ii. 13; silence of, on the treaty between Athens and Persia, v. 336; descent of, vi. 12 _n._ 2; various persons named, vi. 28 _n._ 2; his division of the year, vi. 114 _n._ 2; his judgment respecting Periklês, vi. 173, 176; first mention of Kleon by, vi. 244; reflections of, on the Korkyræan massacre, B. C. 427, vi. 278 _seq._; structure of his history, vi. 309 _n._; judgment of, on Kleon’s success at Pylus, vi. 347 _seq._; on Kythêra, vi. 364 _n._; and the capitulation of Amphipolis to Brasidas, vi. 409, 410, 412 _seq._; banishment of, vi. 413 _seq._; on Kleon’s views and motives in desiring war, B. C. 422, vi. 456 _seq._, 459; passages of, on the battle of Amphipolis, vi. 405 _nn._, 466 _n._, 468 _n._; feelings of, towards Brasidas and Kleon, vi. 474; treatment of Kleon by, vi. 474, 477 _seq._; dialogue set forth by, between the Athenian envoys and Executive Council of Mêlos, vii. 109 _seq._, 115 _seq._; his favorable judgment of the Athenians at the restoration of the democracy, B. C. 411, viii. 90 _seq._; study of, by Demosthenes, xi. 269.
_Thucydides, son of Melesias_, v. 342; rivalry of, with Periklês, vi. 15 _seq._; ostracised, vi. 19; history of, after his ostracism, vi. 28 _n._ 2.
_Thurians_, defeat of, by the Lucanians, xi. 13.
_Thurii_, foundation of, vi. 13 _seq._; few Athenian settlers at, vi. 15; revolution at, B. C. 413, x. 384.
_Thyania_, surprise of, by the Phliasians and Chares, x. 272.
_Thyestean banquet_, the, i. 162.
_Thyestes_, i. 161 _seq._
_Thymochares_, defeat of, near Eretria, viii. 72 _seq._
_Thymodes_, xii. 116, 125.
_Thynians_, iii. 207.
_Thyrea_, conquest of, ii. 449; capture of, by Nikias, B. C. 424, vi. 366; stipulation about, between Sparta and Argos, B. C. 420, vii. 27.
_Thyssagetæ_, iii. 244.
_Tigris_, the Ten Thousand Greeks at the, ix. 64 _seq._; retreat of the Ten Thousand along the, ix. 88 _seq._; forded by Alexander, xii. 151; voyage of Nearchus from the mouth of the Indus to that of the, xii. 235, 236; Alexander’s voyage up the, to Opis, xii. 243.
_Tilphusios Apollo_, origin of the name, i. 48.
_Timæus’s_ treatment of mythes, i. 410.
_Timagoras_, his mission to Persia, and execution, x. 278, 280, 280 _n._ 1.
_Timandra_, i. 168.
_Timarchus_, decree of, xi. 368, 369 _n._
_Timasion_, and Xenophon, ix. 134 _seq._
_Time_, Grecian computation of, ii. 115 _n._ 2.
_Timegenidas_, death of, v. 187.
_Timocracy_ of Solon, iii. 120 _seq._
_Timokrates, the Rhodian_, ix. 286 _seq._
_Timokrates, of Syracuse_, xi. 92 _seq._
_Timokreon_ and Themistoklês, v. 279.
_Timolaus_, speech of, ix. 304.
_Timoleon_, appointment of, to aid Syracuse, xi. 136, 142; life and character of, before B. C. 344, xi. 136 _seq._; and Timophanes, xi. 136 _seq._; preparations of, for his expedition to Syracuse, xi. 143; voyage of, from Corinth to Sicily, xi. 143 _seq._; message from Hiketas to, xi. 144; at Rhegium, xi. 144 _seq._; at Tauromenium, xi. 146; at Adranum, xi. 148, 156; first arrival of, at Syracuse, xi. 149; surrender of Ortygia to, xi. 150 _seq._; reinforcement from Corinth to, xi. 152, 155, 157; admiration excited by the successes of, xi. 152, 162; advantage of Ortygia to, xi. 155; return of, from Adranum to Syracuse, xi. 158; Messênê declares in favor of, xi. 158; capture of Epipolæ by, xi. 160; favor of the gods towards, xi. 161, 179, 181; ascribes his successes to the gods, xi. 163; temptations and conduct of, on becoming master of Syracuse, xi. 163 _seq._; demolition of the Dionysian stronghold in Ortygia by, xi. 165; erection of courts of justice at Syracuse by, xi. 166; recall of exiles to Syracuse, by, xi. 166; capitulation of Hiketas with, at Leontini, xi. 170; puts down the despots in Sicily, xi. 170, 180 _seq._; march of, from Syracuse against the Carthaginians, xi. 172 _seq._; and Thrasius, xi. 172, 180; victory of, over the Carthaginians at the Krimêsus, xi. 174 _seq._; and Mamerkus, xi. 180 _seq._;
## partial defeats of his troops, xi. 180;
victory of, over Hiketas at the Damurias, xi. 181; surrender of Leontini and Hiketas to, xi. 182; peace of, with the Carthaginians, xi. 182; capture of Messênê and Hippon by, xi. 184; lays down his power at Syracuse, xi. 185; great influence of, after his resignation at Syracuse, xi. 186, 193; and the immigration of new Greek settlers into Sicily, xi. 188 _seq._; residence of, at Syracuse, xi. 190; in the public assembly at Syracuse, xi. 190 _seq._; uncorrupted moderation and public spirit of, xi. 192; freedom and prosperity in Sicily, introduced by, xi. 193; death and obsequies of, xi. 194; and Dion, contrast between, xi. 196 _seq._; the constitution established at Syracuse by, exchanged for an oligarchy, xii. 393.
_Timomachus_ in the Hellespont, x. 373.
_Timophanes_ and Timoleon, xi. 136 _seq._
_Timotheus, son of Konon_, x. 110; circumnavigation of Peloponnesus by, x. 132; at Zakynthus, x. 141; appointment of, to aid Korkyra, B. C. 373, x. 144; delay of, in aiding Korkyra, x. 146 _seq._, 147 _n._; and Iphikrates, x. 149, 288, 299 _n._ 2; trial and acquittal of, x. 153 _seq._, 154 _n._; expedition of, to Asia Minor, B. C. 366, x. 252, 294 _seq._; and Charidemus, x. 299, 300; successes of, in Macedonia and Chalkidikê, B. C. 365-364, x. 300; failure of, at Amphipolis, B. C. 364, x. 301; and Kotys, x. 302; in the Chersonese, B. C. 363, x. 302, 306, 368; in the Hellespont, B. C. 357, xi. 224; accusation of, by Chares, xi. 226 _seq._, 228 _n._ 4; arrogance and unpopularity of, xi. 227; exile and death of, xi. 229.
_Timotheus, of the Pontic Herakleia_, xii. 465.
_Tiribazus_ and The Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 99, 102; embassy of Antalkidas, Konon, and others to, ix. 359 _seq._; and Antalkidas at, Susa, ix. 383; and the peace of Antalkidas, ix. 385; and Orontes, x. 22, 23.
_Tisamenus, son of Orestes_, ii. 4, 7, 8 _n._ 1.
_Tisamenus, the Athenian_, decree of, viii. 295.
_Tisiphonus_, despot at Pheræ, xi. 205.
_Tissaphernes_ and Pharnabazus, embassy from, to Sparta, B. C. 413, vii. 366; and Chalkideus, treaty between, vii. 376; first treaty of, with the Peloponnesians, vii. 376; payment of the Peloponnesian fleet by, vii. 389; and Astyochus, treaty between, vii. 395 _seq._; second treaty of, with the Peloponnesians, vii. 395 _seq._; and Lichas, at Milêtus, vii. 398; double-dealing and intrigues of, with the Peloponnesian fleet, vii. 398, 400 _seq._; escape and advice of Alkibiades, to, viii. 3 _seq._; and the Greeks, Alkibiadês acts as interpreter between, viii. 5; reduction of pay to the Peloponnesian fleet by, viii. 5; third treaty of, with the Peloponnesians, viii. 23 _seq._; envoy from, to Sparta, B. C. 411, viii. 98; false promises of, to Mindarus, viii. 99; and the Phenician fleet at Aspendus, viii. 99, 100, 111; and the Peloponnesians at the Hellespont, viii. 110 _seq._; Alkibiadês arrested by, viii. 120; charge of, against Cyrus the Younger, ix. 7; negotiations and convention of, with the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 59 _seq._; retreating march of the Ten Thousand under, ix. 63 _seq._; treachery of, towards Klearchus and other Greeks, ix. 70 _seq._; plan of, against the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 75; attack of, on the Ten Thousand Greeks, ix. 90; and the Asiatic Greeks, ix. 206; and Derkyllidas, ix. 209, 219 _seq._; and Agesilaus, ix. 261, 267; death of, ix. 268.
_Titanides_, the, i. 4.
_Titans_, the, i. 4, 5, 8; the Orphic, i. 17.
Τίθεσθαι τὰ ὅπλα, meaning of, vi. 114 _n._ 3, 356 _n._ 2, 373 _n._, 385 _n._ 2, 387 _n._ 2.
_Tithraustes_ supersedes Tissaphernes, and opens negotiations with Agesilaus, ix. 268; sends an envoy to Greece against Sparta, ix. 286 _seq._; victory of Chares and Artabazus over, xi. 231.
_Tolmidês_, voyage of, round Peloponnesus, v. 333; defeat and death of, v. 348.
_Tomi_, legendary origin of the name, i. 238 _n._ 3, xii. 473.
_Topographical_ impossibilities in the legend of Troy no obstacles to its reception, i. 332; criticisms inapplicable to the legend of Troy, i. 333.
_Torgium_, victory of Agathokles over Deinokrates at, xii. 447.
_Torônê_, surprise and capture of, by Brasidas, vi. 422; capture of, by Kleon, vi. 462.
_Torrhêbia_, iii. 223.
_Torture_, use of, to elicit truth, vii. 201 _n._
_Town-occupations_, encouragement to, at Athens, iii. 136.
_Towns_, fortification of, in early Greece, ii. 108 _seq._
_Trades_, Grecian deities of, i. 342.
_Tradition, Greek_, matter of, uncertified, i. 433; fictitious matter in, does not imply fraud, i. 434.
_Træzen_, removal of Athenians to, on Xerxes’s approach, v. 108.
_Tragedies_, lost, of Promêtheus, i. 78 _n._ 2.
_Tragedy_, Athenian, growth of, viii. 318; Athenian, abundant production of, viii. 319; Athenians, effect of, on the public mind, viii. 321; Grecian, ethical sentiment in, viii. 336.
_Trapezus_, legendary origin of, i. 175; date of the foundation of, iii. 252 _n._ 2; the Ten Thousand at, xi. 111, 120 _seq._; departure of the Ten Thousand from, ix. 127.
_Trench_ of Artaxerxes from the Euphrates to the wall of Media, ix. 40, 42 _n._ 1.
_Triballi_, defeat of Philip by, xi. 462; victory of Alexander over, xii. 23.
_Tribes_ and demes of Kleisthenês, iv. 132 _seq._
_Tribute_ of the subject-allies of Athens, vi. 5 _n._ 1, 6 _n._ 1.
_Trierarchic_ reform of Demosthenês, xi. 462 _seq._
_Trinakria_, town of, vii. 125.
_Triphylia_, Minyæ in, ii. 27; and Elis, ii. 442, x. 260, 313.
_Triphylians_, ii. 303.
_Triple_ theology of the pagan world, i. 439;
## partition of past time by Varro, i. 488.
_Tripolis_, iii. 268.
_Trireme_, equipment of a, vi. 200 _n._
_Tritantæchmês_, exclamation of, on the Greeks and the Olympic games, v. 113.
_Tritôn_ and the Argonauts, i. 239.
_Tritônis_, Lake, iv. 35 _n._ 1; prophecies about, iv. 39.
_Trittyes_, iii. 52, 67 _n._
_Trôad_, the, i. 334.
_Trôas Alexandreia_, i. 328.
_Trôas historical_, and the Teukrians, i. 334.
_Trojan war_, Thucydidês’s version of, i. 405 _seq._; the date of, ii. 38, 54.
_Trojans_, allies of, i. 293; new allies of, i. 298; and Phrygians, i. 335.
_Trophonius_ and Agamêdês, i. 130.
_Trôs_, i. 285.
_Troy_, legend of, i. 284-340.
_Tunês_, capture of, by Agathokles, xii. 414; mutiny in the army of Agathokles at, xii. 426; Archagathus blocked up by the Carthaginians at, xii. 439, 442; the Carthaginians over Agathokles near, xii. 442; nocturnal panic in the Carthaginian camp near, xii. 442; Agathokles deserts his army at, and they capitulate, xii. 443, 444.
_Turpin_, chronicle of, i. 475.
_Tychê_, near Syracuse, vii. 245.
_Tydeus_, i. 152, 271.
_Tyndareus_, and Lêda, i. 168 _seq._
_Tyndarion_, vii. 121.
_Tyndaris_, foundation of, xi. 4.
_Types_, manifold, of the Homeric gods, i. 349.
_Typhaôn_ and Echidna, offspring of, i. 7.
_Typhôeus_, i. 9.
_Tyre_, iii. 266 _seq._; siege and subjugation of, by Nebuchadnezzar, iii. 332; and Carthage, amicable relations between, iii. 348; siege and capture of, by Alexander, xii. 132 _seq._
_Tyrô_, different accounts of, i. 107.
_Tyrrhenians_, O. Müller’s view of the origin of, iii. 180.
_Tyrtæus_ and the first Messenian war, ii. 422, 424, 427; efficiency of, in the second Messenian war, ii. 431 _seq._; poetry of, iv. 82; age and metres of, iv. 78.
U.
_Uranos_, i. 4, 5.
_Usury_ and the Jewish law, iii. 111 _n._
_Utica_, iii. 271; capture of, by Agathokles, xii. 437.
_Uxii_, conquest of, by Alexander, xii. 170.