Part 20
RHEA, or CYBELE. Daughter of Uranus and Ge, wife of Cronus, and mother of Zeus, Hera, Posidon, Pluto, Hestia, and Demeter. Her worship, celebrated by the Corybantes and the Galli, was of a wild and enthusiastic character. She is commonly represented as being drawn by lions. _See also under_ ATTIS.
SABAZIUS. A Phrygian deity, of doubtful origin, commonly described as a son of Rhea.
SALAMIS. An island off the west coast of Attica, the scene of a great naval victory of the Athenians over the Persians in 480 B.C. It is to this victory that the oracle refers, quoted in the _Zeus Tragoedus_.
SALII. The dancing priests of Mars, said to have been instituted by Numa.
SALMONEUS. Son of Aeolus, and brother of Sisyphus. Zeus slew him with the thunderbolt, for claiming sacrifice, and imitating the thunder and lightning.
SAPPHO. A Lesbian poetess of the sixth century B.C. Taken as a type of elegance in the _Portrait-Study_.
SARDANAPALUS. Last king of the Assyrian empire of Nineveh. Lucian's favourite type of luxury and effeminacy.
SARPEDON. Son of Zeus and Laodamia, slain in the Trojan war by Patroclus.
SATURNALIA. The feast of the Latin God Saturn, held in the month of December. During the feast, all ranks devoted themselves to merriment, presents were exchanged, and public gambling was officially recognized. A mock king was also chosen, who could impose forfeits on his subjects. Lucian does not speak of the Saturnalia by that name, but only of the feast of Cronus, with whom Saturn was identified; and in some cases it is possible that he refers to a feast of Cronus himself.
SATYRS. Beings connected with the worship of Dionysus, and represented with snub noses, horns, and tails.
SCEPTICS. A school of philosophers founded by Pyrrho of Elis, who flourished 325 B.C. Abstention from definition, and suspension of judgement, were the guiding principles of the school.
SCHERIA. _See_ PHAEACIANS.
SCIRON. A robber who infested the frontier of Attica and Megara, and compelled travellers to wash his feet upon the edge of the Scironian precipice, kicking them over into the sea during the operation. He was slain by Theseus.
SCOPAS. A famous sculptor of Paros, flourished 400-350 B.C.
SELENE. Goddess of the moon. Fell in love with Endymion.
SELEUCUS. Surnamed Nicator. First king of Syria, 312-280 B.C. For his wife Stratonice _see_ ANTIOCHUS.
SEMELE. Daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia. Beloved by Zeus. Incited by the machinations of Hera, she prevailed upon Zeus against his will to appear to her in all his splendour. His lightnings consumed her; but the child Dionysus, with whom she was pregnant, was saved by Zeus, and matured within his thigh.
SEMIRAMIS and her husband Ninus were the founders of the Assyrian empire of Nineveh. Her date is placed at about 2000 B.C. She built numerous cities.
SILENUS. A Satyr, son of Hermes or of Pan. Usually represented as drunk, and riding on an ass, in attendance on Dionysus.
SIMONIDES. Of Ceos; a famous lyric poet, 556-467 B.C. Said to have added four letters to the alphabet.
SISYPHUS. King of Corinth, fraudulent and avaricious. Punished in the lower world by having to roll a stone up hill, which as soon as he reached the top always fell to the bottom again.
SOCRATES. Son of Sophroniscus and Phaenarete, 469-399 B.C. He abandoned sculpture (his father's profession) for the study of philosophy, in which he was remarkable for the preference that he gave to ethics over physics, and for the method of dialectic, or logical conversation carried on by means of question and answer, for the purpose of eliciting accurate definition. He was frequently ridiculed on the comic stage by Aristophanes and other poets. In 399 B.C. a charge of impiety was brought against him by Anytus and Meletus, and he was condemned to drink hemlock. Socrates served with credit at the battle of Delium, 424 B.C. An oracle given to his disciple Chaerephon pronounced Socrates to be the wisest of men: Socrates himself claimed to know one thing only--that he knew nothing. Lucian alludes to his favourite oaths, the dog and plane-tree. For the (Platonic) theory of Ideas, and the community of women, _see_ PLATO.
SOLI. A city on the coast of Cilicia, proverbial for the bad Greek spoken there.
SOLON. A famous Athenian legislator, 594 B.C. Said to have visited Croesus of Lydia.
SOPHIST. At Athens this word denoted in particular a paid teacher of grammar, rhetoric, politics, mathematics, &c. Lucian sometimes uses it also for 'philosopher,' and perhaps sometimes in the modern sense of a quibbler.
SOPHRONISCUS. Father of Socrates.
SPARTANS. Among the means adopted to train the youths in fortitude were competitive scourgings at the altar of Artemis Orthia, which must be endured without sign of distress.
STESICHORUS. Lyric poet of Himera, 612 B.C. Lost his sight after lampooning Helen, and only recovered it by composing a retractation, 'palinode.'
STHENEBOEA. Another name for Antea; _see_ BELLEROPHON.
STOICS. School of philosophy, so called from the Stoa Poecile, or Painted Porch, at Athens, in which Zeno their founder taught. Zeno, Cleanthes, Chrysippus, were the first three heads, starting 310 B.C. Stoicism was a great influence among the Romans, as with the emperor M. Aurelius. Its aim was purely practical, to make man independent of his surroundings. The 'wise man,' who formed his views on pure reason, would recognize that virtue or duty was the only end, and that pleasure and pain, wealth, power, and everything else that did not depend on his own choice, were 'things indifferent.' He would ultimately attain to 'apathy,' and be completely unmoved by the ordinary objects of desire or aversion, being, in whatever external condition, the 'only king,' the 'only happy.' They paid great attention to logic, much reasoning being necessary to establish these paradoxes, whence their reputation for verbal quibbles, and their elaborate technical terms for the relations between sensation and the mental processes. Later Stoics relaxed the severity of the 'indifference' doctrine by dividing _indifferentia_ into _praeposita_ and _rejecta_; e.g. health was to be preferred to sickness, though virtue was consistent with either. This would open the door to the preference of wealth, and account for Lucian's sneer at Stoic usurers. The Stoic physics was a materialistic pantheism.
STRATONICE. See ANTIOCHUS.
STYX. 'Loathing,' one of the infernal rivers. The oath by it was the only one that could bind the Immortals.
TAENARUM. Southern point of Greece, supposed way from earth to Hades.
TALENT. Sum of money, about £250.
TALOS (1). Nephew of Daedalus, famous artificer, worshipped as a hero at Athens.
TALOS (2). A brazen man made by Hephaestus, given to Minos, and employed as a sentinel to walk round Crete thrice daily.
TANAGRA. Town in Boeotia, famous for a breed of fighting cocks.
TELLUS. See _Charon_ (10).
TEREUS. Son of Ares and king of Thrace, committed bigamy with Procne and Philomela, daughters of Pandion. The two wives were changed at their own request to nightingale and swallow, and Tereus became a hoopoe.
TEUCER. Step-brother of Ajax Telamonius, and best archer among the Greeks at Troy.
THAIS. A famous Athenian courtesan, accompanied Alexander.
THAMYRIS. Thracian bard, blinded by the Muses for presuming to challenge them.
THEANO (1). Wife of Antenor and priestess of Athene at Troy.
THEANO (2). Female philosopher of Pythagoras's school, perhaps his wife.
THEBE. A daughter of Prometheus, from whom Thebes had its name.
THEMISTOCLES. Saviour of Greece in the Persian war, 480-478 B.C.; he convinced the Athenians that the famous oracle meant by 'wooden walls,' and 'divine Salamis,' to promise a naval victory there if they trusted to their fleet.
THEOPHRASTUS. Head of the Peripatetic school after Aristotle.
THEOPOMPUS. Of Chios, historian, of the fourth century B.C.
THERICLES. A Corinthian potter, of uncertain date.
THERSITES. A Greek at Troy, deformed, impudent, and a demagogue.
THESEUS. Son of Aegeus, king of Athens. Destroyed Sciron, Pityocamptes, Cercyon, and other evil-doers. Slew the Minotaur (_see_ MINOS II) in the Cretan Labyrinth, and escaped thence by means of the clue given to him by Minos's daughter Ariadne, of whom he was enamoured, but whom he afterwards deserted in Naxos, where she was found and married by Dionysus. Made an expedition against the Amazons, and carried off their queen Antiope, whose sister Hippolyta afterwards invaded Attica, but was repelled by Theseus. By Antiope he had a son Hippolytus, with whom his second wife Phaedra fell in love. Assisted by his friend Pirithoüs, Theseus carried off Helen from Sparta, and kept her at Aphidnae.
THESMOPHORIA. Festival of Demeter at Athens.
THETIS. Mother of Achilles.
THYESTES. Son of Pelops and brother of Atreus. The latter, having been wronged by him, killed and served up to him his own sons.
THYRSUS. A wand of the narthex plant, carried by the bacchantes, with its head wreathed in vine or ivy, which concealed a steel point.
TIBIUS. Stock name for a slave.
TIMON. The Misanthrope, lived during the Peloponnesian war.
TIRESIAS. A Theban seer; was changed into a girl as the result of striking two serpents. Seven years later, he recovered his sex in the same way. Asked by Zeus and Hera to decide their dispute which sex was constituted with stronger passions, said, the woman. Hera, offended, blinded him; Zeus consoled him with the gift of prophecy. _See_ ODYSSEUS also.
TITANS. The dynasty previous to that of the Olympian Gods, till Zeus deposed Cronus, and imprisoned him and the other children of Uranus and Ge in Tartarus.
TITHONUS. The husband of Eos (Aurora), who gave him immortality, but not immortal youth, whence the use of his name for a withered old man.
TITORMUS. An Aetolian shepherd of gigantic strength.
TITYUS. A giant punished by vultures in Hades for violence offered to Artemis.
TRIBE. _See_ DEME.
TRIPTOLEMUS. Favourite of Demeter, who gave him a winged chariot and seeds of wheat, which he scattered as he drove over the earth.
TRITON. A Sea-God, son of Posidon and Amphitrite.
TRITONIA. A name for Athene, of doubtful explanation.
TROPHONIUS. A mortal worshipped as a hero after death. His oracle was consulted in a cave in Boeotia.
TYRO. For her story see _Dialogues of the Sea-Gods_, xiii. Lucian plays on the name elsewhere (_tyrus_, cheese).
URANUS. _See_ CRONUS and GE.
VOLOGESUS III. _See_ PARTHIANS.
XENOCRATES. Distinguished philosopher of the Academy, friend of Plato and Aristotle.
XERXES. King of Persia, 485-465 B.C. Invader of Greece, 480 B.C. His bridge over the Hellespont and canal past Mount Athos were proverbially foolish exercises of power.
ZAMOLXIS. A Thracian who, having been a slave of Pythagoras in Samos, learned his doctrines, and communicated them to the Thracians after his escape. He was deified in Thrace after death.
ZENO. _See_ STOICS.
ZENODOTUS. _See_ HOMER.
ZEUS. Son of Cronus, and of Rhea, who saved him at birth in the manner described under CRONUS. With the help of the Cyclopes, who gave him the thunderbolt, and of the Giants, he overthrew Cronus and the other Titans, imprisoned them in Tartarus, and established himself as king of the Gods. The Giants afterwards revolted, but were crushed with the assistance of Hera. Zeus now became the father of Persephone by Demeter, of the Muses by Mnemosyne, of Apollo and Artemis by Leto, of Hebe, Ares, and Ilithyia by Hera, and of Athene, who was born from his head. He was the lover also of the mortals, Danae, Semele, Europa, Io, and many others, in various disguises. On one occasion Posidon, Hera, and Athene conspired against him, but were frustrated by Thetis and Briareus. Zeus in gratitude, at the request of Thetis, punished the Greeks, for their ill-treatment of Achilles by persuading Agamemnon, with a lying dream to make a premature attack upon Troy. His superiority to the other Gods is expressed in the boast alluded to in _Dialogues of the Gods_, xxi. Lucian also refers to the Cretan story, according to which Zeus lay buried in that island. His usual attributes are the sceptre, the eagle, and the thunderbolt. The famous statue of Zeus at Olympia was by Phidias. In Egypt he was identified with Ammon.
ZEUXIS. Celebrated painter of Heraclea, 424-400 B.C.
ZOÏLUS. _See_ HOMER.
ZOPYRUS. A Persian who mutilated himself horribly to gain entrance to Babylon and betray it to Darius.
ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Roman numerals indicate the volume, and Arabic the page.)
In this table all the titles are given in the English list. The other lists are added for those to whom the Greek or Latin names are familiar; but they do not contain the titles that are practically identical with the English ones.
ENGLISH TITLES
Alexander ii 212
Anacharsis iii 190
Apology ii 27
Book-fancier iii 265
Charon i 167
Cock iii 105
Cynic iv 172
Defence iii 24
Demonax iii 1
Demosthenes iv 145
Dependent Scholar ii 1
Dialogues, Dead i 107
Dialogues, Gods i 62
Dialogues, Hetaerae iv 52
Dialogues, Sea-Gods i 90
Dionysus iii 252
Dipsas iv 26
Disinherited ii 183
Double Indictment iii 144
Fisher i 206
Fly iii 261
Gods in Council iv 165
Hall iv 12
Harmonides ii 99
Heracles iii 256
Hermotimus ii 41
Herodotus ii 90
Hesiod iv 30
Icaromenippus iii 126
Lapithae iv 127
Lexiphanes ii 263
Liar iii 230
Literary Prometheus i 7
Lower World i 230
Menippus i 156
Mourning iii 212
Nigrinus i 11
Pantomime ii 238
Parasite iii 167
Patriotism iv 23
Peregrine iv 79
Phalaris ii 201
Portrait-study iii 13
Prometheus i 53
Purist iv 181
Rhetorician iii 218
Runaways iv 95
Sacrifice i 183
Sale of Creeds i 190
Saturnalia iv 108
Scythian ii 102
Ship iv 33
Slander iv 1
Slip of Tongue ii 34
Swans iii 259
Timon i 31
Toxaris iii 36
True History ii 136
Tyrannicide ii 173
Vision i 1
Vowels i 26
Way to write ii 109
Zeus cross-examined iii 71
Zeus Tragoedus iii 80
Zeuxis ii 94
LATIN TITLES NOT READILY TO BE FOUND IN THE ENGLISH LIST
Abdicatus ii 183
Adversus indoctum iii 265
Bis accusatus iii 144
Calumniae non temere credendum iv 1
Cataplus i 230
De domo iv 12
De electro iii 259
De luctu iii 212
De mercede conductis ii 1
Deorum concilium iv 165
De sacrificiis i 183
De saltatione ii 238
Dialogi deorum i 62
Dialogi marini i 90
Dialogi meretricii iv 52
Dialogi mortuorum i 107
Fugitivi iv 95
Imagines iii 13
Iudicium vocalium i 26
Iupiter confutatus iii 71
Iupiter tragoedus iii 80
Muscae encomium iii 261
Navigium iv 33
Patriae encomium iv 23
Philopseudes iii 230
Piscator i 206
Pro imaginibus iii 24
Pro lapsu inter salutandum ii 34
Prometheus es in verbis i 7
Pseudosophista iv 181
Quomodo historia conscribenda sit ii 109
Rhetorum praeceptor iii 218
Somnium (Gallus) iii 105
Somnium (Vita Luciani) i 1
Symposium iv 127
Vera historia ii 136
Vitarum auctio i 190
GREEK TITLES NOT READILY TO BE FOUND IN THE ENGLISH LIST
#Alêthês historia# ii 136
#Halieus# i 206
#Apokêryttomenos# ii 183
#Biôn prasis# i 190
#Dikê phônêentôn# i 26
#Dis katêgoroumenos# iii 144
#Drapetai# iv 95
#Eikones# iii 13
#Enalioi dialogoi# i 90
#Hetairikoi dialogoi# iv 52
#Zeus elenchomenos# iii 71
#Theôn dialogoi# i 62
#Theôn ekklêsia# iv 165
#Kataplous# i 230
#Muias enkômion# iii 261
#Nekrikoi dialogoi# i 107
#Oneiros# iii 105
#Patridos enkômion# iv 23
#Peri thysiôn# i 183
#Peri orchêseôs# ii 238
#Peri penthous# iii 212
#Peri tou enypniou# i 1
#Peri tou êlektrou# iii 259
#Peri tou mê rhadiôs pisteuein diabolê# iv 1
#Peri tou oikou# iv 12
#Peri tôn epi misthô synontôn# ii 1
#Ploion# iv 33
#Pros ton apaideuton kai polla biblia ônoumenon# iii 265
#Pros ton eiponta Promêtheus ei en logois# i 7
#Pôs dei historian syngraphein# ii 109
#Rhêtorôn didaskalos# iii 218
#Symposion# iv 127
#Ta pros Kronon# iv 108
#Tyrannoktonos# ii 173
#Hyper tôn eikonôn# iii 24
#Philopseudês# iii 230
#Pseudosophistês# iv 181
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Transcriber's Notes:
Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were silently corrected.
Punctuation normalized.
Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.
Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.
Greek text is transliterated and enclosed in #number symbols#.
A double floral heart symbol is denoted by **.
Chapters V and VI of DIALOGUES OF THE HETAERAE were not included.