chapter VI

for a discussion of the activities of the G. A. R. in the North and of pro-Southern groups in the South to direct the content of history textbooks.

[134] _Laws_ of Vermont, 1900, no. 25, p. 19. The law of 1912 was substantially the same as that of 1900. _Laws_, 1912, sec. 1016, p. 68.

[135] _Laws_ of Vermont, 1902, no. 27, sec. 3, p. 39; _ibid._, 1904, no. 137, sec. 4, p. 62; _Public Statutes_, 1906, ch. 47, sec. 1016, p. 277.

[136] _Public Statutes_ of Vermont, 1906, ch. 46, sec. 1003, p. 275. _Cf._ _Laws_, 1888, ch. 5, sec. 95, p. 24.

[137] _Public Acts_ of Vermont, 1915, sec. 44, p. 131.

[138] _Supplement to the Public Statutes of New Hampshire_, 1901-1913, p. 17 (1901, ch. 96, sec. 4, 1903, 31:1; 1903, 118:2; 1905, 19:1).

[139] _Supplement to the Public Statutes of New Hampshire_, 1901-1913, ch. 92, sec. 6, p. 172. (_Laws_, 1903, 31:2; 1909, 49:1; 1911, 136:2.)

[140] _Public Acts_ of Connecticut, 1903, ch. 96, p. 65; _General Statutes_, 1918, ch. 45, sec. 852, Vol. I, p. 312.

[141] _Laws_ of Delaware, 1911, p. 197; _Revised Statutes_, 1915, ch. 71, 2289, sec. 17, p. 1102; _ibid._, ch. 71, 2288, sec. 16, p. 1100.

[142] _Laws_ of Pennsylvania, 1911, sec. 1607, p. 394.

[143] _Kentucky Statutes_, 1909, ch. 113, par. 4421a (2), p. 1765; also _Acts_, 1904, p. 11. This law was on the statute books in 1909; also _Acts_, 1916, ch. 24, art. III, par. 24, p. 173. _Code_ of Virginia, 1904, ch. 66, sec. 1497, p. 810; _Acts_, 1906, par. 1497, p. 443. _Public Laws_ of North Carolina, 1901, ch. 4, sec. 37; 1905, ch. 533, s9; 1907, ch. 641, s853, 957; _Revised Code_, 1908, ch. 89, par. 4060, Vol. II, p. 2049; _ibid._, 1913, par. 1383, Vol. I, p. 332.

[144] _Code_ of South Carolina, 1902, sec. 1201, Vol. I, p. 462; _ibid._, 1912, sec. 1731, Vol. I, p. 480. _Cf._ page 16.

[145] _General Laws_ of Texas, 1905, sec. 100, p. 289; McEachon’s _Annotated Civil Statutes_, 1913, art. 2783, Vol. II, p. 1114. The same subjects are required through 1913.

[146] _Code_ of Alabama, 1907, 1685 (4), Vol. I, p. 741 See page 17 for the same law in the Code of 1897.

[147] _Code_ of Georgia, 1910, ch. 4, art. 4, sec. 3, par. 1464, Vol. I, p. 376. The law was passed in 1903.

[148] _Code_ of West Virginia, 1916, ch. 45, par. 78, p. 578; substantially the same in _Acts_, 1872, ch. 123; 1881, ch. 15; 1887, ch. 3; 1891, ch. 63; 1895, ch. 36; 1908, ch. 27; 1915, ch. 56.

[149] _Compiled Laws_ of Florida, 1914, 390, art. 4, Vol. I, p. 141; _Laws_, 1905, ch. 5382, sec. 6, p. 34, also _Laws_, 1903, p. 180.

[150] _Laws_ of Florida, 1909, ch. 5938, p. 126 (No. 69).

[151] _Constitution and Revised Laws of Louisiana_, 1876 to 1902 (Act 214, 1902), sec. 23, p. 612; again _ibid._, 1908, p. 45; _Annotated Revision_, 1915, 2532, sec. 16, Vol. I, p. 846. The law was unchanged in the _Revisions_ of 1908 and of 1915.

[152] _Laws_ of Mississippi, 1916, ch. 187 (4540), p. 277.

[153] _General and Local Acts_ of Ohio, 1904, sec. 4007-1, p. 359.

[154] _Ibid._, 1910, p. 103.

[155] _Code_ of Ohio, 1910, sec. 7648, sec. 7649, p. 1622.

[156] _General and Local Acts_ of Ohio, 1911, sec. 7830, p. 130. Repealed February 17, 1914. _Ibid._, 1914, p. 109.

[157] _Revised Statutes_ of Illinois, 1913, ch. 122, 509, p. 2267. In force July 1, 1909. Again found, _Revised Statutes_, 1917, ch. 122, 509, p. 2736.

[158] _Statutes_ of Wisconsin, 1917, 40, 30, p. 375; _ibid._, 1915, ch. 27s. 447 (1863, c155 s55; 1866, c111 s6; 1869, c50 s1; 1871, c14 s1; R. S. 1878, s447; _Suppl._, 1906, s447; 1907, c118, 200; 1911, c409). _Statutes_ of Wisconsin, 1913, ch. 27 s553 p-5, p. 335; _ibid._, 1917, s41.17 (1), p. 411. This law was repealed in 1917. The requirement was the same in 1915. _Ibid._, 1915, c275, s553, p-5, p. 335. In Wisconsin, in normal training courses in the high school, American history was required for at least one semester in the eleventh and twelfth grades.

[159] _Revised Laws_ of Minnesota, 1915, ch. 14, 1340, p. 273. _General Statutes_, 1913, 2299, p. 629; _General Laws_, 1895, ch. 17, sec. 2, p. 138. This legislation had been preceded by legislation of 1895, prescribing civil government for county schools.

[160] _Laws_ of Indiana, 1907, ch. 192, p. 324. Burns’ _Annotated Statutes_, 1914, 6582 (5984), Vol. III, p. 384, and 6584, p. 385.

[161] _Ibid._

[162] _Compiled Laws_ of South Dakota, 1903, 2378, p. 432. The teaching of civil government and United States history in the common schools.

[163] _Revised Code_ of North Dakota, 1913, par. 1383, Vol. I, p. 332. The requirement included American history and civil government.

[164] _Laws_ of Kansas, 1903, ch. 435, p. 672. History of United States and Kansas history. _Laws_, 1913, ch. 271, p. 454, added civil government. _General Statutes_, 1915, ch. 105, art. 5, par. 8985, p. 1818, for district schools, history of the United States and of Kansas.

[165] _Revised Statutes_ of Nebraska, 1913, ch. 71, art. X, 6839, sec. 140, p. 1907.

[166] _Revised Statutes_ of Missouri, 1909, par. 10852, and _ibid._, 1919, par. 11218, and _ibid._, 1909, par. 10923, Vol. III, p. 3400 respectively. The last law is also in _Session Laws_, 1903, p. 264; _ibid._, 1909, p. 770.

[167] _Laws_ of Oklahoma, 1905, p. 378; _Compiled Laws_, 1909, sec. 8233, p. 1664.

[168] _Revised Laws_ of Oklahoma, 1910, art. III, 7667, Vol. II, p. 2084; _Session Laws_, 1907-8, p. 14.

[169] _Session Laws_ of Oregon, 1911, ch. 58, sec. 59, p. 96.

[170] _Session Laws_ of Wyoming, 1913, Senate File No. 41, p. 45.

[171] _Ibid._, 1917, ch. 123, p. 215.

[172] _Statutes_ of California, 1903, par. 1874: 2, p. 195; _Codes and Statutes_, 1905, par. 1874: 2, Vol. I, p. 451, _Statutes_, 1907, p. 70; _Consolidated Supplement to Kerr’s Cyclopedia_, 1913, par. 1665, p. 194. _Cf._ page 20.

[173] _Revised Laws of the Territory of Arizona_, 1901, 2214 (sec. 85), p. 602. This is the same as _Laws_ of 1885, p. 157, also _Revised Statutes_, 1887, 1553, sec. 81, p. 284.

[174] _Laws_ of New Mexico, 1911, ch. 41, p. 68. Approved June 8, 1912. Also _Annotated Statutes_, 1915, par. 4958, sec. 152, Vol. II, p. 1429.

[175] _Codes_ of California, 1905, 1772, Vol. I, p. 426, grammar school certificates; United States history and civil government were also required for this certificate. _Compiled Statutes_ of Idaho, 1919, par. 986, Vol. I, p. 276; first grade certificate, with a choice of medieval and modern history or English history added to American history and civics required for other certificates. _Session Laws_, 1911, p. 448; _ibid._, 1915, p. 333; repealed in session 1921, _Laws_, 1921, p. 473. _General Laws_ of Oregon, 1911, ch. 58, sec. 9, p. 89; for state certificate, general history was required. _Revised Laws_ of Minnesota, 1905, ch. 14, 1354, p. 275, for professional certificates, ancient, medieval, English, and American history. _General Laws_ of Wisconsin, 1919, ch. 601, first grade, modern history and United States history, history of Wisconsin, rural economics. _Laws_ of Ohio, 1919, sec. 7831-2, p. 685, modern history, general history, economics, sociology, civics, among sixteen branches from which five were to be chosen for high school certificates. _Laws_ of Missouri, 1911, sec. 10939, p. 408, first grade certificate, giving a choice of ancient, medieval or modern or English history for examination. _Laws_ of Texas, 1921, ch. 129, sec. 108a, p. 243, high school certificate civil government, ancient and modern history, and for elementary certificate of second class, United States history and Texas history.

[176] _Compiled Statutes of Idaho_, _op. cit._ _Statutes_ of Nevada, 1912, ch. 114, p. 156, also _Revised Laws_, 1912, sec. 3263, Vol. I, p. 947, general history, United States history, civil government, current events for the first and second grade elementary certificates; sec. 3262, high school certificates; civil government, general history, United States history, with a selection of English history out of a group of subjects. _Laws_ of Kansas, 1915, ch. 298, sec. 14, p. 392, first grade certificate, also in _Laws_, 1911, ch. 277, sec. 2, p. 506; _ibid._, 1913, ch. 268, p. 450. _Statutes_ of Wisconsin, 1913, sec. 450-3, first grade certificate required English history, history of United States, civil government, local and national; for the third grade, the latter two were required.

[177] _Code_ of West Virginia, 1916, ch. 45, par. 87, elementary certificates, _Laws_, 1919, p. 87. _Annotated Revision_ of Louisiana, 1915, 2572 (sec. 1, art. 55, 1906, Vol. I, p. 88), state teachers’ certificate. _Laws_ of Texas, 1905, sec. 118, p. 293, permanent certificate and first grade. _Revised Statutes_ of Illinois, 1913, ch. 122, 541, third to first grade elementary certificate, also _ibid._, 1917, ch. 122, 541, _Laws_, 1919, p. 900. _Revised Laws_ of Minnesota, 1905, ch. 14, 1354, p. 275, professional state certificates. _Laws_ of Nebraska, 1919, ch. 70, sec. 3, p. 262, professional state and high school certificate; also _Revised Statutes_, 1913, ch. 71, art. XIII, 6859, sec. 158, professional state certificate (_Laws_, 1905, p. 559). _Laws_ of South Dakota, 1919, p. 169, repeals provisions of _Revised Code_, 1919, sec. 3; for a life diploma, general history, economics or sociology; also general history, United States history, South Dakota history and civil government in a state certificate; _Laws_ of 1905, sec. 2286, p. 136, and _ibid._, 1911, p. 170. _Compiled Laws_ of Utah, 1907, par. 1767, pp. 684-685, and _ibid._, 1917, par. 4509, p. 914, state professional certificates for grammar grades and high school. _Statutes_ of Nevada, 1912, ch. 80, p. 157, first grade elementary school certificate; ch. 114, sec. 24, high school certificates (approved bill March 17, 1913); also _Statutes_, 1912, high school and elementary school certificates; _General Laws_, 1914, sec. 7831, high school certificate general history and a choice in elective history. _Session Laws_ of Washington, 1909, sec. 4644, p. 516, first grade elementary certificates and life certificates; _ibid._, 1911, ch. 16, sec. 4, p. 51, life certificates. _Political Code_ of Idaho, 1901, ch. XXXVI, sec. 1028, Vol. I, p. 311, first, second and third grade certificates.

[178] _Supplement to the Code_ of Iowa, 1902, sec. 2736, p. 315. _Acts_, 1906, ch. 122, sec. 4, p. 88, first grade certificate had been found as early as 1882. _Laws_ of Nebraska, 1903, par. 5542, sec. 5; in 1919, political economy is not mentioned. _Revised Statutes_ of Wyoming, 1899, sec. 627, p. 228; also _Laws_, 1901, ch. 57, p. 60.

[179] _Compiled Laws_ of South Dakota, 1913, par. 13, Vol. I, p. 565, for life certificates.

[180] _Statutes_ of Wisconsin, 1915, ch. 27s. 450-2, p. 272. _Digest of Statutes_ of Arkansas, 1921, par. 9022, rural teachers’ certificate (Act of March 28, 1917).

[181] _Compiled Laws_ of South Dakota, 1913, par. 55, Vol. I, p. 572; _ibid._, 1911, p. 413; _Revised Statutes_, 1919, par. 7392, p. 1847, for first grade certificate; also _Laws_, 1919, p. 170. _Laws_ of Nevada, 1907, secs. 15, 16, 17, p. 383, “current news”; _Statutes_, 1921, ch. 208, sec. 25, elementary school certificate, first grade, “current events.”

[182] _Statute Law_ of Pennsylvania, 1920, 5003, p. 462, professional and provisional certificates. _Laws_ of Delaware, 1919, 2326-118, sec. 118, elementary school certificate; _ibid._, 1920, sec. 170, p. 190. _Code_ of West Virginia, 1916 (all statutes in force), ch. 45, par. 87, p. 580, for elementary and first three grades of certificates; again in _Laws_, 1919, p. 87, _ibid._, 1921, sec. 104, elementary certificate. _Statutes_ of Kentucky, 1918, ch. 113, art. XI, par. 4501, p. 941, for all certificates. _Laws_ of Mississippi, 1916, ch. 188, 4543, p. 278, first and second grade licenses; also state licenses, _Laws_, 1908, p. 209. _Code_ of Alabama, 1907, 1734, Vol. I, p. 757, the first three grades of certificates. _Revised Laws_ of Oklahoma, 1910, 7923, Vol. II, p. 2153, the first three grades of licenses. McEachin’s _Civil Statutes_ of Texas, 1913, articles 2799-2802, Vol. II, p. 1117, permanent certificates (also Sayles’ _Civil Statutes_, art. 3974, pp. 1419-20) and first, second, third grade certificates, and _Laws_, 1905, sec. 118, p. 293; _ibid._, 1921, p. 243. _Laws_ of Wisconsin, 1919, ch. 601, 39.18 (1), 39.19 (1), and 39.20 (1), for first, second, and third grade certificates. _Laws_ of South Dakota, 1919, p. 169, _Compiled Laws_ of South Dakota, 1913, secs. 13 and 14, Vol. I, p. 565, life diploma, state, first, second, third grade certificates, and primary. _Revised Statutes_ of Illinois, 1913, ch. 122, p. 2271, county certificates; _ibid._, 1917, ch. 122; _Laws_, 1919, p. 900, as well as _Laws_ of 1903 and 1905. _Laws_ of Kansas, 1915, ch. 298, p. 392, for the first, second and third grade certificates; _ibid._, 1913, ch. 268, p. 450; _ibid._, 1911, ch. 277, p. 506. _Statutes_ of New Mexico, 1915, par. 4957, Vol. II, p. 1429, first and second grade certificates.

[183] Arizona prescribed for first and second grade certificates, civics and “history,” which probably meant American history. See _Revised Laws_, 1901, 2142 (sec. 13), p. 584.

[184] In Florida, for example, June 3 was made a holiday to “perpetuate in the minds of the people the purity of life, the intellectual ability, the heroic fortitude, and the patriotic character of Jefferson Davis.” _Laws_ of Florida, 1891, ch. 4058, p. 99.

[185] See _American History and Patriotic Program for all Schools of Oklahoma_, issued by the State Department of Education, 1921, p. 7.

[186] _Laws_ of New York, 1898, secs. 1, 2, 3, Vol. III, p. 1191; _Revised Laws_ of Massachusetts, 1902, ch. 42, sec. 50, Vol. I, p. 474; _Laws_ of Indiana, 1907, ch. 253, p. 537; _Acts_ of Iowa, 1913, ch. 245, sec. 2, p. 264; _Laws_ of Arizona, 1903, no. 19, p. 25.

[187] Burns’ _Annotated Statutes_ of Indiana, 1914, 5852a, Vol. III, p. 385.

[188] _Laws_ of Kansas, 1907, ch. 319, p. 493. The Iowa law, 1913, is much like this law. See _Acts_ of Iowa, 1913, p. 264. The Grand Army of the Republic and the Woman’s Relief Corps were actively engaged in supplying schools with flags for the purpose of inculcating patriotism throughout this period.

[189] _Acts_ of New Jersey, 1915, p. 904.

[190] _Revised Statutes_ of Maine, 1916, ch. 16, sec. 52; _Laws_, 1907, ch. 182, p. 199; _ibid._, 1915, ch. 176.

[191] No attempt is made to treat legal holidays where the law requires observance by simply specifying the dates of such days. They are discussed only when the enactments indicate patriotic exercises to be held within the public schools, or where the purpose of teaching history through the observance of such days is stated.

[192] _Laws_ of Kansas, 1886, ch. CXXV, p. 167. Approved February 18, 1886. Especially active in their desire for a proper observance of Memorial Day were the G. A. R., who in annual encampments frequently expressed a faith in it as a means for promoting patriotism as well as for memorializing the deeds of their comrades.

[193] _Statutes_ of Vermont, 1894, no. 25, par. 685, p. 21; _Public Statutes_, 1906, ch. 46, sec. 1005, p. 275; _General Laws_, 1917, ch. 57, sec. 1240.

[194] _Acts and Resolves_ of Massachusetts, 1890, ch. III, sec. 1, p. 94; _Laws_ of New Hampshire, 1897, ch. 14, p. 16; also _Laws_, 1921, ch. 85, sec. 23, p. 127. The latter date in New Hampshire might indicate a reënactment. South Dakota, in 1921, specially designated Memorial Day as “Citizenship Day.” See page 98.

[195] _Laws_ of New York, 1898, ch. 481, Vol. II, p. 1191. _Laws_ of Arizona, 1903, no. 19, p. 25. _Laws_ of Kansas, 1907, ch. 319, p. 493.

[196] _Laws_ of New York, _op. cit._ _Laws_ of Arizona, _op. cit._ _Laws_ of Kansas, _op. cit._

[197] _Statutes_ of California, 1909, ch. 527, p. 861, approved April 13, 1909. _Acts and Resolves_ of Maine, 1909, ch. 190, sec. 1, p. 190. _Acts_ of New Mexico, 1909, ch. 121, sec. 7, p. 342. _Acts_ of West Virginia, 1911, ch. 40, p. 117. Also in West Virginia _Code_, 1916, ch. 15, par. 1, p. 246. _General Laws_ of Vermont, 1917, ch. 57, sec. 1241, p. 295.

[198] _Acts and Resolves_ of Rhode Island, 1914, ch. 1071, sec. 2, p. 110; also _Acts_, 1901, ch. 818, p. 55.

[199] This law was passed in 1911. _Compiled Laws_ of Michigan, 1915, ch. 108 (5823), sec. 1, Vol. II, p. 2198. Non-compliance might cause the revocation of the teacher’s certificate by the county commissioner of schools or by the superintendent of public instruction.

[200] _Laws_ of Maryland, 1904, sec. 47, p. 991. _Acts and Resolves_ of Maine, 1913, ch. 195, sec. 88, p. 240.

[201] _Ibid._

[202] _Compiled Laws_ of Michigan, 1915, _op. cit._ _General Laws_ of Oregon, 1921, ch. 41, p. 62. This law, although coming in 1921, possesses the characteristics of those of the earlier period. See page 93. _Annotated Revision of Statutes of Louisiana_, 1915, 2659, 2660, secs. 1, 2, Vol. I, p. 893. (Act 56, 1919, p. 92.) West Virginia in 1911, also, set aside October 12 for celebration in the common and graded schools. _Laws_, 1911, ch. 40, p. 117.

[203] _Laws_ of New York, _op. cit._ _Laws_ of Arizona, _op. cit._ _Laws_ of Kansas, _op. cit._

[204] _Public Acts_ of Connecticut, 1905, ch. 146, p. 355. Approved June 16, 1905. This amended 2140 of the _General Statutes_.

[205] Proclamation of the Governor of New Jersey (E. C. Stokes). _Laws_, 1906, p. 787.

[206] _Acts and Resolves_ of Massachusetts, 1897, p.628. This bill passed the Senate February 3, 1897, and the House on February 8, 1897.

[207] _General Laws_ of Rhode Island, 1909, title X, ch. 64, sec. 8, p. 267.

[208] _Code_ of South Carolina, 1912, par. 1810, Vol. I, p. 496. _Laws_, 1906, XXIII, 22; approved February 17, 1906.

[209] _Code_ of Georgia, 1910, art. 7, par. 1528, Vol. I, p. 395. See page 96 for North Carolina’s law setting aside October twelfth for commemoration. The next chapter continues the discussion for laws passed after 1917.

[210] _Digest_ of Arkansas Statutes, 1916, sec. 9654, p. 2166.

[211] _Laws_ of Maryland, 1904, sec. 47, p. 991.

[212] _Laws_ of Minnesota, 1911, ch. 81, sec. 1, p. 97. The day known as Minnesota Day was designated by the superintendent of public instruction by proclamation, the governor concurring.

[213] _Laws_ of Montana, 1913, ch. XIV, 1400, p. 263. In this year the first Monday in November was named. A previous law, 1903, provided for an observance on the last Friday in May. (_Laws_, 1903, ch. LXXXVIII, p. 161.)

[214] _Laws_ of Missouri, 1915, p. 301.

[215] _Laws_ of Illinois, 1919, Sen. Bill, no. 238, p. 894. In a case such as this the law has been discussed here rather than in the following chapter. The chronological limits of the chapters have not always been strictly adhered to.

[216] Approved March 11, 1904. The law also prohibited “partisan” books. _Laws_ of Mississippi, 1904, ch. 86 (S. B. no. 51), p. 116. Also _Code_, 1906, ch. 125, 4595, p. 1246. _Cf._