Part 14

[14] Sir Thomas Robinson, "l'infatigable Robinson" of Carlyle's _Frederick_, afterwards Lord Grantham.

[15] Graetz: _Geschichte der Juden_, x. 393-394.

[16] Emanuel: _A Century and a Half of Anglo-Jewish History_, p. 9.

[17] Graetz: _Geschichte_, xi. 324-328. See also Kohler: _Jewish Rights at International Congresses_, pp. 6-20.

[18] _Diary of Sir Moses Montefiore_, 1817, p. 192. (Ramsgate Theological College MSS.) Kohler: _op. cit._ pp. 25-26.

[19] Communication from the late Mr. Leopold de Rothschild. See also _Gentleman's Magazine_, Oct. 1819, p. 362.

[20] _Infra_, p. 16. The Protocol does not appear in the Protocols of the Congress published in the _British and Foreign State Papers_, and is usually excluded from the official records of the Congress. Its text is, however, given in Way's _Mémoires_ (Paris, 1819) as an unpaginated Appendix.

[21] _Procès-Verbal des Séances de l'Assemblée Juive_ (Paris, 1806), pp. 47-49; _Actes du Grand Sanhédrin_, pp. 65-73, 83, 90-91.

[22] Emanuel: _op. cit._, p. 66. The facts are given more fully by Loeb: _Biographie d'Albert Cohn_ (Paris, 1878), pp. 48-49.

[23] Loeb: _op. cit._, p. 49 (supplemented by private sources), Holland: _The European Concert in the Eastern Question_, p. 330.

[24] Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 233-234, 251.

[25] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 78.

[26] Loeb: _Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en Roumanie_ (1877), p. 200.

[27] _The Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. (Privately printed by Jewish Conjoint Committee.)

[28] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 97.

[29] _Ibid._ p. 113.

[30] _Ibid._ p. 120.

[31] _Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16.

[32] The _Hatti-Humayoun_ (see next document).

[33] This _alinéa_ did not appear in the scheme drawn up by the Bucharest Commission, but was inserted by the Conference.

[34] Loeb: _Situation_, pp. 139-196. Narcisse Leven: _Cinquante ans d'histoire_, pp. 93-146.

[35] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxii. p. 705.

[36] _Infra_, pp. 25-33.

[37] _Jews and the War_, p. 29.

[38] _Infra_, p. 33.

[39] _Infra_, p. 32. Extract from Protocol No. 17.

[40] "Le Traité de Berlin," writes M. Suliotis in the _Journal du droit international privé_ (xiv. 563), "a cru faire merveille en faveur des étrangers, mais la Roumanie a su habilement éluder les inconvénients qui pouvaient resulter de l'application de l'article VII. dans le sens du Traité de Berlin, qui n'a eu d'autres résultats que de rendre plus difficile la situation des étrangers."

[41] Dated June 13, 1901. It is not printed. Its argument is largely reproduced in the Memorandum of the Conjoint Committee of November 1908, for full text of which see _Jews and the War_, pp. 14 _et seq._

[42] Private information and documents.

[43] For a detailed and documented account of the American intervention, but without the full texts of the Notes of Secretary Hay (_infra_, pp. 38-45), see Kohler and Wolf: _Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States_ (the American Jewish Committee, 1916), pp. 80-83, 108-137.

[44] Semi-official communiqué to the newspapers through Reuter's Agency, September 23, 1902. The fact was also privately communicated by Lord Lansdowne to Lord Rothschild at the time.

[45] This is a reference to Russia. _Infra_, pp. 69-70.

[46] "Memorandum on the Treaty Rights of the Jews of Rumania" (November 1908). Printed for confidential use, 16 pp. fcp. Reprinted in _Jews and the War_, pp. 14-30. Also in the Annual Reports of the Board of Deputies and Anglo-Jewish Association (1909), and in Kohler and Wolf, _op. cit._

[47] _Infra_, p. 47.

[48] _Infra_, p. 51. For a fuller text of the correspondence, see Annual Report of the Board of Deputies (1913), pp. 54-74.

[49] The United States was a conspicuous exception. See especially Mr. Blaine's despatch of February 18, 1891. (_Foreign Relations of U.S._ 1891, p. 737.)

[50] Wolf and Dicey: _Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia_ (London, 1912). Semenoff and Wolf: _The Russian Government and the Massacres_ (London, 1907).

[51] The story is told by M. Ernest Daudet in his _Histoire Diplomatique de l'Alliance Franco-Russe_, pp. 261-262, but the present writer is able to confirm it from other sources.

[52] The famous "Nikky-Willy" correspondence (see _Times_, September 4, 1917; _Daily Telegraph_, September 4, 27 and 29, 1917; and _Morning Post_, September 15, 1917.)

[53] _Infra_, pp. 57-62.

[54] The statement in the Memorandum that Messrs. Rothschild had been excluded by the Russian Government from these loan operations is inaccurate. The exclusion had come from the other side, and at the very time that the Memorandum was being prepared Count Witte had sent representatives of the Finance Ministry to London to endeavour to overcome Lord Rothschild's reluctance.

[55] This Protocol is published in vol. vi. of the _Secret Documents_ published by the Russian Revolutionary Government in February 1918.

[56] Secret letter from the Kaiser to the Tsar published in the Soviet organ _Inviestia_, December 19, 1917.

[57] Actual Privy Councillor Nelidow's despatch of December 1-14, 1905.

[58] Communicated by Emil Deschamps in the _Journal de St. Pétersbourg_, of December 23, 1905.

[59] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at the Hague of October 24, 1905, No. 22.

[60] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at Rome of November 29, 1905, No. 23.

[61] According to the rules of French Freemasonry, promotion to the eighteenth degree makes the recipient automatically a member of the "Alliance Israélite Universelle," while out of the nine members of the Secret Supreme Council of Freemasonry five must be Jews.

[62] Levy: _Don Joseph Nasi_, _Herzog von Naxos und seine Familie_ (Breslau, 1859). See also Graetz: _Geschichte_, vol. ix. _passim_.

[63] The text of the Sultan's letter is preserved in the rare _Lettere di Principi_ (Venice, 1581), iii. 171.

[64] Graetz: _Geschichte_, ix. 361, and 571-572.

[65] _Transactions, Jewish Historical Society_, iv. 478 _et seq._ The plea has been revived during the present war, but with less success. It was largely used by Russian Jews in order to escape conscription under the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1916. (See Petition of Foreign Jews Protection Society, _Herald_, July 22 and 29, 1916.) See also the case of the prosecution of Henry Samuel, _Times_, September 19, 1918.

[66] _Infra_, p. 71.

[67] Brisac: _Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France_ (Lausanne, 1916), pp. 9-13. _Infra_, pp. 71-72.

[68] Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 14-15, 16-17.

[69] Jewish disabilities still existed in England, Germany, Austria, Russia, the Italian States, Spain and Portugal.

[70] May 28, 1841. A full report of the debate will be found in the _Moniteur_, May 29, 1841.

[71] Stroock: "Switzerland and American Jews," in _Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society_, xi. 7-8, 15.

[72] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 27-33.

[73] _Infra_, pp. 73-74.

[74] Stroock: _op. cit._, p. 15.

[75] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 37.

[76] Stroock: _op. cit._, pp. 24-32.

[77] Lord Clarendon on December 17, 1857, instructed the British Minister at Berne to make representations to the Swiss Government (Stroock: p. 36). The bulk of the official correspondence of the United States on the subject is printed by Cyrus Adler in _Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society_, xv. 25-39.

[78] _Infra_, p. 73.

[79] This was not in the Commercial Treaty but in a separate Treaty of Establishment signed the same day.

[80] Sanctioned by the Referendum of January 14, 1866 (Brisac, p. 54).

[81] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), p. 21. _Infra_, pp. 81-82.

[82] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 3 (1881), pp. 17-18.

[83] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), pp. 21-22. _Infra_, p. 82.

[84] Letter from Sir T. H. Sanderson on behalf of the Marquis of Salisbury, January 29, 1891.

[85] "Memorandum on the grievances of British subjects of the Jewish faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles I and XI of the Anglo-Russian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of January 12, 1859" (August 2, 1912). Printed for confidential use, 9 pp. fcp. The text together with further correspondence has been reprinted in the Annual Reports of the Board of Deputies and the Anglo-Jewish Association for 1912.

[86] _Infra_, pp. 82-83.

[87] Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States_, pp. 73-74. See also dispatch from Mr. Foster, October 18, 1880, in _Foreign Relations of the United States_, 1881, p. 991.

[88] See dispatches quoted by C. Adler, _op. cit._, pp. 75-96 from _Foreign Relations_ 1880 and 1881.

[89] _Infra_, pp. 76-78.

[90] _Infra_, pp. 79-80.

[91] Cyrus Adler: _op. cit._, pp. 7-19. See also _infra_, p. 103 (note).

[92] _Infra_, p. 83.

[93] Confirmed by Art. XIII of the Treaty of Passarowitz, July 21, 1718.

[94] _Supra_, pp. 3-4.

[95] Piggott: _Exterritoriality_ (Lond. 1907), pp. 67-68.

[96] Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 947, 957.

[97] _Infra_, p. 86. Further details will be found in Mr. Finn's _Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles_ (Lond. 1878), i. 112-114.

[98] _Infra_, p. 87.

[99] _Infra_, p. 87.

[100] _Memoir of Sir John Drummond Hay_ (Lond. 1896), pp. 322-323. See also stipulations of French Treaty (_infra_, p. 88).

[101] For details of these cases see Leven: _Cinquante Ans d'Histoire_, pp. 158 _et seq._ Annual Reports of the Anglo-Jewish Association.

[102] _Memoir of Sir J. D. Hay_, pp. 321-323.

[103] _Ibid._, p. 323.

[104] _Infra_, pp. 90-91.

[105] _Infra_, p. 93.

[106] _Infra_, p. 92. See also Wolf: _Sir Moses Montefiore_ (Lond. 1884), pp. 213-232, and Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, ii. 148-153.

[107] _Infra_, p. 97.

[108] _Infra_, p. 98.

[109] _Cf. supra_, p. 89.

[110] Fuller: _A Pisgah Sight of Palestine_ (Lond. 1650), bk. iv. p. 194.

[111] D'Israeli: _Genius of Judaism_, pp. 200-201.

[112] _The Restoration of the Hebrews to Jerusalem by the Year of 1798 under the Revealed Prince and Prophet_ (Lond. 1794). _A letter from Mr. Brothers to Miss Cott with an Address to the Members of His Britannic Majesty's Council_ (Lond. 1798). _The Curious Trial of Mr. Brothers... on a Statute of Lunacy_ (Lond. 1795).

[113] _Mr. Halhed's Speech in the House of Commons... on Monday, May the 4th, 1795_ (Lond. 1795).

[114] Law Reports: 4 De Gex & Smale, 467.

[115] For details see _infra_, pp. 104-106.

[116] Finn: _op. cit._, i. 106. The passage is worth quoting: "In 1839, Lord Palmerston's direction to his first Consul in Jerusalem was 'to afford protection to the Jews generally.' The words were simply those, broad and general, as under the circumstances they ought to be, leaving after events to work out their own modifications. The instruction, however, seemed to bear on its face a recognition that the Jews are a nation by themselves and that contingencies might possibly arise in which their relations to Mohammedans should become difficult, though it was impossible to foresee the shape that future transactions might assume upon the impending expulsion of the Egyptians from Syria."

[117] See text of Firman in Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, i. 278-279.

[118] _Infra_, pp. 119-124.

[119] _Memoir of Laurence Oliphant_, ii. 179. As late as January 1888 Mr. Oscar Straus, the United States Minister in Constantinople and himself a Jew, assured the Grand Vizier, with regard to the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, "that no such purpose actuated the Jews throughout the world" (_Foreign Relations of U.S._, 1888, p. 1559).

[120] _Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon_ (1702), _Novus in Belgio Judaeorum Rex_, p. 25.

[121] Graetz: _Geschichte_, x. 207.

[122] "Re-establishment of the Jewish Government, with a letter from a Jew to his Brethren; copied from the _Courier_, June 10, 1798."

[123] Lemoine: _Napoléon et les Juifs_ (Paris, 1900), p. 72.

[124] _Infra_, p. 107. There is no trace of this scheme in the Foreign Office papers except in the reference here quoted from the Russian Memorandum, but Tatistcheff, who saw the Russian set of these papers in the Petrograd Foreign Office, describes a scheme submitted by Guizot to Palmerston and Metternich which seems to be the one referred to here. (Kamarowsky: "La Question d'Orient," in _Revue Générale de Droit International Public_, iii. 423.)

[125] _Infra_, pp. 107-109.

[126] _Infra_, pp. 111-113.

[127] _Infra_, p. 113.

[128] _Infra_, pp. 114-116.

[129] Covering despatch from Baron Bülow, _infra_, p. 116.

[130] Despatch from Lord Beauvale and draft of reply by Palmerston, _infra_, pp. 116-117.

[131] Kamarowsky, _op. cit._, p. 423.

[132] _Memoirs of Bunsen_ (London, 1868), i. 593 _et seq._

[133] Memorandum of July 15, 1841, presented to Palmerston by Bunsen (F.O. 64/235 Prussia).

[134] Letter from Bunsen to his Wife (_Memoirs_, i. 608-609).

[135] Bishop Alexander was before his conversion Minister of the Jewish Synagogue at Plymouth.

[136] Holland: _European Concert in Eastern Question_, p. 93.

[137] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxix. 1342-1353; lxxiii. 438.

[138] _Infra_, p. 124.

[139] _Infra_, pp. 124-125.

[140] This was probably the scheme suggested by Guizot (_supra_, p. 105).

[141] This Memorandum is identical with the Austrian Memorandum of October 1840, which at the time was only communicated to the Prussian Government (_supra_, pp. 111-113).

* * * * *

Notes of the transcriber of this etext:

"Religous" changed to "Religious" "repondu" changed to "répondu" both "Toldano" and "Toledano" appear "Etats-Unis" changed to "États-Unis" "Janaury" changed to "January" "Cánovas" and "Canovas" appear "morocain" changed to "marocain" "qu iont" changed to "qui ont" "Gortschacow" changed to "Gortchacow" "Kluber" changed to "Klüber" "Munster" changed to "Münster" "parait" changed to "paraît" "Plenipotentiaire" changed to "Plénipotentiaire" "reconnait" changed to "reconnaît" "Bartholomei" changed to "Bartholomey" "Litteraire" changed to "Littéraire" "Maioresco" appears in the index as "Maiorescu" "Séménoff" appears in the index, Semenoff in the notes.