Part 17
Mejásk, or nepísh Herb, or grass Marchián Journey; to go a journey Mushqueewor´meteek Knot of wood Mannetónce Ants, and all small insects Misquy´ Blood Mannetoo menan´ce Beads Mackquáh Bear Mackquacon´ce, or mackon´ce Cub bear Meetecónse Branches of a tree Marseynay´gan Book, letter, or paper Meteek múshcomat, or muccuck Box of wood, or bark, or rum keg Môtay Bottle Múshcomat Bag Meecoose Canoe awls Medar´min Indian corn Menómon Indian rice Matchee Mannitoo Devil, or bad spirit Misquoitch Dew {265} Mackcóan Dish Meekintar´gan Pack, or bundle of skins Marsennahatch, or marsennay´gan Debt, or trust Meeno geesshegat Fine day Matchee geeshegat Bad day Moouse Elk Meegeezes Eagle Matchee oathty Enemy, or bad heart Mattoyash Earth Meechaw Face Meedséywort Fundament Muckkikee Frog Mejimmim Food Mishquoishártay Fever Marchew´ Gall Min´nishish Grapes March Hole Min´nesey Island Min´nesin Peninsula Meequorm Ice Mókoman Knife, or knives Meemoche Lips Mittasse Leggons, or stockings Maunk Loon, (a bird) Maskikkee Medicine Mentimoy´ey Wife, or mistress Mentimoy´amish My wife, or mistress {266} Meesey Mouth Mergummegat News Mackcutty, or mackcutty pingo Gunpowder, or black dust Meecho Peace Matchee pattso Poison, or the taste of the bad swelling Meekan Road Mannetoo woygan´ Blue stroud Mishwoygan´ Red stroud Menókemeg Summer, or spring Mat´wort Stumps of trees Múshkowar Strength, or strong Matchee geesshegar Storm Monyny´yank Montreal, a town in Canada Maukissin Indian shoes Meteek Trees, or wood Mitchea Thumbs Meessay Urine Mawhin´gon Wolf Mecar´tay War; to go to war; to fight, or quarrel Menópemeg Woods Misquoyshoanar´boop Wine, or blood red broth Matchee móyamee Whore, or bad woman Matchee Bad, or wicked Matooch Bitter Matchee way´begun Barren, or not bearing fruit {267} Menditoo Big, or great Matchee arpeech Coarse, not fine Matchee weebeezesay Cunning Meenwen´desay Easy Mee Enough Meermárjis Few Meecheweass Fresh, not stale Mooshquenay Full Mackcutty Black Meeshar´quoit Light, or bright Marnay Many Mooshkey Pregnant Misquy, or misquitty Red Matcheewa Savage, or wild Marmo Together Maunder, or mor This, or that Metách, or menoch Besides Mewinch Because Meenewatch Again, or yet Memar´mo, or cargoneek Always, wherever Maywísher Long time ago, formerly, or is it long since? Moszack But Meegwoyack, kay, or kaygait It is true, or right, or very well Meewgotch Thank you Mishcoot To alter, or change Marchetoon To send {268} Mantetappy To sit down, or sit you down Meetso To push Mirrowerrindan To please Metashwar´bermy To account Mornooch nezar´gay To approve; I approve Mawwinnewah To assist Marchím To bend Matchee arpeech chickwar To betray Matchee arpeech chickwar´woke To betray a number of people Marmy´ To weep Mornooch towwárch To be unconcerned, or indifferent about a thing Mushkáwesay To defend Mat´woit To hit Min´niquah To drink Mishcow´womeech To lend Marchtooch To dip Mushcow´wartin To freeze Matootoo To perspire
Nondar´gay Arch, part of a circle Nowettywich, or nowwetting Breath Narmay´bin Carp, a fish Nepewarnoondájewort Crowd Non´dawar Ear Neejee, or neecarnis Friend, or companion Nepewoajánis Family Nócey Father {269} Nepísh, or mejásk Herb, or grass Nabaim´ Husband, or master of weakness Nishinnorbay Indians Noochimmoin Life Nin´gay Mother Ninnee Man Narb Nails of fingers and toes Neecárk Wild goose Nepeech Leaves Nekeek Otter Neatissum, or weebor´so Veins of the body Nondájewot People, or nation Nepewámeteek Raft of wood Nink Skin of animals Nepan´ Sleep Narmay´guiss Trout Narpoon Village Nippee Water Noetting Wind Newemo Ashamed; to be ashamed Ningootch Another Nezar´gea Fond, I am fond Nepewár, or gwotch Much, or a great deal Nishshishshin´, or kitchee Good, or great Nobeetch, or pockcan New, or strange Narnín Smooth Nebítch Sour {270} Nepeeweenoon Wet Nowwenday´shon Weary, or tired Neepoo Dead Nepárhar Drowsy; I am drowsy Nin, nee, or nee nee I, me, my Nin aighter I myself, or alone Neennerwind We, us, or our; all of us Nangay´mer, or angay´mer Yes Nogom Now, or lately Ningoot Afterwards, or after Ningoochum Behind Ningootch Another Nar Is it, was it, can it Nishcar´teyan To affront Neeshar´quish To hate Nishcarteseyan To be vexed; I am vexed Nishcartissay, or annascartissey To vex Nóneydone To answer, or attend to Nindooton, or nindootimond To ask; I ask Negádeja To ascend Nepewoy´awat To bathe Neesstootewar To understand Ninnowatchim To conquer Neméh To dance Nepewooch To drown Nartín, or petoon To fetch, or bring Naw´wameetch To hurt {271} Neewo To join Neparhan To lie down Newinnemecoossay To forget; I forget Newárbemoach To foretell; I foretell Nondágaitch, or stootewar To hear Neewatch To meet Neech, or acktone To put, or place Nebebeewoy To promise Nájemoon To sing Nondágat To sink Neminwain´desee To satisfy Nepa´n To sleep Nandootum To call
Onágun Bark bowl, or cup Oakónus, or amik woygan´ Beaver robe Opeewyesky Beard Onick´quick Back Oakcan Bones Opin Brain Oncean Breech clout Oskenay´gay Boy Owentágun Barrel Ojémaw, or O´kemaw Chief Ogunnegat Day, or days Ozett Foot, or feet Oyan Fur of animals {272} Ochick´ Fisher, an animal Onuggesh Bowels Oathty Heart Opeeway Hair of animals Oweoathcoan Hats Onúggemeg Portage, or carrying place Ogashy Horse Ocárt Leg Onjee Land Onjeech Mud Opoy´gan Pipe Ogánce Pickerill, a fish Onnemay Sturgeon, a fish Opickquoy Squirrel Oquarme Thighs Outon Tongue Ozonnemon Vermillion Ozóme Too much, or dear Ozóme pongay Too little Onar´gushey Dark Omích Round Opar´mey Below Omár, or owáy Here Otárpeet Under Ojey To Ondass Come here Osquibby, or squibby Drunk {273} Ojit To grind Ojeytoon, or ogúbbetoon To make, or do Ondashin´ To come on
Pennyshance All small birds Pamótay way´begun Ashes Peckqueen dorsow Breech Pewarbickcónce Brass wire Paunéa Broaches Peshshekey Buffalo Pesh´shemo Bed Penar´quan Combs Piskawágan Coats Peshshew Wood cat Pewar´bick Copper, iron, or brass Pingo Dust, or powder Pewyar Eyelid Pennyshis Fowl, or birds Pockquoísigan Flour, or bread Pinneesh Fruit Pequim Feathers of birds Pewarmickcoon Flint stone Powwabickcoon Gun flints Pickkew Gum Powwetink Rapid or strong current of water Péwithay Stranger Pewarbeneech Hawk bells Peja´rcan Harbour Pemartus Health Pendycutty Horn Puttwar Knee Pecktópe Nostrills Pinneck Navel Pimmethy Oil, fat, or grease; or to be fat Peenay Partridge Pockkikkin Skin (human) Parbock´erwoyan´ Shirts Pockcan worrockay, or pockcan The other world, or country tunnockay Pitchynar´go Yesterday Pester´quan Heavy Parmín Bald Pejar´moach Jealous Pongay, or hagush´enonce Little, small Páyshik One, the, a, or an Pockcan, or nobeetch Strange, or new Packquoim Wide Payshéw Near, or nigh Papay´jit Each Panímár By and by Pendeek In Pay, páyshik Here, and there Pack´itan To abandon, or forsake Peach, or tarpín To feel {275} Pon´kissin To fall Pamískian, or pemískar To go by water Papamôtay To go by land Peechúganub To hang Packettywaun To beat Pawpy´ To laugh Packquoy mowachin To mend Packquoítso To mix Petoon, or nartín To fetch, or bring Pameech, or hapítch To open Pisquitch To pass Pemíshkar To row Papyan To rejoice Pejar´kemet To release Pas´serquoin To stand up Pemíshcarmooch To sail Pis quemeetch To shake Pamósay To walk Pooterway chebock´woy To make a fire and cook
Quickwahay Beaver eater Queebesince Child, or children Quinch Liver Quéwescence Virgin Quoyjím To bite Quois´ciquen To weigh {276} Shaquoit Air Shemayn Brother Shoanar´boop Broth, or soup Shemay´nce Sister Shamíshcart Battle Sedgwin Current of water Squendum Door; shut the door Sheshíb Wild duck Saggonash English Squittycan Fire steels Squitty, or scotay Fire Scotay wigwass Fire bark Saggoban´wan Hair plates Shóamin Huckleberries Seegwa Lungs Squitty annacook Lightning, or quick fire Sakíegan Lake Shenowantágan Lines for a net Shan´gwoitch Mink Shem´mor Neck Shaboonegun Needles Shenecázeau Name Sen´nebar Ribbands, or silk Scótaywa´bo, or squittywa´bo Rum, or brandy Seepee River Sheesheebanwín Shot Sheecark Skunk, or pole cat {277} Seezeebockquoit, or seezequar Sugar, or sweet Sagoyb Well of water Sheotágan Salt Shemágonish Soldier, warrior, or brave man Squissow Throat Sawwétch Tongue of animals Sazárgesay Greedy, or covetous Sannegat Hard, cruel; it is hard, or cruel Sasay´ga Handsome Shenargussey Such Sug´germarsh Quiet; all is quiet Shyyár, or shar´shyyár Past, or gone, or done Squibby, or Osquibby Drunk Sparchtay Thirsty, or dry Sharshyar´ newebens To arrive by water Squittyar´bach To burn Sug´gersoy To smoke a pipe Squabeech To swim Serpar´gussey To shew Stootewar, or nondágaitch To hear Squamích To run Sharshyyár Long since
Taguámissey, or haguámissey Courage Tonbin´gesay Noise Tunnoc´kay Country Teakíagun Gun worms {278} Tarbátch Hips Tootooshonarbo Milk, or sap of the breast Tam´mikquoin Spoon Tarbinnáck Indian slay Tarbishár Thunder Talon´jay Blue Tarwar´chewort Toes Thurensera Dawn of day Tarpoach Voice, or the echo of the breath Tabiscoach Equal, or alike Towwacktowar Surprising Tannepy When, or whence Tar´nin, tar´neyau, way´go nin, or What, or what now? hawwaneeyaw Tawnimilik, or andersoy How many, what price, how much? Taw! waw! Oh! oh! Tarpenán To take Takooshin To arrive at a place Tackannin To bind, or tie Tuckunnin To choose Tibárimaw To govern Tuckunnum´kewish To marry Tonbin´gus To bawl Tercush´enan, or guabeecheway To return Tarpin, or peach To feel Tójeytoon, or gúsketoon To work
Utchwar Chin {279} Un´gwoitch Busy Unter, or aighter Only, at, or alone Untowarch Unto
Way´bissay, or waybeezesay Thoughts Warbunk To-morrow Warwích Ankle Warcockquoit, or warcockquoit Tomahawk opoygan Wabatch An animal between a dog and a wolf Wheeyóe Breast Waperwoyan´ Blankets Wapátch Basket, or hand bowl Warmeek Bridge Wigwass Bark of a tree Warbim´ Cheeks Wiskin´ky Eyes Wark Eggs Warbegum´ Globe, the earth Weass Flesh of animals Wisseneet Feast Waymístergoash French, or builders of vessels Wakay´gon Fort, or tower Wematishtergóan Bald head Woygán, or oakónus Robe made of peltry Wapoos Hare {280} Weeyan Hide of animals Wigwaum House, cabin, or hut Wakeck´uman Crooked knife Warbermoon Looking glasses Winnetoon Loss Warbun´ Month Woyzáskquish Rush mat Warbeshan´ce Marten, an animal Wesshepátchta Bird´s nest Woyzásk Rushes Watappy Roots of trees Warmeech Tail of animals Weenecobbo Turkey Weebitt Teeth Weebor´so, or neatissum Veins Wiscon´kissey Young, offspring Warbermeneech Blind Weematch Sharp Warbishcár White Waterwawadoossin Roots; a figurative expression for the affections of the heart, which entwine about each other Ween He, him, she or her Weennewar Ye, they, or them Way´nin Who, or who is that? ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Way´gonin, hawwaneeyaw } What, or what now? —— tar´nin } „ —— Tar´neyau } „ ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── {281} Waygush, or way way How, or how do you do? Woity, or awoity There, at that place Weebátch Immediately, or very soon Weechópe Mine, belonging to me Woke Plural number Weebittan´, or ha, weebittan´ Make haste Warbermeech To clean Wíssemeg To chew Wissinnin To eat Weegewach´in To follow Warbermecó To find Wínnemawatch To neglect Warmarch To spit Wabindán To view, or examine well my mind Wabemát, or wabemór To see Warcharch To seek Warmatt To win Warbennís, or warbennét To watch Waybenán To throw away, to repudiate
Yoe Body Yotch Nose Yaquoy To avoid
Zenzeebisson Finger rings Zárgay, or zargéytoon Love; to love {282} Zawnum´ Paint; to paint Zeepeeooch To boil Zar´squoy To cure Zeewitc´h To fly Zayquébenan To wash
FAMILIAR PHRASES IN THE ENGLISH AND CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGES
{284} _English_
How do you do, friend? In good health, I thank you. What news? I have none. Have you had a good hunt this winter? Yes, a very good hunt. What lake did you hunt at last winter? At the Skunk Lake. What is there at that lake? Beaver, but not much. How long were you there? Only one month. They say there are no fish in that lake; That is hard. There has been a great deal of snow lately; We have all found it hard this winter. Did you see any strange Indians on the way? Yes, I met five going to Lake Sturgeon.
Had they any thing with them? No, I did not see any thing but slays. I long to see spring, that we may go a fishing. What lake will you fish at? The Red Lake. {286} Our canoes are broken; We must make new in the spring. There is great quantity of birch bark at the Red Lake; Yes, but the trees are small.
{285} _Chippeway_
Way, way, nee neejee? Meegwotch nóbum pemártus. Ta´rnin mergúmmegat? Caw´ween a´rwayyor. Níshshishshín géosay nógone bebóme? Anga´ymer, O, níshshishshín. Hawwaneeyaw sakíegan kee géosay awa´ss bebóne? Sheecark Sakíegan. Way´gonin woíty ha sakíegan? Amík, cawween gwotch. Maywísher kee appay? Páyshik geezus aíghter. Eca´rto ca´wween ka´ygo keegónce woity sakíegan; Sannegat. Nepewár going nogóme; Cockinnór marmó ojey candan sannegat nogóme bebóne. Póckcan níshinnorbay kee warbema´t nar? Anga´ymer, na´rnan nee warbemór onnemay sakíegan ojey eszar. Ka´ygoshish arthty wéenewar nar? Ca´wween, nin ojey warberma´t a´rwayyor tarbinna´ck. Ba´dash menókemeg bóckettywaun neennerwind. Ta´rneyau sakíegan keen bóckettywaun? Misquíttyyang sakíegan. {287} Cóckinnor neennerwind, O, chema´n ojey bowwískar; Póckcan in gar ojeytoon menókemeg. Nepewár wigwass woity Misquíttyyang Sakíegan; Anga´ymer, hagúshenonce meteek.
_English_
How many fathom long will you make your canoe? Perhaps three fathom. There are many rapids at the Red Lake; Are they hard rapids? Here and there. How long are you going up them? Fifteen days. That is long. Bring me some tobacco; Here is some for you. This is English; Yes, it is. Sit down. I want to smoke a pipe. I am tired. I will lie down. I will get up. I want to eat. I want to drink. We will make fire and cook our kettle; It is ready; Let us eat; It is very good. {288} I will go. Are you going, friend? Yes, but I shall return soon. Have you any good guns? Yes. Let us see them? This is broke. Here is another;
_Chippeway_
Ta´wnimilík eu níck kee ojeytóon chema´n? Ca´nnebatch neesswoy euník. Nepewár powwetink Misquíttyyang Sakíegan; Sannegat nar powwetink? Pay, pa´yshik. Maywísher nar shy´yar cockinnór? Metósswoy ogúnnegat asshea na´rnan. Débwoy maywísher. Assa´ymer petoon; Oway. Maúnder Sa´ggonash; Anga´ymer dédwoy. Manteta´ppy. Nee, wee, súggersoy. Nowwenda´yshon nin. Nepa´rhan, nin. Goyey nin goníshcar. Nee, nee, wissínnin. Nee, nee, mínniquah. Pooterway chebóckwoy neennerwind; Shashy´yar keejetty; Haw wíssinnin; Húnjeyta O, níshshishshin. {289} Nin gamárcha. Shashy´yar kee bóossin nar négee? Angáymer, pánimar tercúshin nin. O, níshshishshin baskéyzegan árthty nar? Angáymer. Gar warbemór? Maunder bowwískar. Oway póckcan páyshik;
_English_
This, I think, is a good one. I want a paddle; Here is one for you. Thank you, friend. Where is your wife? She is dead. Is it long since? Last winter. Have you any children alive? Only one boy. Can he hunt? Not yet. Where is your brother? I saw him last winter at the Skunk´s Lake; He was killed there by an Indian when he was drunk. He was a bad Indian, and they should have killed him too; An Indian just now told me he is killed.
That´s right. {290} Was he old? No. He had three packs of beaver skins, and ten bags of dried meat, besides fish, when he was killed:
Oh! that was hard. Who is that coming? A strange Indian: I will go and see him. Are you come from far, friend? No, a little way from hence.
_Chippeway_
Maúnder páyshik O, níshshishshin indenéndum. Ab´boy nee gúyyossay; Oway páyshik. Meegwotch, neecárnis. Aúnday keen O, mentimóyey? Sharshy´yar nepoo. Maywísher nar? Pa´yshik bebóne shy´yar. Ar´thty O, jánis nogóme pemártus? Páyshik oskenáygay áighter: Géosay ween nar? Kamarchy. Aúnday chemayn? Nee warbemór awáss bebóne woity Sheecark Sakíegan; Páyshik níshinnorbay ojey gúnnissar ween osquíbby. Ween O, mátchee níshinnórbay, meégwoyack O, gúnniesar ween gúyyea; Shashy´yar ojey gúnnesar, ween nogóme me ecárto níshinnorbay; Meegwoyack. {291} Keewáency nar? Cáwween. Ween arthty neésswoy meekintárgan appimíniquy metósswoy múshcomat wéass spárchtay metách keegónce gúyyea: Taw! waw! sannegat. Hawwaneeyaw tercúshin? Póckan Níshinno´rbay: Nin eszar gar warbem´or Awássa nar kee tercúshin, neegee? Cáwween, páyshew omar.
_English_
What have you brought? A small pack of beaver. What will you want? Blankets. I have none but small for your children.
What is your trader´s name at the Red Lake?
The Good Heart. Has he many goods there? Five large canoes full. Have you any bears´ grease? One box only. I will trade with you for it; Very well, friend. How many beaver skins did you give for that blanket?
Eleven. I want to buy such; {292} You will get such at the English trader´s. How many beaver skins will you take for this? Twenty: Take them, friend. Will you trade for those otter skins? No, not now; I must pay my credit to the Good Heart.
What did you take from him? Some small things. Fetch me some water. Make haste. Do you hear me?
_Chippeway_
Wa´ygonin kee ogúbbetoon? Hagúshenonce meekinta´rgan appimíniquy. Wa´ygonin kee gúyyossay? Wa´perwoyan. Ca´wween kaygo wa´rpewoyan hagúshenonce kee janis shena´rgussey. Ta´rnin sheneca´zeau keennerwind arta´wwaywinnin Misquíttyyang Sakíegan? Níshshishshin oa´thty. Nepewar huncúshigon a´rthty nar? Na´rnan kítchee cheeman mo´oshquenay. Mackqua´h pímmethy a´rthty nar? Pa´yshik muccuck a´ighter. Nee wee arta´wway; Meégwoyack, négee. An´dersoy appimíniquy kee, kee, arta´wway, wa´per woyan? Meto´sswoy asshea pa´yshik. Nee wee arta´wway shenargussey; {293} Sa´ggonash a´rthty shena´rgussey. An´dersoy appimíniquy keetarpena´n mor? Neesh tanner: Tarpena´n neeca´rnis. Cúnner kee wee arta´wway maúnder nekeék woygan? Cáwween, nogóme; nee wee gudderpa´rhan nee marseyna´ygan níshshishshin o´athty. Wa´ygonin kee tarpena´n? Póngay ka´ygoshish. Nippee nartin. Ha, webitta´n. Cunner kee sto´otewar?
_English_
I hear you. Come here; I am coming. What kind of a hunt had the _Fox_ last winter? The winter was bad indeed. What did he hunt for? Bear. I wish this was spring, and all the Indians would come and trade their winter´s hunt; They will come soon: I think they will have a great many packs. What will you ask to take me by water from Montreal to Michillimakinac? One large keg of rum, one gun, one blanket, one kettle, and one knife; that is all I want:
{294} That is too much, as you will eat and drink the same as us, and will not work, but only shew the way.
Will you go directly? No, I shall stay till to-morrow, and then embark. I left my wife and children at a place four days march from hence. I want to see them. To-morrow, at the dawn of day, we will embark. Take courage; farewell, friend. Very well, I will be true to my word. All is quiet. I will go to bed. Get up, friend. I am lazy.
_Chippeway_
Kee, kee, no´neydone. Onda´ss; Nin tercúshin. Ta´rnin shena´rgussey géosay _Assinbo_ awa´ss bebo´ne? Hapadgey maítchee bebo´ne. Wa´ygonin ween géosay? Mackqua´h. Ba´dash meno´kemeg ha cockinno´r marmo níshinnorbay tercúshin ojey arta´wway awass bebo´ne O, wo´ygan; Weeba´tch tercushin weénnewar: Nepewar meekinta´rgan indenéndum weénnewar. Wa´ygonin kee nindootymond monyny´yank woíty Michillima´kinac pamis´kian? Pa´yshik kitchee muckcúck scotaywa´bo, pa´yshik baskéyzegan, payshik wa´perwoyan, pa´yshik akeek, pa´yshik mo´koman; me cockinno´r: {295} Ozo´me kee tabisco´ach wíssinnin neénnerwind mínniquy ca´wween a´rwayyor kee gúsketoon meekan mee áighter unter wabindan´. Weebatch gúddeszar keen? Ca´wween, omar ojey appay; warbunk boossin. Mee woity ojey appay, mentimóyamish, ja´nis woke, guyyea neon ogúnnegat. Nee, nee, warbema´t weennewar. Warbunk thurensera boossin. Hagua´rmissey, way, way, negee. Meegwoyack, nee gar débwoy. Súggermarch. Péshshemo nin gama´rchar. Goníshcar, neegee. Kittim nin.
_English_
I am sick. I am vexed. I am cold. I am hot. I am hungry. I am dry. I am well. I love you. Your health, friend. I do not understand you.
_Chippeway_
Acquoisee nin. Nishcar’teseyan. Geessénnar nin. Geesha’rtay nin. Bócketty nin. Spa’rchtay nin. Pema’rtissey nin. Neeza’rgay keen. Kee talleneman’co, or, keetan’nemecó neejee. Cawween nee stoticee.
THE END
-----
Footnote 1:
Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_ (Quebec, 1890), ii, pp. 139, 140.
Footnote 2:
Alexander Henry, _Travels and Adventures in Canada_ (Bain’s ed., Boston, 1901), p. 233.
Footnote 3:
For the wages of voyageurs, see Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical Society _Proceedings_, 1889.
Footnote 4:
See _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp. 290, 291.
Footnote 5:
The chronology of Long’s later years in Canada is confusing. On page 175 of his book, he gives the date of 1786, and after describing ten months’ occupations says on the next page, “the spring of 1786.” That this should be 1787, is proved by the fact that when he applied to General Hope for assistance the next year, the latter had gone to England. As Hope’s departure occurred in June, 1788, Long’s mistake of a year in his dates is thus manifest.
Footnote 6:
The following are those to whom he definitely refers: Lahontan, Hennepin, La Salle, Colden, Adair, Carver, Jonathan Edwards, Kalm, Beatty, Rev. John Sargent, Robson, Umfreville, Kames, Robert Rogers, Pope’s poems, a novel by Lady Emily Montague, and Justamond’s Life of Louis XV.
Footnote 7:
Field, _Essay toward an Indian Bibliography_ (New York, 1873).
Footnote 8:
Long’s book is of slight topographic value to the historical student, because of the apparently uninhabitable nature of the countries through which he passed; they are nearly as undeveloped now as they were then.
Footnote 9:
For list of partners, see _Canadian Archives_, 1888, p. 61.
Footnote 10:
Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society from 1778 until his death in 1820, was the patron of discoverers, having himself voyaged around the world with Captain Cook (1768–71). He was especially interested in Northwest exploration, and the customs and habits of primitive people, and to him Alexander Henry dedicated his _Travels and Adventures in Canada_.—ED.
Footnote 11:
The Treaty of Paris, drawn up between the envoys of the United States and those of Great Britain (1783), was called “Oswald’s Treaty,” because Richard Oswald was chief negotiator for the British ministry. The Northwest posts were not surrendered _de facto_, until after Jay’s Treaty in 1794.—ED.
Footnote 12:
Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, Baron de Lahontan, was a French officer who served in Canada, in 1683–93. While commanding a small fort on Detroit River, he started on a journey to the Western country. Going by way of Mackinac, he ascended the Mississippi from the mouth of the Wisconsin, and explored part of Minnesota. In 1703 he published an account of his travels, which was largely fabulous, although of some value. The work had, however, great vogue in the eighteenth century, was translated into several languages, and much studied. He also published a French-Algonquian dictionary, to which Long here refers.—ED.
Footnote 13:
Rev. Jonathan Edwards was much interested in Indian missions; and having been brought up among the Stockbridges, published (1788) _Observations on the Language of the Mukhekaneew Indians_. In a republication with notes by John Pickering, in the _Massachusetts Historical Collections_, 2nd series, x, pp. 81 ff., the added Chippewa vocabulary is that of Long.—ED.
Footnote 14:
Jonathan Carver, one of the earliest American explorers of the Northwest, was born in 1732, and served in the French and Indian War, barely escaping from the massacre of Fort William Henry. In 1766, he went to Mackinac, and thence through Wisconsin and Minnesota, and later explored Lake Superior. His _Travels_ were first published in London in 1778, and two years later he died there in destitute circumstances. For further details see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, vi, pp. 220–237. Carver gives an account of Indian manners and customs; chapter 17, devoted to language, includes a Chippewa vocabulary.—ED.
Footnote 15:
Long is here following the authority of Father Hennepin, who gives this origin of the name “Canada” in his _New Discovery_ (London, 1698). The real origin of the word is disputed, some deriving it from an Iroquois term meaning “village;” others from Indian terms signifying “at the mouth of the river;” still others, from a term for “lakes,” _i. e._, a country full of lakes.—ED.
Footnote 16:
The author assumes that Lake Huron is the source of the St. Lawrence, and that Lake Nipissing, which empties into Georgian Bay through the French River, is the source of Lake Huron.—ED.
Footnote 17:
Trois Rivières, at the mouth of St. Maurice River, where it empties into the St. Lawrence by three channels separated by islands, was ceded (1634) to the Jesuits, who built a fort here. See Sulte, “La Rivière des Trois Rivières,” in Royal Society of Canada _Proceedings_, 1901, sec. i, pp. 97–116.—ED.
Footnote 18:
A Jesuit mission entitled St. François Xavier was founded for Iroquois converts in 1669. Later it was removed to this village (near Montreal), which was named for an Indian town in the Mohawk Valley, also the seat of a Jesuit mission. The usual orthography is Caughnawaga.—ED.
Footnote 19:
Long uses as his historical authority the work of Cadwallader Colden (whom he later cites directly), _History of the Five Indian Nations_ (New York, 1727). Colden appears to have taken much of his material from Bacqueville de la Potherie’s _Histoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale_ (Paris, 1722). But Long does not blindly follow Colden, and adds other material.—ED.
Footnote 20: