Part 19

On Indian medicine-men and their skill as physicians, see Brinton, _Myths of the New World_, pp. 304–328; and _Jesuit Relations_, index, caption “Medicine-men.” See also Hoffman, “The Midewinin of the Ojibwa,” United States Bureau of Ethnology _Report_, 1885–86.—ED.

Footnote 73:

According to Count Andrani of Milan, who was at Grand Portage in 1791, each pack was valued at £40 sterling, making the total value of Long’s first season nearly $28,000. On the expenses of such an outfit, see _Canadian Archives_, 1888, p. 69.—ED.

Footnote 74:

This is not the river now known as Pic River, which is east of Pays Plat, but one of the shorter streams between this and Nipigon River, probably the one now called Gravel River.—ED.

Footnote 75:

For the difficulties of this passage from Pays Plat to Nipigon, see the account of the building of this section of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, in Ingersoll, _Canadian Guide-Book_ (New York, 1892), ii, pp. 29, 30.—ED.

Footnote 76:

For this lake, see Cameron, “Nipigon Country,” Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, pp. 242, 244.—ED.

Footnote 77:

For a brief description of the process of making a birch bark canoe, see McKinney, _Tour of the Lakes_ (Baltimore, 1827), p. 319.—ED.

Footnote 78:

Scuttaywabo is rum or brandy. See Long’s Chippewa vocabulary, at the end of the present volume.—ED.

Footnote 79:

Tripe de roche is a lichen, which Henry calls _waac_ in Chippewa. See Henry, _Travels_ (Bain ed.), pp. 214, 215.—ED.

Footnote 80:

On the subject of justice in the forest, as exercised by the British companies, see Bancroft, _Northwest Coast_, i, pp. 538–542.—ED.

Footnote 81:

Fort Albany was built by the Hudson’s Bay Company in the seventeenth century. It was in a sheltered inlet, forty yards from the borders of James Bay on the south side of Albany River. In 1686 it was attacked and captured by Troyes’s expedition; and Iberville re-christened the post, Fort Ste. Anne. It remained in French hands until 1693, when retaken by the English, who never again lost it, although besieged by the French in 1704. The later fort was built on Factory Island, in the mouth of the river, about two and one-half miles from the old fort on the mainland.—ED.

Footnote 82:

Joseph Robson went out to Hudson Bay in 1733, as a stone-mason, and was employed in the construction of Fort Churchill. He appears to have had disagreements with the governor, and returned to England in 1736. In 1744, he was again sent out as surveyor and superintendent of buildings at York factory, and explored the Nelson River. Returning to England in 1747, he testified on behalf of the Company in 1749, before the House of Commons committee; but some years later published a work, _An Account of Six Years’ Residence in Hudson’s Bay_ (London, 1752), in which he animadverts against the treatment of servants and Indians by the Company’s governors. Long attempts to controvert him in this paragraph; but on p. 170 he uses his testimony in favor of the management of the Company.—ED.

Footnote 83:

For the history of the formation of the North West Company, see preface, _ante_, p. 16.—ED.

Footnote 84:

The Cristinaux (Kiristinou, Killistinoe) Indians, now known as Crees, are Algonquian tribes who have always been associated with the Assiniboins (Assinipoils), a Siouan tribe derived early from the Yankton Dakotas. Their habitat has been the wilderness between Lake Superior and Hudson Bay, and the land to the west as far as the Assiniboin and Saskatchewan rivers. They were well known to the early French explorers (see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi), and were the chief Indians with whom the Hudson’s Bay Company traded. They still number over twelve thousand. See Henry, _Travels_ (Bain ed.), p. 249.—ED.

Footnote 85:

This was the work of Edward Umfreville, _Present State of Hudson’s Bay_ (London, 1790), written with a view of opposing the continuance of the Company’s charter, and exposing the practices of the officers. Umfreville had been in the service of the Company from 1771 to 1782.—ED.

Footnote 86:

On this subject of courtship and marriage, see also Grant, “Sauteux Indians,” in Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, pp. 319–321.—ED.

Footnote 87:

The British fort at Mackinac was still upon the south shore of the strait, where Mackinaw City now stands; but the governor, Patrick Sinclair, had already begun the erection of a new fort on the island, to which the establishment moved in the spring of 1781. See “Story of Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s _How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest_.—ED.

Footnote 88:

For a contemporary account of this well-known incident, see Henry, _Travels_, chaps. 8, 9, and 10.—ED.

Footnote 89:

The “Poes” were the Potawatomi Indians (called Poux by the French). For their history and that of Fort St. Joseph, see vol. i of this series, pp. 115, 117.—ED.

Footnote 90:

The Menominee Indians were called Folles-Avoines by the French, a name by which the latter designated both the grain (_zizania aquatica_), and this tribe of Indians whom they first found using it. They are Algonquian in language, and were originally encountered by Nicolet (1634) on the shores of Green Bay. This remained their habitat until they were removed to their present reservation in Shawano County, Wisconsin. For history of this tribe, see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_ (especially vols. xvi and xvii); Hoffman, “Menomini Indians,” U. S. Bureau of Ethnology _Report_, 1892–93; Jenks, “Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes,” _ibid._, 1897–98.

No mention of such a barbarous custom as this is made by other writers. Long may have been misinformed.—ED.

Footnote 91:

On the cause of this action of the Indian traders, alarmed at the reprisals being made by Spanish and Americans for the unsuccessful attack on St. Louis by the British party from Mackinac, see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, vii, p. 176, _note_.

For biography of Charles Langlade, first Wisconsin settler, see Tassé’s “Memoir,” _ibid._, pp. 123–185.—ED.

Footnote 92:

This is a somewhat confused reference to George Rogers Clark’s occupation of the Illinois country, and alliance with the Spaniards who controlled Louisiana. The fort here mentioned is St. Louis, for whose early history see vol. iii of this series, André Michaux’s _Journal_, note 138. Spaniards were incensed at the British traders’ methods in Upper Louisiana during this period.—ED.

Footnote 93:

The commandant at Mackinac was Patrick Sinclair, for whose biography see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xi, p. 141, _note_. For documents dealing with the Revolution in this region, see _ibid._, xi, pp. 97–212; and xii, pp. 49–55.—ED.

Footnote 94:

The Outagamies, or Fox Indians (French, Renards), were first encountered by the French on Fox River, Wisconsin. A proud and warlike nation, they refused to yield to the French yoke. The long series of wars waged by them with the French was a great source of weakness to the colony of Canada, and prepared the way for its downfall. For the documents on these wars, see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi and xvii. Driven from their habitat in Eastern Wisconsin, about 1740, the Foxes joined with their kindred, the Sauks, and settled on the Mississippi, siding alternately with the British and Americans during the wars of the Revolution and of 1812–15. One band of the Sauks participated in the Black Hawk War (1832). At present the combined population of the Sauks and Foxes is about four hundred, located on a reservation in Iowa.

The Sioux were the Minnesota branch of this nation, under their chief Wabasha, _q. v._, _post_, note 87.—ED.

Footnote 95:

Lac les Puans (Stinking Lake) was a name used by the French for Green Bay. The origin of this term was long supposed to be either in the ill-smelling shores or the filthy character of the native Puants (_i. e._, Winnebagoes). In _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 360, however, an early writer testifies to the cleanliness of the Puants.

It appears that the original Algonquian name for these people, who are an offshoot from the Sioux, was Ouinepeg, a word which has come down to us in two forms—Winnipeg and Winnebago. The meaning of _Ouinepeg_ was, “men of (or from) the fetid (or bad-smelling) water.” It is probable that these people may at one time have lived near a sulphur spring or on the shore of a salt lake. The earliest French inferred that the allusion was to the ocean; hence Nicolet’s appearance among the Winnebagoes on Green Bay (1634) attired as a mandarin, under the apprehension that these “Men of the Sea”—as they were called in some of the earlier French accounts—were Chinamen. Herein we have an illustration of the tenacity of the old theory that America was but an outlying portion of Asia. La Salle’s post at La Chine, near Montreal, which was so nicknamed because some thought it to be on the road to China, is another case in point. When the “Men of the Sea” were discovered to be ordinary Indians, their Algonquian appellation _Ouinepeg_ was translated by the French into a less complimentary term, “Puants” (Stinkards). Given the name, the reputation of uncleanliness soon followed. The _Jesuit Relations_ frequently mentioned the matter; but by the time of the missionaries the old term of “Men of the Sea” appears to have been forgotten. See _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 3, _note_, for citations; also Thwaites, _Stories of the Badger State_ (New York, 1900), p. 30, for brief recital of the case—ED.

Footnote 96:

The Foxes had been largely won to the American interest by the efforts of Godefroy Linctot, Sr., their trader at Prairie du Chien, and the emissaries of George Rogers Clark from the Illinois country.

Wabasha was a famous Sioux chief, first mentioned by the French commandant in 1740. Being devoted to the British side, he was dignified with the title of “general,” and was received with honors of war at Mackinac. He also visited Quebec several times, and was decorated by the British officials. His village was near the present site of Winona, Minnesota. A son of the same name participated in the War of 1812–15. The French called both these chiefs, “La Feuille.”—ED.

Footnote 97:

On the origin of this term for Americans (Great Knives, Long Knives, or Big Knives, indifferently) see Thwaites, _Daniel Boone_ (New York, 1902), p. 111, _note_.—ED.

Footnote 98:

This must mean seven days’ journey either from Mackinac or Green Bay, for Prairie du Chien is situated at the confluence of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi. On the early settlement of Prairie du Chien, which was named for a chief of the Fox tribe called “Chien,” see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp. 282–302.—ED.

Footnote 99:

Lake Temiscaming lies near the source of the Ottawa River, on the boundary between Quebec and Ontario. The savages near here were wandering tribes of rude Algonkins, who traded indifferently with Canada or Hudson Bay.—ED.

Footnote 100:

Tadoussac, at the entrance of the Saguenay River, is one of the oldest trading stations on the St. Lawrence, having been founded before Quebec. It was the site of an early Jesuit mission begun before 1642. A church built for the mission (1747–50), is still standing.—ED.

Footnote 101:

The mission colony of the Hurons at Lorette was established by the Jesuits on their seigniory in 1673. There is still a settlement of these Indians near this place.—ED.

Footnote 102:

For biographical sketch of Robert Rogers, see vol. i, Croghan’s _Journals_, note 61. Long here refers to his work, _Concise Account of North America_ (London, 1765).—ED.

Footnote 103:

Henry Home, Lord Kames, a famous Scotch jurist, published _Sketches of History of Man_ (Edinburgh, 1774).—ED.

Footnote 104:

The Montagnais Indians—so called from their habitat, the mountainous country north and east of Quebec—were an Algonquian tribe, much in contact with the French colonists. They still roam through their ancient territory, hunting and fishing, and acting as guides to scientific and sporting parties. They have a reservation on Lake St. John.—ED.

Footnote 105:

Chicoutimi, at the head of navigation of Saguenay River, was early settled, a mission church being built there in 1726. It has but recently become a place of importance, being not only the chief trading station for the entire Saguenay region, where settlement has commenced to be permanent, but the seat of large salmon fisheries and of extensive wood-pulp mills; small ocean vessels are now laden with pulp at Chicoutimi docks, carrying the product to English, French, and American ports.—ED.

Footnote 106:

After leaving Lake St. John, Long followed its sources westward, and portaged over the Height of Land into the present Northeast Territory—a region now nearly as unknown and unexplored as it was then. Modern maps are not helpful regarding Long’s route.—ED.

Footnote 107:

The true rattlesnake (_crotatus horridus_) is not found in Canada. The one here alluded to is the _caudisona tergemina_. The age is not indicated by the number of the rattles. The black water snake was probably the _tropidonatus sipedon_, which feeds on fish, and is an expert swimmer, although not a true water snake. The “turkey snake” cannot be identified.—ED.

Footnote 108:

This was the expedition of La Pérouse, who in the summer of 1782 captured Fort Prince of Wales and York factory. See Wilson, _The Great Company_ (Toronto, 1899), pp. 320–326.—ED.

Footnote 109:

Lake George was originally named Lac du St. Sacrement, by the Jesuit missionary and martyr Isaac Jogues, who was there in 1646. On his expedition of 1755, Sir William Johnson changed the name in honor of his king. Lakes George and Champlain were of strategic importance in all the French wars, and that of the Revolution. Fort George was a small post on an eminence a half mile southeast of Fort William Henry, built in 1759 after the destruction of the latter. Abandoned temporarily during Burgoyne’s invasion, the garrison were surprised and captured by Carleton (October, 1780), and the fortification destroyed. New York State has appropriated the land around the ruins of this fort for Fort George Battle Park.—ED.

Footnote 110:

For a description of the road from St. Johns on the Richelieu River, at the outlet of Lake Champlain—where the French built a fort in 1748—to La Prairie on the St. Lawrence, see Kalm, _Travels in North America_ (London, 2nd ed., 1772), ii, pp. 219–223.—ED.

Footnote 111:

Crown Point, called by the French Pointe au Chevalure (scalp point), was fortified by the latter nation in 1731, as their advanced post (Fort St. Frédéric) on the northern frontier. During the French and Indian War it was twice attacked by the English; but the French retained possession until Amherst’s expedition (1759), when Fort St. Frédéric was abandoned and destroyed. Amherst began here extensive fortifications, the ruins of which still exist. Crown Point was captured by the Americans in 1775, and restored to the British in 1776. After 1780 it was dismantled and fell into decay, so that Long could have found but deserted quarters at this place.—ED.

Footnote 112:

This incident indicates the low state of the credit of the United States. Congress passed the act for the relief of this Indian, April 8, 1785, as follows: “On report of a committee, consisting of Mr. Howell, Mr. Long, and Mr. Holton, to whom was referred a petition of John Vincent, an Indian of the Huron tribe, _Resolved_, That in consideration of the faithful services of John Vincent, an Indian of the Huron tribe, in the course of the late war, he be allowed and paid by the commissioners of the treasury, the sum 100 dollars.—_Journals of Congress_ (Philadelphia, 1801), x, p. 82.—ED.

Footnote 113:

Hendrick was the well-known Mohawk chief, born about 1680, whose friendship for the English and especially for Sir William Johnson kept his tribe firm in the English alliance during the French wars. Hendrick lived at Canajoharie in the Mohawk Valley. At the Albany Conference (1754), he was one of the most prominent negotiators; but was killed in the battle of Lake George the following year.—ED.

Footnote 114:

Schenectady boats were long, narrow, flat-bottoms, propelled by small and ungainly sails, or by iron-shod poles. They were so named from being first built at Schenectady, and were much used in the shallow water navigation of Western New York and the Upper St. Lawrence.—ED.

Footnote 115:

The Canadian government was at this period granting large areas of land north of the St. Lawrence, and of Lake Ontario, to the Loyalists of the United States, who were removing thither. Two hundred acres were given to each settler; and higher amounts, according to rank, to those who had served in the British army. See Canniff, _History of the Settlement of Upper Canada_ (Toronto, 1869).—ED.

Footnote 116:

Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester, served with Amherst at Louisburg, in 1758. The next year he was wounded at the siege of Quebec. In 1766 he was made governor of Quebec, and was governor of Canada, 1767–70. In 1775, he was again made governor of Quebec, and defended Canada against the American forces until relieved by Haldimand in 1778. In 1782, he succeeded Clinton as commander in chief of the forces in America, and having evacuated New York in 1783, returned with the troops to England. He was created Baron Dorchester in 1786, and appointed governor general of Canada, whither he arrived in October, serving as the ruler of this province until 1796, when he retired to England, where he died in 1808.

Henry Hope, lieutenant colonel of the 44th regiment, came to America in 1776, and served throughout the war. In November, 1785, he was made lieutenant-governor of Canada, and served as acting governor until the arrival of Dorchester, under whom he continued as lieutenant-governor until his death at Quebec, April 13, 1789.—ED.

Footnote 117:

Sir John Johnson was the son and heir of Sir William Johnson, the New York Indian agent. Born in the Mohawk Valley in 1742, he received part of his education in England, and was knighted there in 1765. He succeeded to his father’s position and estates in 1774; and on the outbreak of the Revolution escaped to Canada, where he was made colonel in the British army. His services during the war, leading Iroquois against the border settlements in the Mohawk and Cherry Valley, are well known. His estates were confiscated by the State of New York, and he retired to Canada, where he was made superintendent general of Indian affairs in British North America. His death occurred at Montreal in 1830.—ED.

Footnote 118:

In the surveys made in 1783–84, preliminary to the Loyalists’ settlement, ten townships were set off in Quinté Bay, which were long known by their respective numbers. The third township was that now called Fredericksburgh, and was chiefly settled by Johnson’s disbanded soldiers.—ED.

Footnote 119:

On the land system of Canada, see Canniff, _History of Settlement of Upper Canada_; and Kingsford, _History of Canada_ (London and Toronto, 1894), vii, pp. 300–313. The feudal tenure was not abolished in Quebec until 1854; but the Act of 1791, separating Upper from Lower Canada, decreed a modern system for the Loyalist settlements.—ED.

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70 added the perfect notes of the added the perfect notes of the different war hoops, as different war whoops, as

206 cargo. On the 9th of November we cargo. On the 9th of November we felt Newfoundland, left Newfoundland,

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Placed footnotes all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. ● Enclosed blackletter font in =equals=.