Part 10

P. 12. -- 27. NE ... QUIDEM: these two words together correspond to the Greek ουδε (ου = ne, δε = quidem), and are best translated here by 'nor' rather than by 'not even'. The rendering 'not even', though required by some passages, will often misrepresent the Latin. -- LOCUS: _locus_ (like τοπος in Greek) is a rhetorical term with a technical meaning. The pleader is to anticipate the arguments he may find it necessary to use in different cases, and is to arrange them under certain heads; each head is called a τοπος or _locus_, meaning literally the _place_ where a pleader is to look for an argument when wanted. Hence _locus_ came to mean 'a cut-and-dried argument' or, as here, a 'commonplace'. It is often found in Cicero's rhetorical writings. -- NON PLUS QUAM: 'any more than'. After the negative _ne_ above it is incorrect to translate _non_ by a negative in English, though the repetition of the negative is common enough in Latin, as in some English dialects. Cf. n. on 24. _Plus_ here = _magis_. -- QUOD EST: _sc. tibi_, 'what you have', so Paradoxa 18 and 52 _satis esse, quod est_. -- AGAS: _quisquis_ is generally accompanied by the indicative, as in Verg. Aen. 2, 49 _quidquid id est_ etc.; see Roby, 1697; A. 309, _c_; G. 246, 4; H. 476, 3. The subjunctive is here used, with the imaginary second person, to render prominent the hypothetical and indefinite character of the verb statement. Roby, 1544-1546; Madvig, 370, 494, Obs. 5, (6). -- VOX: 'utterance'; the word is used only of speeches in some way specially remarkable. -- CONTEMPTIOR: 'more despicable'. The passive participle of _contemno_ has the sense of an adjective in -_bilis_, like _invictus_ and many others. -- MILONIS: the most famous of the Greek athletes. He lived at the end of the sixth century B.C., and the praises of his victories were sung by Simonides. It was under his leadership that his native city Croton, in Magna Graecia, attacked and destroyed Sybaris. Many stories are told by the ancients about his feats of strength (see 33), and about his power of consuming food. He is said to have been a prominent disciple of Pythagoras. -- ILLACRIMANS: beware of spelling _lacrima_ with either _ch_ for _c_ or _y_ for _i_; these spellings are without justification. The _y_ rests on the absurd assumption that the Latins borrowed their word _lacrima_ straight from the Greek δακρυ. -- DIXISSE: combinations like _dicitur dixisse_ are exceedingly rare in good Latin. Cicero nearly always uses two different verbs; _i.e._ he says _aiunt dicere_ and the like. -- AT: there is an ellipsis here such as 'those young men's muscles are powerful but ...'. This elliptic use of _at_ is common in sudden exclamations of grief, annoyance, surprise etc. -- VERO: this is common in emphatic replies, whether the reply convey assent, or, as here, a retort. The usage is well illustrated in Nägelsbach's Stilistik, § 197, 2. -- TAM: _sc. mortui sunt_. -- NUGATOR: _nugari_ = ληρειν, 'to trifle'. -- EX TE: Cato here identifies a man's person with his soul and intellect, the body being regarded as a mere dress; cf. Rep. 6, 26 _mens cuiusque is est quisque_. _Ex te_, literally, 'out of yourself', _i.e._ 'from your real self's resources'. -- LATERIBUS: see n. on 14. -- AELIUS: his _cognomen_ was Paetus; he was consul in 198, and censor in 194 B.C. He was one of the earliest and most famous writers on Roman Law. His great commentary on the XII tables is often referred to by Cicero, who several times quotes Ennius' line about him. -- _egregie cordatus homo catus Aelius Sextus_. -- TALE: _sc. dixit_. -- CORUNCANIUS: n. on 15. -- P. CRASSUS: consul in 205 B.C. with the elder Africanus; pontifex maximus from 212 to his death in 183. He was famous both as a lawyer (see below, 50; also Liv. 30, 1, 5 _iuris pontifici peritissimus_) and as a statesman (see 61). _Modo_ therefore covers a space of at least 33 years, so that it cannot well be translated by our 'lately'; say rather 'nearer our time'. The amount of time implied by _modo_ and _nuper_ depends entirely on the context; for _modo_ see Lael. 6 with note, for _nuper_ below, n. on 61, where it is used of Crassus as _modo_ is here. -- PRAESCRIBEBANTUR: the meaning is that these lawyers practised in old age as jurisconsults, _i.e._ according to old Roman custom, they gave audience in the early hours of the day to all who chose to consult them about legal difficulties. -- EST PROVECTA: literally 'was carried forward', _i.e._ 'continued', 'remained'. Some wrongly take the phrase to mean 'made progress', 'increased', a sense which would require the imperfect, _provehebatur_. -- PRUDENTIA: here, as often, 'legal skill'.

28. ORATOR: emphatic position. -- SENECTUTE: causal ablative; not 'in age', but 'owing to age'. -- OMNINO -- SED TAMEN: 'no doubt -- but still'. _Omnino_ (literally, 'altogether') has two almost exactly opposite uses -- (1) the affirmative, cf. 9; (2) the concessive, which we have here and in 45. The circumstance which is contrasted with the admitted circumstance is usually introduced by _sed tamen_ or _sed_ as in 45, but in Lael. 98 by the less emphatic _autem_, while in Lael. 69 there is no introductory particle. -- CANORUM ... SENECTUTE: _canorum_ implies the combination of power with clearness in a voice. For the mixture of metaphors in _canorum splendescit_ edd. quote Soph. Phil. 189 αχω τηλεφανης; Cic. De Or. 2, 60 _illorum tactu orationem meam quasi colorari_. -- NESCIO QUO PACTO: literally, 'I know not on what terms'; quite interchangeable with _nescio quo modo_; cf. 82. A. 334, _e_; G. 469, Rem. 2; H. 529, 5, 3). -- ADHUC NON: purposely put for _nondum_, because more emphasis is thus thrown both on the time-word and on the negation. The common view that _nondum_ was avoided because it would have implied that Cato _expected_ to lose the _canorum_ is certainly wrong. -- ET VIDETIS: 'though you see my years'. The adversative use of _et_ for _autem_ or _tamen_ after the negative is not very uncommon in Cicero, but there are few examples of the usage in the speeches. Cf. Lael. 26 _et quidquid_; so sometimes _que_ as above, 13; also Lael. 30 _ut nullo egeat suaque omnia in se posita iudicet_. -- SENI: Madvig's em. for _senis_. In Leg. 1, 11 allusion is made to the great change which advancing years had wrought in Cicero's own impassioned oratory. He was no doubt thinking of that change when he wrote the words we have here. -- SERMO: 'style of speaking'; a word of wider meaning than _oratio_, which only denotes public speaking. -- QUIETUS ET REMISSUS: 'subdued and gentle'. The metaphor in _remissus_ (which occurs also in 81) refers to the loosening of a tight-stretched string; cf. _intentum_ etc. in 37 with n. With the whole passage cf. Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 2 _nam iuvenes confusa adhuc quaedam et quasi turbata non indecent; senibus placida omnia et ordinata conveniunt_. -- FACIT AUDIENTIAM: 'procures of itself a hearing for it'. In the words _per se ipsa_ there is no doubt an allusion to the custom at large meetings in ancient times whereby the _praeco_ or κηρυξ called on the people to listen to the speakers. Cf. Liv. 43, 16, 8 _praeconem audientiam facere iussit_. Note that this is the only classical use of the word _audientia_; it has not the meaning of our 'audience' either in the sense of a body of listeners, or as used in the expression 'to give audience'. -- COMPOSITA ET MITIS: 'unimpassioned and smooth'. Cf. Quintil. 6, 2, 9 _affectus igitur hos concitatos, illos mitis atque compositos esse dixerunt_. -- QUAM ... NEQUEAS: 'and if you cannot practise oratory yourself'. Evidently _quam_ refers to _oratio_ in the widest sense, not to the special style of oratory mentioned in the last sentence. With _si nequeas_ cf. _nisi exerceas_ in 21 with n. -- SCIPIONI ET LAELIO: '_a_ Scipio and _a_ Laelius'; _i.e._ 'young friends such as Scipio and Laelius are to me'. -- PRAECIPERE: here absolute, = _praecepta dare_; usually an accusative follows. -- STUDIIS IUVENTUTIS: 'the zeal of youth'. _Studiis_ does not imply here the deference of youth to age; the studia meant are the _virtutum studia_ of 26.

29. NE ... INSTRUAT: _docere_ is to impart knowledge, _instituere_ (literally 'to ground' or 'establish') is to form the intellect and character by means of knowledge, _instruere_, to teach the pupil how he may bring his acquirements to bear in practical life. -- OFFICI MUNUS: 'performance of duty'; cf. 35, 72; Fam. 6, 14. In scores of passages in Cicero we find _officium et munus_, 'duty and function', as in 34. -- CN. ET P. SCIPIONES: in Cic. the plural is always used where two men of the same family are mentioned and their names connected by et. In other writers the plural is regular, the singular exceptional, as in Sall. Iug. 42, 1 _Ti. et C. Gracchus_; Liv. 6, 22 _Sp. et L. Papirius_. Even with other nouns the plural is regular; e.g. Cic. Phil. 2, 101 _arationes Campana et Leontina_, though a little above we have _mense Aprili atque Maio_. [See Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1², p. 1.] Gnaeus (_not_ Cnaeus -- see n. on Lael. 3) Cornelius Scipio was consul in 222 B.C. and was sent to Spain at the outbreak of the Second Punic war to command against Hasdrubal. Publius was consul in 218, and after being defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus, joined his brother in Spain. At first they won important successes, but in 212 they were hemmed in and killed, after a crushing defeat. -- L. AEMILIUS: the father of Macedonicus. He was consul in 219 and defeated the Illyrii; but when consul again in 216 was defeated and killed at Cannae. See 75. For _avi duo_ cf. 82. -- CONSENUERINT ... DEFECERINT: _coniunctio_, for which see n. on 16. For the mood see A. 313, _a_; G. 608; H. 515, III. and n. 3. -- ETSI: see n. on 2. -- SENECTUTE: MSS. and edd. have _senectutis_, but the sense requires the abl.

P. 13. -- 30. CYRUS: the elder. -- APUD XENOPHONTEM: 'in Xenophon'; so in 79 where see n.; also 31 _apud Homerum_. See Cyropaedia, 8, 7, 6. -- CUM ... ESSET: '_though_ he was very old', the clause depends on the following words, not on the preceding. -- NEGAT: in Latin as in English the present tense is used in quotations from books. -- METELLUM: was consul in 251 B.C. and won a great victory over the Carthaginians at Panormus (Palermo); consul again in 247. See below, 61. -- MEMINI ... ESSE: for the construction of _memini_ with the present or perfect infinitive, see n. on Lael. 2; also A. 288, _b_; G. 277, Rem.; H. 537, 1. -- PUER: the expression is peculiar, being abbreviated from _quod puer vidi_ or something of the kind. Quintil. 8, 3, 31 has _memini iuvenis_. In Rep. 1, 23 Cicero says _memini me admodum adulescentulo_. -- VIGINTI ET DUOS: the commoner order of the words is _duos et viginti_; see n. on 13 _centum ... annos_. -- EI SACERDOTIO: 'that sacred college'; _i.e._ the pontifical college consisting of the _pontifex maximus_ and the inferior _pontifices_. -- REQUIRERET: see n. on 13 _quaereretur_. -- NIHIL: n. on 1, l. 1 _quid_. -- MIHI: dat. for acc. to emphasize the person. -- ID: 'such a course'; cf. 82 _ut de me ipse aliquid more senum glorier_.

31. VIDETISNE UT: here _ne_ is the equivalent of _nonne_, as it often is in the Latin of Plautus and Terence, and in the colloquial Latin of the classical period. For _ut_ after _videtis_ see n. on 26. -- NESTOR: _e.g._ in Iliad 1, 260 _et seq_. 11, 668 _et seq_. -- TERTIAM AETATEM: cf. Iliad 1, 250; Odyssey 3, 245. -- VERA ... SE: 'if he told the truth about himself'. -- NIMIS: 'to any great extent'. _Insolens_ does not correspond to our 'insolent'; it is almost the equivalent of _ineptus_, and has no harsher meaning than 'odd', 'strange', 'in bad taste'. -- MELLE DULCIOR: Homer, Il. 1, 249 του και απο γλωσσης μελιτος γλυκιων ‛ρεεν αυδη. In Or. 32 Cic. says of Xenophon (whom the Greeks called Αττικη μελιττα) that his _oratio_ was _melle dulcior_. -- SUAVITATEM: notice the change from _dulcior_, which seems to be made for the mere sake of variety, since elsewhere (De Or. 3, 161) Cicero writes _dulcitudo orationis_. -- ET TAMEN: see n. on 16. -- DUX ILLE: Agamemnon; see Iliad 2, 370 _et seq_. -- NUSQUAM: _i.e._ nowhere in Homer. -- AIACIS: _i.e._ Aiax Telamonius, who was the greatest Greek warrior while Achilles sulked (Iliad 2, 768). The genitive after _similis_ is the rule in Cicero, though many examples of the dative are found even with names of persons; see Madv. on Fin. 5, 12.

32. SED: see n. on 26. -- REDEO AD ME: so 45; Lael. 96, Div. 1, 97 _ad nostra iam redeo_; also below, 67 _sed redeo ad mortem impendentem._ -- VELLEM: see n. on. 26. -- IDEM: A. 238; G. 331, Rem. 2; H. 371, 2. -- QUOD CYRUS: see 30. -- QUEO: the verb _queo_ is rarely found without a negative, _possum_ being used in positive sentences; cf. however Lael. 71 _queant_, where see n. -- MILES etc.: see 10 above. -- FUERIM ... DEPUGNAVI: A. 336, _b_; G. 630, Rem. 1; H. 524, 2, 2. _Depugnavi_ = 'fought the war out', or 'to the end'; cf. 38, _desudans; 44 devicerat_. -- ENERVAVIT: _enervare_ is literally 'to take out the sinews'; cf. the expressions _nervos elidere_ (Tusc. 2, 27) and _nervos incidere_ (Academ. 1, 35) both of which are used in a secondary or metaphorical sense. -- CURIA: = _senatus_. -- ROSTRA: cf. n. on 44 _devicerat_. -- FIERI: A. 331, _a_; G. 546, Rem. 1; H. 498, I. n. -- ESSE: emphatic, = _vivere_; see n. on 21. -- EGO VERO etc.: 'I however would rather that my old age should be shorter than that I should be old before my time'. -- MALLEM: see n. on 26 _vellem_.

P. 14. -- NEMO CUI FUERIM: cf. Plaut. Mercator 2, 2, 17 _quamquam negotium est, numquam sum occupatus amico operam dare_.

33. AT: as in 21, where see n. -- T. PONTI CENTURIONIS: the centurions were generally men of powerful frame; cf. Veget. 2, 14 _centurio elegendus est, qui sit magnis viribus et procera statura_; Philipp. 8, 26 _centuriones pugnaces et lacertosos_; Horat. Sat. 1, 6, 72. -- MODERATIO: 'a right application'; literally 'a governing'. -- TANTUM ... NITATUR: cf. 27 _quidquid agas agere pro viribus_, also 434 _quantum possumus_. -- NE: the affirmative _ne_, often wrongly written _nae_ on the absurd assumption that the word passed into Latin from the Greek ναι, is in Cicero always and in other writers nearly always followed by a pronoun. For the form of the sentence here cf. Fam. 7, 1, 3 _ne ... nostrum_; Tusc. 3, 8 _ne ista_ etc.; Fin. 3, 11 (almost the same words). -- PER STADIUM: 'over the course'; cf. Athenaeus 10. 4, p. 412 E; Lucian, Charon, 8; Quint. 1, 9, 5 _Milo quem vitulum_ _assueverat ferre, taurum ferebat_. As to Milo see n. on 27. For _cum sustineret_ a modern would have been inclined to use a participle, which was perhaps avoided here because of the close proximity of another participle, _ingressus_. -- UMERIS: this spelling is better than _humeris_, which is now abandoned by the best scholars. There is no sound corresponding to the _h_ in words of the same origin in cognate languages (see Curtius, Greek Etym. 1, 423 of the Eng. Trans.), and although undoubtedly _h_ was wrongly attached to some Latin words, there is no evidence to show that this happened to _umerus_. -- HAS: _i.e. Milonis_, corresponding to _Pythagorae_. -- PYTHAGORAE: chosen no doubt because tradition made Milo a Pythagorean; see n. on 27. -- MALIS: _i.e. si optandum sit_ (cf. Plaut. Miles 170). For the ellipsis see n. on 26. -- DENIQUE: 'in short'. -- UTARE: the second person of the present subjunctive hortative is very rare, excepting when, as here, the command is general. Had the command been addressed to a particular person, Cicero might have written _ne requisieris_. Cf. Madvig, Opusc. 2, 105; Roby, 1596; A. 266, _a, b_; G. 256, 2; H. 484, 4, n. 2. -- DUM ADSIT, CUM ABSIT: as both _dum_ and _cum_ evidently have here a temporal sense, the subjunctives seem due to the influence of the other subjunctives _utare_ and _requiras_. A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1). -- NISI FORTE: see n. on 18. -- CURSUS: for the metaphor cf. n. on 83; also Fam. 8, 13, 1 (a letter of Coelius) _aetate iam sunt decursa_; pro Quint. 99 _acta aetas decursaque_. For _certus_ cf. below, 72 _senectutis certus terminus_. -- AETATIS: here = _vitae_; see n. on 5. -- EAQUE: this is a common way of introducing with emphasis a fresh epithet or predicate. Often _idque_ (και τουτο) occurs, the pronoun being then adverbially used, and not in agreement with the subject. Cf. n. on 65 _illius quidem_; also _neque ea_ in 22. -- SIMPLEX: life is compared to a race, in which each man has to run once and only once around the course. -- TEMPESTIVITAS: 'seasonableness'; cf. 5 _maturitate tempestiva_, with n. -- INFIRMITAS: the context shows that not physical but intellectual weakness is meant; so in Acad. 2, 9 _infirmissimo tempore aetatis_; Fin. 5, 43 _aetas infirma_. -- FEROCITAS: 'exultation', 'high spirit'. -- IAM CONSTANTIS AETATIS: _i.e._ middle age, the characteristic of which is _stability_; cf. 76 _constans aetas quae media dicitur_; also 60; Tac. A. 6, 46 _composita aetas_. For _iam_ cf. Suet. Galb. 4 _aetate nondum constanti_; pro Caelio 41 _aetas iam corroborata_; Fam. 10, 3, 2 _aetas iam confirmata_. -- MATURITAS: 'ripeness', _i.e._ of intellect or judgment. -- SUO: G. 295, Rem. 1; H. 449, 2.

34. AUDIRE TE ARBITROR: 'I think that news reaches you'. -- HOSPES: see n. on 28 _orator_. -- AVITUS: there was a strong friendship between the elder Africanus and Masinissa, king of Numidia, who in 206 B.C. passed over from the Carthaginian alliance to that of the Romans. He was richly rewarded by Scipio, and remained loyal to Rome till his death. He lived to welcome the younger Scipio in Africa during the last Punic war, and to see the utter ruin of Carthage. See Sall. Iug. 5, 4. For the expression _hospes tuus avitus_ cf. Plautus, Miles 135 _paternum suom hospitem_. -- CUM INGRESSUS etc.: _i.e._ protracted exercise of one kind did not weary him. -- CUM ... EQUO: though Cic. says _in equo vehi, esse, sedere_ etc. the preposition here is left out because a mere ablative of manner or means is required to suit the similar ablative _pedibus_. So Div. 2, 140 _equus in quo vehebar_, 'the horse on which I rode'; but ib. 1, 58 _equo advectus ad ripam_, 'brought to the bank _by the aid_ of a horse'. -- SICCITATEM: 'wiriness', literally 'dryness' or freedom from excessive perspiration, colds and the like; cf. Tusc. 5, 99 _siccitatem quae consequitur continentiam in victu_; Catull. 23, 12 _corpora sicciora cornu_. -- REGIS: here = _regia_. -- OFFICIA ET MUNERA: see n. on 29. -- NE SINT: 'grant that age has no strength'. This formula of concession for argument's sake is frequent in Cicero, who often attaches to it _sane_. A. 266, _d_; G. 610; H. 515, III. -- SENECTUTE = _senibus_: see n. on 26. -- LEGIBUS ET INSTITUTIS: 'by statute and precedent'. -- MUNERIBUS EIS etc.: chiefly military service. -- NON MODO ... SED NE QUIDEM: when a negative follows _non modo_ these words have the force of _non modo non_, a negative being borrowed from the negative in the subsequent clause. But often _non modo non_ is written; the negative after modo is then more emphatic, being independent. Here _non modo non quod non_ would have had a harsh sound. A. 149, _e_; G. 484, 3 and Rem. 1.; H. 552, 2. -- QUOD: adv. acc. (see n. on 1 _quid_). Cf. Liv. 6, 15 _sed vos id cogendi estis_.

35. AT: as in 21, where see n. In his reply Cato adopts the same form as that in which the objection is urged, _at id quidem_ etc. So in 68 _at senex ... at est ..._

P. 15. -- COMMUNE VALETUDINIS: 'common to weak health', i.e. to all in a weak state of health. _Valetudo_ means in itself neither good nor bad health; the word takes its coloring from the context. -- FILIUS IS QUI: a pause must be made at _filius_; the sense is not 'that son of Africanus who adopted you', but 'the son of Africanus, I mean the man who adopted you'. -- QUOD NI ITA FUISSET: 'now if this had not been so'; a phrase like _quod cum ita sit_ and _hoc ita dici_. Cf. also 67 _quod ni ita accideret_; 82 _quod ni ita se haberet_. -- ALTERUM ... CIVITATIS: _illud_ is put for _ille_, by attraction to _lumen_. Roby, 1068. A. 195, _d_; G. 202, Rem. 5; H. 445, 4. Cf. Fin. 2, 70 _Epicurus, hoc enim vestrum lumen est_, 'Epicurus, for _he_ is your shining light'. -- VITIA: 'defects'. -- DILIGENTIA: scarcely corresponds to our 'diligence'; it rather implies minute, patient attention; 'painstaking'.

36. HABENDA ... VALETUDINIS: 'attention must be paid to health'; so _valetudini consulere_ (Fam. 16, 4, 3) _operam dare_ (De Or. I, 265) _indulgere_ (Fam. 16, 18, 1) _valetudinem curare_ often; cf. also Fam. 10, 35, 2; Fin. 2, 64. -- TANTUM: restrictive, = 'only so much'; so in 69, and often. -- POTIONIS: _cibus et potio_ is the regular Latin equivalent for our 'food and drink'; see below, 46; also Tusc. 5, 100; Fin. 1, 37; Varro de Re Rust. 1, 1, 5. -- ADHIBENDUM: _adhibere_ has here merely the sense of 'to employ' or 'to use'. Cf. Fin. 2, 64. -- NON: we should say 'and not' or 'but not'; the Latins, however, are fond of _asyndeton_, called _adversativum_, when two clauses are contrasted. -- MENTI ... ANIMO: properly _mens_ is the intellect, strictly so called, _animus_ intellect and feeling combined, but the words are often very loosely used. They often occur together in Latin; Lucretius has even _mens animi_. -- INSTILLES: see n. on 21 _exerceas_. -- ET: 'moreover'. -- EXERCITANDO: in good Latin the verb _exercitare_ is rare except in _exercitatus_, which stands as participle to _exerceo, exercitus_ being unused. The word seems to have been chosen here as suiting _exercitationibus_ better than _exercendo_ would. So in 47 _desideratio_ is chosen rather than _desiderium_, to correspond with the neighboring _titillatio_. -- AIT: _sc. esse_; the omission with _aio_ is rare, though common with _dico, appello_ etc.; see n. on 22. -- COMICOS: not 'comic' in our sense, but = _in comoediis_, 'represented in comedy'. So Rosc. Am. 47 _comicum adulescentem_, 'the young man of comedy'. The passage of Caecilius (see n. on 24 _Statius_) is more fully quoted in Lael. 99. -- CREDULOS: in almost every Latin comedy there is some old man who is cheated by a cunning slave. -- SOMNICULOSAE: the adj. contains a diminutive noun stem (_somniculo-_). -- PETULANTIA: 'waywardness'. -- NON PROBORUM: Cic. avoids _improborum_ as being too harsh; with exactly similar feeling Propertius 3, 20, 52 (ed. Paley) says _nec proba Pasiphae_ for _et improba P._ Cf. Off. 3, 36 _error hominum non proborum_. -- ISTA: implying contempt. A. 102, _c_; G. 291, Rem.; H. 450, 1. n. and foot-note 4. -- DELIRATIO: 'dotage'; a rare word, used by Cic. only here and in Div. 2, 90.