Part 7

8. DIXERIT QUISPIAM: 'some one will say presently'; a gentle way of introducing one's own objection. The mood of _dixerit_ is probably indicative, not subjunctive; see the thorough discussion in Roby, Gram., Vol. 2, Pref., p. CIV. _et seq_. -- OPES ET COPIAS: 'resources and means'. _Opes_ has a wider meaning than _copias_ (mere material wealth) and includes all sources of power, influence, and authority as well as wealth. Thus in Lael. 22 the end of _divitiae_ is said to be enjoyment; of _opes_, worship (_opes ut colare_). _Dignitas_ is social position. -- ID: remark the singular pronoun, which indicates that the preceding clause is now taken as conveying one idea. Trans. 'such fortune'. -- CONTINGERE: 'to fall to one's lot' is the phrase in English which most closely represents _contingere_. This verb is not, as is often assumed, used merely of _good_ fortune; it implies in itself nothing concerning the _character_ of events, whether they be good or bad, but simply that the events take place _naturally_ and were to be expected. See n. on Lael. 8, where the word is distinctly used in connection with _bad_ fortune, as it is, strikingly, in 71 below. -- EST ... OMNIA: 'your statement indeed amounts to something, but it by no means comprises every consideration'. The phrase _esse aliquid_, 'to be of some importance', is often used by Cic. both of things and of persons; cf. Tusc. 5, 104 _eos aliquid esse_, also n. on 17 _nihil afferunt_. So _esse aliquis_ of persons, as in the well-known passage of Iuvenal, 1, 72 _aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum si vis esse aliquis_. For the general sense cf. Tusc. 3, 52 _est id quidem magnum, sed non sunt in hoc omnia_; so De Or. 2, 215; ib. 3, 221; Leg. 2, 24 _in quo sunt omnia_. -- ISTO: the use of the neuter pronoun in the oblique case as substantive is noticeable. -- THEMISTOCLES ETC.: Cicero borrows the story from Plato (Rep. 329 E _et seq_.), but it was first told by Herodotus, 8, 125 who gave a somewhat different version. Themistocles had received great honors at Sparta when Athenian ambassador there; an envious man declaring that the honors were paid really to Athens and not to Themistocles, the statesman answered ουτ αν εγω, εων Βελβινιτης (_i.e._ an inhabitant of the small island of Belbina lying to the S. of Cape Sunium) ετιμηθην ουτω προς Σπαρτιηρεων, ουτ αν συ, ανθρωπε, εων Αθηναιος. -- SERIPHIO: Seriphus is a small island belonging to the Cyclad group and lying almost due N. of Melos, and due E. of the Scyllaean promontory. Seriphus is often taken by ancient writers as a specimen of an insignificant community (_e.g._ Aristoph. Acharn. 542; Cic. N.D. 1, 88), but it had the honor of being one of the three island states which refused to give earth and water to the Persian envoys, the other two being the adjacent islands of Melos and Siphnus (Herodotus, 8, 46). -- IURGIO: _iurgium_ is a quarrel which does not go beyond words; _rixa_ a quarrel where the disputants come to blows. -- SI EGO: but further on, _tu si_. The contrast would certainly be more perfect if _ego si_ were read, as has been proposed, in place of _si ego_. -- QUOD EODEM MODO ... DICI: Cic. commonly says _quod ita dicendum_ and the like; see n. on 35 _quod ni ita fuisset_. Cato means that just as Themistocles' success was due to two things, his own character and his good fortune, so two things are necessary to make old age endurable, viz. moderate fortune and wisdom. He then in 9 insists that of these two conditions wisdom is far the more important. -- NEC ... LEVIS ... NEC ... NON GRAVIS: notice the chiasmus.

9. OMNINO: here = πανταπασι 'undoubtedly', in a strongly affirmative sense, as in 76; but in 28 (where see n.) it is concessive. -- CUM DIU MULTUMQUE VIXERIS: literally 'when you have lived long and much', _i.e._ when you have not only had a long life but have done a great deal in the course of it. The phrases _diu multumque, multum et diu_ are common in Cic., as below, 38; Acad. 1, 4; Div. 2, 1; Off 1, 118; Leg. Agr. 2, 88; De Or. 1, 152. For mood see A. 309, a; H. 518, 2. -- ECFERUNT: _ecferunt_ for _efferunt_ (_ec_ = _ex_ = _ecs_; so εκ = εξ = εκς) was old-fashioned in Cicero's time, but forms of the sort, as below, 39 _ecfrenate_, according to the evidence of the best MSS., occur in a good many passages. See Neue, Formenlehre, Vol. 2, pp. 766 seq., ed. 2. -- NUMQUAM DESERUNT: the omission of the object after _deserunt_ is not common. With the general sense of this passage cf. Arch. 16 _litterarum studia adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solarium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur._

P. 5. -- 10. Q. MAXIMUM: the famous Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Ovicula Cunctator, hero of the Second Punic War. -- EUM ... RECEPIT: this clause has often been suspected to be an insertion of the writers of MSS. But (1) the capture of Tarentum in 209 B.C. was Fabius' crowning achievement, and 'captor of Tarentum' was often added to his name as a title of honor; see De Orat. 2, 273; and (2) there were several other persons of distinction bearing the name Q. Maximus about the same time, so that some special mark was wanted for the sake of clearness. Notice _recepit_ 'recovered', Tarentum having been lost by the Romans to Hannibal in 212 B.C. -- SENEM ADULESCENS: observe the emphasis given by placing close together the two words of opposite meaning. -- ERAT ... GRAVITAS: 'that hero possessed dignity tempered by courtesy'. Expressions like _erat in illo gravitas_ are common in Cicero; _e.g._ Mur. 58 _erat in Cotta summa eloquentia._ The metaphor in _condīta_, 'seasoned', is also common; cf. Lael. 66 _condimentum amicitiae_. -- QUAMQUAM: 'though indeed', introducing a necessary correction of the last words _nec senectus mores mutaverat._ For this corrective _quamquam_ cf. n. on 2. -- CONSUL PRIMUM: B.C. 233. -- GRANDEM NATU: although the phrases _maior, maximus, parvus, minor, minimus natu_ are of frequent occurrence, yet _magnus natu_ is not Latin, _grandis natu_ being always used instead. The historians sometimes use _magno natu esse_ or _in magno natu esse_. -- ANNO POST: the word _unus_ is not usually attached to _annus_ except where there is a strong contrast between one and a larger number of years. _Anno post_ must not be translated 'during the year after'; but either 'a year after', _anno_ being regarded as the ablative of measure or excess, literally 'later by a year', or 'at the end of a year', the ablative being one of limitation, and _fuerat_ being equivalent to _factus erat_ 'had been elected'. So _quinto anno_ below, 'at the end of the fifth year', _i.e._ 'five years after'. -- ADULESCENTULUS MILES: See n. on 21 _quemquam senem._ Translate 'when quite a youth I marched with him to Capua as a private soldier'. G. 324; H. 363, 3, 2). _Miles_ here = _gregarius miles_. -- QUEM MAGISTRATUM: _sc. quaesturam_, to be understood from _quaestor_ Cf. Mur. 18 _quaesturam una petiit et sum ego factus (sc. quaestor) prior_. -- TUDITANO ET CETHEGO: when the _praenomina_ of the consuls are given the names generally stand side by side without _et_; when they are omitted _et_ is generally inserted. Cf. n. on 50 _Centone Tuditanoque_, etc. -- CUM QUIDEM: the _quidem_ simply adds a slight emphasis to _cum_; 'at the very time when', επειδη γε. -- SUASOR: _suasor legis_ was any person who publicly (_i.e._ before the senate or people in _contio_ assembled) spoke in favor of a measure, _dissuasor_ any one who spoke against it. Cf. 14 _suasissem_. -- LEGIS CINCIAE: a law passed in 204 B.C. by M. Cincius Alimentus, a plebeian tribune, whereby advocates were forbidden to take fees from their clients, and certain limitations were placed on gifts of property by private persons. -- CUM ... ESSET: '_though_ he was'; so below 11, 30, etc. -- GRANDIS: = _grandis natu_. -- IUVENILITER: Hannibal was 29 years of age when he entered Italy in 218. -- EXSULTANTEM: 'wildly roaming'. The word in its literal sense is used of a horse galloping at its own will over a plain. The metaphorical use is common in Cicero; cf. Acad. 2, 112 _cum sit campus in quo exsultare possit oratio, cur eam tantas in angustias compellimus?_ -- PATIENTIA: 'endurance', 'persistence'; it is not equivalent to our 'patience'. -- PRAECLARE: _sc. dicit_; cf. n. on 3. -- FAMILIARIS: see Introd. -- UNUS HOMO etc.: these lines were famous, and were not only often quoted with the name of Ennius attached (as in Off. 1, 84; Livy 30, 26), but also imitated or adapted without mention of his name, as, being too familiar to need it; cf. Att. 2, 19, 2; Ovid, Fast. 2, 241; Verg. Aen. 6, 846; Suet. Tib. 21. -- CUNCTANDO: Cf. Polybius 3, 105, 8. On Fabius' military policy consult Mommsen, Hist. of Rome, Bk. III. ch. 5. -- REM: here = _rem publicam_. -- NOENUM: the older form from which _non_ is an abbreviation; = _ne-oinom_, _n-oinom_, literally 'not one thing'; cf. _nihil_ = _ne-hilum_ 'not a whit', also the rare word _ningulus_ = _ne oinculus_, 'not even a little one'. -- RUMORES: 'fame', 'public opinion'. -- PONEB[=A]T: for the long vowel cf. n. on 1, l. 2 _versat_. -- PLUSQUE: MSS. _postque_; _plusque_is the emendation of Bernays. _Plusque magisque_ is a variation upon the ordinary phrases _plus plusque_, _magis magisque_.

11. SALINATORI: there can be no doubt that Cicero is guilty of a blunder here, and in De Or. 2, 273 where the story also occurs. Livy (27, 34, 7) gives M. Livius Macatus as the name of the Roman commander who held the citadel of Tarentum while Hannibal was in possession of the town. Cicero probably found the commander described by the annalists merely as M. Livius (so in Livy 24, 20, 13; 26, 39, 1), and then jumped to tne conclusion that he was the famous M. Livius Salinator. This man, the father of the Salinator mentioned in 7, was consul in 219 and subdued the Illyrians, but was condemned for misappropriation of public moneys and went into exile. In 210 he was induced to return by the desire of the senate. In 207 he became consul with C. Claudius Nero, and defeated Hasdrubal in the great battle of the Metaurus. In 204 Livius was censor with Nero as his colleague, and won his name _Salinator_ by imposing a tax on salt. The title was bestowed in ridicule, but clung to the family. Salinator was a relative of M. Livius Macatus. See Liv 27, 34, 7. -- ITA DICENTI etc.: the anecdote is told by Livy, 27, 25, 5 and Plutarch, Fab. 23. Both, however, refer the story not to the time at which Tarentum was taken, but to the year after, when altercations about it took place in the senate. -- TOGA: here put for 'civil life', the _toga_ being replaced in time of war by the _sagum_. Cf. in Pisonem 73 _pacis est insigne et oti toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli;_ De Or. 3, 167 _'togam', pro 'pace', 'arma', ac 'tela', pro 'bello'._ We have the same contrast between _arma_ and _toga_ in Cicero's own much-derided verse, _cedant arma togae, concedat laurea laudi_, which is defended by him, in Pis. 73 and Off. 1, 77. -- CONSUL ITERUM etc.: as the second consulship of Fabius was in 228 B.C., while the law of Flaminius was passed in 232 (according to Polybius), it is very difficult to understand the statement here made. It is possible that Flaminius was one of the commissioners for executing his own law, and that its execution lasted over the time of Fabius' second consulship. The Flaminius here mentioned is the same who fell as consul in 217 at the battle of lake Trasimenus. He held large and statesman-like views on the policy of securing Italy by planting Romans and Latins in the territory then recently taken from the Gauls, in the neighborhood of Ariminum. This particular measure was carried against the will of the senate, and was the first law passed, since the _lex Hortensia_ of 287, in defiance of its wishes. It was also the first agrarian law since the Licinio-Sextian law of 367. Polybius dates the decline of the Roman constitution from the passing of the _lex Flaminia_. Cf.'Rheinisches Museum', 1843, p. 573. -- SP. CARVILIO QUIESCENTE: this Sp. Carvilius was consul in 234 when he conquered the Corsicans and Sardinians. In 228 he was again consul, and died as augur in 212. He is said, but erroneously, to have been the first Roman who divorced his wife. In 216, just after the battle of Cannae, he made a most remarkable proposal, to fill up the gaps which that battle had made in the numbers of the senate by selecting two members from each of the Latin communities. It was almost the only occasion in the course of Roman history when anything like modern representative government was advocated. Carvilius was not sprung from one of the noble families, who for the most part monopolized the higher offices of state, it is therefore not surprising that he should have sympathized with Flaminius. -- CONTRA SENATUS AUCTORITATEM: 'against the expressed wish of the senate' _Senatus auctoritas_ is, strictly speaking, an opinion of the senate not formally embodied in a decree, _senatus consultum_. Cicero, in Invent. 2, 52 says Flaminius carried his law _contra voluntatem omnium optimatium_. -- DIVIDENTI: 'when he tried to divide'. The participle is here equivalent to _cum_ with the imperfect indicative (dividebat). So in 54 _lenientem_ A. 290, _a_; G 668; H 549, 1.

P. 6. -- CUM ESSET: '_though_ he was'. What Fabius declared was reaily that the _auspicia_ were a political instrument in the hands of the aristocrats, rather than a part of religion. Fabius, according to Liv. 30, 26, 7, was augur for 62 years before his death, and had no doubt had a large experience in the manipulation of the _auspicia_ for political purposes. Compare Homer, Iliad, 12, 243, also Cic. Phil. 11, 28 _Iuppiter ipse sanxit ut omnia quae rei publicae salutaria essent legitima et iusta haberentur_. Consult Mommsen, Hist of Rome, Bk. IV. Ch. 12.

12. ADMIRABILIUS: 'more amazing'. The Latin word has a much stronger meaning than the English word derived from it. -- QUO MODO TULIT: = _eum modum quo tulit_, so that the clause is not really dependent on _cognovi_, nor _tulit_ irregularly put for _tulerit_. In Lael. 9 Laelius exclaims, of Cato himself, _quo modo, ut alia omittam, mortem fili tulit_. And no doubt Cic. meant here to make Cato allude to _his_ loss, described in 84. -- FILI: see n. on 1 _praemi_. -- CONSULARIS: the son of Fabius was consul in 213 with Ti. Sempronius Gracchus -- EST IN MANIBUS: 'is in every one's hands', 'is commonly read'. The expression is common enough in this sense; _e.g._ Lael. 96 _in manibus est oratio_. -- LAUDATIO: _sc. funebris_, the funeral speech. This composition was read in Cicero's time (see Tusc. 3, 70; Fam. 4, 6, 1) and existed in the time of Plutarch. See Plutarch's life of Fab. 24. -- QUEM PHILOSOPHUM: many of the ancient philosophers wrote popular treatises in which the principles of philosophy were applied to the alleviation of sorrow. The most famous of these in Cicero's time was Crantor's περι πενθους, which Cicero used largely in writing his _Tusculan Disputations_, and also in his _De Consolatione_ on the death of his daughter. -- IN LUCE ... CIVIUM: 'in public and under the gaze of his fellow-countrymen'. Do not translate _in oculis_ by the English phrase 'in the eyes of', which has another sense. The metaphor in _lux_ is often used by Cicero, as Qu. Fr. 1, 1, 7 _in luce Asiae, in oculis provinciae_. -- NOTITIA: _notitia_ is general knowledge, often merely the result of superficial observation; _scientia_ is thorough knowledge, the result of elaboration and generalization. -- MULTAE LITTERAE: 'great literary attainments.' In this sense _magnae_ could not be used to represent 'great'. Note the ellipsis of _erant_. -- UT IN HOMINE ROMANO: 'considering that he was a Roman', or 'for a Roman'. On the backwardness of the Romans in literary pursuits see Teuffel, Hist. of Rom. Lit, § 2; cf. also Ritter, Hist. of Ancient Philosophy, Vol. IV. pp. 1-13, Eng. ed. In parenthetic clauses like this, the introductory _ut_ may convey two very different meanings according to the context. Thus in Acad. 2, 98 _homo acutus, ut Poenus_ is 'a keen witted man, _as might be expected of_ a Carthaginian' (cf Colum 1, 3, 8 _acutissimam gentem Poenos_) while Nepos, Epam. 5, 2 _exercitatum in dicendo ut Thebanum_ implies that oratory was _not_ to be expected of a Theban. -- DOMESTICA ... EXTERNA BELLA: here the _domestica bella_ are those wars which belong to the history of Rome, the _externa bella_ those wars which belong to the history of other states; but usually _domestica bella_ are civil wars, _externa_ foreign wars in which Rome is engaged; _e.g._ Leg. agr. 2, 90 _omnibus domesticis externisque bellis_; in Catil 2, 11 _omnia sunt externa unius virtute pacata; domesticum bellum manet, intus insidiae sunt_. The practice of reading military history was common among Roman commanders; see for instance Acad. 2, 3 of Lucullus; the practice is ridiculed by Marius in Sall. Iug. 85. -- ITA: _ita_ does not qualify _cupide_, and has not the sense of _tam_, it means rather 'in this state', 'under these conditions'; the words from _quasi_ to the end of the sentence really form an explanation of _ita_. This mode of expression is often found, _ita_ and _sic_ frequently look on to clauses introduced by _quasi_, _si_, _ut_, _cum_ etc. Cf below 26 _sic quasi, cupiens_ (where see n.); Sall. Iug. 85, 19 _ita aetatem agunt quasi vestros honores contemnunt, ita hos petunt quasi honeste vixerint_. -- DIVINAREM: see references on 6 _confeceris_. -- ILLO EXSTINCTO: Fabius died in 203 B.C. -- FORE UNDE DISCEREM NEMINEM: cf. Acad. 1, 8 _quae nemo adhuc docuerat nec erat unde studiosi scire possent. Unde_ of persons (here = _a quo_); is common in both verse and prose (so ‛οθεν and ‛οθενπερ, vid. Liddell and Scott in vv.); cf. Horace 1, 12, 17 _unde nil maius generatur ipso_; 1, 28, 28; Cic. de Or. 1, 67 _ille ipse unde cognorit_; ib. 2, 285. So _ubi = apud quem_ in Verr. 4, 29; _quo = ad quos_ below, 83, and in Verr. 4 38; cf. also n. on _istinc_ in 47. For mood of _discerem_ see A. 320; G. 634; H. 503, I.