Part 8

13. QUORSUS IGITUR HAEC: _sc. dixi._ -- TAM MULTA: this takes the place of _tot_, which, like _quot_, cannot be used as a substantive. -- SCIPIONES: 'men like Scipio', _i.e._ the elder Africanus; so 15 _Fabricii Curii Coruncanii_. Cicero has here put his own opinion of Scipio into the mouth of Cato, who, during a large part of his life, was a staunch and even bitter opponent of Scipio, and therefore not likely to couple him with Fabius. Cf. Introd. -- UT ... RECORDENTUR: the repetition of _ut_ with each clause for the sake of effect may be compared with the repetition of _nihil_ in 15, 27, 41; of _non_ in 32; of _hinc_ in 40; of _sibi_ in 58. -- PEDESTRIS: for _terrestris_; the usage is very common; so in Greek πεζομαχια and ναυμαχια, πεζομαχειν and ναυμαχειν are often contrasted (see Liddell and Scott). It is not recorded by historians that either Scipio or Fabius took part personally in naval warfare. -- RECORDENTUR: this verb implies the habitual dwelling of the memory upon the past. -- QUIETE ET PURE ATQUE ELEGANTER: the enumeration consists of two branches connected by _et_, the second branch being subdivided into two members connected by _atque_. Had each of the adverbs been intended to stand on exactly the same footing Cic. would have written _et_ instead of _atque_, or else would have omitted the copula altogether; see n. on 53 _capitum iugatio_. In enumerations of the form A + (Bl + B2), the + outside the bracket is expressed by _et_, the + inside the bracket generally being expressed by _ac_, for which _atque_ is substituted when the following word (_i.e._ B2) begins with a vowel, a guttural (_c, q, g_) or _h_, before which _ac_ was very seldom written. -- PURE ATQUE ELEGANTER: 'sinlessly and gently'. _Pure_ implies moral stainlessness, _eleganter_, literally 'in choice fashion', implies daintiness combined with simplicity in regard to the external conditions of life. The same ideas are put together in Sull. 79 _cum summa elegantia atque integritate vixistis_. -- AETATIS: see n. on 5. -- PLACIDA AC LENIS: 'quiet and mild'; _placida_ refers to the external surroundings, _lenis_ to the temper and character. -- ACCEPIMUS: _sc. fuisse_; for the ellipsis of the infinitive cf. n. on 22 _videretur_. -- UNO ET OCTOGESIMO: but below _quarto_ (not _quattuor_) _nonagesimo_. In the compound _ordinal_ numbers corresponding to those _cardinal_ numbers which are made up of one and a multiple of ten, the Latins use _unus_ oftener than _primus_, which would be strictly correct; so in English 'one and eightieth' for 'eighty-first'. The ordinary Grammar rule (Roby, Vol. I, p. 443 'the _ordinal_ not the _cardinal_ is used in giving the date') requires slight correction. For the position of the words see G. 94, 3; H. 174, footnote 3. -- SCRIBENS EST MORTUUS: 'died while still engaged upon his works'; cf. 23 _num Platonem ... coegit in suis studiis obmutiscere senectus?_ Diog. Laert. 3, 2 quoting Hermippus (a Greek writer of biography who lived about the time of the Second Punic war), says that Plato died in the middle of a marriage-feast at which he was a guest. Val. Max. 8, 7, 3 gives a slightly different account. -- ISOCRATI: this form of the genitive of Greek proper names in _-es_ was probably used by Cicero rather than the form in _-is_; see Madvig on Fin. 1, 14; Neue, Formenlehre, 1² 332. Isocrates, the greatest teacher of rhetoric of his time, lived from 436 to 338, when he died by voluntary starvation owing to his grief at the loss of Greek freedom through the battle of Chaeronea. Milton, Sonnet X. 'That dishonest victory At Chaeronea, fatal to liberty, Kill'd with report that old man eloquent'. -- EUM ... INSCRIBITUR: the periphrasis is common, and the verb _inscribere_ is nearly always in the present tense (in later prose as well as in Cicero) as in 59. This is sometimes the case even where the neighboring verbs are in past tenses, as in Acad. 1, 12 _nec se tenuit quin contra suum doctorem librum etiam ederet qui Sosus inscribitur_. The present seems to mean that the name mentioned is continually given to each copy of the book as produced; where the continuing multiplication of copies is not looked to, we have the perfect, as Att. 8, 5, 2 _tu fasciculum_ (bundle of letters) _qui est inscriptus 'des M'. Curio', velim cures ad eum perferendum_. Cf. also De Or. 2, 61 _deceptus indicibus librorum qui sunt fere inscripti_ ('to which the authors--once for all--have given the titles') _de virtute, de iustitia_, etc.; so Div. 2, 1 _eo libro qui inscriptus Hortensius_. -- DICIT: the 'Panathenaicus', an encomium of Athens written for recitation at the great festival of the Panathenaea, is among the works of Isocrates which we still possess. In c. 1 Isocrates says τοις ετεσι ενενηκοντα και τετταρσιν, ‛ων εγω τυγχανω γεγονως. -- VIXITQUE: 'and yet he lived'. The _que_ here has a slight adversative force, as is often the case with _et_. Cf. n. on 28, 43, 73. -- GORGIAS: the greatest of the sophists, born at Leontini in Sicily about 485 B.C.; his death took place, according to the varying accounts, in 380, 378, or 377. In his old age he lived in Thessaly where Isocrates studied with him; see Or. 176; Fin. 2, 1. For the adjective _Leontinus_ placed before the name rather than after cf. 43 _Thessalo Cinea_. -- CENTUM ET SEPTEM ANNOS: Kennedy, Gram., § 34, vii, _c_, says, 'in compound numbers above 100 the larger number, with or without _et_, generally precedes the smaller'; cf. Roby, Vol. 1 p. 443. -- CESSO: does not correspond in meaning with our 'cease', _i.e._ '_to come to_ a standstill'; _cesso_ is 'I am in a state of rest', 'I am idle'. -- QUAERERETUR: the past tense, though the principal verb _inquit_, is in the present, because the present is the _historical_ present and so equivalent to a past tense. Cf. Roby, 1511-1514; Kennedy 229, 2. A. 287, _e_; G. 511, Rem. 1; H. 495, II. The idiom by which the imperfect stands where we should expect a tense of completed action, should be noticed; cf. Tusc. 2, 60 _quem cum rogaret, respondit._ The explanation of the imperfect in such cases is that it marks out, more clearly than the pluperfect would, the fact that the action of the principal verb and the action of the dependent verb are practically contemporaneous. In our passage if _quaesitum esset_ had been written it would have indicated merely that at some quite indefinite time after the question was put the answer was given. Cf. N.D. 1, 60 _auctore ... obscurior_. -- CUR ... VITA: a hint at suicide, which the ancients thought a justifiable mode of escape from troubles, particularly those of ill health or old age. See n. on 73 _vetat Pythagoras. Esse in vita_ is stronger than _vivere_; cf. Qu. Fr. 1, 3, 5. -- NIHIL HABEO QUOD ACCUSEM: 'I have no reason to reproach'. Cf. the common phrase _quid est quod ...? Quod_, adverbial acc. A. 240, _a_; G. 331, R. 3; H. 378, 2. For mood of _accusem_ see H. 503, I. n. 2, and references on 12 _discerem_. -- PRAECLARUM RESPONSUM: _est_ is not required, because _responsum_ is in apposition to the last part of the preceding sentence. Similar appositions occur in Laelius, 67, 71, 79. -- DOCTO: applied especially to philosophers, but also to poets. The word implies _cultivation_ as well as mere _knowledge_; 'a learned man', merely as such, is '_homo litteratus_'; cf. n. on 54.

P. 7. -- 14. CUIUS ... FECI: 'the aforesaid' is in good Latin always expressed by a parenthesis like this and not by a participle in agreement with the noun. The phrases '_ante dictus_', '_supra dictus_', belong to silver Latin, where they are common. Cf. 23 _quos ante dixi_. -- SIC UT etc.: the lines are from the Annals of Ennius, for which see n. on 1. -- ECUS: Ennius did not write _uu_, nor most likely did Cicero; the former may have written either _ecus, equos,_ or _equs_. The last form Vahlen prints in his edition of Ennius. -- SPATIO SUPREMO: 'at the end of the race-course', 'at the goal', or it may be 'at the last turn round the course', the race requiring the course to be run round several times; cf. Homer's πυματον δρομον in Iliad 23, 768. So 83 _decurso spatio_; Verg. Aen. 5, 327 _iamque fere spatio extreme fessique sub ipsam finem adventabant_. -- VICIT OLUMPIA: a direct imitation of the Greek phrase νικαν Ολυμπια, to win a victory at an Olympic contest. So Horace Ep. 1, 1, 50 has _coronari Olympia_ = στεφανουσθαι Ολυμπια. The editors print _Olympia_, but the use of _y_ to represent Greek υ did not come in till long after the time of Ennius. -- SENIO: differs from _senectute_ in implying not merely old age, but the weakness which usually accompanies it. -- CONFECTUS: for the disregard of the final _s_ in scanning cf. n. on 1, l. 6. -- EQUI VICTORIS: for the almost adjectival use of the substantive _victor_, cf. Verg. Aen. 7, 656 _victores equos_; ib. 12, 751 _venator canis_; ib. 10, 891; 11, 89, and Georg. 2, 145 _bellator equus_, in Theocritus 15, 51 πολεμισται ‛ιπποι. The feminine nouns in _-trix_ are freely used as adjectives both in verse and in prose. A. 88, _c_; H. 441, 3. -- QUEM QUIDEM: the same form of transition is used in 26, 29, 46, 53. The whole of this passage to _suasissem_ is an exhibition of antiquarian learning quite unnatural and inappropriate in a dialogue. -- PROBE MEMINISSE POTESTIS: cf. De Or. 3, 194 _quem tu probe meministi_; Fin. 2, 63 _L. Thorius quem meminisse tu non potes. Memini_ can take a _personal_ accusative only when the person who remembers was a contemporary of the person remembered; otherwise the gen. follows. Cf. Roby, 1333; A. 219, Rem.; H. 407, n. 1. -- HI CONSULES: 'the present consuls'. -- T. FLAMININUS: commonly said to be the son of the great Flamininus (1, l. 1). He was altogether undistinguished, as also were the Acilius and the Caepio here mentioned. This passage gives the imagined date of the dialogue as 150 B.C. -- PHILIPPO: this was Q. Marcius Philippus, who was consul in 186 and took part in the suppression of the great Bacchanalian conspiracy of that year. For the next 17 years he was a leading senator and much engaged in diplomacy in the East. In 169 he was again consul and commanded against Perseus in the early part of the war. -- CUM ... LEGEM VOCONIAM ... SUASISSEM: 'after I had spoken publicly in favor of the law o£ Voconius'. For _suasissem_ cf. 10 _suasor_ with n. The _Lex Voconia de mulierum hereditatibus_ aimed at securing the continuance of property in families. By its provisions no man who possessed property valued in the censors' lists at 100,000 sesterces or more, could appoint a woman or women as his _heres_ or _heredes_; further, no person or persons, male or female, could receive under the will legacies amounting in all to a larger sum than that received by the principal heir or heirs. Every Roman will named a _heres_ or _heredes_, on whom devolved all the privileges and duties of the deceased, with such duties as were enjoined by the will; particularly the duty of paying the legacies left to those who were not _heredes_. See Maine, Ancient Law, Ch. 6; also Hunter, Introd. to Roman Law, Ch. 5. -- MAGNA: in Latin the word _magnus_ is the only equivalent of our 'loud'. -- LATERIBUS: 'lungs'. Cic. and the best writers rarely use _pulmones_ for 'lungs'; the few passages in which it occurs either refer to victims sacrificed at the altar, or are medical or physiological descriptions. 'Good lungs' is always '_bona latera_' never _pulmones_. -- DUO ... SENECTUTEM: Ennius is said to have kept a school in his later days, and to have lived in a cottage with one servant only.

15. ETENIM: this word generally introduces either an explanation or a proof of a preceding statement. Here the words are elliptic, and the real connection with what precedes can only be made clear by a paraphrase. 'Ennius seemed to delight in old age. And no wonder, since there are four causes which make men think old age wretched, and no one of these will bear examination'. _Etenim_ may generally be translated 'indeed', or 'in fact'. -- CUM COMPLECTOR ANIMO: 'when I grasp them in my thoughts'. The object of _complector_ is to be supplied from _causas_. -- AVOCET: _sc. senes_. The subjunctives denote that these are the thoughts not of the speaker, but of the persons who do think old age a wretched thing. See n. on 3 _ferat_; but cf. Kennedy, Grammar, pref., p. 30. -- ALTERAM ... TERTIAM: in enumerations of more than two things _unus and alter_ generally take the place of _primus_, and _secundus_: in Cic. these latter rarely occur under such circumstances. Cf. Att. 3, 15, 1; Fin. 5, 9; Off. 1, 152; Cluent. 178. -- INFIRMIUS: _sc. auam antea erat_. -- QUAM SIT IUSTA: Cicero generally separates from the words they qualify _quam_, _tam_, _ita_, _tantus_, _quantus_, often, as here, by one small word. Cf. below, 35 _quam fuit imbecillus_; 40 _tam esse inimicum_. -- QUIBUS: the preposition _a_ is often omitted; cf. in Pis. 91 _Arsinoen ... Naupactum fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus hostibus? Nempe eis_ etc.; Tusc. 3, 37 _sed traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas?_ Even when relative and antecedent are in the same sentence the preposition is not often repeated; _e.g._ Fin. 5, 68 _eodem in genere quo illa_. -- AN EIS: _an_ always introduces a question which is not independent, but follows upon a previous question either expressed or implied. Here _quibus_ implies _omnibusne_. Cf. div. in Caec. 52 _quid enim dices? An id quod dictitas_ ... where _quid_ implies _nihilne_: also below, 23, 29 _anne_. A 211, _b_; G. 459; H. 353, 2, n. 4. -- IUVENTUTE ET VIRIBUS: commonly explained as a hendiadys, _i.e._ as put for _iuventutis viribus_; but Cic. no more meant this than we mean 'the strength of youth' when we speak of 'youth and strength'. Real instances of hendiadys are much rarer than is generally supposed. -- QUAE: = _tales ut_. -- L. PAULUS: this is L. Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, consul in 182 B.C., and again in 168 when he finished the third Macedonian war by utterly defeating Perseus at Pydna. For his connection with Scipio and Cato see Introd. -- PATER TUUS: _i.e. Scipio_; so in 29 _avi tui_, and in 75 _avum tuum_, without mention of young Scipio's name, but in 49 _patris tui, Scipio_; so 77. -- FABRICII etc.: for the plurals see n. on 13. C. Fabricius Luscinus, consul in 282, 278, and 273 B.C., censor in 275, held the command against Pyrrhus. The Roman writers, Cicero especially, are never tired of eulogizing him as a pattern of old-fashioned Roman virtue. Manius Curius Dentatus, consul in 290, 275, and 274 practically, if not formally, ended the third Samnite war, and also commanded against Pyrrhus; see 55. He was famed for his sturdy Roman simplicity and frugality. Tiberius Coruncanius as consul in 280 crushed an Etruscan insurrection. In 252 he became the first plebeian pontifex maximus. These three men are very frequently mentioned together by Cicero; cf. below, 43, Lael. 18. -- NIHIL AGEBANT: observe that _nihil agebat_ is put at the beginning of the first sentence, _nihil agebant_ at the end of the second; chiasmus.

16. A. CLAUDI: Appius Claudius, the head of the most strongly aristocratic family in Rome, was censor in 311 B.C., when he constructed the _via Appia_, and consul in 307 and 296. He had to be carried into the senate-house in order to oppose the peace with Pyrrhus -- ACCEDEBAT UT: _accedit_ is far oftener followed by a clause with _quod_ and indicative than by a clause with _ut_ and subjunctive. When the _quod_ clause follows, it contains a fact looked at merely as a fact and nothing more, but the _ut_ clause views the fact as consequent upon, or dependent on some other fact. Here the blindness is regarded as being the consequence of old age, though Livy 9, 29, 11 and other authors attribute it to the anger of the gods, because as censor Appius had taken the administration of the worship of Hercules away from the ancient family of the Potitii, and had placed it in the hands of public slaves. The mental vigor of Appius in his old age is mentioned by Cic. in Tusc. 5, 112.

P. 8. -- CUM PYRRHO: note the position of the words between _pacem_ and _foedus_, with both of which they go. This usage is called by the grammarians _coniunctio_; cf. n. on Lael. 8 _cum summi viri tum amicissimi_, also above, _quae iuventute geruntur et viribus_, below 18 _quae sunt gerenda praescribo et quo modo_. -- FOEDUS: this seems opposed to _pacem_ as a formal engagement is to a mere abstention from hostilities. -- NON DUBITAVIT DICERE: when _dubitare_ means 'to hesitate' (about a course of action), and the sentence is _negative_, or an interrogative sentence assuming a negative answer, the infinitive construction generally follows, as here; but the infinitive is rare in a _positive_ sentence. When _dubitare_ means to 'be in doubt' (as to whether certain statements are true or not), the regular construction is either _quin_ with subj. or some form of indirect interrogative clause. Cf. below, 25. -- QUO VOBIS: from the _Annales_. In _mentis dementis_ we have _oxymoron_ (an intentional contradiction in terms) as in 38 _sensum sine sensu_; 39 _munus ... aufert_. On the case of _vobis_, see Roby, 1154, A. 235, _a_, H. 384, 4, n. 2. -- ANTEHAC: always a dissyllable in verse, and probably so pronounced in prose -- VIAI: the old genitive. A. 36 _a_, G. 27, Rem. 1, H. 49, 2. The reading is not quite certain, if _viai_ be read it is not altogether certain whether it depends on _quo_ or on _sese flexere_. In the former construction we have a partitive gen with an adv; A. 216, _a_, 4, G. 371, Rem. 4, H. 397, 4, in the latter, a distinct Graecism like _desine querellarum_ (Hor Od 2, 9, 17) and the like; A. 243 Rem., G. 373 Rem. 6, H. 410 V 4. -- ET TAMEN: the sense is incompletely expressed, in full it is 'and yet there is no need for me to refer to Appius' speech as given by Ennius, since the speech itself is in existence.' Exactly similar ellipses are found with _et tamen_ in Fin 1, 11 and 15; 2, §§ 15, 21, 64 and 85, Att. 7, 3, 10, Lucretius 5, 1177. In Munro's note on the last passage a collection of examples will be found. -- APPI ... ORATIO: the speech was known to Cicero, and was one of the oldest monuments of prose composition in Latin extant in his time, see Brut. 61. Plutarch, Pyrrhus 19, gives an account of Appius' speech, which may founded on the original, he mentions it also in his tract commonly called '_an seni sit gerenda res publica_', c. 21. Ihne (History of Rome, Vol. I. p. 521, Eng. ed.) doubts whether the speech, as Cic. knew it, was committed to writing by Appius himself. -- HAEC ILLE EGIT: 'he made this speech'. -- SEPTEMDECIM ANNIS: as the second (_alterum_) consulship was in 296, and the speech in 280, both these years are included in the reckoning by a usage very common in Latin. For the ablative cf. 19. -- CENSOR ... ANTE CONSULATUM: this was unusual, and therefore to Claudius' honor. -- GRANDEM SANE: 'undoubtedly old'. -- ET TAMEN SIC: _i.e. eum tum grandem fuisse_ Lahmeyer wrongly says that _sic_ points to the words _atque haec ille egit_. It may be noted that _sic_ takes the place of an object after _accipimus_, cf. 77 _ita crederem_; 78 _sic mihi persuasi_, also 18 _male cogitanti_.

17. NIHIL AFFERUNT: 'they bring forward nothing', _i.e._ what they bring forward is worthless, so in Greek ουδεν λεγειν, the opposite of which is λεγειν τι. Cf. 8 _est istuc aliquid_. -- SIMILES UT SI: a very rare construction. Equally unusual is _similes tamquam si_ in Div. 2, 131. In Tusc. 4, 41 and Off. 1, 87 we find _similiter ut si_ in Fin. 2, 21 and 4, 31 _similiter_ or _similis et si_, in N.D. 3, 8 _similiter ac si_, also in Liv. 5, 5, 12 _dissimilia ac si_, in 35, 42, 10 _idem ac si_. As regards the _ut_ after _similes_, we may compare a few passages in which _simul ut_ appears for _simul ac_, see Reid's n. on Academ 2, 51. In the English Bible there are expressions like _similes sunt ut si qui dicant_, 'they are like as if some men should say.' -- SCANDANT: '_cum_ is used with the subjunctive when it expresses a kind of comparison, and especially a contrast, between the contents of a leading proposition and a subordinate ("whereas", etc.)' Madvig, 358, Obs. 3. The underlying idea in this use is generally cause, sometimes concession. -- PER FOROS 'over the deck'. -- ILLE: for the omission of _sed_ or _autem_ (_asyndeton adversativum_) see n. on 3 _librum_, etc. -- CLAVUM: 'tiller'. With this passage Lahmeyer well compares what Cicero says of himself in Fam. 9, 15, 3 _sedebamus in puppi et clavum tenebamus; nunc autem vix est in sentina locus_. -- VELOCITATE: _velocitas_ and _celeritas_ differ very slightly; the former means rather speed of movement in one line the latter rather power of rapid motion with frequent change of direction. The emphatic word in this clause is _corporum_. Cf. Off. 1, 79 _honestum ... animi efficitur non corporis viribus_. -- CONSILIO ... SENTENTIA: _consilio_, advice; _auctoritate_, weight of influence; _sententia,_ an opinion or vote formally given. -- QUIBUS: in twofold relation; with _orbari_, abl. of separation, with _augeri_ of specification.

18. NISI FORTE: ironical, used to introduce a possible, but absurd objection to something which has gone before. The verb that follows is always in the indicative. -- MILES etc.: 'as common soldier'; see n. on 10. -- IN VARIO GENERE: we use the plural, 'in different kinds'. Cf. Acad. 2, 3 _in omni genere belli_; Deiot. 12 _in omni genere bellorum_. -- CESSARE: cf. n. on 13. -- AT SENATUI etc.: exactly the same ideas are expressed, with the same mention of Cato's activity in Off. 1, 79. -- MALE COGITANTI: 'which has now for a long time been plotting mischief'; A. 290, _a_; G. 671, 221; H. 549, 4; 467, III. 2. Cf. pro Sulla 70 _nefarie cogitare_; for the use of the adverb see n. on 16 _sic_. On Cato's attitude toward Carthage see Introd. -- VERERI: the construction is unusual. _Vereor_ regularly takes after it an accusative, or else a clause with _ne_ or _ut_. A passage much resembling this is Rab. Post. 10 _omnes qui aliquid de se verebantur_; cf. also Att. 10, 4, 6 _de vita sua metuere_; Verg. Aen. 9, 207 _de te nil tale verebar_; in all these examples the ablative with _de_ denotes the quarter threatened, not, as here, the quarter from which the threat comes. -- EXSCISAM: from _exscindo_; most edd. _excisam_, but to raze a city is _urbem exscindere_ not _excidere_; _e.g._ Rep. 6, 11 _Numantiam exscindes_.