Part 11

37. ROBUSTOS: 'sturdy'; implying that the sons were grown up. -- TANTAM: _sc. quantam habuit_; only a little more emphatic than _magnam_ would have been; see n. on 52. -- APPIUS: see n. on 16. -- REGEBAT: the _pater familias_ in early Roman times was an almost irresponsible ruler over his children and household. For a full discussion of the _patria potestas_ see Coulanges, Ancient City, Bk. II. Ch. 8; Maine, Ancient Law, Ch. 5; Hadley, Introd. to Roman Law, Chapters 5 and 6. -- ET ... SENEX: 'though both blind and old'. -- INTENTUM: commonly used of _animus_, like the opposite _remissus_ (28). -- TENEBAT etc.: the _patria potestas_ is often denoted by the word _imperium_; cf. De Invent. 2, 140 _imperium domesticum_. -- VIGEBAT etc.: 'in him ancestral spirit and principles were strong'. While _animus patrius_ here evidently means the strong will for which the patrician Claudii were proverbial (as _e.g._ in Rosc. Am. 46 _intellegere qui animus patrius sit in liberos_) it indicates the feeling of a particular father for his children.

P. 16. -- 38. ITA: = _ea lege_ 'on these conditions, viz. ...', the clause with _si_ being an explanation of _ita_. This correspondence of _ita ... si_ is common in Cicero; see n. on 12 _ita ... quasi_. Here translate 'age can only be in honor if it fights for itself'. -- SE IPSA: cf. Cic. Acad. 2, 36 _veritas se ipsa defendet_; see also the n. on 4. -- SI ... EST: 'if it has passed into bondage to nobody'. _Mancipium_ is a piece of property; _emancipare_ is to pass a piece of property out of its owner's hands. The word acquired two exactly opposite meanings. When used of a slave, or of a son _in patria potestate_, who was legally subject to many of the same ordinances as a slave, it means 'to set free', unless, as in Fin. I, 24 _filium in adoptionem D. Silano emancipaverat_, some person is mentioned to whom the original owner makes over his rights. But in Plaut. Bacchid. 1, 1, 90 _mulier, tibi me emancupo_ the sense is 'I enslave myself to you', _i.e._ 'I pass myself out of my own power into yours'. So in the well-known passage of Horace, Epod. 9, 12 (of Antony) _emancipatus feminae_ 'enslaved to a woman'; cf Cic. Phil. 2, 51 _venditum atque emancipatum tribunatum_. -- SENILE ALIQUID ... ALIQUID ADULESCENTIS: chiasmus. For the sense cf. 33 _ferocitas iuvenum ... senectutis maturitas_. -- QUOD QUI SEQUITUR: 'and he who strives after this', _i.e._ to combine the virtues of age and youth. Cf. Aesch. Sept. 622 γεροντα τον νουν σαρκα δ' ‛ηβωσαν φυει -- MIHI ... EST IN MANIBUS: 'I have on hand', 'am busy with'. Cf. n. on 22. -- ORIGINUM: as to Cato's literary labors see Introd. -- OMNIA COLLIGO: referring to the materials Cato was collecting for his 'Origines'. -- QUASCUNQUE DEFENDI: 'as many as I have conducted'. _Defendere causam_ here is simply to act as counsel in a case, whether the client be defendant or plaintiff. So in Lael. 96 and often. -- NUNC CUM MAXIME: 'now more than ever', νυν μαλιστα. The phrase is elliptic; in full it would be '_cum maxime conficio orationes, nunc conficio_', 'when I most of all compose speeches, I now compose them'; _i.e._ 'the time when I most of all compose is now'. The words _cum maxime_ generally follow _tum_ or _nunc_ and add emphasis to those words, but are sometimes used alone to express the ideas 'then' and 'now' more emphatically than _tum_ and _nunc_ would. Cf. Ver. 4, 82; Tac. Ann. 4, 27. The orators were in the habit of working over their speeches carefully for publication and preservation. -- IUS AUGURIUM etc.: 'the law pertaining to the augurs and pontifices'; _i.e._ the principles applied by them in the performance of their duties. The pontifices had the general oversight of religious observances. See Dict. of Antiq. -- CIVILE: the meaning of _ius civile_ varies according to the context. Here it is the secular law as opposed to the sacred law, as in 50; sometimes it is the whole body of Roman law as opposed to the law of other states; often, again, it is the older portion of the Roman law as opposed to the newer or 'equity' portion. -- COMMEMORO: 'I say over to myself'. In Cicero _commemoro_ is a verb of speaking, and never has the meaning of _recordor_ or _memini_. -- CURRICULA: see nn. on 33. -- MAGNO OPERE: better so written than in one word _magnopere_; so _maximo, minimo, nimio opere_. -- ADSUM AMICIS: 'I act as counsel to my friends'. This legal sense of _adesse_ is common. -- FREQUENS: literally the word means 'crowded' (connected with _farcire_ 'to cram' or 'to crowd together'), hence _frequens senatus_ and the like phrases. Then _frequens_ comes to be used of actions or events that often recur; _e.g._ Orat. 15 _Demosthenes frequens Platonis auditor_; De Or. 1, 243 _frequens te audivi_. On the use of the adj. here see A. 191; G. 324, Rem. 6; H. 443. -- ULTRO: 'unasked', 'of my own motion', a reference to the well-known story that, whatever subject was discussed, Cato gave as his opinion '_delenda est Carthago_'. See Introd. -- TUEOR: 'advocate', 'support'. -- LECTULUS: a couch usually stood in the Roman study, on which the student reclined while reading, composing or dictating, or even writing. Cf. De Or. 3, 17, _in eam exedram venisse in qua Crassus lectulo posito recubuisset, cumque eum in cogitatione defixum esse sensisset, statim recessisse ..._; Suet. Aug. 78 _lecticula lucubratoria_. -- EA IPSA COGITANTEM: = _de eis ipsis cog._: so Acad. 2, 127 _cogitantes supera atque caelestia_, and often. -- ACTA VITA: 'the life I have led'; cf. 62 _honeste acta superior aetas_; so Tusc. 1, 109; Fam. 4, 13, 4. -- VIVENTI: dative of reference. A. 235; G. 354; H. 384, 4, n. 3. 'As regards one who lives amid these pursuits and tasks'. -- ITA SENSIM etc.: _sensim sine sensu_ (observe the alliteration) is like _mentes dementis_ in 16, where see n. _Sensim_ must have meant at one time 'perceptibly', then 'only just perceptibly', then 'gradually' and almost 'imperceptibly'.

39. QUOD ... DICUNT: not strictly logical, being put for _quod careat, ut dicunt_. In cases like this the verb of saying is usually in the subjunctive. Cf. Roby, 1746; A. 341, Rem.; G. 541, Rem. 2; H. 516, II. 1. The indicative here is more vivid and forcible. -- MUNUS ... AUFERT: to say that a gift robs one of anything is of course an _oxymoron_; cf. n. on 16 _mentes dementis_. -- AETATIS: almost = _senectutis_: cf. n. on 45. -- ID QUOD EST etc.: 'the greatest fault of youth'; _i.e._ the love of pleasure. In this passage _voluptas_ indicates pleasure of a sensual kind, its ordinary sense, _delectatio, oblectatio_ etc. being used of the higher pleasures. In 51, however, we have _voluptates agricolarum_. -- ACCIPITE: 'hear'; so _dare_ often means 'to tell'. With _accipere_ in this sense cf. the similar use of αποδεχεσθαι. -- ARCHYTAE: Archytas (the subject of Horace's well-known ode, 1, 28) was a contemporary and friend of Plato, and a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy. He wrote philosophical works, and was also famous as a mathematician and astronomer, besides being the leading statesman and general of the commonwealth of Tarentum. For another saying of Archytas, cf. Lael. 88. -- TRADITA EST: 'was imparted to me', _i.e._ by word of mouth. -- CUM ... TARENTI: 'when as a young man I stayed at Tarentum'. For _adulescens_ cf. n. on 26 _senes_. -- NULLAM ... PESTEM etc.: cf. Lael. 34 _pestem ... cupiditatem_; Off. 2, 9 _consuetudo ... honestatem ab utilitate secernens, qua nulla pernicies maior hominum vitae potuit afferri_. -- CAPITALIOREM: 'more deadly'; _caput_ was often equivalent to _vita_, so that _capitalis_ comes to mean 'affecting the life'.

P. 17. -- 40. HINC etc.: cf. Cic. Hortensius fragm. _quod turpe damnum, quod dedecus est quod non evocetur atque eliciatur voluptate?_ Observe the singular _patriae_ followed by the plural _rerum publicarum_; the plural of _patria_ is rare. On the significance of this passage see Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, I. p. 211, n. (Am. ed.). -- CUM HOSTIBUS etc.: attributive phrase; cf. Phil. 12, 27 _colloquia cum acerrimis hostibus_. -- SCELUS: this word looks chiefly to the criminal intention, whether it be carried into action or not, _malum_, _facinus_ to the completed crime; _flagitium_ is sin rather than crime, _Facinus_ in sense is often rather narrower and lighter than _scelus_; cf. Verr. 5, 170 _facinus est vincire civem Romanum, scelus verberare, prope parricidium necare_. -- IMPELLERET: _sc. homines_; so _nos_ is omitted after _iubebat_ below. -- EXCITARI: 'stirred up'. In 39 and 41 we have the verb _in-citare_; for the difference between the two verbs cf. Qu. Fr. 1, 1, 45 _haec non eo dicuntur, ut te oratio mea dormientem excitasse, sed potius ut currentem incitasse videatur_. -- HOMINI ... DEDISSET: cf. Acad. 1, 7 _nec ullum arbitror maius aut melius a dis datum munus homini_. Notice _homini_ 'man', in the same sense as _hominibus_, above. -- MUNERI AC DONO: the two words _munus_ and _donum_ are often found together; the difference in meaning is hardly perceptible. _Donum_ implies the fact of giving, _munus_ the generosity of the giver. -- TAM ... INIMICUM: notice the separation of _tam_ from _inimicum_.

41. LIBIDINE: = επιθυμια; temperantia = σωφροσυνη. _Dominari_ is a very strong word, 'to tyrannize'; _dominatio_ = τυραννις. For _locum_ cf. Lael. 52 _in tyranni vita nullus locus est amicitiae_. -- CONSISTERE: 'find a foothold'. Cf. Fin. 4, 69 _sapientia pedem ubi poneret non habebat_. -- FINGERE ANIMO: 'to imagine'. -- TANTA ... QUANTA ... MAXIMA: 'the greatest that could possibly be enjoyed'. The form of expression is common, _e.g._ Lael. 74 _tanta quanta maxima potest esse distantia_. -- TAM DIU DUM: this is not exactly equivalent to the ordinary _tam diu quam_, but there is ellipsis -- 'so long as this, I mean while, etc.'. Cf. Cat. 3, 16 _tam diu, dum urbis moenibus continebatur_; Off. 1, 2 _tam diu ... quoad ..._ -- MENTE ... RATIONE ... COGITATIONE: 'by thought, by reasoning, by imagination'. _Cogitatio_ like διανοια has often the sense of 'imagination'. The close juxtaposition of words nearly synonymous is quite characteristic of Cicero's Latin. -- QUIDEM: concessive, as in 32 and often. -- MAIOR ATQUE LONGIOR: 'very intense and protracted'. Superlatives might have been expected, in view of _quanta percipi posset maxima_ above. _Longus_ in the sense of 'long-continued' is rare in Ciceronian Latin, excepting when, as in 66 _longa aetate_, it is joined with a word distinctly referring to time. For the general drift of the passage cf. Cic. Hortensius (fragment) _congruere cum cogitatione magna voluptas corporis non potest; quis enim, cum utatur voluptate ea qua nulla possit maior esse, attendere animum, inire rationes, cogitare omnino quidquam potest_? -- ANIMI LUMEN: a common metaphor; _e.g._ Cic. Rep. 6, 12 _tu, Africane, ostendas oportebit patriae lumen animi tui_. Cf. 36 _haec ... exstinguuntur_; also below, 42 _mentis oculos_. -- C. PONTIO: C. Pontius Herennius, the father of C. Pontius Telesinus who defeated the Romans at the Caudine Forks during the Second Samnite war, in 321 B.C. The father is several times mentioned by Livy 9, cc. 1 and 3; cf. especially 1, § 2 _C. Pontium, patre longe prudentissimo natum_. -- NEARCHUS: mentioned by Plutarch, Cato 2, as a Pythagorean and friend of Cato. -- PERMANSERAT: _i.e._ during the siege of Tarentum. -- INTERFUISSET: not in accordance with English idiom; cf. n. on 4 _putassent_; also 44 _devicerat_. -- PLATO etc.: although Plato made two journeys to Italy and Sicily (or, as some authorities say, three) it is scarcely likely that he was present at Tarentum in the year mentioned, 349 B.C., two years before his death, when he was of advanced age. The latest date assigned by other authorities for Plato's last visit to the West is 361 B.C. -- REPERIO: _sc. in annalibus_; so in 15; cf. _videmus_ in 26.

42. EFFICERET: _efficeret, liberet_, and _oporteret_ can be properly rendered into English only by the present tense. Although these verbs express circumstances which _continue_, since the general effect of old age is being described, they are thrown into the past to suit the past tense _dicebam_ or _dixi_ which, though not expressed, is really the principal verb. Cf. below, 62, 78. -- CONSILIUM: 'deliberation'.

P. 18. -- UT ITA DICAM: this softens the metaphor, as _quasi_ or _quasi quidam_ often does, and as ‛οιον, ‛ωσπερ do in Greek [but not ‛ως επος ειπειν, which is often wrongly said to be the equivalent of _ut ita dicam_; see n. on Lael. 2]. The phrase _mentis_ or _animi aciem praestringere_ often occurs without anything to soften the metaphor; _e.g._ Fin. 4, 37. -- NEC HABET etc: 'and has no relations with virtue'. The use of _commercium_ in the metaphorical sense is common. -- INVITUS: see ref. on 38 _frequens_. -- FECI UT: a periphrasis not unusual. A. 332, _e_; G. 557; H. 498, II. n. 2. -- T. FLAMININI: see n. on 1, l. 1. -- L. FLAMININUM: as prætor he commanded the fleet under his brother Titus during the Macedonian war; in 192 B.C. he was consul. _Septem annis_ denotes seven _complete_ years (cf. n. on 19), as Cato was censor in 184. A reference to Livy 39, 43, 2 will show that Cicero borrows his account of Flamininus' crime from the old annalist Valerius Antias. Livy also quotes (39, 42, 7) an account of the matter given by Cato himself in a speech, which is even more disgraceful to Flamininus. -- EICEREM: the phrase commonly used is not _eicere_, but _movere, aliquem senatu. Notare_ and _nota (censoria)_ are technically used of degradation or disfranchisement inflicted by the censors. For the spelling see Roby, 144, 2; A. 10, _d_; H. 36, 4 and footnote 1. -- FUISSET: for the mood see A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1); for the tense see Roby, 1491; A. 324, _a_; G. 233, 2; H. 471, 4. -- CUM ... GALLIA: not 'when he was consul in Gaul' but 'when he was in Gaul during his consulship'. _Cum_ with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive often has a sense differing very little from that of _cum_ with the imperfect or pluperfect indicative. No doubt when the usage originally arose, the clause with _cum_ was regarded as expressing the _cause_ of the action or event denoted by the principal verb; here the presence of F. in Gaul might be regarded as _a cause_ of the crime. It is more than doubtful, however, whether in actual use the subjunctive in these phrases continued to carry with it to Latin readers any idea of cause. See Roby, 1720, Kennedy, 211; also A. 325, 323 and footnote 1; G. 586 with Rem.; H. 521, II. 2 and footnote 1. -- EXORATUS EST: 'was persuaded'; cf. Liv. 39, 43. -- SECURI FERIRET: the story was that L. Flamininus himself acted as executioner. -- EORUM QUI ... ESSENT: the subjunctive because of the class-notion, 'of such persons as were'. -- TITO CENSORE: _i.e._ in 189 B.C.; see n. on 1. -- FLACCO: L. Valerius Flaccus was the life-long friend of Cato, and his colleague in the consulship and in the censorship. He entirely favored Cato's political views. See Introd. -- IMPERI DEDECUS: Flamininus was at the time Roman governor of the district.

43. AUDIVI E: Cic. uses _audire ex, ab_, and _de aliquo_, almost indifferently. -- PORRO: 'in turn'; literally 'farther on', here = 'farther back'; cf. Livy 27, 51. -- C. FABRICIUM: see n. on 15. -- CINEA: the famous diplomatist, minister of Pyrrhus. He was a pupil of Demosthenes and himself one of the most famous orators of his time. Cineas was the ambassador who tried to negotiate peace on the occasion mentioned in 16. -- SE SAPIENTEM PROFITERETUR: the omission of _esse_ is common in such phrases; _e.g._ Fin. 5, 13 _Strato physicum se voluit_. Epicurus, who is here meant (born 342 B.C., died 270), was blamed for calling himself σοφος or _sapiens_. Others, says Cicero, who had borne the title had waited for the public to confer it on them (Fin. 2, 7). -- EUMQUE: 'and yet he'; cf. n. on 13 _vixitque_. -- FACEREMUS: for the tense cf. n. on 42 _efficeret_; also _expeteretur_ below. -- AD ... REFERENDA: 'ought to be judged by the standard of pleasure', _i.e._ anything which brings pleasure may be regarded as good, and its opposite bad. So in Greek επαναφερειν τι εις τι. On the moral teachings of Epicurus consult Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, Ch. 19; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, § 59; Guyan, La morale d'Épicure et ses rapports avec les doctrines contemporaines. -- CURIUM ... CORUNCANIUM: see n. on 15. -- ID ... PERSUADERETUR: intransitive verbs are used in the passive only impersonally (Roby, 1422; A. 230; G. 199, Rem. 1; H. 301, 1); when so used the dative may follow as in the active (see Madvig, 244, _b_; G. 208; H. 384, 5). A neuter pronoun in the singular sometimes, as here, accompanies the passive, and may be regarded as an adverbial accusative of respect or extent, or as a nominative qualifying the impersonal subject. The former is probably the real construction. Cf. Roby, 1423, and Madvig, 229, _b_, Obs. 1. -- SAMNITIBUS: then in alliance with Pyrrhus. -- VIXERAT ... CUM: not to be taken literally of living in the same house; the phrase merely indicates close friendship. In Acad. 2, 115 Cic. writes _Diodoto qui mecum vivit tot annos, qui habitat apud me_, clearly showing that the phrases _vivere cum aliquo_ and _habitare apud aliquem_ are not equivalent. -- P. DECIO: this is P. Decius Mus, who at the battle of Sentinum in 295 gave his life as a propitiatory offering to the powers of the unseen world, in order to bring victory to the Roman arms. His father had sacrificed himself in the same way at the battle of Veseris (close to Vesuvius) in 340, fought against the Latins and Campanians. -- DEVOVERAT: Liv. 10, 28, 13 (speech of Decius) _datum hoc: nostro generi est ut luendis periculis publicis piacula simus; iam ego mecum hostium legiones mactandas Telluri et dis Manibus dabo_. -- ALIQUID etc.: 'some principle'; in his philosophical works Cicero often confounds the Epicureans by quoting the action of the Decii and others like it, as showing that pleasure is not the end of existence. Cf. especially Fin. 2, 61 _P. Decius cum se devoverat et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum irruebat, aliquid de voluptatibus suis cogitabat?_ Cf. also below, 75. With regard to _natura_ see n. on 5. -- SUA SPONTE: 'for its own sake'; 'on its own account'. Cf. Leg. 1, 45 _vera et falsa sua sponte non aliena iudicantur_, where a few lines later _sua natura_ occurs as equivalent to _sua sponte_. -- EX PETERETUR: em. for _peteretur_ in the MSS. The words _expetere_, _expetendum_ are technically used in Cicero's philosophical works to express the Greek ‛αιρεισθαι, ‛αιρετον as applied to the _finis_ or τελος, the supreme aim of moral action. _Pulchrum_ above is a translation of the Greek καλον, a term constantly applied to the τελος, particularly by the Stoics. -- SPRETA ET CONTEMPTA: the first word is much the stronger of the two; _spernere_ is καταφρονειν, 'to scorn'; _contemnere_ ολιγωρεισθαι, 'to make light of', 'hold of no account'. _Contemnere_ is often no stronger in sense than _omittere_, 'to pass by, neglect'. Cf. 65 _contemni_, _despici_. -- OPTIMUS QUISQUE: see A. 93, _c_; G. 305; H. 458, 1.

P. 19. -- 44. CRUDITATE: 'indigestion'. -- INSOMNIIS: 'sleeplessness'; the singular _insomnium_ occurs only once in prose (Tac. Ann. 11, 4). _Insomnia, ae_ is found only in poetry and late prose. -- DIVINE: this word in Cic. often means nothing more than 'splendidly', 'extraordinarily'. -- ESCAM MALORUM: 'an enticement to evil' (_esca_ = _ed-ca_, from the root of _edo_). Plato in the Timaeus 69 D (a dialogue translated into Latin by Cicero, a fragment of whose translation is still preserved) has ‛ηδονην μεγιστον κακου δελεαρ. Cf. also Cic. Hortensius fr. 76 (ed. Halm) _voluptates corporis quae vere et graviter a Platone dictae sunt illecebrae esse atque escae malorum_. -- MODICIS: for the sake of variety Cic. chooses this, not _moderatis_, as the opposite of _immoderatis_. Trans. 'a moderate amount of goodfellowship'. -- M.F. = _Marci filium_. -- DEVICERAT: pluperfect where a modern would incline to use a perfect. The battle referred to is that of Mylae, fought in 260; its memory was perpetuated by the decking of the _forum_ with the _rostra_ of the captured ships; the _columna rostrata_ bore a long inscription, a restored version of which still exists. -- CENA: so best spelt; some good texts still print _caena_, but _coena_ is decidedly wrong, being based on the fiction that the Latin borrowed the Greek word κοινη and turned it into _coena_. -- CEREO FUNALI: 'the torch-light'; _cereo_, the em. of Mommsen for _crebro_; the _funale_ was a torch composed of withs or twigs twisted into a rope (_funis_) and dipped in pitch or oil. -- SIBI ... SUMPSERAT: Cic. seems to think that Duillius assumed these honors on his own authority. This was probably not the case; they were most likely conferred on him by a vote of the _comitia tributa_. Cf. Liv. epit. 17 _C. Duillius primus omnium Romanorum ducum navalis victoriae duxit triumphum, ob quam causam ei perpetuus quoque honos habitus est, ut revertenti a cena tibicine canente funale praeferretur_. No other instance is known where these particular distinctions were decreed; the nearest parallel lies in the right accorded to Paulus Macedonicus and to Pompeius to wear the triumphal _toga picta_ for life on each occasion of the _ludi_. It may be conjectured that the music and the torch were part of the ceremony on the evening of a triumph when the _triumphator_ was escorted home. Cf. Florus 1, 18, 10, ed. Halm. -- NULLO EXEMPLO: 'without any precedent'. -- PRIVATUS: any person is _privatus_ who is not actually in office at the moment referred to, whether he has led a public life or not. -- LICENTIAE: a strong word is used to mark the heinousness of Duillius' supposed offence against ancestral custom.