Part 4

§ 61. Gothic =h= in Greek words stands for the ruf breathing (as, =Haíbraius=, Ἑβραῖος; =Hêrôdês=, Ἡρώδης), but the ruf breathing is often disregarded (as, =ôsanna=, ὡσαννά). Accordingly, Goth. initial =h= had the value of a mere breathing. Medially and finally it may stil hav had the value of a fricativ sound (HG. ch). Cp. the assimilations (§ 62, n. 3) and breaking (§ 62, n. 1). Also initially before consonants, (=hl=, =hn=, =hr= (=ƕ=)), the =h= had probably retaind a stronger sound.

NOTE 1. Latin writers render Gothic =h= by their h (as, =Hildibald=, =Hildericus=); but they also omit it; as, =Ariamirus=, =eils= = =hails= in the epigram (s. § 21, n. 1), Zs. fda. 1, 379; cp. Dietrich, p. 77.

NOTE 2. Labialized h (hw) has a special sign in Gothic: =ƕ= (§§ 63. 64).

NOTE 3. In foren names h is sumtimes interposed medially between vowels; as, =Iôhannês=, Ιωάννης; =Abraham=, Ἀβραάμ. Cp. Es. Tegnér, Tidskr. for filol. N. R. 7, 304 et seq.

§ 62. Exampls for =h=: (a) +initially+: =haúrn=, _horn_; =hana=, _cock_; =haírtô=, _hart_; =hails=, _hole, sound_; =hund=, _hundred_; =hafjan=, _to heav_; --+initial combinations+: =hlaifs=, _bred_; =hliuma=, m., _hearing_; =hlifan=, _to steal_; =hlûtrs=, _pure_; =hlahjan=, _to laf_; =hnaiws=, _low_; =hrains=, _clean_; =hrôpjan=, _to call_; =hrôt=, n., _roof_.--(b) +medially+: =faíhu=, _muney_; =taíhun=, _ten_; =teihan=, _to show_; =tiuhan=, _to pul_; =saíhs=, _six_; =nahts=, _night_; =liuhtjan=, _to light_; =filhan=, _to conceal_; =swaíhra=, '_socer_'.--(c) +finally+: =jah=, _and_; =-uh=, _and_ (cp. § 24, n. 2); =falh= (prt. of =filhan=); =taúh= (prt. of =tiuhan=), etc.

NOTE 1. Before =h= (as before =r=) =i= is broken to =aí=, =u= to =aú=; cp. §§ 20. 24.

NOTE 2. Dropping of =n= before =h=, which made the preceding vowel long: =fâhan= (< =fanhan=), =þûhta= (< =þunhta=), etc.; cp. § 50, n. 1; § 5, b; § 15, b.

NOTE 3. Final =h= in =-uh= (or =-h=; § 24, n. 2), =jah=, =nih=, may be assimilated to the initial sound of a following word. But rarely in the gospels (cod. argent.) and in codex B, and only before particls or prns. beginning with =þ=; frequently, however, also before other consonants, in codex A and Skeir; as, =wasuþþan= (= =wasuh-þan=, _but it was_); Mk. I, 6; =sumaiþþan= (= =sumaih-þan=, _but sum_); Mt. XXVI, 67; =sijaiþþan= (= =sijaih-þan=, _but it shall be_); Mt. V, 37; =jaþþê= (= =jah-þê=, _and if_); =niþþan= (= =nih-þan=, _and not_); --before +other+ consonants in A: =jalliban= (= =jah liban=, _and liv_); II. Cor. I, 8; =jaggatraua= (= =jah gatraua=, _and I trust_); Rom. XIV, 14; =jaddu= (= =jah du=, _and to_); II. Cor. II, 16; =jabbrusts= (= =jah brusts=); II. Cor. VII, 15; =nukkant= (= =nuh kant=, _knowest thou now?_); I. Cor. VII, 16; exceptionally also in the codex argent., but only in Lu.: =janni= (= =jah ni=); Lu. VII, 32; =nissijai= (= =nih sijai=); Lu. XX, 16.

NOTE 4. Final =h= is sumtimes dropt (in consequence of having lost its sharp sound? But cp. Beitr., XV, 277): =ƕarjô= (for =ƕarjôh=); Mk. XV, 6; =ƕammê= (for =ƕammêh=); Gal. V, 3; =ƕarjanô= (for =ƕarjanôh=); Skeir. 43; oftener =inu= (in A) for =inuh=, _without_; the =h= of consonant-combinations is dropt in =hiuma=; Lu. VI, 17. VIII, 4 (elsewhere =hiuhma=, _multitude_); =drausnôs=; Skeir. 50 (beside =drauhsna=, _crum_); =als= (for =alhs=); Mk. XV, 38, etc. All these cases ar probably due to the copyists, and most of them hav therefore been amended by the editors. Cp. Bernhardt, Vulfila, LIII et seq.--Also superfluous =h= occurs: =snauh= (for =snau=); I. Thess. II, 16; here, however, it is perhaps the enclitic =-h= (= =-uh=, § 24, n. 2).

NOTE 5. In derivativ words =h= occurs in certain cases beside =k= (s. § 58, n. 2) and =g= (§ 66, n. 1).

ƕ

§ 63. The sound of =ƕ= is peculiar to the Gothic, and has no equivalent in Gr. The Gothic sign (whose alfabetic position is that of the Greek ψ) is uzually exprest by =hv= (=hw=), because all the corresponding words of the remaining Germanic languages (at least initially) hav hw (hu, hv); as, Goth. =ƕeits= = OHG. hwîz, OS. OE. hwît, ON. hvîtr, _white_. But there ar reasons which justify the assumption that the Goth. =ƕ= was a simpl consonant. Fonetically, it may be regarded as a labialized =h= (or a voiceless =w= = NE. wh? Grundr., I, 411). It is therefore recommendabl to represent the simpl Gothic sign by the unitary ligature =ƕ=. Cp. Zs. fdph., 12, 481 et seq.; Beitr., 12, 218 et seq.

NOTE. =ƕ= and =hw= ar not identical in Gothic. This is proved by the fact that in composition the final =h= and the following initial =w= ar not exprest by =ƕ=, but by =hw=: =þaírhwakandans=, _keeping wach (thruout)_; Lu. II, 8; =ubuhwôpida= (= =uf-uh-wôpida=; =ufwôpida= < =uf-wôpjan=), _and he cried out_; Lu. XVIII, 38.--The simpl sound of =ƕ= is also evident from the fact that the verb =saíƕan= is inflected like the verbal stems ending in a singl consonant (§ 34, n. 1), and that in reduplication =ƕ= is treated like a singl consonant (=ƕaíƕôp=, § 178). Cp. Holtzmann, altd. gr. I, 25, together with § 41, n. 1, abuv.

§ 64. Exampls of =ƕ=: +initially+: =ƕas=, _who_; =ƕaírnei=, f., _skul_; =ƕaírban=, _to walk about_; =ƕeila=, _time_; =ƕôpan=, _to boast_; =ƕeits=, _white_; =ƕaiteis=, _wheat_; --+medially+: =aƕa=, _water_; =saíƕan=, _to see_; =leiƕan=, _to lend_; =þeiƕô=, _thunder_; =nêƕa=, _near_; =aíƕa-tundi=, f., _brambl-bush_; --also +finally+: =saƕ=, =saƕt= (prt. of =saíƕan=), =nêƕ=, _near_.

NOTE. =i= and =u= ar broken before =ƕ= as wel as before =h=; cp. § 62, n. 1.

§ 65. =g= corresponds to Greek γ, also as a guttural nasal; as, =synagôgê=, συναγωγή; =aggilus=, ἄγγελος.--The pronunciation of the Gothic initial =g= was quite certainly that of a soft (voiced) stop; final and medial =g= was possibly a spirant.

NOTE 1. Latin authors render =g= in Gothic names by g, but also by c; as, =Caina= beside =Gaina= (Jornandes), =Commundus= (= =Gummundus=); medially, especially before =i=, it is often dropt; as, =Eila= beside =Agila=, =Egila=, =Aiulf= (= =Aigulf=), =Athanaildus= (= =Athanagildus=); cp. Dietrich, p. 73 et seq.

NOTE 2. For the pronunciation of medial =g= as a spirant the Latin representations may be adduced (cp. especially Wrede, 'Ostg.', 173 et seq.); but this is contradicted by the fact that final =g= does not becum =h= (cp. =b-f=, =d-þ=). Jellinek (Beitr., 15, 276 et seq.; Zs. fda., 36, 85) infers a 'media affricata' for the pronunciation of medial and final =g=; then the value of a stop seems more probabl (cp. Wilmanns, D. Gramm., I, 16).

§ 66. =g= occurs frequently in Goth. words, both initially and medially. E. g. (a) =gasts=, _guest_; =guma=, _man_; =gulþ=, _gold_; =gôþs=, _good_; =giutan=, _to pour_; =greipan=, _to gripe, seiz_; =graban=, _to dig_. (b) =agis=, _aw_; =wigs=, _way_; <bgawigan=, _to move_; =steigan=, _to mount_; =ligan=, _to lie_; =þragjan=, _to run_; --=augô=, _ey_; =tagr=, _tear_; =tigus=, _ten_; =aigan=, _to hav_; suffixal =g=: =mahteigs=, _mighty_; =môdags=, _angry_.

Also final =g= remains unchanged: =ôg=, _I fear_; =mag=, _I can_; =wig= (acc. of =wigs=, _way_), etc.

NOTE. =g= becums =h= before a suffixal =t= attacht to it (§ 81); e. g., =mahts=, =mahta= (prs. =mag=), =ôhta= (prs. =ôg=), =baúhta= (inf. =bugjan=), =brâhta= (inf. =briggan=). But there seems to be no change of consonants before the =t= of the 2nd pers. prt. Only =magt= (1st =mag=) is found (201).--Also elsewhere in word-formation an interchange between =h= and =g= takes place in words belonging to the same root: =taíhun=, _10_; and =tigus=, _decad_; =filhan=, _to conceal_, and =fulgins=, adj., _hidn_; =faginôn=, _to rejoice_, and =fahêþs= f., _joy_; =huggrjan=, _to hunger_, and =hûhrus=, _hunger_; =juggs=, _yung_; compar. =jûhiza=; concerning the interchange between =áig= and =áih=, s. § 203, n. 1. Cp. § 79, n. 2.

§ 67. =g= denotes also a guttural nasal (s. § 50); e. g., (=n= + =g=): =laggs=, _long_; =briggan=, _to bring_; =tuggô=, _tung_; =figgrs=, _finger_; =gaggan=, _to go_; --(=n= + =k=, =q=): =drigkan=, _to drink_; =þagkjan=, _to think_; =þugkjan=, _to seem_; =igqis=, _(to) yu both_; =sigqan=, _to sink_; =stigqan=, _to thrust_.

NOTE 1. Beside the singl letter =g= uzed to express the guttural nasal, =gg= is sumtimes found (so regularly in codex B): =siggqan=, =driggkan=, =iggqis=; =g= is not dubld before =g=; the only case, =atgagggand= (Mt. IX, 15) is corrected by the editors. The reverse error occurs three times: =faúragagja= (for =faúragaggja=, _steward_); Lu. VIII, 3. XVI, 1; =hugridai= (for =huggridai=); I. Cor. IV, 11. Cp. Vulfila by Bernhardt, p. LI.

NOTE 2. The Latin sign (n) for the guttural nasal occurs but a few times in Lu.; as, =þank=; XVII, 9; =bringiþ=; XV, 22.

§ 68. The combination =ggw= deservs special notice. (1) It is a guttural nasal + =gw=, as is proved by the ng of the remaining Germanic languages (also of the ON.): =aggwus=, _narrow_ (OHG. engi, ON. ǫngr); =siggwan=, _to sing_ (OHG. singan, ON. syngva); =saggws=, _song_. Here perhaps belongs also =unmanariggws=, _unrestraind, wild_ (cognate with OHG. ringi? Dtsch. Litteraturzeitg. 1888, p. 770).

(2) Another =ggw= corresponds to West-Germanic uw (OHG. uu or uuu; cp. ahd. gr., §§ 112. 113), to ON. gg(v); this =gg= certainly denotes a stop: =triggws=, _faithful_ (OHG. triuwi, ON. tryggr); =bliggwan=, _to beat_ (OHG. bliuwan); =*glaggwus=, _exact_ (OHG. glauwêr, ON. glǫggr); =skuggwa=, _mirror_ (ON. skyggja; cp. Goth. =skawjan=).

NOTE. Concerning the =ggw= of the words givn under (2) and the analogous =ddj= (§ 73, n. 1), cp. Beitr., IX, 545; Göttinger Nachrichten, 1885, No. 6; Brgm., I, 157; Scherer, 'Kleinere Schriften', I, p. XII et seq.--Concerning the East-Gothic names =Triggua=, =Trigguilla=, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 78 et seq.

3. Dentals.

t

§ 69. Gothic =t= corresponds to Greek τ, and stands frequently both initially and medially. E. g. (a) +initially+: =tunþus=, _tooth_; =triu=, _tree_; =tuggô=, _tung_; =tagr=, _tear_; =taíhun=, _ten_; =twai=, _two_; =tamjan=, _to tame_; =trauan=, _to trust_. =st=: =steigan=, _to mount_. (b) +medially+: =watô=, _water_; =haírtô=, _hart_; =baitrs=, _bitter_; =itan=, _to eat_; =giutan=, _to pour_; =sitan=, _to sit_; =witan=, _to know_.

Final =t= remains unchanged; as, =wait=, _I know_; =at=, _at_; =wit=, _we two_.

NOTE 1. =t= is dubld in =atta=, _father_; =skatts=, _muney_.

NOTE 2. =t= before =t= in derivativ and inflected words becums =s= (§ 81); as, =ushaista=, _very poor_ (cp. =haitan=); =blôstreis=, _wurshipper_ (cp. =blôtan=, _to wurship_); 2nd pers. sg. prt. =waist= (1st =wait=), =haíhaist= (inf. =haitan=, _to be calld_); weak prt. =gamôsta= (1st pers. =gamôt=); =kaupasta= (inf. =kaupatjan=, _to cuf_); =wissa= (< =wista=, 1st =wait=).

§ 70. Gothic =þ= corresponds to Gr. θ (as, =Þômas=, Θωμᾶς; =Naþan=, Ναθάν); its sound-value was that of a voiceless dental spirant = the NE. surd th in thin. Also the Greek θ denoted at that time, as it stil does in New Greek, a similar sound.

NOTE 1. Greek authors represent the Goth. =þ= by θ; as, Θευδέριχος. Latin writers express Goth. =þ= mostly by th; as, =Theodoricus=, =Theodomirus=, but also often by t. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 104; 'Ostg.', 170 et seq.--In like manner sum later prints hav =th= for =þ= (s. § 1, n. 3).

NOTE 2. Latin authors often uze d beside th for medial =þ= in proper nouns, from which a later softening may be inferd. Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171.

NOTE 3. Concerning the sound-value of Germanic-Goth. =þ=, cp. IF. 4, 341 et seq.; for the relation between Goth. =þ= and Gr. θ, s. Wimmer, 'Die Runenschrift', 268.

§ 71. =þ= in Gothic words is very frequent. E. g. (a) +initially+: =þulan=, _to suffer_; =þanjan=, _to strech_; =ga-þaírsan=, _to wither_; =þaúrsus=, _witherd_; =þaúrstei=, _thirst_; =þata= (prn.), _that_; =þu=, _thou_; =þreis=, _three_; =þliuhan=, _flee_; =ga-þláihan=, _to cumfort, console_; =þwahan=, _to wash_. (b) +medially+: =brôþar=, _brother_; =tunþus=, _tooth_; =wiþrus=, _lam_; =fraþi=, n., _understanding_; =fraþjan=, _to understand_; =anþar=, _other_; =ƕaþar=, '_uter_'; =waírþan=, _to becum_; =qiþan=, _to say_. (c) Also +final+ =þ= remains unchanged; as, =þiuþ=, n., _good_ (gen. =þiuþis=); =qaþ=, prt. of =qiþan=; =aiþs=, acc. =aiþ=, _oath_.

NOTE 1. =þþ= occurs in =aiþþau=, _or_ (§ 20), and, by assimilation, for =h-þ=: =niþþan=, etc.; s. § 62, n. 3.

NOTE 2. =þ= finally and before the =s= of the nom. very often stands for =d=, and must be kept apart from the =þ= mentiond under (c) which remain =þ= +medially+ also; s. § 74.

NOTE 3. =þ= becums =s= before =t= (§ 81); e. g., 2nd pers. sg. prt. =qast= (inf. =qiþan=), =warst= (inf. =waírþan=), =snaist= (inf. =sneiþan=, _to cut_).

NOTE 4. =d= stands for medial =þ= in =weitwôdida=, _testimony_; Jo. III, 32.

d

§ 72. Goth. =d= corresponds to Greek δ. The New Greek pronunciation of δ is that of a soft (voiced) dental spirant (ð = NE. th in thou). Gothic =d=, at least medially after a vowel, likewise had the sound-value of this spirant. But d initially and medially after n, r, l, z, has the value of a soft (voiced) stop.

§ 73. Examples of =d=: (a) +initially+: =daúr=, n., _door, gate_; =daúhtar=, _daughter_; =dal=, _dale, valley_; =dauns=, _odor_; =daddjan=, _to suckl_; =ga-daúrsan=, _to dare_; =driusan=, _to fall_; =dwals=, _foolish_. (b) +medially+: =sidus=, _custom_; =wadi=, n., _wager_; =midjis=, '_medius_'; =widuwô=, _widow_; =biudan=, _to offer_; =bindan=, _to bind_; =haírda=, _herd_; =waldan=, _to rule_; =mizdô=, _reward_; =fadar=, _father_; =frôdei=, _understanding_ (cp. =frôþs=, =frôdis=, _intelligent_); =fidwôr=, _four_; =þridja=, '_tertius_'; =þiuda=, _peple_; =-ida=, as in =auþida=, _desert_; =gahugds=, _mind_; =gards=, _house_ (_yard_); =hardus=, _hard_; =hund=, _hundred_; =and=, _on, in_; =alds=, _age_ (cp. =alþeis=, _old_), =kalds=, _cold_; =gazds=, _sting_.

NOTE. In Gothic words =dd= is found only in =waddjus=, _wall_ (ON. veggr); =daddjan=, _to suckl_; =twaddjê= (gen. of =twai=, _2_; ON. tweggja); =iddja=, _I went_; hense always in the combination =ddj=.--Cp. § 68, n. 1; and Brgm., I, 127.

§ 74. Finally and before the =s= of the nominativ =d= remains only after a consonant; e. g., =hund=, =nimand= (3d pers. pl. prs.), =gards=, =alds=, =gazds=, =gahugds=. But postvocalic =d= becuming final (and before the =s= of the nominativ) is changed into =þ=, because =þ= denotes the hard sound corresponding to =d=. Such eufonic =þ=s from medial =d=s constitute the greater number of the Gothic final =þ=s, the smaller number ar original (also medial) =þ=s. (§ 71, n. 2). E. g.

=staþs=, =stadis=, _place_ (but =*staþs=, =staþis=, _shore_); =haubiþ=, =haubidis=, _hed_; =liuhaþ=, =liuhadis=, _light_; =frôþs=, =frôdis=, _wise_; =gôþs=, =gôdis=, _good_; =báuþ=, prt. of =biudan=; =bidjan=, _to pray_, prt. =baþ=; --all pps. of wvs.; as, =nasiþs=, =nasidis=; =salbôþs=, =salbôdis=; furthermore all final =þ=s in verbal inflection (3d pers. sg., 2nd pl.); as, =nimiþ=, =nêmuþ=, =nêmeiþ=,--but with enclitic =-uh=: =nimiduh=, =nêmuduh=, =nêmeiduh=; --advs. like =ƕaþ=, _whither_ (cp. § 213); prep. =miþ=, _with_.

NOTE 1. The change of final =d= into =þ= does not occur in all cases in our manuscripts. This exception does not concern the original text of Wulfila, but is only a deviation from the normal state of orthografy, which is proved by the fact that final =d= occurs exceedingly often only in Lu., especially in the first ten chapters, not quite rarely also in Jo., more rarely in the other books. Exampls from the sixth chapter of Lu. ar: =samalaud= (34), =gôds= (35. 43), =gôd= (43), =mitads= (38), ptc. =gamanwids= (40), =gasulid=, and especially frequently verbal forms: =taujid= (2), =ussuggwud= (3), =faginôd=, =laikid= (23), =habaid= (24), =usbaírid= (45), etc.--Sinse yunger forms of speech ar a characteristic feature of the gospel of Lu. (§ 221, 1), they might be regarded as representativs of a later development of the Goth. language, introduced into our text by sum writers (for similar cases in East-Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171). Others explain the forms with final =d= as being due to their original position before words beginning with a vowel according to which the forms =nimiþ= and =nimid= would be 'dublets' ('satzdubletten').--Cp. also Kock, Zs. fda., 26, 226 et seq., who shows that these =d=s for =þ=s ar most frequent after unaccented vowels (as in =mitads=), but after an accented vowel only when the latter is long or a difthong, rarely after a short accented vowel (as in =mid=; Lu. VII, 11.)

NOTE 2. Sinse the final =þ= has by all means to be regarded as the regular one, it must also be employd in words of which only forms with medial =d= occur: =biuþs=, =biudis=, _table_; =rauþs=, _red_; =usdauþs=, _zelous_; =gamaiþs=, _maimd_; =môþs=, _anger_; =knôþs=, _stock, race_. Hense also =garaiþs=, _redy_; =unlêds=, _poor_, which, beside the forms with medial =b=, hav onse each the final forms =garaid= and =unlêds=, respectivly. But both forms occur in Lu.

With final =d= +only+ ar repeatedly found: =weitwôds=, _witness_, acc. =weitwôd=; twice =gariuds= (=gariud=), _honorabl_; only +one+ final form with =d= (but none with =þ=) occurs in =braids=, _broad_; =dêds=, _deed_; =wôds=, _mad, possest_; =grids=, _step, grade_; =skaískaid= (prt. of =skaidan=). The normal forms would be =dêþs=, =wôþs=, etc., for the forms with =d= insted of =þ= ar hardly due to anything else but unfavorabl transmission.

NOTE 3. The occurrence of this final =þ= for thematic =d= must not be confounded with that of =þ= in words that hav also medial =þ= beside =d= in other words from the same root; as, =frôd-= (nom. =frôþs=), _prudent_; =frôdei=, _prudence_; but =fraþi=, _understanding_, =fraþjan=, _to understand_; =sad-= (nom. =saþs=), _satisfied_, but =ga-sôþjan=, _to satisfy_; =sinþs=, _a going, way_, but =sandjan=, _to send_; =alds=, _age_, but =alþeis=, _old_. Cp. § 79, n. 2.

NOTE 4. =þ= is seldom found where medial =d= is expected; as, =guþa= (for =guda=); Gal. IV, 8; =unfrôþans=; Gal. III, 3.

§ 75. The =d= of the weak preterit, which stands mostly after vowels (=nasida=, =habaida=), remains intact after =l= and =n= (=skulda=, =munda=), while after =s=, =h=, =f= it becums =t=: =kaupasta=, =môsta=, =daúrsta=, =þâhta=, =brâhta=, =þûhta=, =brûhta=, =waúrhta=, =baúhta=, =ôhta=, =mahta=, =áihta=, =þaúrfta=; it is changed into =þ= in =kunþa=; =ss= is assimilated from =st= in =wissa=.

Conform to this rule ar the respectiv ptcs. =nasiþs=, =habaiþs=, =skulds=, =munds=, but =waúrhts=, =baúhts=, =mahts=, =binaúhts=, =þaúrfts=, =kunþs=. Cp. § 187, n. 1; § 197 et seq.; §§ 208. 209.

NOTE. =d= becums =s= before the =t= of the 2nd pers. prt. (§ 81): =baust= (1st =bauþ=, inf. =biudan=); so, also, before consonants in derivativ words; as, =gilstr=, _tax, tribute_ (< =gildan=); =usbeisns=, _expectation_ (< =usbeidan=, _to abide, expect_).

s

§ 76. =s= is a hard (voiceless) dental spirant and corresponds to Gr. σ. =s= occurs very often in Gothic words, especially initially. E. g.

(a) +initially+: =sunus=, _sun_; =sitan=, _to sit_; =skadus=, _shade_; =speiwan=, _to spit_; =standan=, _to stand_; =straujan=, _to strew_; =slêpan=, _to sleep_; =smals=, _small_; =snutrs=, _wise_; =swaíhra=, _father-in-law_.

(b) +medially+: =kiusan=, _to choose_; =wisan=, _to be_; =wasjan=, _to clothe_; =þûsundi=, _thousand_; =gasts=, _guest_; =fisks=, _fish_; =asneis=, _hired man_; =hansa=, _host_; =aúhsa=, _ox_; =þaúrsus=, _witherd_.

(c) Also +final+ =s= remains unchanged; as, =gras=, _grass_; =mês=, _table_; =was= (prt. of =wisan=), _was_; =hals=, _neck_.

NOTE 1. =ss= occurs frequently; e. g., =ƕassei=, _sharpness_; =qiss=, _speech_; =wissa= (prt. of =witan=); suff. =-assus= (=þiudinassus=, _kingdom_, etc.).

NOTE 2. Final =s= stands in most cases for medial =z=, especially the final inflectional =s=. Cp. § 78; dropping of the =s= of the nominativ in § 78, n. 2.

NOTE 3. For =s= from =t=, =þ=, =d=, before consonants (=t=), s. § 69, n. 2; § 71, n. 3; § 75, n. 1.

NOTE 4. Concerning the fonetic distinction between the spirants =s= and =þ=, cp. IF., 342.

§ 77. The sign =z= corresponds in Greek words to ζ; as, =Zaíbaídaius=, Ζεβεδαῖος; =azymus=, ἄζυμος. Its sound, like that of the Gr. ζ both at Wulfila's time and in New Greek, was the corresponding soft sound of =s=, hense a voiced dental spirant (E. z).

§ 78. (a) In Goth. words =z= occurs never +initially+.

(b) +Medial+ =z= is frequent. But final =z= becums =s=, the corresponding hard sound (cp. § 79). E. g.

=azêts=, _easy_; =hazjan=, _to praise_; =hazeins=, _praise_; =dius=, gen. =diuzis=, _animal_; =hatis=, gen. =hatizis=, _hatred_; =hatizôn=, _to be angry_; =huzd=, _trezure_; =gazds=, _sting_; =mizdô=, _reward_; =azgô=, _ashes_; =marzjan=, _to offend_; =talzjan=, _to teach_; --comparativs: =maiza=, '_major_'; =frôdôza=, =alþiza=, etc.; --pronominal forms; as, =izwara=, =þizôs=, =þizê=, =blindaizôs=; 2nd pers. sing. midl: =haitaza=.

(c) Most of the Gothic final =s=s represent =z=, especially the inflectional =s=; this reappears as =z= when it becums medial by an enclitic addition, for exampl, the =s= of the nom. =ƕas=, _who?_, but =ƕazuh=; =is=, _he_, but =izei=, _who_; =us=, _out_, but =uzuh=, =uzu=; =dis-= (as in =dizuhþansat=; Mk. XVI, 8); =þôs=, nom. pl. f., but =þôzuh=; =weis=, _we_; =weizuh=; =wileis=, 2nd pers. sg., but =wileizu=; advs.: =mais= (compar. =maiza=), _more_; =áiris=, _erlier_ (compar. =áiriza=), etc.

NOTE 1. =z= is but rarely employd for final =s=: =minz=, _less_; II. Cor. XII, 15 (Codex B), for =mins= elsewhere; =riqiz= (4 times), _darkness_, beside =riqis=, gen. =riqizis=; =aiz=, _brass, muney_ (only Mk. VI, 8); =mimz=, _flesh_; I. Cor. VIII, 13.--For a different view of final =s= for =z=, s. Wilmanns, Dtsch. Gramm., I, p. 86.

NOTE 2. The =s= (=z=) of the nom. sg. is dropt (1) after =s= (=ss=, =z=): =drus=, m., gen. =drusis=, _fall_; =swês=, gen. =swêsis=, adj., _one's own_; =laus=, =lausis=, _loose_; =us-stass=, f., gen. =usstassais=, _resurrection_; (2) after =r= immediately preceded by a short vowel: =waír=, =waíris=, _man_; =baúr=, _sun_; =kaisar=, _Cæsar_; =anþar=, _other_; =unsar=, _our_; but =s= remains unchanged after a long syllabl: =akrs=, _field_; =hôrs=, _whoremonger_; =skeirs=, _clear_; =swêrs=, _honord_; =gáurs=, _sorrowful_. An exception is the onse occurring nom. =stiur=, _steer, calf_. Cp. Brgm., I, 516; II, 531; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 177 et seq.--At a later stage of development, especially in East-Gothic, the loss of the nominativ=-s= occurs more extensivly. So alredy in the Documents (Neap. Doc.: =Gudilub=, =Ufitahari=); cp. Wrede, loc. cit.

NOTE 3. =z= and =s= interchange in the prt. of =slêpan=; =saíslêp=; Mt. VIII, 24. Lu. VIII, 23. I. Thess. IV, 14; =saízlêp=; Jo. XI, 11. I. Cor. XV, 6; --in the neuters in =-is= (gen. =agisis= and gen. =hatizis=); s. 94, n. 5.

NOTE 4. The =z= (s. c, abuv) of the prep. =us= is in compounds assimilated to a following =r= (cp. § 24, n. 2); e. g., =urruns=, _a running out_; =urreisan=, _to (a)rise_; =urrûmnan= (beside =usrûmnan=, in Codex B, II. Cor. VI, 11), _to expand_; onse =ur= for the prep. =us=: =ur riqiza=; II. Cor. IV, 6.--=us= remains unchanged before other sounds in cpds.; as, =usagjan=, _to frighten_; =usbeidan=, _to abide, expect_ (cp. § 56, n. 2). =z= for =s= before a vowel appears only in =uzôn= (prt. of =*usanan=, _to expire_); Mk. XV, 37. 39; and in =uzêtin= (dat. of =*usêta=, _manger_); Lu. II, 7. 12. 16.

NOTE 5. When =us= is affixt to a word beginning with =st=, only one =s= is sumtimes writn: =ustaig= (prt. of =us-steigan=); Mk. III, 13; =ustôþ=; Lu. VIII, 55. X, 25; =ustandiþ= (prt. and prs. of =us-standan=); Mk. X, 34; =ustassai= (nom. =usstass=); Lu. XIV, 14.--Cp. =twistandans= (in B = =twis-standans= in A); II. Cor. II, 13; =diskritnan= (for =dis-skritnan=); Mt. XXVII, 51; there is no analogon for =sp=.

APPENDIX.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE CONSONANTS.

§ 79. The Gothic soft spirants, =b=, =d=, =z=, finally and before the =s= of the nom. (cp. §§ 56. 74. 78) ar changed into the corresponding hard sounds, =f=, =þ=, =s=, while the fourth soft spirant, medial =g=, remains unchanged when final (§ 66; § 65, n. 2).

NOTE 1. Also the final =b=, =d=, =z= hav sumtimes remaind unchanged, i. e. =z= rarely (§ 78, n. 1), but =b= and =d= especially often in certain parts where also other forms show a later stage of development. Cp. § 56, n. 1; § 74, n. 1, and Zs. fda., 25, 226 et seq.