Chapter 8 of 20 · 4000 words · ~20 min read

Part 8

NOTE 3. Only one strong verb is found (twice) in the 3d pers. sg. imper.: =atsteigadan=, καταβάτω; Mt. XXVII, 42. Mk. XV, 32 (cp. § 186, n. 1). The 3d pers. pl. may be givn with certainty according to the weak verb (§ 192, n. 1).

NOTE 4. The dual forms of the verb occur very seldom. The 1st pers. du. opt. prt., =nêmeiwa=, etc., which is only givn according to the corresponding form of the prs. =nimaiwa=, is not found at all. Also the 2nd pers. du. opt. prt. is but an inferd form according to the anomalous =wileits= (§ 205).

NOTE 5. Concerning the irregular formation of the present of sum strong verbs with =j=, s. § 206, n.

_B. TENSE-FORMATION OF THE STRONG VERBS._

1. Ablaut Verbs.

§ 171. The ablaut verbs form their tense-stems by a regular change of the radical vowel, the so-calld ablaut. The several ablaut-series and the conditions of their appearance wil be found givn in §§ 30-35. To each of these series belong ablaut verbs, and therefore six ablaut classes must be distinguisht. Each ablaut verb contains four ablaut vowels which appear in the formation of the verb in the following manner: (1) The first vowel belongs to the present and to what is connected with the present (prsp., inf., also medio-passiv). (2) The second vowel is that of the sg. prt. indic. (3) The third vowel appears in the du. and pl. prt. indic. and thruout the prt. opt. (4) The fourth vowel belongs to the pp.

In order to determin the inflection of a strong verb, it is customary to giv the following four forms (principal parts): (1) 1st pers. sg. prs. indic., or the prs. inf.; (2) 1st pers. sg. prt. indic.; (3) 1st pers. pl. prt. indic.; (4) the pp.

In the following we arrange the ablaut verbs according to their classes.

§ 172. Class I. Verbs of the first ablaut series: =ei=--=ái=--=i= (=aí=) (cp. § 30); e. g., =greipa=, =graip=, =gripum=, =gripans=, _to gripe, seiz_; =i= before =h= (=ƕ=) becums =aí= by breaking (§ 20): =leiƕa=, =láiƕ=, =laíƕum=, =laíƕans=, _to lend_.

NOTE 1. Like these inflect: =deigan=, _to knead_; =steigan=, _to mount_; =gateihan=, _to show_; =þeihan=, _to thrive_; =þreihan=, _to throng_; =weihan=, _to fight_; --=beitan=, _to bite_; =dis-kreitan=, _to tear to pieces_; =ga-smeitan=, _to smear_; =-weitan= (=inweitan=, _to wurship_; =fraweitan=, _to punish_); =beidan=, _to wait_; =leiþan=, _to go_; =sneiþan=, _to cut_; --=weipan=, _to crown_; =dreiban=, _to drive_; =bi-leiban=, _to remain_; =sweiban=, _to cease_; --=reisan=, _to rize_; =skeinan=, _to shine_; =hneiwan=, _to decline, bow_; =speiwan=, _to spit_.

NOTE 2. The =n= of =keinan= (OHG. kînan), _to germinate_, occurs only in the prs. stem (cp. § 206, b); the pp. is =kijans= (only in =uskijanata=; Lu. VIII, 6). The prt. =*kai=, =*kijum=, has been replaced by a weak prt. of the IV. weak conjugation (=keinôda=, § 195, n. 2). Cp. Kluge, 'Germ. Conjug.', 143.

NOTE 3. The verb =neiwan=, _to hav a quarrel against_, occurs only in a sumwhat doutful exampl: =naiw=; Mk. VI, 19. Cp. Bernhardt, 'Vulfila', p. 282, and Zs. fdph., 7, 112. 484.

§ 173. Class II. Verbs of the second ablaut series: =iu=--=au=--=u= (=aú=)--=u= (=aú=) (cp. § 31); e. g., =biuda=, =bauþ=, =budum=, =budans=, _to offer_; with breaking (§ 24): =tiuha=, =táuh=, =taúhum=, =taúhans=, _to draw, lead_.

NOTE 1. Like =tiuhan= inflect: =siukan=, _to be sick_; =biugan=, _to bend_; =driugan=, _to perform military service_; =liugan=, _to lie_; =þliuhan=, _to flee_; --=giutan=, _to pour_; =usþriutan=, _to trubl, vex_; =niutan=, _to enjoy_; =liudan=, _to grow_; --=dis-hniupan=, _to break to pieces_; =sliupan=, _to slip_; =af-skiuban=, _to shuv away_; =hiufan=, _to weep_; =driusan=, _to fall_; =kiusan=, _to choose_; =fra-liusan=, _to lose_; =kriustan=, _to gnash_.

NOTE 2. The vowel of the prs. is irregular in =lûka=, =lauk=, =lukum=, =lukans=, _to lock_.

§ 174. Class III. Verbs of the third ablaut series: =i= (=aí=)--=a=--=u= (=aú=)--=u= (=aú=) (cp. § 32); e. g., =binda=, =band=, =bundum=, =bundans=, _to bind_; with breaking (§§ 20. 24): =waírpa=, =warp=, =waúrpum=, =waúrpans=, _to throw, cast_.

NOTE 1. Like these inflect: =brinnan=, _to burn_; =du-ginnan=, _to begin_; =af-linnan=, _to depart_; =rinnan=, _to run_; =spinnan=, _to spin_; =winnan=, _to suffer_; --=trimpan=, _to tred_; --=fra-slindan=, _to devour_; =windan=, _to wind_; =hinþan=, _to cach_; =finþan=, _to find_; =þinsan=, _to draw_; --=stiggan= (only by conjecture in Mt. V, 29), _to sting_; =bliggwan=, _to beat_ (§ 68, 2); =siggwan=, _to sing_; =sigqan=, _to sink_; =stigqan=, _to thrust_; =drigkan=, _to drink_; --=gildan=, _to be of value_; =swiltan=, _to die_; =hilpan=, _to help_; =filhan=, _to hide_; =wilwan=, _to rob_; --=baírgan=, _to hide, keep_; =gaírdan=, _to gird_; =waírþan=, _to becum_; =ga-þaírsan=, _to wither_; =swaírban=, _to wipe_; =ƕaírban=, _to walk_; --=þriskan=, _to thresh_; =ga-wrisqan=, _to bear fruit_ (these two only in the prs. tense, in I. Tim. V, 18. Lu. VIII, 14).

NOTE 2. According to its prs. tense, also =briggan= would belong here; s. § 208.

§ 175. Class IV. Verbs of the fourth ablaut series: =i= (=aí=)--=a=--=ê=--=u= (=aú=) (cp. § 33); e. g., =nima=, =nam=, =nêmum, umans=, _to take_; with breaking (§§ 20. 24): =baíra=, =bar=, =bêrum=, =baúrans=, _to bear_.

NOTE 1. Like these inflect: =qiman=, _to cum_; =ga-timan=, _to suit_; =stilan=, _to steal_; =ga-taíran=, _to tear_; --=brikan=, _to break_ (§ 33, n. 1).

NOTE 2. Here belongs also =trudan=, [=traþ=], [=trêdum=], =trudans=, _to tred_ (ON. troða, trað, traðum, troðinn; in OHG. according to V.: trëtan, trat, trátum, trëtan). According to =trudan=, we should also write =wulan=, _to boil_ (only prsp. =wulandans= occurs; Rom. XII, 11).

§ 176. Class V. Verbs of the fifth ablaut series: =i= (=aí=)--=a=--=ê=--=i= (=aí=) (cp. § 34); e. g., =mita=, =mat=, =mêtum=, =mitans=, _to mezure_; =giba=, =gaf=, =gêbum=, =gibans=, _to giv_.

NOTE 1. Here belong also =wrikan=, _to persecute_; =rikan= (found in the prs. only), _to accumulate_; =ligan=, _to lie_; =ga-wigan=, _to move_; =saíƕan=, _to see_ (cp. § 34, n. 1); --=hlifan=, _to steal_; --=bigitan=, _to get, obtain_; =sitan=, _to sit_; =fitan=, _to bear_ (_children_)?; =widan=, _to bind_; =qiþan=, _to say_; =niþan=, _to help_ (?); --=lisan=, _to gather_; =ga-nisan=, _to recuver_; =wisan=, _to remain_.

NOTE 2. =sniwan=, _to hasten_, has =sniwa=, =snau= (§ 42), =snêwum=, =sniwans=. Onse occurs the prt. =snauh= (with additional =h=; cp. § 62, n. 4), onse =sniwun= for =snêwun= (§ 7, n. 3).--Like =sniwan= inflects probably =diwan=, _to die_, of which only the pp. (=þata=) =diwanô= occurs.

NOTE 3. The prt. sg. of =itan= is, irregularly, =êt=, not =at=; only the cpd. =frêt= (< =fra-itan=, _to eat up_; § 4, n. 1; § 7, b) is extant. Hense =itan=, =êt=, =êtum=, =itans=. Cp. the OHG. prts. âz frâz (ahd. gr., § 343, n. 5), ON. át. Möller, 'Engl. Studien', 3, 154.

NOTE 4. The =n= of =fraíhnan=, _to ask_, occurs only in the prs. stem: =fraíhna=, =frah=, =frêhum=, =fraíhans= (cp. § 206, b).

NOTE 5. The =j= in =bidjan= occurs in the prs. stem only: =bidja=, =baþ=, =bêdum=, =bidans= (cp. § 206, n.). Onse the prs. is found without =j=: =usbida=; Rom. IX, 3.

§ 177. Class VI. Verbs of the sixth ablaut series: =a--ô--ô--a= (cp. § 35); e. g., =slaha=, =slôh=, =slôhum=, =slahans=, _to strike_.

NOTE 1. Like =slahan= go: =sakan=, _to quarrel_; =wakan=, _to wake_; =dragan=, _to carry, load_; =þwahan=, _to wash_; =hlaþan=, _to load_; =ga-daban=, _to becum, fit_; =ga-draban=, _to hew_; =graban=, _to dig_; =skaban=, _to shave_; =alan=, _to grow_; =malan=, _to grind_; =swaran=, _to swear_; =faran=, _to fare, go_; =us-anan=, _to expire_. Sum of these verbs occur only in the prs.: =wakan=, =dragan=, =alan=, =malan=, =faran=.

NOTE 2. Sum verbs of this class hav =j= in the present stem, which is wanting in the prt. and pp.; e. g., =hafjan=, _to heav_, forms: =hafja=, =hôf=, =hôfum=, =hafans=. So do: =fraþjan=, _to understand_; =hlahjan=, _to laf_; =skapjan=, _to shape, make_; =skaþjan=, _to do scath, to injure_; =wahsjan=, _to wax, grow_. Doutful is the prs. form =*garaþjan= which is uzually inferd from the pp. =garaþana= (Mt. X, 30), _to count_.--Cp. § 206, n.

NOTE 3. The =n= of =standan= occurs only in the present stem (cp. § 206, b): =standa=, =stôþ=, =stôþum=. The pp. =*staþans= (ON. staðinn) is wanting; cp. Anz. fda., 14, 286.

2. Reduplicating Verbs.

§ 178. The preterit of the reduplicating verbs is formd by reduplication only, the radical vowel remaining unchanged. The reduplication consists of the initial consonant together with the constant reduplication vowel =aí= (short e; s. § 20); e. g., =haita=, _I am calld_, prt. =haíhait=; =ƕôpa=, _I boast_, prt. =ƕaíƕôp=. When the word begins with two consonants, only the first is repeated; e. g., =fraisa=, _I tempt_, prt. =faífrais=. The initial combinations =st=, =sk=, [=sp=], however, ar repeated together; e. g., =(ga-)stalda=, _I possess_, prt. =staístald=; =skaida=, _I separate_, prt. =skaískaiþ=. When the word begins with a vowel, only the reduplication vowel is prefixt; e. g., =auka=, _I increase_, prt. =aíauk=.

The pp. is formd without reduplication: =haitans=, =fraisans=, etc.

§ 179. The reduplicating verbs may be divided into five classes according to their radical vowels: (1) =a= (=â=). (2) =ê=. (3) =ai=. (4) =ô=. (5) =au=. Sinse the vowel remains unchanged in the hole verb, it causes no change of inflection. Therefore the paradim =haitan= (givn in § 170) is sufficient for all classes.

The preterits of the following reduplicating verbs ar extant:

(1) =haldan=, _to hold_; =falþan=, _to fold_; =staldan=, _to possess_; --=fâhan=, _to cach_ (prt. =faífâh=, pl. =faífâhum=, pp. =fâhans=), =hâhan=, _to hang_ (§ 62, n. 2).

(2) =slêpan=, _to sleep_ (concerning the prt., cp. § 78, n. 3).

(3) =af-aikan=, _to deny_; =fraisan=, _to tempt_; =haitan=, _to be calld_; =laikan=, _to leap_; =maitan=, _to cut off_; =skaidan=, _to separate_.

(4) =ƕôpan=, _to boast_; =flôkan=, _to lament_.--The inf. belonging to the prt. =laílôun= (Jo. IX, 28) is probably (according to § 26, n.) =*lauan=, _to revile_. Cp. § 22, n. 2.

(5) =aukan=, _to increase_.

NOTE 1. It is tolerably certain that several verbs of which the preterit does not occur belong here too: (1) =us-alþan=, _to grow old_; =blandan=, _to blend_; =saltan=, _to salt_; =waldan=, _to wield, rule_; =ana-praggan=, _to oppress, harass_. (2) =blêsan=, _to blow_. (3) =ga-þláihan=, _to cumfurt, caress_. (4) =blôtan=, _to wurship_. (5) =stautan=, _to thrust, smite_; =hlaupan=, _to run_.

NOTE 2. =bauan=, _to dwel_, which formerly belongd here according to the testimony of other Germanic dialects, has the weak prt. =bauaida= and is referd to the third weak conjugation (§ 193) also because of the f. =bauains= (§ 103, n. 1). But the 3d pers. sg. is =bauiþ= which is stil a form of the strong conjugation. The inflection of the Goth. =bnauan=, _to rub_, which occurs only onse (=bnauandans=; Lu. VI, 1) can not be determind; its ON. correspondence, *bnúa, (g)núa (altisl. gr., § 433; cp. Zs. fdph., 17, 250), like the OHG. nûan, niuwan (ahd. gr., § 334, n. 5) belongs to the strong inflection; =trauan=, however, follows the weak inflection thruout.--Cp. § 26, b.

NOTE 3. =gaggan=, _to go_, pp. =gaggans=, has lost its prt. =*gaígagg=, which is replaced by other forms. Cp. § 207.

NOTE 4. Insted of =flôkan= the form =flêkan= was formerly uzed on account of the isolated prt. =faíflôkun= (according to § 181). That this is wrong was shown by Bezzenberger, 'Ueber die =a=-reihe der got. spr.', p. 56⁴. Cp. also Gallée, 'Noord en Zuid', 4, 54 et seq.

NOTE 5. =arjandan= (in Lu. XVII, 7) seems to refer to a red. v. =arjan= (_to plow_), w. a =j=-present (206ᵃ); cp. OHG. erien, iar, giaran (ahd. gr., § 350, n. 5).

3. Reduplicating Ablaut Verbs.

§ 180. A number of verbs with the stem-vowel =ê= in the present (or final =ai= in the root) hav the ablaut of the =ê--ô=-series (s. § 36). The prt. has the vowel =ô= and reduplication. In the pp. appears the same vowel as in the prs. These verbs ar divided into two classes according to the vowel of the prs.:

§ 181. I. Stems ending in a consonant hav =ê= in the prs.; e. g., =lêtan=, _to let_, which has =lêta=, =laílôt=, =laílôtum=, =lêtans=. Of this kind ar also =grêtan= (=gaígrôt=), _to weep_; =têkan= (=taítôk=), _to tuch_; =-rêdan= (=raírôþ=), _to counsel_.

§ 182. II. Roots ending in a vowel change the =ê= into =ai= (§ 22). Here belong: =saian=, _to sow_: =saia=, =saísô=, =saísôum=, =saians= (concerning other forms, cp. § 22, n. 1; § 170, n. 2), and =waian= (=waíwô=), _to blow_.

NOTE. The prt. of =faian=, _to blame_, is not extant; cp. § 22, n. 2.

II. WEAK VERBS.

§ 183. The formation and inflection of the prt. and pp. of the four classes of the weak verbs (§ 168) ar alike. The pp. is formd by means of the suffix =-da-= (nom. m. =-þs=) which is in all classes added to the verbal stem. The latter varies according to the formativ suffix and causes in the present forms a considerabl difference of inflection in the four classes. We first giv the inflection of the prt., which is the same in all classes.

_1. INFLECTION OF THE WEAK PRETERIT._

§ 184. Paradims: =nasida=, =salbôda=, =habaida=, =fullnôda=. Only one exampl is necessary to show the inflection.

INDICATIV. OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nasi-da= =nasi-dêdjau= 2. =nasi-dês= =nasi-dêdeis= 3. =nasi-da= =nasi-dêdi=

Dual 1. =nasi-dêdu= =nasi-dêdeiwa= 2. =nasi-dêduts= =nasi-dêdeits=

Plur. 1. =nasi-dêdum= =nasi-dêdeima= 2. =nasi-dêduþ= =nasi-dêdeiþ= 3. =nasi-dêdun= =nasi-dêdeina=

What has been said in § 170, n. 4 concerns also the 1st and 2nd pers. du. optativ.

_2. FIRST WEAK CONJUGATION_ (=-jan=).

§ 185. The verbs of this class hav the formativ suffix =i= which appears in the present as =j= (inf. =-jan=). This =j= and a following =i= ar either contracted into =ei= (according to § 44, c and n. 1) or remain =ji=. Thus we hav two subdivisions: (a) Verbs with short stem-syllabls; e. g., =nasjan=, _to save_, or verbs in a long vowel; as, =stôjan=, _to judge_. (b) Verbs with long stem-syllabls ending in a consonant; e. g., =sôkjan=, _to seek_, and polysyllabic verbs; e. g., =mikiljan=, _to praise_.

§ 186.

(a) +Present+ (+Activ+).

INDICATIV.

OPTATIV.

IMPERATIV.

INFINITIV.

=nasjan= =stôjan= | =sôkjan=

PARTICIPL.

=nasjands= =stôjands= | =sôkjands=

(b) Preterit.

=nasida= =stauida= | =sôkida=

(Inflection § 184.)

=nasiþs= =stauiþs= | =sôkiþs=

(d) Medio-Passiv: Present.

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. 3. =nasjada= =stôjada= | =sôkjada= 2. =nasjaza= =stôjaza= | =sôkjaza= | Plur. 1. 2. 3. =nasjanda= =stôjanda= | =sôkjanda=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. 3. =nasjaidau= =stôjaidau= | =sôkjaidau= 2. =nasjaizau= =stôjaizau= | =sôkjaizau= | Plur. 1. 2. 3. =nasjaindau= =stôjaindau= | =sôkjaindau=

NOTE 1. The 3d pers. sg. imper. is preservd in =lausjadau=, ῥυσάσθω; Mt. XXVII, 43 (cp. § 170, n. 3). The 3d pers. pl. would be =lausjandau= according to § 192, n. 1.

NOTE 2. The 2nd pers. sg. imper. =stauei= (inf. =stôjan=) is suggested by the prt. =stauida= according to § 26.

§ 187. Further exampls of this very numerous class: (a) 1. verbs with short stem-syllabls: =waljan=, _to choose_; =ga-tamjan=, _to tame_; =uf-þanjan=, _to strech_; =warjan=, _to forbid_; =lagjan=, _to lay_; =us-wakjan=, _to awake_; =satjan=, _to set_; =wasjan=, _to vest, clothe_; =hazjan=, _to praise_; =huljan=, _to cuver_; 2. stems ending in a vowel: =taujan= (imper. sg. =tawei=, prt. =tawida=, pp. =tawiþs=), _to do_; =*straujan=, _to strew_ (only the prt. =strawida= and pp. =strawiþs= ar extant); =qiujan= (=qiwida=), _to quicken_; =ana-niujan= (=-niwida=), _to renew_; =siujan=, _to sew_; --concerning =*môjan= (in =afmôjan=, _to weary_) and =*dôjan= (in =afdôjan=, _to tire out_), s. § 26, a.

(b) verbs with long stems and polysyllabic verbs: =mêljan=, _to write_; =mêrjan=, _to preach_; =sipônjan=, _to be a disciple_; =hnaiwjan=, _to abase_; =hrainjan=, _to clean_; =hausjan=, _to hear_; =þiuþjan=, _to bless_; --=brannjan=, _to burn_; =sandjan=, _to send_; =namnjan=, _to name_; =andbahtjan=, _to serv_; =glitmunjan=, _to glitter_; =haúrnjan=, _to blow the horn_.

NOTE 1. =kaupatjan=, _to buffet_, has the prt. =kaupasta= (without =i=; cp. § 75), but the pp. =kaupatiþs= (cp. § 209, n. 1). The verbs =lauhatjan=, _to shine_; =swôgatjan=, _to sigh_, occur in the prs. only.

NOTE 2. Sum primary verbs with =j= in the present stem inflect in the present like the weak verbs of the first class. In the prt. they ar either strong or weak without the formativ suffix =i=. Cp. § 206, a (§ 209).

NOTE 3. Only two verbs assume occasionally forms of the 2nd weak conjugation: =hausjan=, _to hear_, beside =hausjôn= (occurs several times); pp. =un-beistjôþs=, _unlevend_, but =ga-beistjan=, _to leven_.

NOTE 4. Like the 2nd pers. du. and pl. imper. of =nasjan= go the interjectional =hirjats=, =hirjiþ=. The sg. =hiri= is irregular. Cp. § 219.

§ 188. Verbs of this class ar derived from verbs, adjectivs and substantivs. Their meaning is predominantly causativ. Causativs from strong ablaut verbs hav the vowel of the prt. sg.; e. g., =wandjan=, _to wend, turn_ (< =windan=); =dragkjan=, _to giv to drink_ (< =drigkan=); =ur-raisjan=, _to raiz_ (< =ur-reisan=, _to arize_); =ga-drausjan=, _to cause to fall_ (< =driusan=).--Also verbs derived from adjectivs and substantivs show, with few exceptions, a causativ meaning; e. g., =háuhjan=, _to make high_ (< =háuhs=); =hailjan=, _to heal_ (< =hails=); =warmjan=, _to warm_ (< =warms=); --=dailjan=, _to deal_ (< =dails=); =taiknjan=, _to make a sign, to show_ (< =taikns=, _a token_); etc.--Only a few hav an intransitiv meaning, e. g., =sipônjan=, _to be a disciple_; =faúrhtjan=, _to fear_.

_3. SECOND WEAK CONJUGATION_ (=-ôn=).

§ 189. The formativ suffix (=ô=) occurs in this class not only in the prt., but also in the hole prs., and absorbs the initial vowels appearing in the endings of the strong verb. Paradim: =salbôn=, _to anoint_.

(a) +Present.+

INDIC. OPT. IMPER. Sing. 1. =salbô= =salbô= -- 2. =salbôs= =salbôs= =salbô= 3. =salbôþ= =salbô= =salbôdau=

Dual 1. =salbôs= =salbôwa= -- 2. =salbôts= =salbôts= =salbôts=

Plur. 1. =salbôm= =salbôma= =salbôm= 2. =salbôþ= =salbôþ= =salbôþ= 3. =salbônd= =salbôna= =salbôndau=

INFINITIV: =salbôn=

PARTICIPL: =salbônds=

(b) +Preterit.+

=salbôda=, =-dês=, =-da=, etc. (s. § 184).

=salbôþs=

(d) +Medio-Passiv: Present.+

INDIC. OPT. Sing. 1. 3. =salbôda= =salbôdau= 2. =salbôza= =salbôzau=

Plur. 1. 2. 3. =salbônda= =salbôndau=

NOTE. No exampls of the 3. pers. sg. and pl. imper. ar extant, but they may be safely inferd like other forms; e. g., the dual forms, or the 2nd pers. sg. midl: =salbôza=, =salbôzau=, which hav been merely inferd according to the other conjugations.

§ 190. The number of verbs of the 2nd class is greater than that of the 3d, but much smaller than that of the verbs in =-jan=. Exampls: =mitôn=, _to think_; =ƕarbôn=, _to wander_; =fiskôn=, _to fish_; =sidôn=, _to practis_; =idreigôn=, _to repent_; =awiliudôn=, _to thank_; =þiudanôn=, _to be king_; =faginôn=, _to rejoice_; =fraujinôn=, _to rule_; =reikinôn=, _to rule_; =frijôn=, _to luv_; =sunjôn=, _to justify_; =hausjôn= (§ 187, n. 3).

_4. THIRD WEAK CONJUGATION_ (=-an=).

§ 191. Verbs of this class hav the formativ suffix =-ai=. This, however, appears in all forms of the prt. (and in the pp.), while it occurs in but few forms of the present and what belongs to the prs., the greater number following entirely the present forms of the strong verb. The =ai= is found in the present only where the terminations of the strong verb begin with =i= which it absorbs (thus, in the 2nd and 3d pers. sg. indic., in the 2nd pers. pl. indic., and in 2nd pers. pl. imper.), and in 2nd pers. sg. imper. (which has no termination).--But the =ai= is entirely wanting before the endings beginning with =a= (=ô=).

§ 192. Paradim =haban=, _to hav_.

(a) +Present.+

INDIC. OPT. IMPER.

Sing. 1. =haba= =habau= -- 2. =habais= =habais= =habai= 3. =habaiþ= =habai= =habadau=

Dual 1. =habôs= =habaiwa= -- 2. =habats= =habaits= =habats=

Plur. 1. =habam= =habaima= =habam= 2. =habaiþ= =habaiþ= =habaiþ= 3. =haband= =habaina= =habandau=

INFINITIV: =haban=

PARTICIPL: =habands=

(b) +Preterit.+

=habaida=, =-dês=, =-da=, etc. (s. § 184).

=habaiþs=

(d) +Medio-Passiv: Present.+

INDIC. OPT.

Sing. 1. 3. =habada= =habaidau= 2. =habaza= =habaizau=

Plur. =habanda= =habaindau=

NOTE. An exampl of the 3d pers. pl. imper. is extant in this conjugation only: =liugandau=, γαμησάτωσαν; I. Cor. VII, 9.

§ 193. Verbs of this class ar mostly intransitiv. Their number is comparativly small. Exampls: =þahan=, _to be silent_; =þulan=, _to suffer_; =liban=, _to liv_; =ana-silan=, _to be silent_; =fijan=, _to hate_; =trauan=, _to trust_ (cp. § 26); =saúrgan=, _to sorrow_; =liugan=, _to marry_.

NOTE. =hatan=, _to hate_, fluctuates between this and the 1st weak conj. (=hatjan=); --=bauan=, _to dwel_, has the 3d pers. sg. prs. indic. strong: =bauiþ=; cp. § 179, n. 2.

_5. FOURTH WEAK CONJUGATION_ (=-nan=).

§ 194. By means of the suff. =-no-= in the prt., =n= (=-na-=) in the present, verbs ar formd in Gothic which denote an entering into a state; therefore they hav an 'inchoativ' meaning. When they hav a medial meaning, they often also render Greek medio-passiv verbs. These verbs ar always intransitiv and never hav a purely passiv meaning. Hense, for exampl, =andbindada= means _it is loost_ (by sum one), but =andbundniþ=, _it becums loose, it loosens_. Nearly all of these verbs ar derived from adjectivs or from the stem of the pp. passiv. Exampls: (a) from strong verbs: =and-bundnan= (=bindan=), _to loosen_ (intr.); =us-bruknan= (=brikan=), _to break off_ (intr.); =dis-kritnan=, _to rend_ (intr.); =fra-lusnan= (=fra-liusan=), _to perish_; =ga-waknan= (=wakan=), _to awaken_; =ga-skaidnan= (=skaidan=), _to becum parted, to depart_; --(b) from adjectivs: =gahailnan= (=hails=), _to becum hole_; =mikilnan= (=mikils=), _to becum great_; =weihnan= (=weihs=), _to becum holy_; =gadauþnan=, _to becum ded, to die_.

NOTE 1. To substantivs belong =gafrisahtnan= (=frisahts=, _image_), _to be formd_; =ga-gawaírþnan= (=ga-waírþi=), _to reconcile one's self to_; the stem-vowel is irregular in: =us-geisnan=, _to becum amazed_; =in-feinan=, _to be moved with compassion_.

NOTE 2. That the fundamental meaning of these verbs is inchoativ has been shown by Egge, 'Inchoativ or =n=-verbs in Gothic' (American Journal of Phil., 7, p. 38 et seq.). The corresponding Norse verbs in =-na= ar inchoativ only.

§ 195. The inflection of these verbs is in the present identical with that of the strong verbs. No medio-passiv nor a pp. can be formd. Paradim: =fullnan= (=fulls=, _ful_; =fulljan=, _to fil_), _to becum ful, fil_ (intr.).

(a) +Present.+

INDIC. OPT. IMPER.

Sing. 1. =fullna= =fullnau= -- 2. =fullnis= =fullnais= =fulln= 3. =fullniþ= =fullnai= =fullnadau=

Dual 1. =fullnôs= =fullnaiwa= -- 2. =fullnats= =fullnaits= =fullnats=

Plur. 1. =fullnam= =fullnaima= =fullnam= 2. =fullniþ= =fullnaiþ= =fullniþ= 3. =fullnand= =fullnaina= =fullnandau=

INFINITIV: =fullnan=

PARTICIPL: =fullnands=

(b) +Preterit.+

=fullnôda=, =-dês=, =-da= (s. § 184).

NOTE 1. Of the imper. of verbs of this class only the 2nd pers. sg. is extant.

NOTE 2. The prt. =keinôda=, _germinated_, aroze thru the influence of the strong present =keinan= (§ 172, n. 2) which could not belong here merely because of its meaning.

III. IRREGULAR VERBS.

_1. PRETERIT-PRESENTS._

§ 196. Preterit-Presents ar strong verbs whose preterit has assumed a present meaning. In consequence thereof the real presents hav been lost. These verbs form the preterit like weak verbs by adding =-da= (=-ta=, =-þa=, =-sa=; cp. §§ 75. 81). Their inflection is the same as that of =nasida= (§ 184). According to the form of their presents, the preterit-presents may be distributed among the different classes of the strong verbs. The prs. inflects like a strong preterit. In the following the 13 Gothic verbs of this kind ar clast according to the corresponding ablaut-series:

§ 197. First Ablaut-Series.

1. Prs. =wait=, _I know_, 2nd pers. =waist=, pl. =witum=, opt. =witjau=; prt. =wissa=, prt. opt. =wissêdjau=, prs. ptc. =witands=, inf. [=witan=].