Chapter 7 of 20 · 3964 words · ~20 min read

Part 7

§ 136. The comparativs inflect exactly like weak adjectivs, but the f. ends in =-ei= (§ 132, n. 4):

Sing. N. m. =frôdôza= n. =frôdôzô= f. =frôdôzei= G. =frôdôzins= =frôdôzeins=,

etc., like the prs. ptc. (§ 133).

_2. SUPERLATIV._

§ 137. The superlativ degree, like the comparativ, is formd in two ways, in =-ist-= or in =-ôst-=; e. g., =managists= (< =manags=), =armôsts= (< =arms=, _poor_). The inflection of the superlativs is precisely the same as that of ordinary adjectivs--strong and weak.

NOTE. No rule can be givn for the appearance of the =ô= or the =i= in the suffix, except that the =ô=-form occurs only with =a=-stems. We may suppose that a word which forms the compar. by means of =i=, has =i= in the superl. also, and that, in like manner, the =ô=-forms correspond to each other. This supposition, however, is only founded on a few extant exampls.

_3. IRREGULAR COMPARISON._

§ 138. The lack of comparison of sum adjectivs is supplied by comparativs and superlativs with a corresponding meaning, but without a positiv:

=gôþs= (=d=), _good_ Compar. =batiza= Superl. =batists= =ubils=, _evil_ " =waírsiza= " -- =mikils=, _great_ " =maiza= " =maists= =leitils=, _litl_ " =minniza= " =minnists= =sineigs=, _old_ " -- " =sinista=.

§ 139. A superlativ with an =m=-suffix is found in six words, which ar derived from adverbial stems and appear without a positiv. The =m=-suffix is either simpl: =fru-ma=, =innu-ma=, =aúhu-ma=, or compound: =af-tuma=, =if-tuma=, =hlei-duma=.

Two of them hav assumed a comparativ meaning: =aúhuma=, _higher_; =hleiduma=, _left_ (ἀριστερός); the others hav a superlativ or an intensiv signification: =aftuma=, _the last_; =iftuma=, _the next_; =innuma=, _the inmost_; =fruma=, _the first_.

These words follow the weak inflection, but hav the f. in =-ei=, exactly like the comparativs.

NOTE. Sum superlativs in =-ma= ar compared anew in the uzual manner: =aftumists=, _the last_; =aúhumists=, oftener than =aúhmists= (cp. OE. ŷmest, Sievers-Cook, OE. Gr., § 314, n. 3), _the highest_; =frumists=, _the first_.--The forms =hindumists=, _hindmost_, =spêdumists=, _last_ (< =*spêþs=, beside =spêdiza=, =spêdists=), suggest the missing =hinduma= and =spêduma=. Also =miduma=, =midst=, =midumônds=, _mediator_, point to a form =*miduma=, _midl_ (cp. OE. meodume, midmest).

CHAP. III. NUMERALS.

1. CARDINALS.

§ 140. The first three numerals ar declinabl in all cases and genders.

1. =ains=, n. =ain= and =ainata=, f. =aina=, inflects entirely like a strong adj. (=blinds=, § 123). Plural forms mean _only_, _alone_. No weak inflection is found. (§ 122, n. 1).

The nom. of the m. and f., which is not extant, may with certainty be givn as =þreis=.

NOTE. The definit dual number '_both_', ἀμφότεροι, is renderd by =bai=, which inflects like =twai=. The extant forms ar nom. m. =bai=, dat. =baim=, acc. =bans=, nom. acc. n. =ba=.--There occurs also an extended form with the same meaning, its inflection being that of a consonantal substantiv (§ 117, n. 4): nom. =bajôþs=, dat. =bajôþum=.

§ 141. The numerals from 4 to 19 ar of one gender. Extant ar: =fidwôr=, _4_; =fimf=, _5_; =saíhs=, _6_; =sibun=, _7_; =ahtau=, _8_; =niun=, _9_; =taíhun=, _10_; =ainlif= (§ 56, n. 1), _11_; =twalif=, _12_; =fidwôrtaíhun=, _14_; =fimftaíhun=, _15_. These numerals ar uzed uninflected, but may take an inflected gen. and dat. according to the =i=-declension (§ 99 et seq.). Thus, =fidwôr=, dat. =fidwôrim=; =niun=, gen. =niunê=; =taíhun=, dat. =taíhunim=; =ainlif=, dat. =ainlibim=; =twalif=, gen. =twalibê=, dat. =twalibim=.

NOTE. For =fidwôr= appears =fidur-= (s. § 24, n. 2) in cpds.: =fidurfalþs=, _fourfold_; =fidurdôgs=, _time of four days_; =fidurragineis=, _tetrarch_. Cp. Beitr., 6, 394; Brgm., III, 11.

§ 142. The tens from 20 to 60 ar formd by means of the pl. =tigjus= (< =*tigus=, _a decad_), preceded by the units. =tigjus= inflects regularly like =sunus= (§ 104). The object counted is always givn in the gen.--=twai tigjus=, _20_; =*þreis tigjus=, _30_ (extant in gen. =þrijê tigiwê=, acc. =þrins tiguns=), =fidwôr tigjus=, _40_; =fimf tigjus=, _50_; =saíhs tigjus=, _60_.

§ 143. From 70 to 100 =-têhund= takes the place of =tigjus=: =sibuntêhund=, _70_; =ahtautêhund=, _80_; =niuntêhund=, _90_; =taíhuntêhund= and =taíhuntaíhund=, _100_. The numerals in =-têhund= ar substantivs which ar as a rule indeclinabl. Onse (Lu. XV, 7) we meet with an inflected gen. sg.; =in niuntêhundis jah niunê garaíhtaizê=.--Cp. Brgm., III, 40.

§ 144. The hundreds ar formd by means of the plural of a neuter =hund= (_a hundred_). The following ar extant: =twa hunda=, _200_; =þrija hunda=, _300_; =fimf hunda=, _500_; =niun hunda=, _900_.

§ 145. =þûsundi=, _1000_, is a f. sb. (inflecting like =bandi=, § 96), with a gen. pl.; several thousands ar exprest by =þûsundjôs=.--Onse (Ezra II, 14) occurs a n. pl. =twa þûsundja=. Cp. ahd. gr., § 275. OE. Gr., § 327, and Mahlow, 'Die langen Vocale', p. 98.

The extant thousands ar: =twôs þûsundjôs=, _2000_; =.g. þûsundjôs=, _3000_; =fidwôr þûsundjôs=, _4000_; =fimf þûsundjôs=, _5000_; =taíhun þ.=, _10000_; =miþ twaim tigum= (dat.) =þûsundjô= (gen.), _with 20000_.

NOTE (to §§ 141-145). The numerals ar very often denoted by letters (cp. § 1, n. 2). Therefore so many words for numerals ar wanting.

2. ORDINALS.

§ 146. The first two ordinals differ in point of stem from the corresponding cardinals. 1. m. =fruma=, n. =frumô=, f. =frumei= (s. § 139), and the superl. =frumists=, _first_ (§ 139, n. 1). 2. =anþar=, _second, other_, inflects like a strong adj. (§ 122, n. 1; § 124, ns. 1. 4).--All subsequent ordinals ar derived from the cardinals and inflect like weak adjectivs (§ 132, n. 3). The extant ordinals ar: =þridja=, _3d_; =*fimfta= (only in 15th), _fifth_; =saíhsta=, _6th_; =ahtuda=, _8th_; =niunda=, _9th_; =taíhunda=, _tenth_; =fimftataíhunda=, _15th_. Only the second component is declined: dat. sg. (=in jêra=) =fimftataíhundin=; Lu. III, 1.

3. OTHER NUMERALS.

§ 147. A distributiv numeral is =tweihnai=, _two apiece, two-and-two_, extant in the dat. f. =tweihnaim= and acc. f. =tweihnôs=.

NOTE. All other distributivs ar exprest by means of the cardinals along with =ƕazuh=, =ƕarjizuh= (§§ 164. 165) or the prep. =bi=; as (=insandida ins=) =twans ƕanzuh=, _two and two_; Lu. X, 1; =bi twans=; I. Cor. XIV, 27.

§ 148. Multiplicativs ar formd by means of the adj. =falþ-=: =ainfalþs=, _onefold_; =fidurfalþs=, _fourfold_; =taíhuntaíhund-falþs=, _hundredfold_; =managfalþs=, _manifold_.

§ 149. Numeral adverbs answering the question 'how many times', 'how often'? ar exprest by the dat. sg. =sinþa= or by the dat. pl. =sinþam= (nom. sg. =sinþs=, _time_, lit. '_a going_') preceded by the cardinals: =ainamma sinþa=, _onse_; =twaim sinþam=, _twice_; =þrim sinþam=, _thrice_; =fimf s.=, _five times_; =sibun s.=, _seven times_.--With an ordinal numeral: =anþaramma sinþa=, _a second time_.

NOTE. Also the n. =þridjô=, _a third time_, is uzed adverbially (II. Cor. XII, 14).

CHAP. IV. PRONOUNS.

1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS WITHOUT GENDER (REFLEXIV).

§ 150.

1. Person. 2. Person. Reflexiv. Sing. N. =ik= =þu= -- G. =meina= =þeina= =seina= D. =mis= =þus= =sis= A. =mik= =þuk= =sik=

Dual N. =wit= -- -- G. =ugkara= =igqara= =seina= D. =ugkis= =igqis= =sis= A. =ugkis=, =ugk= =igqis= =sik=

Plur. N. =weis= =jus= -- G. =unsara= =izwara= =seina= D. =uns=, =unsis= =izwis= =sis= A. =uns=, =unsis= =izwis= =sik=

NOTE 1. =ugkis=, =igqis=, etc., are also speld =uggkis=, =iggqis=; cp. § 67, n. 1.

NOTE 2. The nom. du. 2nd pers. is not extant; it was undoutedly =jut=. For =jus= (=jûs=?), s. § 15, n. 1.

§ 151. From the stems of these pronouns adjectivs ar derived, the so-calld possessiv pronouns. 1st pers.: m. =meins=, n. =mein=, =meinata=; f. =meina=, _my_ (_mine_); 2nd pers.: =þeins=, _thy_ (_thine_); refl. =seins=, _his_. Plurals: 1st pers. =unsar=, _our_; 2nd pers. =izwar=, _your_. The only extant dual poss. prn. is =igqar=, the 1st pers. would be =ugkar=.

NOTE 1. The inflection of these pronominal adjectivs is identical with that of the strong adj.; concerning =unsar=, =izwar=, cp. § 124, ns. 1 and 4.--No weak inflection occurs.

NOTE 2. The reflexiv =*seins= occurs only in the gen., dat., acc.; insted of the nominativs of all genders and numbers the genitivs of the prn. of the 3d pers. (=is=, =izôs=; =izê=, =izô=; § 152) ar employd.

2. PRONOUNS OF THE THIRD PERSON.

§ 152.

NOTE. The acc. and gen. pl. n. and the nom. pl. f. ar not extant, but the inferd forms ar undoutedly correct.

3. DEMONSTRATIV PRONOUNS.

§ 153. The simpl dem. prn. =sa=, =sô=, =þata= is uzed both as dem. prn., _this_, _that_ (for the Gr. οὗτος or αὐτός), and, with a weakend force, as articl, _the_. The latter uze is predominant.--The neuter sing. (like the interrog., § 159) has preservd the instrumental case.

Instr. -- =þê= | --

NOTE 1. The final =a=s of the dissyllabic forms ar dropt in combination with enclitics beginning with a vowel; cp. § 4, n. 1.--For =þei= from =*þa-ei=, s. § 157, n. 2.

NOTE 2. The instr. n. =þê= is preservd only in the combinations =bi-þê=, =du-þê= (=duþþê=), =jaþ-þê= (§ 62, n. 3), =þêei= (§ 157, n. 1), and, like =þana= (in =þanamais=, =þanaseiþs=), before a comparativ (= E. 'the' in 'the more').

§ 154. A compound demonstrativ pronoun is formd by affixing the enclitic particl =-uh= to the simpl demonstrativ. Cp. § 24, n. 2. Its meaning is always that of the simpl =sa= uzed demonstrativly, _this_, _that_ (= Gr. οὗτος or αὐτός).--It inflects thus:

NOTE 1. The forms in square brackets ar not extant.

NOTE 2. The instr. n. =þêh= occurs only in the adv. =bi-þêh=.

§ 155. A defectiv demonstrativ pronoun =hi-= (nom. =*his= = =is=, § 152), _this_, occurs only in temporal frases in the dativ m. and n. =himma= and in the acc. m. =hina=, n. =hita=; e. g., =himma daga=, _to-day_; =und hina dag=, _to this day_; =und hita=, _til now_.

§ 156. =jains= (concerning the vowel =ai=, cp. § 20, n. 4), n. =jainata=, f. =jaina= (_yon_), _that_, inflects like a strong adj. (=blinds=, § 124).

Like weak adjectivs inflect =silba=, _self_, and =sama=, _same_, or with the articl: =sa sama=, _the same_ (cp. § 132, n. 3).

4. RELATIV PRONOUNS.

§ 157. A simpl relativ pronoun is not found in the Gothic language. A relativ prn. of the 3d pers. is formd from the simpl demonstrativ pronoun by affixing the particl =ei= which, when uzed independently, has the force of a conjunction, _that, in order that_. This relativ pronoun inflects as follows:

NOTE 1. The instr. n. =þêei= is uzed only as a conjunction.

NOTE 2. Beside =þatei= occurs =þei=, which is employd, however, only in combination with =ƕah= (§ 164, n. 1), and (like =þatei=) as a conjunction, _that_. Cp. Beitr., 4, 467; 6, 402; Zs. fda., 29, 366 et seq.

NOTE 3. Insted of the nom. sg. =saei=, m., =sôei=, f., also =izei=, m., =sei= (i. e. =si-ei=, § 10, n. 2), f., (formd from the 3d pers. of the pers. prn., § 152) ar employd. The form =sei= occurs even more frequently than =sôei=. Sumtimes =izei= stands as nom. pl. m. (for =eizei= which is not found); e. g., =þai izei bimaitanai sind=; Gal. VI, 13.--For =izei= the form =izê= is often found; cp. § 17, n. 1.

NOTE 4. Concerning the change of final =s= before =ei= into =z=, s. § 78, c.

§ 158. When a relativ clause refers to a prn. of the 1st or 2nd pers., the relativ particl is affixt to the respectiv pers. prn. Thus, =ikei=, _who_ (1st pers. sg.); --=þuei=, _who_; =þuzei=, _to whom_ (as in Mk. I, 11); =þukei=, _whom_ (2nd pers. sg.); --=juzei=, _who_; =izwizei=, _to whom_ (2nd pers. pl.).

5. INTERROGATIV PRONOUNS.

§ 159. The interrogativ pronoun =ƕas=, _who?_ (= Lt. quis), is formd from the simpl interrogativ stem =ƕa-=. A substantiv following =ƕas= occurs always in the genitiv; e. g., =ƕa mizdônô=, τίνα μισθόν; Mt. V, 46.

Instr. -- =ƕê= | --

NOTE 1. The gen. f. is not extant. The instr. occurs only in the neuter (cp. =sa=, § 153).

NOTE 2. =ƕas= has no plural; cp. however =ƕanzuh=, § 164, n.

NOTE 3. =ƕas= is also employd as an indefinit prn.; cp. § 162, n. 2.

§ 160. From stem =ƕa-= ar derived: =ƕaþar=, _which of two?_, and =ƕarjis=, _which?_ A substantiv following is always put in the gen. Both words inflect like strong adjectivs--=ƕaþar= like =anþar= (cp. § 124, n. 1), =ƕarjis= like =midjis= (§ 125), f. =ƕarja=, the n. =*ƕarjata= like =ƕarjatôh= (§ 165).

§ 161. Compound interrogativs: =ƕileiks=, _what sort of?_, '_qualis?_' (its correlativ being =swaleiks=, _such_, '_talis_'), and =ƕêlauþs=, f. =ƕêlauda=, _how great?_, '_quantus?_' (correlativ =swalauþs=, _so great_, '_tantus_'). These words inflect like a strong adjectiv.

NOTE. =ƕeleiks= (in Lu. I, 29), for =ƕileiks=, is probably miswritn (according to § 10, n. 5).

6. INDEFINIT PRONOUNS.

§ 162. The Goth. indefinit pronoun =sums=, f. =suma=, n. =sum=, =sumata=, =sum= (Gr. τις, τι), inflects like a strong adjectiv and is uzed adjectivly; with the meaning _sum one, a certain one_, it is also uzed substantivly.

NOTE 1. An enumerativ expression is =sums...sums= (= Gr. ὁ μέν...ὁ δέ). In most cases =uh= (§ 24, n. 2) is added to the second =sums=, occasionally also to the first; as, =sumai...sumáih=, or =sumáih...sumáih=, _sum ... others_.

NOTE 2. Also the interrogativ =ƕas= (§ 159) is very often uzed as an indefinit prn., _anyone_.

§ 163. The enclitic particl =-hun= is uzed to form indefinit pronouns which occur only with the negativ particl =ni=. Their meaning is _no one, none_.

(a) The singular of =manna=, _man_ (§ 117), with the suffix =-hun= means _no one_.--The extant forms ar:

n. =ni mannahun=, d. =ni mannhun=, g. =ni manshun=, acc. =ni mannanhun=.

(b) =ni ƕashun= (< =ƕas=, § 159), uzed substantivly, _no one_. It occurs in the nom. sg. m. only.--An analogon to =ƕashun= is =ƕanhun= (< =ƕan=, § 214, n. 1).

(c) =ni ainshun=, the commonest indef. prn., is uzed substantivly (_no one, none_) and adjectivly (_no, not any_). A following sb. occurs always in the (partit.) gen.; e. g., =ni ainshun þiwê=, _no servant_; Lu. XVI, 3.--The declension of =ainshun= differs in sum cases from that of the simpl form =ains= (§ 140).

Sing. M. N. | F. N. =ainshun= =ainhun= | =ainôhun= G. =ainishun= | -- D. =ainummêhun= | =ainaihun= A. =ainnôhun= } =ainhun= | =ainôhun= =ainôhun= } |

NOTE. =-hun= is also affixt to the acc. sg. of the sb. =ƕeila= (§ 97, n. 2): =ƕeilôhun=, _for an hour_ (=ni ƕeilôhun=, οὐδὲ πρὸς ὥραν; Gal. II, 5).

§ 164. '_Every_' is renderd by affixing =-uh= to the interrogativ pronouns.

(a) =ƕazuh=, _every_. A noun or prn. following takes the gen. Its inflection differs in part from that of the simpl form =ƕas= (§ 159):

Plur. | A. =ƕanzuh= -- | --

In the pl. only the acc. =ƕanzuh= occurs.

NOTE 1. The indef. relativ '_whoever, whosoever_' (Lt. quicunque) is renderd: (1) by =ƕazuh saei= or, with =sa= prefixt, =saƕazuh saei=. For =saei= also =izei= is found (§ 157, n. 3).--These forms ar uzed in the nom. sg. only, the nom. n. =þataƕah þei= (=þei= = =þatei=, § 157, n. 2) occurs twice: Jo. XV, 7. 16.--(2) by =þisƕazuh= followd by =saei= or =ei= in all cases; the first component, =þis=, remains uninflected: m. n. =þisƕazuh saei=, dat. =þisƕammêh saei=, acc. =þisƕanôh saei=; --nom. acc. n. =þisƕah þei= (or =þatei=), gen. =þisƕizuh þei=, dat. =þisƕammêh þei=.

NOTE 2. Here may be observd the adverbs: =ƕêh= (instr. of =ƕazuh=), _at least, at any rate, only_, and =þisƕaduh þei=, _whithersoever_, =þisƕaruh þei=, _wheresoever_ (cp. =ƕaþ=, =ƕar=, § 213, n. 1).

§ 165. (b) =ƕarjizuh=, _every, each_.

NOTE. =ƕarjizuh= is also compounded with (uninflected) =ain=: =ainƕarjizuh=, _every one, every, each_, n. =ainƕarjatôh=, dat. =ainƕarjammêh=, etc.

§ 166. _Each of two_ is renderd by =ƕaþaruh=; it occurs only in the dat. =ƕaþarammêh= (Skeir. 46), for the evidently incorrect =ƕaþaramma= (cp. Bernhardt's comment on this passage); --also with =ain-= prefixt (cp. § 165, n. 1): =ainƕaþaruh=, _each one of two_ (only =ainƕaþarammêh= occurs; Skeir. 41).

CHAP. V. CONJUGATION.

GENERAL REMARKS.

§ 167. The Gothic verb has the following forms:

1. Two voices, Activ and Midl. The Activ Voice alone has preservd a great variety of forms. The Midl Voice is retaind in but a few forms of the prs. indicativ and optativ, which occur, however, very often. The midl forms hav a passiv meaning. Therefore the Midl Voice is also calld Passiv or Medio-Passiv Voice.

NOTE 1. The lost passiv forms ar supplied by the pp. along with the corresponding forms of =waírþan= or =wisan=; e. g., =daupjada=, _he is baptized_, but =daupiþs was= or =warþ=, _he was baptized_. Cp. Zs. fdph., 5, 409 et seq.

NOTE 2. The originally inchoativ verbs in =-nan= (§ 194) frequently hav a medial meaning (§ 194).

2. Two tenses, Present and Preterit (Perfect). The Preterit is the general tense for the past. The future is wanting; its place is mostly supplied by the present, seldom by means of auxiliary verbs (=skulan=, _shal_; =haban=, _hav_; =duginnan=, _to begin_).

3. Two complete moods, Indicativ and Optativ (also calld Subjunctiv). An Imperativ occurs only in the present; it has the second persons of all three numbers and a 1st pers. pl.--There ar but few instances of a 3d pers. sg. and pl. imper. This is uzually exprest by the 3d pers. opt. But also the 2nd and 1st pers. imp. ar frequently exprest by the opt.

4. Three numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural. The 3d pers. du. is wanting.

5. The Present Infinitiv, the Present Participl with an activ meaning, and the Preterit Partic. with a passiv meaning.

§ 168. The Gothic verbs ar, from a Germanic point of view, divided according to the formation of the preterit in relation to the present into two chief classes:

I. STRONG VERBS.

The strong verbs do not form the preterit with an additional suffix, but by change of the radical vowel or by reduplication. Thus, we hav two subdivisions:

1. Ablaut Verbs. The preterit of these verbs is formd without reduplication. It differs from the present only by a regular change of the radical vowel, the so-calld ablaut (cp. § 29); e. g., =binda=, _I bind_, =band=, _I bound_.

2. Reduplicating Verbs. The prt. has reduplication, but no ablaut; e. g., =halda=, _I hold_, =haíhald=, _I held_.

3. Reduplicating Ablaut Verbs. A smaller number of verbs hav the prt. both with ablaut and reduplication; e. g., =lêta=, _I let_; =laílôt=, _I let_ (prt.).

II. WEAK VERBS.

The weak verbs form the preterit by the addition of a suffix beginning with a dental consonant; e. g., =nasja=, _I save_, =nasida=, _I saved_. This suffixal element, =-da=, was formerly regarded as a form of the verb 'do' (Germanic dôn), wherefore the weak prt. was also calld 'compound preterit'.

The weak verbs (except a few) ar derivativ verbs. According to their formativ suffixes, which ar best preservd in the preterit forms, they ar divided into four classes: (1) Suffix =i= (in the present =j=): =nasja=, =nasi-da=. (2) Suffix =ô=: =salbô=, =salbô-da=. (3) Suffix =ai= (in the present in part obscured): =haba=, =habai-da=. (4) Suffix =nô= (in the present =n=): =fullna=, =fullnô-da=.

NOTE. The small number of verbs which can not be referd to the two chief classes must, according to this classification, be considerd 'irregular'.

I. STRONG VERBS.

_A. INFLECTION OF THE STRONG VERBS._

§ 169. The inflection of the strong verbs (by means of personal endings) is the same in all three classes (§ 168). Therefore we first giv the paradims of inflection and then discuss the formation of the tense-stems (which is different in each class). As paradims may serv a reduplicating verb, =haitan=, _to be calld_, and two ablaut verbs, =niman=, _to take_, and =biudan=, _to offer_.

§ 170. +(a) Present (Activ).+

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. =nima= =biuda= =haita= 2. =nimis= =biudis= =haitis= 3. =nimiþ= =biudiþ= =haitiþ=

Dual 1. =nimôs= =biudôs= =haitôs= 2. =nimats= =biudats= =haitats=

Plur. 1. =nimam= =biudam= =haitam= 2. =nimiþ= =biudiþ= =haitiþ= 3. =nimand= =biudand= =haitand=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nimau= =biudau= =haitau= 2. =nimais= =biudais= =haitais= 3. =nimai= =biudai= =haitai=

Dual 1. =nimaiwa= =biudaiwa= =haitaiwa= 2. =nimaits= =biudaits= =haitaits=

Plur. 1. =nimaima= =biudaima= =haitaima= 2. =nimaiþ= =biudaiþ= =haitaiþ= 3. =nimaina= =biudaina= =haitaina=

IMPERATIV.

Sing. 2. =nim= =biuþ= =hait= 3. =nimadau= =biudadau= =haitadau=

Dual 2. =nimats= =biudats= =haitats=

Plur. 1. =nimam= =biudam= =haitam= 2. =nimiþ= =biudiþ= =haitiþ= 3. =nimandau= =biudandau= =haitandau=

INFINITIV.

=niman= =biudan= =haitan=

PARTICIPL.

=nimands= =biudands= =haitands=

+(b) Preterit.+

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. =nam= =bauþ= =haíhait= 2. =namt= =baust= =haíhaist= 3. =nam= =bauþ= =haíhait=

Dual 1. =nêmu= =budu= =haíhaitu= 2. =nêmuts= =buduts= =haíhaituts=

Plur. 1. =nêmum= =budum= =haíhaitum= 2. =nêmuþ= =buduþ= =haíhaituþ= 3. =nêmun= =budun= =haíhaitun=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nêmjau= =budjau= =haíhaitjau= 2. =nêmeis= =budeis= =haíhaiteis= 3. =nêmi= =budi= =haíhaiti=

Dual 1. =nêmeiwa= =budeiwa= =haíhaiteiwa= 2. =nêmeits= =budeits= =haíhaiteits=

Plur. 1. =nêmeima= =budeima= =haíhaiteima= 2. =nêmeiþ= =budeiþ= =haíhaiteiþ= 3. =nêmeina= =budeina= =haíhaiteina=

+(c) Preterit Participl Passiv.+

=numans= =budans= =haitans=

+(d) Medio-Passiv--Present.+

INDICATIV.

Sing. 1. =nimada= =biudada= =haitada= 2. =nimaza= =biudaza= =haitaza= 3. =nimada= =biudada= =haitada=

Plur. 1. 2. 3. =nimanda= =biudanda= =haitanda=

OPTATIV.

Sing. 1. =nimaidau= =biudaidau= =haitaidau= 2. =nimaizau= =biudaizau= =haitaizau= 3. =nimaidau= =biudaidau= =haitaidau=

Plur. 1. 2. 3. =nimaindau= =biudaindau= =haitaindau=

NOTE 1. =biudan= is subject to the rules for the final soft spirants (§ 79): imper. sg. =biuþ=, prt. =bauþ= (cp. § 374). Likewise =giban=, =gif=, =gaf= (cp. § 56).

NOTE 2. The termination of the 2nd pers. sg. prt. (=-t=) causes the change stated in the rule for consonants before dentals (§ 81). Final =b= of stems becums =f=: =gaft= (inf. =giban=); exampls for =pt= ar wanting: =skôpt= or =skôft=? (inf. =skapjan=); --=g= remains unchanged in =magt= (§ 66, n. 1), other exampls ar wanting; neither ar there any exampls for =kt= (=wôkt= or =wôht=? cp. § 58, n. 2); --dentals becum =s=: =warst= < =waírþan=, =qast= < =qiþan= (§ 71, n. 3), =gastôst= < =standan=, =baust= < =biudan= (§ 75, n. 1), =bigast= < =gitan=, =haíhaist= < =haitan= (§ 69, n. 2).--The extant 2nd pers. prt. of =saísô= (inf. =saian=) is =saísôst=. On account of the scarcity of exampls it is uncertain whether all stems ending in a vowel had =-st=.--The 2nd pers. prt. of =rinnan= is =rant= (§ 80).