Chapter 6 of 20 · 3997 words · ~20 min read

Part 6

NOTE 1. Also =gairu=, _sting_, is n. It occurs only in the nom. sg. (II. Cor. XII, 7 in A, as a gloss to =hnûþô=).--The sb. =leiþu=, _fruit-wine_, probably belongs here too; only the acc. sg. =leiþu= occurs (Lu. I, 15); cp. Gallée (§ 223, n. 1), I, p. 38.--The acc. sg. =sihu=, a gloss to the neuter =sigis=, _victory_, in Cod. B I. Cor. XV, 57, is probably miswritn for =sigu= (because the =i= in =sihu= would hav becum =aí=) which may also belong to a masculin (nom. sg. =*sigus= = OHG. sigu). But cp. J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Neutra', 153.

NOTE 2. The gen. =faíháus= has been inferd from the m. (f.) and from the adv. gen. =filaus= (§ 131, n. 3).

B. N-DECLENSION (WEAK DECLENSION).

1. Masculins.

§ 107. Paradim: =guma=, _man_.

Sing. N. =guma= Plur. N. =gumans= G. =gumins= G. =gumanê= D. =gumin= D. =gumam= A. =guman= A. =gumans=

§ 108. Like =guma= inflect a great many masculins; e. g., =staua=, _judge_; =hana=, _cock_; =skula=, _detter_; =mêna=, _moon_; =atta=, _father_; =ahma=, _spirit_; =blôma=, _flower_; =milhma=, _cloud_; =hliuma=, _hearing_; =weiha=, _priest_; =swaíhra=, _father-in-law_; =magula=, _litl boy_; pl. =brôþrahans=, _brothers_ (J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Neutra', 16); --=bandja=, _prisoner_; =haúrnja=, _trumpeter_; =fiskja=, _fisher_; =timrja=, _carpenter_; =arbja=, _heir_; =wilja=, _wil_; =manamaúrþrja=, _(man-)murderer_; =waúrstwja=, _workman_.

NOTE 1. =aba=, _man_, has the gen. pl. =abnê=, dat. pl. =abnam=; of =aúhsa=, _ox_, occurs the gen. pl. =aúhsnê=. Cp. the neuters in § 110, n. 1. Onse (I. Cor. IX, 9) we meet with the acc. pl. =aúhsununs= which either stands for =aúhsuns= (according to § 80, n. 1; cp. Anz. fda. 6, 120) or for =aúhsnuns= (Beitr., 8, 115; 12, 543; Brgm., I, 203).

NOTE 2. The long stems in =-ja= do not contract the =ji= of the gen. and dat. sg. into =ei= (s. § 44, n. 1); hense, =bandja=, gen. =bandjins=, dat. =bandjin=.

2. Neuters.

§ 109. Paradim: =haírtô=, _hart_.

Sing. N. =haírtô= Plur. N. =haírtôna= G. =haírtins= G. =haírtanê= D. =haírtin= D. =haírtam= A. =haírtô= A. =haírtôna=

§ 110. Like =haírtô= inflect but few substantivs: =augô=, _ey_; =ausô=, _ear_; =barnilô=, _litl child_; =auga-daúrô=, _window_; =þaírkô=, _hole_, _ear of a needl_; =kaúrnô=, _corn_; =sigljô=, _seal_. Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Indog. Neutra', 106 et seq.

Also the weak adjectivs (§ 132).

NOTE 1. Irregular forms occur in the pl. of the neuters =namô=, _name_, and =watô=, _water_. The sg. inflects like =haírtô=. Paradim:

Sing. N. =namô= G. =namins= D. =namin= A. =namô= Plur. N. =namna= G. =namnê= D. =namnam= A. =namna=.

The pl. of =watô= occurs only in the dat. =watnam=. Cp. § 108, n. 1.

NOTE 2. To the dat. sg. =sunnin= which occurs (twice) in the frase: =at sunnin urrinnandin= (Mk. IV, 6. XVI, 2), belongs perhaps a neuter =sunnô= (not a m. =sunna=), beside the f. =sunnô=, _sun_ (§ 112).--Cp. Mahlow, 'Die langen vocale a, e, o', p. 156, and Sievers' comments on this in the appendix to the 3d G. edition of this grammar.

NOTE 3. The word =gajukô= which was formerly regarded as n., is f., '_a female cumpanion_'. Cp. Bernhardt's 'Vulfila', comment on Phil. IV, 3.

3. Feminins.

§ 111. The feminins of the =n=-declension ar divided into two classes: stems in =-ôn-= and =-ein-=. Their inflection is the same. Paradims: =tuggô=, _tung_; =managei=, _multitude_.

Sing. N. =tuggô= =managei= G. =tuggôns= =manageins= D. =tuggôn= =managein= A. =tuggôn= =managein=

Plur. N. =tuggôns= =manageins= G. =tuggônô= =manageinô= D. =tuggôm= =manageim= A. =tuggôns= =manageins=

§ 112. Like =tuggô= inflect many substantivs; as, =qinô=, _woman_, _wife_; =ûhtwô=, _dawn_; =swaíhrô=, _mother-in-law_; =azgô=, _ashes_; =gatwô=, _street_; =staírnô=, _star_; =wikô=, _week_; =sunnô=, _sun_ (cp. § 110, n. 2); --=arbjô=, _heiress_; =brunjô=, _brestplate_; =tainjô=, _basket_; =niþjô=, _female cuzin_; =raþjô=, _account_.

NOTE 1. Also the feminins of the weak adjectivs inflect like =tuggô= (§ 132).

§ 113. Nearly all substantivs inflecting like =managei= ar derived from adjectivs. Such an abstract in =-ei= may be formd from every adjectiv, hense the great number of these words; e. g., =diupei=, _depth_; =laggei=, _length_; =bleiþei=, _mercy_; =mikilei=, _greatness_; =braidei=, _bredth_; =frôdei=, _wisdom_; =hardu-haírtei=, _hard-hartedness_; =drugkanei=, _drunkenness_; sum can not be referd to corresponding adjs., but they likewise denote a state; e. g., =þaúrstei=, _thirst_; =magaþei=, _maidenhood_. But very few hav a concrete meaning; as, =aiþei=, _mother_; =þramstei=, _locust_; =kilþei=, _womb_; =marei=, _sea_; =ƕaírnei=, _skul_.

NOTE 1. There is a close resemblance between adjectival abstracts in =-ei= and the verbal abstracts in =-eins= (cp. § 103, n. 1); e. g., =háuhei=, _height_ (< =háuhs=), but =háuheins=, _a heightening_, _praise_ (< =háuhjan=). Both hav the acc. sg. =háuhein=.

In one case there is confusion. In Jo. X, 33 we meet with a gen. sg. =wajamêreins= (nom. =wajamêreins=, _blasfemy_) from which it is customary to infer a nom. =wajamêrei=, tho in its meaning such a form is impossibl.

NOTE 2. In Cod. B. three nominativs sg. in =-ein= ar found: =liuhadein=, _illumination_; II. Cor. IV, 4 (=liuhadeins= in A; comp. this passage in Bernhardt's 'Vulfila'); =wiljahalþein=, _favor_; Col. III, 25 (wanting in A); =gagudein=, _piety_; I. Tim. IV, 8 (=gagudei= in A).

NOTE 3. The comparativs, the superlativs in =-ma=, and the prs. participls form their feminin like =managei= (cp. § 132, n. 4).

C. MINOR DECLENSIONS.

(REMAINS OF CONSONANTAL DECLENSIONS.)

§ 114. Nouns in =-r= denoting relationship. The words =brôþar=, _brother_; =daúhtar=, _daughter_; =swistar=, _sister_; =fadar=, _father_, hav replaced their old consonantal inflection in the nom., acc., and dat. pl. with the forms of the =u=-declension (§ 104). Paradim:

Sing. N. =brôþar= Plur. =brôþrjus= G. =brôþrs= =brôþrê= D. =brôþr= =brôþrum= A. =brôþar= =brôþruns=

NOTE. Cp. the cpd. =brôþru-lubô=, _brotherly luv_ (§ 88ᵃ, n. 3; § 210, n. 1).

§ 115. The present participls in Gothic inflect like weak adjectivs (§ 133). An older (substantival) inflection, however, persists with sum participls uzed substantivly. Paradim: =nasjands=, _savior_.

Sing. N. =nasjands= Plur. =nasjands= G. =nasjandis= =nasjandê= D. =nasjand= =nasjandam= A. =nasjand= =nasjands= V. =nasjand= --

Furthermore: =fijands=, _fiend_; =frijônds=, _frend_ (> =frijôndi=, § 98), =daupjands=, _the Baptist_; =mêrjands=, _preacher_; =bisitands=, _neighbor_; =talzjands=, _teacher_; =-waldands=, _ruler_ (=all-w.=, _the Almighty_; =garda-w.=, _master of the house_); =fraweitands=, _avenger_; =fraujinônds=, _ruler_; =midumônds=, _mediator_; =gibands=, _giver_. Cp. Zs. fdph., 5, 315.

§ 116. +A number of feminins+ following in sum cases the =i=-decl. (=ansts=, § 102) appear in others as short forms which ar remains of an old consonantal inflection. Paradim: =baúrgs=, (_burg_), _town_, _city_.

Sing. N. =baúrgs= Plur. N. =baúrgs= G. =baúrgs= G. =baúrgê= D. =baúrg= D. =baúrgim= A. =baúrg= A. =baúrgs=

Like =baúrgs= inflect also =alhs=, _templ_; =spaúrds=, _race-course_; =brusts=, _brest_; =dulþs=, _feast_; =waíhts=, _thing_; =miluks=, _milk_; =mitaþs= (=d=), _mezure_.

The word =nahts=, _night_, inflects in the sg. like =baúrgs=, in the pl. only the dat. =nahtam= is found. Cp. =nahta-mats=, § 88ᵃ, n. 3.

NOTE 1. =waíhts= and =dulþs= chiefly follow the =i=-declension; hense, g. sg. =waíhtais=, =dulþais=. According to the cons. declension occur onse each the dat. sg. =dulþ= and acc. pl. =waíhts=. Beside =waíhts= there is a n. nom. sg. =waíht= in the combination =ni-waíht=, _nothing_.

§ 117. Masculins with short (consonantal) cases: =manna=, _man_; =mênôþs=, _month_; =reiks=, _ruler_; =weitwôds=, _witness_ (cp. § 74, n. 2). But in point of inflection they ar not fully alike.

(1) =manna= follows in sum cases the =n=-decl. (=guma=, § 107). These cases ar here put in Italics:

Sing. N. _manna_ Plur. N. =mans=, _mannans_ G. =mans= G. =mannê= D. =mann= D. _mannam_ A. _mannan_ A. =mans=, _mannans_

NOTE 1. To =manna= belongs the cpd. =*alamans= (_all men_), found in the dat. pl. =alamannam= (Skeir.) only; also the neuter =gaman= (_cumpanion, cumpany_) which inflects, however, in all the extant forms (nom. acc. sg. =gaman=, dat. sg. =gamana=, dat. pl. =gamanam=) precisely like =waúrd= (§ 93).

NOTE 2. In composition the stem =mana-= (=man-=) appears; s. § 88ᵃ, n. 3.

(2) =mênôþs= and =reiks= follow in the g. sg. the =a=-decl.: =mênôþis=, =reikis=, but in the dat. sg. the short forms =mênôþ= and =reik= (Eph. II, 2) occur. In the nom. acc. pl. the short forms =mênôþs= and =reiks= ar uzed; gen. pl. =reikê=. In the dat. pl. =mênôþum=, but =reikam=.--Beside the nom. sg. =weitwôds= there occur the acc. sg. =weitwôd= and the g. pl. =weitwôdê=.

NOTE 3. The g. sg. =mênôþis= (Neh. VI, 15) is not quite certain; Löbe red =mênôþs=.

NOTE 4. Here belongs also the nom. =bajôþs=, dat. =bajôþum=, _both_ (s. § 140, n. 1).

§ 118. The neuter =fôn=, _fire_, has this form in the nom. acc. sg., but =funins= in the gen., and =funin= in the dat.--No plural occurs. Cp. § 12, n. 3.

NOTE 1. Concerning the neuter genitivs =guþs= and =hatis=, s. § 94, n. 3, and § 94, n. 5, respectivly.

APPENDIX.

DECLENSION OF FOREN WORDS.

§ 119. A number of foren words from the Latin and Greek wer fully adopted into the Gothic language thru commercial and political intercourse, so that their inflection is the same as that of purely Gothic words; e. g., =pund=, n., _pound_; =marikreitus=, m., _perl_; =Krêks=, m., _Greek_; =karkara=, f., '_carcer_'; =alêw=, n., _oil_; =kaisar=, m., _Cæsar_.

§ 120. A second portion of foren words wer at a later period forced on the Gothic language by Christianity and especially by the version of the Bible. To these belong for the most part proper nouns which ar stil felt to be foren elements and hav but imperfectly adopted the Gothic inflection. For their treatment in Gothic no fixt rules can be givn. Sumtimes they retain their Greek inflection, sumtimes they take either similar or arbitrarily formd case-endings.--Cp. Bernhardt's 'Vulfila', p. XXVIII, and especially M. H. Jellinek, 'Beitr. zur erklärung der german. flexion' (Berlin 1891), pp. 76-84.

NOTE 1. Most consistent is the treatment of the Gr. masculins in -ος, Lt. -us, which inflect in Gothic according to the =u=-decl. (§§ 104, 105); e. g., =Paítrus=, =Barþaúlaúmaius=, =Teitus=, =aípiskaúpus=, ἐπίσκοπος; =apaústaúlus=, ἀπόστολος; =aggilus=, ἄγγελος; =sabbatus=, _sabbath_. But only in the sg. pl. forms follow mostly the =i=-decl.; e. g., =apaústaúleis=, =sabbatins=, =aggileis=, =aggilê= beside =aggiljus=.

NOTE 2. Greek case-endings ar retaind in the neuters =alabalstraún=, ἀλάβαστρον; =praitôriaún=, πραιτώριον, etc.; =Israêleitês= has the nom. pl. =Israêleitai= = Ἰσραηλῖται; Rom. IX, 4; or (with Gothic inflection) =Israêleiteis=; II. Cor. XI, 22.

NOTE 3. The following exampl may illustrate arbitrary inflection. The Gr. ἐπιστολή is represented in Goth. by =aípistaúlê= (nom. sg.). But the dat. sg. is =aípistaúlein=, the dat. pl. =aípistaúlêm=, and the acc. pl. =aípistaúlans=.

CHAP. II. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVS.

§ 121. In Gothic, as in all other Germanic languages, adjectivs hav two kinds of inflection, the +strong+ and the +weak+. The strong inflection is the original one corresponding to that of the cognate languages, the weak originated on Germanic soil. Every normal adj. may hav both a strong and a weak inflection. The distinction is a syntactic one: the +weak+ form is employd after the articl (rarely in other positions), the +strong+ form in all other cases, especially when the adj. is uzed predicativly, or attributivly without the articl. Cp. Zs. fda., 18, 17-43.

A. STRONG ADJECTIVS.

§ 122. The strong inflection of adjectivs is in part the same as the vocalic (or strong) inflection of the substantivs with which it was originally identical. In Germanic, however, sum cases of the adj. hav adopted the pronominal inflection, so that the identity between the adjectival inflection and that of the substantivs is now confined to certain cases. The nom. and acc. sg. of the neuter gender hav two forms of the same value, a substantival and a pronominal one (in =-ata=). The latter, however, is not uzed predicativly.

The Gothic adjectiv, like the substantiv, has three vocalic declensions: (1) Adjectivs of the =a=-declension which correspond to the substantival =a=-declension in the m. and n. (§ 89 et seq.) and in the f. of the =ô=-declension (§ 96 et seq.).--A subdivision is formd by the =ja=-stems, just as in the case of the corresponding substantivs. (2) Adjectivs of the =i=-declension which correspond to the substantivs in §§ 99-103. (3) Adjectivs of the =u=-declension belonging to the substantivs in §§ 104-106.

Classes (2) and (3), however, contain but very few remains in Gothic. The few adjectival =ja=-stems hav in most of the inflectional cases past over to the 1st class, so that the normal strong declension of the adjectivs in Gothic embraces only the =a=-declension and its subdivision, the =ja=-stems.

NOTE. Subject to +strong+ inflection ar all pronouns (except =sama= and =silba=, § 132, n. 3), the cardinal numbers, inasmuch as they inflect adjectivly, and =anþar=, _the second_; also the adjectivs of a more general meaning: =alls=, _all_; =ganôhs=, _enuf_; =halbs=, _half_; =midjis=, '_medius_'; =fulls=, _ful_.

§ 123. Paradim of the strong adjectival declension: =blinds=, _blind_. The pronominal forms differing from the inflection of the corresponding substantivs ar in the following paradim put in Italics:

§ 124. Here belong most of the extant adjectivs; e. g., =hails=, _hole, helthy_; =siuks=, _sik_; =juggs=, _yung_; =triggws=, _tru, faithful_; =swinþs=, _strong_; =ubils=, _evil_; =aiweins=, _eternal_; =haiþiwisks=, _wild_; =mahteigs=, _mighty_; =ansteigs=, _gracious_; =manags=, _much, many_; =môdags=, _angry_; =handugs=, _wise_.--Also adjectiv pronouns; as, =meins=, _mine, my_; =þeins=, _thine, thy_; =seins=, _his_; =jains=, _yun_; the superlativs (§ 137) and pps. pass.; as, =numans=, _taken_; =nasiþs=, _saved_ (cp. § 134).

NOTE 1. According to § 78, n. 2, the =s= of the nom. sg. is dropt, (1) after =s=; e. g., =swês=, =swêsis=, _own_; =gaqiss=, =gaqissis=, _consenting_. (2) after =r= preceded by a short vowel: =anþar=, _the second, the other_; =unsar=, _our_; =izwar=, _your_; =ƕaþar=, _which of the two_. Accordingly, the nom. pl. =warai= must hav had a nom. sg. =war=, _wary_.

NOTE 2. The rules for the hardening of final soft spirants (79) must be noted; as, =frôþs=, =frôdis=, _wise_; =gôþs=, =gôdis=, _good_ (§ 74); =liufs=, =liubis=, _dear_; =daufs=, =daubis=, _def_ (§ 56, n. 1).

NOTE 3. Stems having a =w= before the case-endings ar subject to the rule for final =w= (§ 42) in the nom. sg. m. and n. The three words of this kind occur only in other cases. Therefore the noms. pl. =fawai=, =qiwai=, =usskawai= suggest as noms. sg. m. and n. =faus=, =fau=, _few_; =qius=, =qiu=, _alive_; =usskaus=, =usskau=, _wakeful_. According to =usskawjan= (_to awake_, § 42, n. 2), also =usskaws= might be supposed insted of =usskaus=. For =lasiws=, s. § 42, n. 1.

NOTE 4. The pronominal adjectivs in =-ar=: =unsar=, =izwar=, =anþar=, =ƕaþar=, hav in the n. sg. only the shorter forms: =unsar=, =izwar=, etc.

§ 125. Adjectiv-stems with =ja= before the endings (=ja=-stems) hav most of their forms like the paradim =blinds=. Only in few forms a change is caused by the =j=. As in the case of nouns, we distinguish between short and long adjectival =ja=-stems.

Paradim of a short =ja=-stem: =midjis=, _midl_:

§ 126. As regards inflection, the m. =midjis= is closely related to the substantiv =harjis= (§§ 90. 92), the n. =midi= to the substantiv =kuni= (§§ 93. 95). The fem. =midja= shows no deviation whatever.

Only a small number of adjectivs belong to this class: =aljis=, _another_; =sunjis=, _tru_; =ga-wiljis=, _unanimous_; =unsibjis=, _criminal_; =-fraþjis=, _minded_ (only in =grinda-=, =sama-fr.=); =ƕarjis= (§ 160); also those whose stems end in a vowel (§ 44, c): =niujis=, _new_; =-tôjis=, _doing_ (as, =ubiltôjis=, _evil-doing_).

NOTE 1. On account of the small number of these adjs. sum forms of the abuv paradim ar not extant. Thus, the short form of the neuter =midi= is givn in conformity with the long stems (§ 127), and that of =niujis= would be =niwi=; only =niujata= occurs; the n. of =-tôjis= would be =-taúi= (§ 26, a).

NOTE 2. The adj.-stem =frija-=, _free_, which occurs in the f. sg. =frija=, =frijaizôs=, =frijai=, =frija=, and in the m. forms, acc. sg. =frijana=, nom. pl. =frijai=, acc. =frijans=, has a contracted nom. sg. m. =freis= (for =frijis=). Also the gen. sg., if extant, would be =freis=.

NOTE 3. The nom. sg. f. of =niujis= is =niuja= (contrary to =þiwi=, § 98, n. 1).

§ 127. The long =ja=-stems inflect in the pl. like =midjis=. Paradim =wilþeis= (stem =wilþja-=), _wild_, in the sg.:

§ 128. The infl. of the m. is related to that of the sb. =haírdeis= (§§ 90. 92), the infl. of the f. to that of =bandi= (§§ 96. 98; only =wôþi= occurs; II. Cor. II, 15). None of the few adjs. of this class occurs in the gen. sg.; =wilþjis= (Rom. XI, 24) probably stands for =wilþjins=; s. § 132, n. 1.

Further exampls: =alþeis=, _old_; =faírneis=, _old_; =aírzeis=, _astray_; =wôþeis=, _sweet_.

* * * * *

§ 129. According to § 122, only remains of the original adjs. of the =i-= and =u=-declension ar extant in Gothic, viz.: nom. sg. of all genders, acc. sg. n., and gen. sg. m. and n. All other extant cases hav past over to the inflection of the =ja=-stems (§§ 125-127). The same rule applies to the weak forms (§ 132, n. 1).

NOTE. The old form of the gen. sg. [m.] n. is seen in =skeiris= (Skeir. 45) for the =i=-decl., in =filaus= (§ 131, n. 3) for the =u=-decl.; the latter, of course, is only a partial proof for the adj.

§ 130. The adjectival =i=-stems ar connected with the substantivs =balgs=, =ansts= (§§ 99-103). Exampls: =hrains=, _clean_; =gamains=, _common_; =brûks=, _uzeful_; =analaugns=, _hidn_; =anasiuns=, _visibl_; =andanêms=, _agreeabl_; =andasêts=, _abominabl_; =sêls=, _kind_ (=unsêls=, _wicked_); =suts=, _sweet_; =skeirs=, _clear_; =gafáurs=, _sober_ (=unfáurs=, _talkativ_); =aljakuns=, _of different kind_. The paradim =hrains= inflects thus:

Plur. | N. =hrainjai= =hrainja= | =hrainjôs= etc. |

NOTE 1. A gen. sg. f. as wel as a longer n. form (like =hrainjata=) ar not extant.

NOTE 2. A word may with certainty be referd to this class, (1) if it occurs in the nom. sg. f. (=hrains=), (2) if besides the nom. sg. m. and n. also cases with =j= ar found. But if only the nominativs m. and n. (=hrains=, =hrain=) occur, the word may inflect like =blinds= (123); if only =j=-cases (as, =hrainjamma=) ar found, it may decline like =wilþeis=, =midjis= (§§ 127. 125).--Other adjectivs, however, ar without sufficient proof, but for other considerations, included in this class; e. g., =skauns=, _beutiful_; =auþs=, _desolate_, _waste_; =hauns=, _base_; =bleiþs=, _merciful_; =gadôfs=, _fit_; =*mêrs=, _famous_ (in =wailamêr=, nom. sg. n.).--Cp. Kluge, Stammbildg., §§ 178. 197. 229-231; Beitr., 14, 167; 15, 489; Brgm., II, 287.

NOTE 3. Adjectival =i=-stems may be inferd from adverbs in =-iba= (§ 210); e. g., =arniba=, =gatêmiba=.

§ 131. The adjectival =u=-stems ar related to the substantivs =sunus= (fem. =handus=), =faíhu= (§§ 104-106). Exampls: =hardus=, _hard_; =qaírrus=, _meek_; =þaúrsus=, _dry_; =tulgus=, _stedfast_; =manwus=, _redy_; =aggwus=, _narrow_; =aglus=, _difficult_; =seiþus=, _late_; =þlaqus=, _tender_; =twalibwintrus=, _twelv years_ (lit. _winters_) _old_. Paradim =hardus=:

Sing. M. N. F. N. =hardus= =hardu=, =hardjata= | =hardus= G. [=hardaus=?] | [=hardjaizôs=] D. [=hardjamma=] | [=hardjai=] A. =hardjana= =hardu=, =hardjata= | =hardja=

Plur. | N. =hardjai= [=hardja=] | =hardjôs= etc. |

NOTE 1. Whether adjectivs belong to this class is seen from the nom. sg. in which the abuv adduced exampls occur (the only f. forms being =þaúrsus= and =tulgus=; Beitr., 15, 570; 16, 318). =laushandus=, _empty-handed_; =hnasqus=, _soft_; =kaúrus=, _hevy_, ar merely inferd from their =ja=-cases.

NOTE 2. From the adv. =glaggwuba= (§ 210) an adj. =glaggwus= (§ 68) can be inferd.

NOTE 3. The original adj. =*filus=, _much_, is preservd in Goth. in the nom. acc. sg. n. uzed substantivly and adverbially: =filu=, the gen. =filaus= being uzed adverbially.

B. WEAK ADJECTIVS.

§ 132. The weak declension of adjectivs is fully identical with the weak or =n=-declension of nouns (§§ 107-112). But it must be noticed that the f. of the weak adj. inflects like the paradim =tuggô= (cp. § 112, n. 1).--Exampl of an inflected weak adj. (=blinds=, § 123):

Sing. M. N. F. N. =blinda= =blindô= | =blindô= G. =blindins= | =blindôns= D. =blindin= | =blindôn= A. =blindan= =blindô= | =blindôn=

NOTE 1. Like =blinda= inflect all weak adjectivs. Of =ja=-stems: nom. sg. =niuja=, =niujô=, =niujô= (cp. § 126), =wilþja= (§ 127); --=i=-stems: =hrainja=, =hrainjô=; =u=-stems: =hardja=, =hardjô= (cp. § 129 et seq.).--In the cases with =i= (gen. dat. sg. m. n.) of the long stems in =-ja-= (=-i-=, =-u-=) the forms with =-ji-= appear as the regular ones (as in the sb., § 108, n. 2; contrary to § 44, c); cp. =wilþji(n)s=; Rom. XI, 24; =unhrainjin=; Mk. IX, 25. Lu. VIII, 29; =unsêljin=; Mt. V, 39. Jo. XVII, 15. But beside =unsêljins=; Eph. VI, 16 (in A) =unsêleins= (in B); beside =faírnjin=; Mk. II, 21. Lu. V, 36, also =faírnin=; II. Cor. VIII, 10. IX, 2.

NOTE 2. Sum adjectivs occur only in the weak forms; as, =usgrudja=, _idle, despondent_; =alaþarba=, _poor_; =usfaírina=, _blameless_; =inkilþô=, _pregnant_, and a few more of which sum ar probably to be regarded as substantivs (cp. Zs. fda., 18, 41, note).--The weak form =ainaha= (no strong form occurs), _only_, has in Lu. VIII, 42 the nom. sg. f. =ainôhô= (cp. Beitr., 12, 203) which is certainly incorrect for =ainahô=.

NOTE 3. All ordinals except 1st and 2nd (cp. § 146), and the prns. =sama= and =silba= (§ 156) follow the +weak+ inflection only.

NOTE 4. Lastly, the prs. ptcs. (§ 133), comparativs (§ 136), and the superlativs in =-ma= (§ 139) inflect exclusivly like weak adjs. But all these words hav the f. according to the paradim =managei= (§ 113, n. 3).

C. DECLENSION OF THE PARTICIPLS.

§ 133. The present participl has lost its strong inflection and declines like a weak adj., but with the f. in =-ei= (§ 132, n. 4). Only the nom. sg. m. has frequently both the strong and the weak inflection. Paradim =gibands=, _giving_:

Sing. M. N. | F. N. =gibands= } =gibandô= | =gibandei= =gibanda= } | G. =gibandins= | =gibandeins= D. =gibandin= | =gibandein= A. =gibandan= =gibandô= | =gibandein= | Plur. | N. =gibandans= =gibandôna= | =gibandeins= G. =gibandanê= | =gibandeinô= D. =gibandam= | =gibandeim= A. =gibandans= =gibandôna= | =gibandeins=

NOTE 1. Concerning the shorter inflection of sum participls uzed substantivly, s. § 115.

§ 134. The prt. ptc. pass., like an ordinary adj., follows the strong and weak inflection; e. g., the pp. of the stv. =giban=:

Strong: m. =gibans= n. =giban=, =gibanata= f. =gibana= Weak: =gibana= =gibanô= =gibanô=

The pp. of the wv. =nasjan=:

Strong: m. =nasiþs= n. =nasiþ=, =nasidata= f. =nasida= Weak: =nasida= =nasidô= =nasidô=

NOTE. Concerning the interchange between =þ= and =d= in the pp. of the weak verbs, s. § 74.

D. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVS.

_1. COMPARATIV._

§ 135. The comparativ degree of adjectivs in Gothic is formd by means of two suffixes, =-iz-= and =-ôz-=, to which the terminations of the weak adjectivs ar added.

The formation with the suff. =-iz-= is more general than the other. It is found in adjs. of all kinds; e. g., =managiza= (< =manags=, =a=-stem), =alþiza= (< =alþeis=, §§ 127. 128), =hardiza= (< =hardus=, § 131).--But the suffix =-ôz-= occurs in =a=-stems only: =frôdôza= (< =frôþs=), =swinþôza= (< =swinþs=).

NOTE. The adj. =juggs=, _yung_, has the compar. =jûhiza= (according to § 50, n. 1). Its superlativ is not extant.