Part 10

_P. Ambrax_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 218; Voy. au Pôle Sud, Lép. t. 1. f. 3, 4 (♂); De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 7. f. 2 (♀). _P. Orophanes_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 275 (♀).

_Hab._ Mysol, Salwatty, Dorey (_Wall._).

_Remark._—I believe that two, if not three, well-marked forms or species have been mixed up under the name of _P. Ambrax_, as I have endeavoured to show by the references. My specimens of the two sexes of each show a uniformity of character in each locality.

68. PAPILIO AMBRACIA, Wallace.

_P. Ambrax_, Bd.; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 7. f. 1 (♂).

_Male._ Differs from _P. Ambrax_, Bd., by the ashy-white patch at the apex of the anterior wings.

_Female._ Has a large, roundish, white patch on the anterior wings, extending from the discoidal cell to the hinder angle. The red lunules on the hind wings are smaller. Same size as _P. Ambrax_.

_Hab._ Waigiou (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

69. PAPILIO EPIRUS, n. s.

_Male._ Above:—anterior wings as in _P. Ambrax_; posterior wings more elongate, the white band much narrower, notched behind at the nervures, with the portions between regularly rounded; the part which crosses the cell is cut by black nervures, and there is an oblique red mark at the anal angle.

Beneath:—with a submarginal of seven lunules on the hinder wings, the one above the anal angle very large; whereas the last two species have one small lunule only beneath, at the anal angle.

_Female._ Is probably that figured in ‘Voy. au Pôle Sud,’ Lép. t. 1, f. 5, which resembles most the female of _P. Ambracia_, but differs in the form of the white and red patches. It is said to be from “the coasts of New Guinea”; but as the expedition touched at the Aru Islands, it is very probable that there is an error of locality, as I have ascertained to be very often the case in the indications furnished by these and other ‘Voyages.’

_Hab._ Aru Islands (_Wall._).

70. PAPILIO DUNALI, Montrouzier.

_P. Dunali_, Mont. Ann. Soc. d’Agricult. de Lyon, 1856, p. 394.

_Hab._ Woodlark Island (S.E. of New Guinea).

_Remark._—This seems closely allied to the last species.

i. _Erectheus_ group.

71. PAPILIO ORMENUS, Guérin. Tab. III. figs. 2 (♂), 1, 3, 4 (♀ ♀).

_P. Ormenus_, Guér. Voy. de la Coquille, pl. 14. f. 3; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 211.

_P. Erectheus_, var., Voy. au Pôle Sud, Lép. t. 1. f. 1, 2.

_P. Amanga_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 216, ♀ (_P. Onesimus_, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pap. iii. f. 8).

_Hab._ Waigiou, Aru Isl., Ké Isl., Matabello and Goram Isl. (_Wall._).

This belongs to a remarkable group of Papilios inhabiting the Austro-Malayan region, and which are especially interesting as exhibiting a good instance of polymorphism, the females being of two or three distinct forms.

The male in this species is characterized by the small amount of marking on the under surface.

_1st form_ of female. Tab. III. fig. 1.

Almost exactly intermediate between the male and the normal female, which resembles _P. Erectheus_ ♀.

Upper side brown-black; a band of four whitish-yellow spots across the anterior wings beyond the cell, the upper one of the same size and position as in the male, the 2nd and 3rd elongated towards the cell, the 4th rather shorter than the 3rd, and immediately beneath it. Posterior wings with a central patch of a pale sulphur-yellow just crossing the end of the cell, and separated below into five truncate lobes; below this, and next the anal margin, are two irregular blue lunules, with a red lunule at the anal angle and a smaller one lower down beneath the second blue lunule.

Under side as above; on the hind wings the upper half of the yellow patch is dusky, and there is a complete submarginal series of seven red lunules.

_Hab._ Waigiou (a single specimen) (_Wall._).

_2nd form_ of female. Tab. III. fig. 3.

Resembles very closely _P. Erectheus_ ♀; but the white patch on the hind wings does not cover so much of the cell, and the two middle lobes are much elongated posteriorly, and separated by wedge-shaped spaces; the blue lunules are but slightly marked, and do not exceed two in number.

Under side:—differs from _P. Erectheus_ in the white patch never reaching the anterior margin of the hind wings. In a specimen from Waigiou, the four middle lunules are nearly white. This may be considered the typical form of female, as it occurs everywhere in company with the male.

_3rd form_ of female (_Amanga_, Bd.). Tab. III. fig. 4.

I have three specimens of this form from three of the localities in which the male occurs. They differ slightly from each other, but agree generally with the figure and description above quoted. An allied form of female (of the next species) was observed closely followed by two males of the ordinary form; they were watched for some time, the males hovering over the females in the manner usual before pairing; and the three were then captured at one stroke of the net. This occurred three years after the capture of the specimen figured by Mr. Hewitson, and at once convinced me that these puzzling specimens were an additional form of female to a well-known male. The fact that the only females known of an allied species (_P. Tydeus_) are intermediate between these forms confirms this determination.

_Hab._ Aru Island, Mysol, Goram Isl. (_Wall._)

72. PAPILIO PANDION, n. s.

_Male._ Closely resembles _P. Ormenus_, but presents the following differences:—

Upper side:—the band of spots across the fore wings is faintly marked, or more frequently quite absent; the grey lines bordering the nervures at the apex are more distinct; on the hind wings, the first three indentations of the whitish patch are followed by faint powdered lunules of the same colour.

Under side:—the apex of the fore wings is strongly marked with grey lines between the nervures, but has generally no spots; on the hind wings there is a curved submarginal band of lunules across the wing, viz., at the anal angle a large irregular red lunulate spot with a blue and a grey mark above it—2nd, a larger grey lunule with an angular blue mark below it, and a red lunule nearer the margin—3rd, a similar grey lunule and blue mark—4th, a larger grey lunule, and a smaller blue mark with a faint red lunule below—5th, a grey lunule and a faint blue dash below—6th, a blue lunule with a faint grey mark above—7th, a blue lunule with a very faint mark above it. These vary somewhat in different specimens, but the whole series can always be traced.

_1st form_ of female.

Scarcely distinguishable from the typical female of the last species: the blue lunules on the under surface form a complete series, almost as in _P. Erectheus_ ♀.

_Hab._ New Guinea, Salwatty, Mysol Island (with the male) (_Wall._).

_2nd form_ of female.

Upper surface:—fore wings as in _P. Onesimus_, Hew.; hind wings yellowish-white, a broad black border along the anterior, and a narrow one along the posterior margin, two yellowish lunules near the outer angle, anal angle pale yellow, then an oblong black spot with a bluish mark in its upper part, followed by a second (half-obliterated) black spot.

Under surface with the same markings; but there are a series of six blue angulated marks upon a black ground, the two intermediate ones being smaller and less distinct. Abdomen yellow; under side black.

_Hab._ Dorey (New Guinea) (_Wall._)

_Remarks._—This specimen was taken in company with two males, as before mentioned. An insect, described by M. Montrouzier as the female of his _P. Godartii_ (from Woodlark Island), agrees very closely with this, and is no doubt the female of the same species, or a closely allied one which he puts in his list as _P. Ormenus_. The fact, therefore, that this peculiar pale form of female _Papilio_ has been found in five islands, from no one of which is a male insect known which can be mated with it, except those of the _Ormenus_-form (which always occur in the same places), may, in conjunction with the observation already given of the companionship of the two forms, be taken to prove that this is really a case of polymorphism. I believe also it will be found that these extreme departures from the typical form of a species are connected with mimetic resemblances and the safety of the individuals. We have already seen that the extreme forms of _P. Memnon_ ♀ and _P. Pammon_ ♀ respectively resemble other species which from their habits and abundance seem to have some peculiar immunity from danger. In this case also there is a resemblance to quite a different family of butterflies, the Morphidæ. In form, coloration, and general appearance these pale-coloured Papilios resemble species of the genus _Drusilla_; and the same genus is also imitated by other butterflies—one of these, _Melanitis Agondas_ ♀, having been actually confounded with _Drusilla bioculata_ as the same species, so great is the resemblance. This fact of species of several genera imitating the Drusillas would indicate that they have some special immunities which make it advantageous to other insects to be mistaken for them; and their habits confirm this opinion. They have all a very similar style of dress, and fly very slowly, low down in damp woods, often settling on the ground or on rotten wood; and they are exceedingly abundant in individuals. Now these are the general characteristics of all groups which are the subjects of imitation; and we may therefore presume, when we see forms departing widely from the general appearance of their close relations, and resembling closely other groups with which they have no affinity, that what we must call _accidental_ variations have been accumulated and rendered definite by natural selection for the protection and benefit of those forms.

73. PAPILIO TYDEUS, Felder. Tab. IV. figs. 3 (♂), 2 (♀).

_P. Tydeus_, Feld. Lep. Fragm. p. 52 (♂).

_Female._—Upper side dusky brown; fore wings with the central portion below the cell nearly white; hind wings with the basal two-thirds white, with an irregular and obtusely dentated margin, and edged with ochre-yellow; the rest black, with a submarginal row of seven broad yellowish lunules, and above those nearest the anal angle three irregular blue patches.

Under side nearly as above; the white space on the upper wings is more extensive and better defined; the marginal lunules are dilated so as to form a crenellated band, and the blue marks are increased to six or seven in number. Head and thorax dusky; abdomen yellowish.

_Hab._ Batchian, Morty Island (_Wall._).

_Remark._—The female, which seems to be of only one form in this species, is especially interesting as being allied to the pale-yellow form of _P. Ormenus_ and _P. Pandion_.

74. PAPILIO ADRASTUS, n. s. Tab. IV. fig. 1 (♀).

_Male._—Upper side, like _P. Ormenus_ ♂; but has the band of the hind wings narrower, not crossing the cell, and more pointed towards the anal angle.

Under side with a single red anal spot, and three blue lunules beyond it.

_Female._—Upper side brown-black; anterior wings with the apical half browner, a whitish patch around the end of the cell, and an ovate spot within it; posterior wings with a small central whitish patch more or less tinged with ochreous; a submarginal row of very large deep-red lunules, that at the anal angle forming an irregular ocellus bordered above with pale blue, and a few blue atoms on the side of it. Indentations of all the wings broadly margined with ochreous.

Under side:—the white patch of the anterior wings larger and well defined, and continued by smaller and fainter patches to the outer angle; posterior wings with the small central patch and marginal lunules as above, with the addition of a faint row of angulated blue marks between them.

Wings elongated posteriorly, and somewhat angulated at the termination of the first median nervure.

Expanse of wings, ♂, 5¼ inches; ♀, 6 inches.

_Hab._ Banda Island (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—This species is near _P. Ormenus_ in the male, but approaches _P. Gambrisius_ in the female, which differs from all others in this group by its dark colouring and the short narrow band on the hind wings. A male and two females were obtained in the small island of Banda.

75. PAPILIO GAMBRISIUS, Cramer.

_P. Gambrisius_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 157. f. A, B (♂); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 213.

_P. Drusius_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 229. f. A, t. 230. f. A (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 218.

_Hab._ Amboyna, Ceram, Bouru (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—The males of this fine species are not uncommon in Ceram, and in hot weather come down to the beach and settle on the wet sand. The females, however, are very rare; I obtained one in the mountainous forests of Ceram, and this is, I believe, the only fine and perfect specimen now in Europe.

Expanse of male 5½–6½ inches, of female 7 inches.

76. PAPILIO AMPHITRION, Cramer.

_P. Amphitrion_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 7 f. A, B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 217.

_Hab._ Celebes?

_Remarks._—The habitat of this rare species is doubtful. Cramer says, “America;” Godart, “Amboyna;” but I believe its true locality will be found to be Celebes. It forms a transition to the next species.

77. PAPILIO EUCHENOR, Guérin.

_P. Euchenor_, Guér. Voy. de la Coquille, t. 13. f. 3 (♂); _P. Axion_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 46 (♂).

_Female._—Similar to the male; but the markings are all of a dull ochre-yellow, and the second and third spots, reckoning from the inner margin of the upper wings, are almost entirely wanting. This sex is much rarer than the male.

_Hab._ New Guinea, Aru Island, Ké Island (_Wall._).

78. PAPILIO GODARTII, Montrouzier.

_P. Godartii_, Montr. Ann. Soc. d’Agric. de Lyon, 1856, p. 394.

_Hab._ Woodlark Island.

_Remark._—Closely allied to the last; perhaps a variation only.

k. _Demolion_ group.

79. PAPILIO DEMOLION, Cramer.

_P. Demolion_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 89. f. A, B; _P. Cresphontes_, Fabr.; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 220.

_Hab._ Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Singapore (_Wall._), Moulmein (_Brit. Mus._).

80. PAPILIO GIGON, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 6 (♀).

“_P. Gigon_,” List of Papilionidæ in Brit. Mus. p. 27 (no description).

Much larger than _P. Demolion_; costal margin of the fore wings very much arched from the base; tail proportionally shorter.

Upper side:—markings as in _P. Demolion_, with the following differences. In the cell of the fore wings are four longitudinal curved greyish-yellow lines; the yellow band begins higher on the abdominal margin, and curves outward toward the tip, where the spots are obliquely elongate, and the three last distinctly notched; on the hind wings the lunulate spots are much deeper and are rather further from the margin, and the two spots at the outer angle (often obsolete in _P. Demolion_) are large and well marked.

Under side:—the markings resemble those of _P. Demolion_, but are stronger; the band of silvery spots is much more sinuate, and possesses an additional lunule above the outer angle; a patch of ochre-yellow covers the lower margin of the cell, extending a little along the nervures which radiate from it.

Abdomen blackish, with numerous stripes and spots of pale yellow.

Expanse of wings 4¾ to 5⅓ inches.

_Hab._ Celebes, Sulla Island (_Wall._).

_Remark._—This was regarded by Boisduval as a large variety of _P. Demolion_ (see Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 221); but it offers remarkable differences both in form and markings.

l. _Erithonius_ group.

81. PAPILIO ERITHONIUS, Cramer.

_P. Erithonius_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 232. f. A, B.

_P. Epius_, Fabr.; Don. Ins. China, pl. 29. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 238.

_Hab._ India, China (_type_).

Local form _a_ (_Malayanus_).—The two spots on the lower margin of the cell of the hind wings wanting; anal spots redder, and the ocellus at the outer angle darker: two spots in cell of fore wings, as in the type; but in Flores specimens these approach so as almost to unite.

_Hab._ Singapore, Flores (_Wall._), Manilla.

Local form _b_ (_Sthenelus_, Macleay).—A single large spot in the cell of the fore wings; one small detached spot on the margin of the cell of the hind wings.

_Hab._ Goram Island (_Wall._), Australia.

SECTION C.

m. _Paradoxa_ group.

82. PAPILIO PARADOXA, Zinken.

_Zelima Paradoxa_, Zink. Beitr. Ins. Java, t. 15. f. 9, 10.

_P. Paradoxa_, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. pl. 9. f. 1, 1*.

_Hab._ Java (_Wall._).

Local form _a_.—_P. Paradoxa_, var., Hew. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 422, pl. 67. f. 1 (♂), 2 (♀).

_Hab._ Borneo (_Wall._).

Local form _b_.—Smaller; intermediate in the markings between the Java and Borneo forms; interior row of elongate marks on upper wings light blue, not descending to the outer angle.

_Hab._ Sumatra (_Wall._).

Both sexes of this species closely resemble the corresponding sexes of _Euplœa Midamus_, Cr., which is very common in all the above-mentioned localities.

83. PAPILIO ÆNIGMA, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 3 (♂).

Size, form, and markings nearly the same as in _P. Paradoxa_.

Above:—purplish black, without any gloss or silky reflexions; a submarginal row of white spots on all the wings, more or less blue-edged on the upper wings, sometimes partially obsolete on the lower ones; one or two spots at the end of the cell, and a row of six or seven elongate marks beyond it, bright blue.

Beneath, the submarginal row of white spots only.

_Female._—_P. Paradoxa_, var. A, Hewitson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 423, pl. 67. f. 3.

I put this as the female of the above with some hesitation, as it was not captured in the same island. It agrees, however, in the entire absence of gloss, and in the peculiar elongation of the outer angle of the lower wings.

_Hab._ Malacca, Sumatra (♂); Borneo (♀) (_Wall._).

_Female variety?_—_P. Paradoxa_, var. B, Hewitson (Proc. Zool. Soc. pl. 66. f. 4), may be an extreme variation of this, but will more probably, when the male is discovered, prove to be a distinct species.

84. PAPILIO CAUNUS, Westwood.

_P. Caunus_, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. pl. 9. f. 2, 2*.

_Hab._ Sumatra, Borneo (♂, ♀) (_Wall._), Java (_Leyden Mus._).

_Remarks._—My specimens have less white on the lower wings than is represented in Mr. Westwood’s figure. The female is of a brownish colour, with the same white markings as the male, but without any blue tinge. This species is very like _Euplœa Rhadamanthus_, one of the most common butterflies in all the above-mentioned localities. It is undistinguishable from that insect on the wing, though it flies very slowly, like the species it mimics.

85. PAPILIO ASTINA, Westwood.

_P. Astina_, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. pl. 9. f. 3.

_Hab._ Java (_Brit. Mus. ex Coll. Horsf._).

86. PAPILIO HEWITSONII, Westwood.

_P. Hewitsonii_, Westw. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 10.

_P. Slateri_ ♀, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 4. f. 9; _P. Cammu_, B. M. List of Papilionidæ (no description).

_Hab._ Borneo (♂) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—The last two species should probably form a distinct group, on account of the peculiar elongation of the cell of the lower wings. They both resemble dark species of _Euplœa_. _P. Slateri_ is a quite distinct species from North India, to which Mr. Hewitson referred the present species as the female. All the specimens known of both species are, however, males.

n. _Dissimilis_ group.

87. PAPILIO ECHIDNA, De Haan.

_P. Echidna_, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 42, t. 8. f. 6; _Clytia dissimilis_, Sw. Zool. Ill. 2nd ser. pl. 120; _P. dissimilis_, var., Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ.

_Hab._ Timor (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—This species has been confounded with _P. dissimilis_, from which it is very distinct, by the absence of the yellow marginal band beneath. It is also widely separated geographically from that species, which inhabits the continent of India only. The sexes are alike, as they are in _P. dissimilis_. _P. Panope_, L., which has been supposed to be its female, is a very distinct species, of which also both sexes exist in most collections.

88. PAPILIO PALEPHATES, Westwood.

_P. Palephates_, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 79. f. 1; _P. dissimilis_, var. _b_, Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ.

_Hab._ Philippine Islands.

SECTION D.

o. _Macareus_ group.

89. PAPILIO VEIOVIS, Hewitson.

_P. Veiovis_, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 7. f. 20 (♂).

_Hab._ Menado (Celebes) (“_Coll. Hewitson._”).

_Remark._—This fine new species has been recently received from Menado, and seems best placed in this group, near _P. Encelades_.

90. PAPILIO ENCELADES, Boisduval.

_P. Encelades_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 376; Hewitson, Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 4. f. 10 (♂).

_Hab._ Macassar (Celebes) (_Wall._).

91. PAPILIO DEUCALION, Boisduval.

_P. Deucalion_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 375; Hewitson, Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 4. f. 11 (♀).

_Hab._ Macassar, Menado (Celebes) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—At Macassar I took only males of _P. Encelades_, and females of _P. Deucalion_ at the same spot (a half-dry river-bed), and therefore conjectured that they might be sexes of one species, although so unlike. Some years afterwards, however, I took at Menado a fine male of _P. Deucalion_, which only differs in its rather smaller size and brighter colouring.

92. PAPILIO IDÆOIDES, Hewitson.

_P. Idæoides_, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pap. pl. 1. f. 2.

_Hab._ Philippine Islands (♂) (_Brit. Mus._).

_Remark._—This singular species must closely resemble on the wing _Hestia Leuconoë_, from the same islands.

93. PAPILIO DELESSERTII, Guérin.

_P. Delessertii_, Guér.; Deless. Souvenirs, t. 17.

_Hab._ Pulo Penang (_Hope Museum, Oxford_).

_Remark._—This resembles the species of _Hestia_ and _Idæopsis_, from the same locality, and is intermediate in size. It has been confounded with the next.

94. PAPILIO DEHAANII, Wallace.

_P. Laodocus_, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 5 (nec Fab.); _P. Melanides_, Erichs. Archiv für Natur. 1843 (nec De Haan, 1839).

_Hab._ Malacca, Borneo (_Wall._), Java (_Leyden Mus._).

_Remarks._—The Bornean specimens are rather larger, and have the yellow anal spot somewhat differently shaped. The two names which have been applied to this species having been preoccupied, I have named it after the first describer.

95. PAPILIO LEUCOTHOË, Westwood.

_P. Leucothoë_, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 79. f. 3; _P. Xenocles_, var., Brit. Mus. List of Pap.

_Hab._ Singapore, Malacca (_Wall._), N. India.

96. PAPILIO MACAREUS, Godart.

_P. Macareus_, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. pl. 76; Horsf. Desc. Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. pl. 5. f. 1; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 374.

_P. striatus_, Zink. Beitr. Ins. Java, t. 14. f. 5.

_Hab._ Malacca (_Wall._), Java (_Horsfield_), Borneo (_Leyden Mus._).

This species closely resembles _Danais Aglaë_, Cr., found in the same islands.

97. PAPILIO STRATOCLES, Felder.

_P. Stratocles_, Feld. Lép. Nov. Philipp, p. 2.

_Hab._ Mindanao (Philippines).

98. PAPILIO THULE, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 1 (♂).

Form of _P. Macareus_, but smaller.

Above:—brown-black, spotted and marked with greenish white; a row of spots near the outer margin of all the wings, and on the upper wings a second row between the first and the end of the cell, three or four others close to the cell, and 5–7 irregularly placed in the cell; the spot next the outer angle is double, and the two lower spots of the second row are continued indistinctly to the cell. The lower wings have a mark at the end of the cell, and five elongated spots radiating from it between the nervures.

Beneath:—brown, with the spots all whiter and more distinct. Neck with four white points; abdomen dusky, with pale lines on the sides and beneath.

Expanse of wings 3¾ inches.

_Hab._ New Guinea (♂) (_Wall._).

Variety or local form _a_.—Like the above, but with the discal spots of the lower wings united into a transverse band divided by fine nervures.

_Hab._ Waigiou Island (♂) (_Wall._).

This species imitates _Danais sobrina_, Bd., a New Guinea species. The figure represents the upper surface of both forms of this insect.

p. _Antiphates_ group.

99. PAPILIO ANTIPHATES, Cramer.

_P. Antiphates_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 72, f. A, B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 248.