Part 8

The females of all the above vary extremely, much more even than the males, and from the same locality two specimens are rarely alike. The discoidal cell is in some specimens more than half occupied by a whitish patch, while in others there are only a few small spots. One of my specimens from Salwatty almost exactly agrees with that figured by Westwood (Cat. of Or. Ent. pl. 14) as from Cape York. One of the Waigiou specimens is the same as _Archideus_, G. R. G., figured by Boisduval (Voy. de l’Astrolabe, t. 4. f. 1, 2); and another, from New Guinea, differs very little from _Euphorion_, G. R. G. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Lep. pt. 1. pl. 2. f. 3), from North Australia.

From these facts I am led to conclude that we have here a variable form spread over an extensive area, and kept variable by the continual intercrossing of individuals, which would otherwise segregate into distinct and sharply defined races. The same area is inhabited by many species of birds common to all parts of it; and just as the birds of Ceram and Amboyna are almost all distinct species from those of New Guinea, so do we find those islands inhabited by the _Ornithoptera Priamus_, a well-marked and constant species, readily distinguishable in either sex from the inconstant forms of New Guinea proper. The same parallel holds in North Australia. Many New Guinea species of birds extend, with very slight variation, to the country about Cape York; but when we reach the Moreton Bay district all these have disappeared, and we find only true Australian species. So the variable forms of _O. Poseidon_ reach North Australia and Cape York, while in the Moreton Bay district we find the comparatively well-marked species _O. Richmondia_. Similar causes, whether geographical or climatal, have thus produced an analogous distribution in these widely separated groups of animals.

3. ORNITHOPTERA CRŒSUS, Felder.

_O. Crœsus_, Feld. Wien. Ent. Monats., Dec. 1859. _O. Crœsus_, G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 424.

_Hab._ Batchian (Moluccas) (_Wall._).

Local form, _a._—_Male_: has the orange colour of the upper surface of a much deeper fiery-red hue; on the under surface, the black spots of the lower wings are nearer the margin, and the yellow spots below them are entirely absent; there is also a green line between the subcostal nervure and the margin; on the under surface of the fore wings the green patch in the discoidal cell extends to its base, and is reflexed in a narrow line along its upper edge.

_Female_: differs still more from that sex in _O. Crœsus_; the white markings on all the wings are so large as almost to fill up the spaces between the veins, the lower part of the discoidal cell in both upper and under wings being also occupied with a whitish patch; the range of spots occupying the posterior margin are of a dusky yellow colour.

_Hab._ Ternate (♂), Gilolo (♀) (_Wall._).

This well-marked local form is no doubt peculiar to Gilolo and the small adjacent islands, as the original species is to Batchian.

I was three months in the island of Batchian before I obtained a specimen of this fine insect, which I had seen once or twice only flying high in the air. I at length came upon it flying about a beautiful cinchonaceous shrub with white bracts and yellow flowers (_Mussænda_, sp.); and having cleared a path round about, I visited the place every morning on my way to the forest, and once or twice a week had the satisfaction of capturing a fine male specimen of _O. Crœsus_. The females were more plentiful and more easily caught. I afterwards sent out one of my men with a net every day to look after this insect only. He would stay out all day long, wandering up a broad rocky torrent, where the males flew up and down occasionally or settled on the rocks which just appeared above the water. He generally brought me one, and sometimes even two or three specimens; and thus, with those that I myself captured at the flowers, I secured a fine series of this richly coloured species.

4. ORNITHOPTERA TITHONUS, De Haan.

_O. Tithonus_, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. t. 1. f. 1.

_Hab._ S.W. Coast of New Guinea (_Leyden Museum_).

This remarkable species must be very rare, as I never saw it in any part of the New Guinea district that I visited; nor was it seen during the exploration, a few years ago, by a Dutch steamer which visited the part of the coast where the only specimen known was said to have been obtained.

5. ORNITHOPTERA URVILLIANA, Guérin.

_Papilio Urvilliana_, Guér. Voy. de la Coquille, Lép. t. 13. f. 1, 2, ♂.

_O. Urvilliana_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 175.

_Hab._ New Ireland (_Paris Museum_).

b. _Pompeus_ group.

6. ORNITHOPTERA REMUS, Cramer.

_Papilio Remus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 135. f. A, t. 136. f. A (♀), t. 386. f. A, B (♂); Fab. Syst. Ent. iii. 1. p. 11.

_O. Remus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 176. _Papilio Panthous_ ♂, Clerck, Icon. t. 18 (♀).

_Hab._ Amboyna, Ceram, Gilolo, Morty Island, Sulla Island, Celebes (_Wall._).

The specimens above quoted agree well with Cramer’s figures. The female from the Sulla Islands differs only in having more yellow towards the anal angle of the lower wings. The specimens figured by Cramer in pls. 10, 11, under the name of “_Hypolitus_” seem to be a remarkable variety, in which the female has much of the character of the male. Messrs. Doubleday and G. R. Gray have adopted _Panthous_ as the specific name of this insect; but this name was first used by Linnæus for the female of _Priamus_ only, in the 10th ed. of the ‘Systema Naturæ’ (1758). Clerck (in 1759) adopted the name, but supposed he had found the male in the female of _Remus_. Linnæus, in Mus. Lud. Ulric. (1764), and in the 12th ed. of the ‘Systema Naturæ’ (1766), adopts this error, so far as referring to Clerck’s two figures; but in both these works his description refers only to the female of _P. Priamus_, indicating that the supposed other sex (_P. Remus_) was not known to him personally. The name of _Panthous_ must therefore altogether drop, it having been applied to this species only through a double error—first, that of Linnæus, in supposing his _Panthous_ to be distinct from _Priamus_, and then that of Clerck, in thinking that a female _Remus_ was the male of the Linnean _Panthous_.

7. ORNITHOPTERA HELENA, Linnæus.

♂. _P. Helena_, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 140. f. A, B. _O. Helena_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 177.

♀. _P. Amphimedon_, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 194. f. A. _O. Amphimedon_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 176.

_Hab._ Amboyna and Ceram (_Wall._).

The females from these localities are always sooty, with the spots and markings on the hinder wings of a dull buff-colour even in the freshest specimens.

_a._ Local form _Bouruensis_.—_Male_: exactly resembles the Amboyna specimens, except that the yellow patch is more variable in form and extent.

_Female_: nearly black, and with the markings on the lower wings almost as pure and deep yellow as in the males: size a little smaller than in the type.

_Hab._ Bouru (_Wall._).

_b._ Local form _Papuensis_.—_Female_: sooty black, the two first branches of the subcostal nervure margined with whitish near their origin; markings of the lower wings of the same tint of orange-yellow as is _O. Helena_ ♂, but not so glossy.

_Male_ not known.

_Hab._ New Guinea, Salwatty (_Wall._).

_c._ Local form _Celebensis_.—_Male_: wings a little more pointed than in _O. Helena_; yellow patch of lower wings extending nearer to the posterior margin, and bounded towards the abdominal margin by the first branch of the median nervure. Beneath, having the nervures between the discoidal cell and the outer border ashy-margined.

_Female_ not known.

_Hab._ Macassar (Celebes) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—Of these three local modifications of _O. Helena_, the first is very distinct in the female, but not separable in the male sex. Of the second and third, only one sex is known; and they may very probably prove to be well-marked species when more materials are obtained.

8. ORNITHOPTERA LEDA, n. s.

_Male_: upper wings elongate, triangular, glossy black, quite uniform and immaculate; the outer margin delicately white-marked at the termination of the nervures. Lower wings yellow, as in the allied species, with a black border about the same width as in _O. Pompeus_ on the outer and abdominal margins, narrower on the inner margin; the posterior scalloping of the yellow patch not so deep as in _O. Pompeus_, and having a spot at the anal angle connected more or less with the margin.

The under surface differs from that of _O. Pompeus_ by the ashy margins of the veins of the upper wings being entirely absent, and in having much less white on the outer edge. There are no submarginal spots except the anal one, much red at the base of the wings, and no black spots on the abdomen.

_Female_: this sex varies very much, some having the upper wings immaculate, while others have the veins about the end of the discoidal cell broadly margined with whitish. The marginal series of spots on the lower wings vary as they do in _O. Pompeus_ and _O. Amphrisius_. The best distinction from _O. Pompeus_ (♀) seems to be the more elongated wings, the less crenellated margin, and the more produced outer angle of the lower wings. The yellow patch is also of a deeper colour both on the upper and under surfaces.

_Hab._ Celebes (Macassar and Menado) (_Wall._)

9. ORNITHOPTERA POMPEUS, Cramer.

_P. Pompeus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 25. f. A (♂). _P. Minos_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 195. f. A (♀). _P. Heliacon_, Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. i. p. 19, 60.

_O. Heliacon_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 178.

_Hab._ Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Lombock (_Wall._), India (var.).

_Remark._—The form that occurs in India, in its more elongate wings and darker colouring, approaches very closely to _O. Rhadamanthus_.

10. ORNITHOPTERA NEPHEREUS, G. R. Gray.

_P. Astenous_, Eschscholtz, Voy. Kotzebue, t. 4. f. A, B, C. (nec Fab.).

_O. Nephereus_, G. R. G., List of Lep. B. M. Papilionidæ, p. 6.

_Hab._ Philippine Islands.

_Remark._—This is quite distinct from _O. Rhadamanthus_, Bd., with which it has generally been identified.

11. ORNITHOPTERA MAGELLANUS, Felder.

_O. Magellanus_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Phil. p. 11.

_Hab._ North of Luzon (Philippines).

_Remark._—This fine species has a beautiful opalescent glow on the lower wings when viewed obliquely.

12. ORNITHOPTERA CRITON, Felder.

_O. Criton_, Feld. Lep. Fragm. p. 49.

_Hab._ Batchian, Ternate, Gilolo, Morty Island (_Wall._).

13. ORNITHOPTERA PLATO, n. s.

_Male_: resembles _O. Criton_ in the form and extent of the yellow patch, but the upper wings differ in having the outer half of a lighter tint; on the under surface this outer half of the wing is of a light ash-colour. Abdomen almost wholly black beneath. No red patches at the base of the wings, or any red collar.

_Female_ unknown.

_Hab._ Timor (_Wall._).

This is a very distinct species, though at first sight resembling several others. I obtained a single male specimen only.

14. ORNITHOPTERA HALIPHRON, Boisduval.

_O. Haliphron_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 181 (♂); Felder, Lep. Fragm. p. 37, Taf. ii. f. 2, 3 (♂, ♀).

_Hab._ Macassar (Celebes) (_Wall._).

15. ORNITHOPTERA AMPHRISIUS, Cramer.

_P. Amphrisius_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 219. f. A; Godardt, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 27, pt.

_O. Amphrisius_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 178.

_Hab._ Malacca, Java, Borneo (_Wall._).

This may be readily distinguished from the allied species by the upper wings in the male being yellow-marked, and by the absence of red spots at the base of the wings beneath in both sexes.

c. _Brookeana_ group.

16. ORNITHOPTERA BROOKEANA, Wallace.

_O. Brookeana_, Wall. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1855, p. 104; Hewitson, Ex. Butt. Papilionidæ, i. f. 1. _Papilio Trogon_, V. Voll. Tijdschrift voor Ent. 1860, p. 69, pl. 6.

_Hab._ Borneo (Sarawak) (_Wall._), Sumatra (_Leyden Museum_).

_Remarks._—I have been in much doubt about the position of this remarkable species, and was for some time inclined to place it among the Papilios. It agrees, however, far better with _Ornithoptera_ in the form and stoutness of the wings, the long stout and curved antennæ, the red collar and patches at the base of the wings beneath, the abdominal fold, and the flight and general appearance. It is powerful on the wing, and occasionally settles on the ground in damp sunny places. It inhabits the interior of North-west Borneo and the mountains of West Sumatra. The female is unknown. It is peculiar in the great length of the discoidal cell of the wings and its altogether unique style of coloration, and must be considered as the type of a distinct group of the genus _Ornithoptera_.

PAPILIO.

This is without doubt the finest and most remarkable genus of Diurnal Lepidoptera. About 360 species are now known, all, except ten, being tropical or subtropical. I have given at p. 23 the characters of the sections and groups into which I divide the Malayan species.

SECTION A.

a. _Nox_ group.

17. PAPILIO NOX, Swainson.

_P. Nox._, Sw. Zool. Ill. pl. 102; Horsf. Lep. Ins. E. I. C. pl. 1. f. 1; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 277.

_P. Neesius_, Zink. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xv. t. 14. f. 1.

_Hab._ Java (♂, ♀) (_Wall._), Penang (♂) (_Brit. Mus._).

18. PAPILIO NOCTIS, Hewitson. Tab. V. fig. 1 (♂)[12].

Footnote 12:

In all the Plates, the wings on one side of each figure are detached from the body, and represent the _under surface_ of the same insect. In one case only (Tab. VII. f. 1.) the upper surfaces of two varieties of the same species are given.

_P. Noctis_, Hewits. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 423, pl. 66. f. 5 (♀).

_Male_: differs from the same sex of _P. Nox_ by the broader apex of the fore wings, and by the hind wings being more elongate, more glossy, and especially by the entire nondentated hinder margin.

_Hab._ Borneo (Sarawak) (_Wall._), (♂, ♀ Mus. nost.)

19. PAPILIO EREBUS, Wallace.

_P. Nox_, var., De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 5. f. 3 (♀).

_Hab._ Malacca (_Wall._), Banjermassing, Borneo (_De Haan_).

_Remarks._—I am somewhat doubtful of the species, the female only being known; but it differs so strikingly from the same sex of _P. Nox_ and _P. Noctis_ (the former of which seems very constant), that I think it better to separate it in order to draw attention to other specimens that may exist in collections. It differs from _P. Nox_ (♀) by its narrower and more elongate hind wings, which are black, glossed with steel-blue; the fore wings are black, with the veins beyond the cell clearly white-margined. The lower margin is also much less strongly dentated.

20. PAPILIO VARUNA, White.

♀. _P. Varuna_, Wh., Entomologist, 1842, p. 280; Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 37. _P. Chara_, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 66. f. 2.

♂. _P. Astorion_, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 37; Arc. Ent. pl. 66. f. 1.

_Hab._ Pulo Penang, Sylhet.

21. PAPILIO SEMPERI, Felder.

_P. Semperi_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp, pp. 1, 11.

_Hab._ Luzon, Philippines (♂, ♀).

N.B. The _Philoxenus_ group peculiar to India follows on after these.

b. _Coon_ group.

22. PAPILIO NEPTUNUS, Guérin.

_P. Neptunus_, Guér. Deless. Voy. dans l’Inde, p. 69, t. 19 (_P. Saturnus_).

_Hab._ Malacca, Borneo (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

23. PAPILIO COON, Fabricius.

_P. Coon_, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. pp. 10, 27; Don. Ins. China, pl. 24. f. 1; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 6. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 201.

_Hab._ Java, Sumatra (_Wall._), Borneo (_De Haan_).

_Remarks._—The specimens from Sumatra are constantly larger than those from Java. The Indian form, in which the markings are red instead of yellow, with other differences, I consider a distinct species, for which I propose the name of _P. Doubledayi_, after the late Mr. Edward Doubleday of the British Museum[13].

Footnote 13:

PAPILIO DOUBLEDAYI, Wallace. (_P. Coon_, var., B. M. Cat.)

_Above_: upper wings as in _P. Coon_, but the base darker. Lower wings broader than in _P. Coon_; the white spot in the cell toothed below, and divided by one or two faint blackish lines, cut off at the middle of the cell by the black triangular basal patch. The marginal spot next within the tail wanting; the two anal spots, end of abdomen, and its rings (which are yellow in _P. Coon_) red; collar behind the eyes and palpi (which are black in _P. Coon_) also red.

_Beneath_: base of lower wings broadly black; white spots all much broader and rounder than in _P. Coon_; sides of the thorax, end of the abdomen, and the marginal spots in the caudal and anal region red.

The female differs in a corresponding manner from _P. Coon_ ♀. Size about the same.

_Hab._ Moulmein, Assam.

c. _Polydorus_ group.

24. PAPILIO POLYDORUS, Linnæus.

_P. Polydorus_, L.; Clerck, Icon. t. 33. f. 3. _P. Leobates_, Reinw. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Zool. t. 6. f. 3 (♀).

_Hab._ Ceram, Matabello Island, Bouru, Batchian (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

Local form or variety _a_.—The white markings on the fore wings forming a patch below the cell; red spots on the hind wings nearer to the posterior margin and that next the anal angle larger.

_Hab._ Ké Island, Aru Island (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

25. PAPILIO LEODAMAS, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 2 (♂).

_P. Polydorus_, in Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ, p. 10.

_Male._ Above, glossy black, upper wings immaculate (the veins pale-margined in the female). Lower wings with a rounded white spot divided into six parts by fine nervures, of which the outermost and that in the cell are sometimes reduced to points; marginal row of red spots obscured with black, and but faintly indicated.

Beneath, the white patch has a small red spot attached to the part next the anal angle; and the marginal row of six red spots are clearly marked, that at the anal angle being twice the size of the rest. Wings short, much rounded, scarcely or not at all produced in the caudal region.

Expanse of wings 3¾ in. to 4 in.

_Hab._ New Guinea, Mysol (♂, ♀) (_Wall._), Rockingham Bay (Australia), (_Brit. Mus._, ♀).

26. PAPILIO DIPHILUS, Esper.

_P. Diphilus_, Esp. Ausl. Schmett. t. 40. f. 1. P. _Polydorus_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 267; and most authors.

_Hab._ Java, Malacca (_Wall._), Philippine Islands, India.

_Remarks._—The specimens from Manilla are larger, and the females paler-coloured, than those from other localities, all of which have slight characteristic peculiarities; but they also vary in the individuals from each locality, so that no perfect segregation of local forms has yet taken place.

27. PAPILIO ANTIPHUS, Fabricius.

_P. Antiphus_, Fab. Syst. Ent. iii. 1. pp. 10–28; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 266.

_Hab._ Sumatra, Borneo, Lombock, Java (_Wall._), Philippine Islands.

_Remarks._—The Philippine form (_P. Kotzebuea_, Eschsch.) is rather larger and of a more uniform glossy black than those from other localities. _P. Theseus_, Cram., has been erroneously supposed to be the female of this species, whereas it is the female of one of the _Pammon_ group, belonging to a different section of the genus. De Haan figures _P. Theseus_ as _P. Antiphus_ ♀, in Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 2. As has been already pointed out, _P. Theseus_ mimics this species.

28. PAPILIO POLYPHONTES, Boisduval.

_P. Polyphontes_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 268. _P. Hegemon_, G. R. G., List of Papilionidæ in B. Mus.

_Hab._ Celebes, Batchian, Morty Isl. (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—The markings vary from pure white to a smoky tint; but otherwise all the specimens from the above localities agree. De Haan gives (Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 4) a female of one of the _Pammon_ group as _P. Polyphontes_ ♀.

29. PAPILIO ANNÆ, Felder.

_P. Annæ_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp, p. 1.

_Hab._ Mindoro (Philippines).

30. PAPILIO LIRIS, Godart.

_P. Liris_, God. Enc. Méth. iv. p. 72; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 268; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 38, t. 4. f. 3 (♀).

_Hab._ Timor (_Wall._), N.W. Australia (_Brit. Mus._).

_Remarks._—The Australian specimens are smaller. The female of _P. Œnomaus_ mimics this species, as has been already mentioned (p. 22). Both species were taken by myself on the same spot, and, though such large and conspicuous insects, they could never be distinguished without a close examination after capture. The female of this species differs very little from the male, being rather larger, with broader wings and less vivid coloration.

SECTION B.

d. _Ulysses_ group.

31. PAPILIO ULYSSES, Linnæus.

_P. Ulysses_, L., Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 121. f. A, B (♀), t. 122 A (♀). _P. Diomedes_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 202.

_Hab._ Amboyna, Ceram (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remark._—The largest specimens of this glorious insect are found in the island of Amboyna, where it is rather common, hovering about the forest pathways. It sometimes visits the gardens in the town of Amboyna.

32. PAPILIO PENELOPE, n. s.

_Male_: rather smaller than _P. Ulysses_. Upper wings with six black cottony patches, and all separate from each other; whereas in _P. Ulysses_ there are seven, and the four lower ones are always united at their margins. The blue colour fills the discoidal cell, and generally extends beyond it at the extremity; the upper disco-cellular nervure not black-bordered as in _P. Ulysses_. Lower wings with the blue colour extending further along the abdominal margin, and not quite so far towards the outer angle.

_Female_: has the blue colour of the same form and extent as in _P. Ulysses_ ♀, but of the same bright tint as in the male; the marginal lunules more deeply curved.

Expanse of wings 5 inches.

_Hab._ New Guinea, Waigiou, Aru Is. (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remark._—As all the other forms closely allied to _P. Ulysses_ have received names (_Telemachus_, Montr., _Chaudoiri_, Feld., _Telegonus_, Feld., and _Ulyssinus_, Westw.), I have also given one to this form peculiar to New Guinea and the Papuan Islands, the distinctive characters of which, though very slight, seem sufficiently constant.

33. PAPILIO TELEGONUS, Felder.

_P. Telegonus_, Feld. Lep. Fragm. p. 50.

_Hab._ Batchian, Gilolo (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remark._—A very distinct species, separated from _P. Ulysses_ by the extent of the cottony patch on the upper wings, and by the different form and colour of the blue markings.

34. PAPILIO TELEMACHUS, Montrouzier.

_P. Telemachus_, Mont. Ann. de la Soc. d’Agriculture de Lyon, 1856, p. 395.

_Hab._ Woodlark Isl. (S. E. of New Guinea).

_Remark._—This is a small species (exp. 4 in.), with less blue on the lower wings.

e. _Peranthus_ group.

35. PAPILIO PERANTHUS, Fabricius.

_P. Peranthus_, Fab. Syst. Ent. iii. 1. p. 15; Don. Ins. China, pl. 26; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 12. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 203.

_Hab._ Java, Lombock (_Wall._).

36. PAPILIO PERICLES, n. sp. Tab. VI. fig. 1 (♂).

Wings more elongate, and upper wings more pointed, than in _P. Peranthus_.

_Above_: black, the basal half of a silvery blue, greenish towards the base of the costa, and purplish on the outer margin, where on the lower wings it shades off into separate scales. On the submedian and two lower branches of the median nervure are elongate black cottony patches as in _P. Ulysses_, the lower ones joined at the base, the upper one separate; above these the outer margin is of a brown-black, with a few atoms of yellow and blue scales towards the apex; the blue colour extends beyond the discoidal cell of the upper wings in a line parallel with the outer margin, on the lower wings it rounds away to the anal angle, and below it are five submarginal lunules of blue atoms, the outer one almost obsolete, and that next the tail largest and most deeply coloured. Thorax and body green.