Chapter 11 of 11 · 3774 words · ~19 min read

Part 11

_P. Pompilius_, Fab.; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 22. f. 1; Godt. Enc. Méthod, ix. p. 49.

_P. Alcibiades_, Fab.; Godt. Enc. Méthod, ix. p. 49.

_Hab._ India, China (“_type_”).

Local form _a_.—_Podalirius Pompilius_, Sw. Zool. Ill. 2nd ser. pl. 105.

_Hab._ Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo (_Wall._).

These differ from the type in the black apical portion not quite reaching the outer angle, and in the first and second bands on the upper wings not extending below the cell. The fourth band varies in extent, as does the amount of grey colouring in the caudal region.

100. PAPILIO EUPHRATES, Felder.

_P. Euphrates_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12; _P. Coretes_, Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ (no description).

_Hab._ Philippine Islands.

101. PAPILIO ANDROCLES, Boisduval. Tab. VII. fig. 5 (♂).

_P. Androcles_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 279.

_Hab._ Macassar (Celebes) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—I only met with this magnificent species on one occasion, on the banks of a mountain-stream and on the sands close to a waterfall. When resting on the ground, the very long white tails are raised up at a considerable angle, and are very conspicuous.

102. PAPILIO DORCUS, De Haan.

_P. Dorcus_, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Zool. t. 7. f. 4.

_Hab._ Gorontalo (N. Celebes) (“_Leyden Museum_”).

103. PAPILIO RHESUS, Boisduval.

_P. Rhesus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 253.

_Hab._ Macassar (Celebes) (_Wall._). “Bengal,” the locality given by Boisduval, is erroneous.

104. PAPILIO ARISTÆUS, Cramer.

_P. Aristæus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 318, f. E, F; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 252.

_Hab._ Ceram, Batchian (_Wall._).

105. PAPILIO PARMATUS, G. R. Gray.

_P. Parmatus_, G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. pl. 3. f. 2.

_Hab._ Aru Islands, Waigiou (_Wall._), Australia (_Brit. Mus._).

_Remarks._—The Aru specimen agrees almost exactly with the type specimen in the British Museum. The Waigiou insect is rather darker on the under surface, and has the black markings more sharply defined.

q. _Eurypylus_ group.

106. PAPILIO CODRUS, Cramer.

_P. Codrus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 179. f. A, B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 228.

_Hab._ Amboyna and Ceram (_type_) (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

Local form _a_ (_Gilolensis_).—Differs from the true _P. Codrus_ in having always an additional semiovate spot below the submedian nervure, and in having a small round spot on the anterior margin of the lower wings beneath: it is also rather smaller.

_Hab._ Batchian and Gilolo (_Wall._)

Subspecies _b_ (_Celebensis_).—Fore wings in the male more attenuate, with the costal margin more curved than in true _P. Codrus_; upper surface more green and glossy; an additional large quadrate spot on the inner margin of the fore wings. Under surface lighter brown, the whitish marks near the anal angle wanting; a dark subtriangular band across the cell of the fore wings. Rather smaller than _P. Codrus_.

_Hab._ Celebes, Sulla Islands (_Wall._).

Subspecies _c_ (_Papuensis_).—Hind wings less elongate than in the true _P. Codrus_; macular band much broader, and reaching the inner margin of the upper wings, the lower portion divided by nervures only; the band continued on the lower wings by means of an obscure white fascia.

Beneath, the greenish white band continues on to the lower wings, but gradually fades away after reaching the cell. Expanse of wings 4¼ inches.

_Hab._ Waigiou, Aru Island (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—This approaches the next species. Subspecies _b_ and _c_ I consider to be really as distinct as many universally received species, differing in form and in several points of coloration. As, however, it is probable that there are forms in other islands which may present intermediate characters, I prefer retaining the whole under the old specific name.

107. PAPILIO MELANTHUS, Felder.

_P. Melanthus_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12.

_Hab._ Mindanao (Philippines).

108. PAPILIO EMPEDOCLES, Fabricius.

_P. Empedocles_, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 70; Don. Ins. Ind. pl. 17. f. 1; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 229.

_Hab._ Borneo (_Wall._).

109. PAPILIO PAYENI, Boisduval.

_P. Payeni_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 235; Van der Hoeven, Tijd. von Nat. Gesch. v. t. 8, f. 1, 2, 6.

_Hab._ Borneo (_Wall._), Java (_Van der Hoeven_).

_Remarks._—This remarkable species has been placed by Boisduval in a group by itself. It, however, agrees very closely in habits and structure with this group, and can hardly, I think, be separated, though very abnormal in colouring. _P. Evan_, Db., is a closely allied species from India; and _P. Gyas_, Westw., from the same country, is also nearly related, though it has been hitherto placed in another section of the genus.

110. PAPILIO SARPEDON, Linnæus.

_P. Sarpedon_, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 122. f. D, E.; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 235.

_Chlorisses Sarpedon_, Sw. Zool. Ill. 2nd ser. pl. 89.

_Hab._ Borneo, Sumatra (typical), New Guinea, Aru Is. (darker), Java (broader band) (_Wall._).

Local form _a_ (_Moluccensis_, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 122. f. D, E).—Black, with the bands and spots rich blue.

_Hab._ Ceram, Batchian, Gilolo, Bouru (_Wall._). (The Ceylon form closely resembles this.)

111. PAPILIO MILETUS, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 2 (♂).

Wings larger and more falcate than in _P. Sarpedon_, costal margin abruptly curved near the base of the wing.

Above, black; macular band rich blue, very narrow, the spots on the upper wings all more or less rounded and separated by thick black bands; the marginal lunules large and angularly bent.

Beneath, the upper wings have a row of four pearly-white lunules from the outer angle; and there is one of the same colour at the outer angle of the lower wings, which have also an additional red spot on the margin of the cell, below the first branch of the subcostal nervure. Expanse of wings 4¾ inches.

_Hab._ Macassar and Menado (Celebes) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—I have separated this species from all the other forms of _P. Sarpedon_, because, while they differ in markings and colour only, this differs greatly in form as well as very strikingly in size, colour, and markings. I cannot conceive, therefore, why such a combination of distinctive peculiarities should not entitle it to specific rank.

112. PAPILIO WALLACEI, Hewitson.

_P. Wallacei_, Hew. Ex. Butt., “Papilio,” iii. f. 7.

_Hab._ Aru Islands, Batchian (_Wall._).

_Remark._—This isolated species is very rare: I obtained a single male specimen in each of the above localities in the virgin forest.

113. PAPILIO BATHYCLES, Zinken.

_P. Bathycles_, Zink. Beitr. Ins. Java, p. 157, tab. 14. f. 6, 7; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 232.

_Hab._ Java, Borneo, Malacca (_Wall._).

_Remark._—The Indian form generally confounded with this I consider to be a very distinct species, for which I propose the name of _P. Chiron_, and add a description below[15].

Footnote 15:

PAPILIO CHIRON, n. s.

_P. Bathycles_ (partly), Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ.

Very near _P. Bathycles_, Zinken. Fore wings rather broader at the tip; hind wings considerably less elongate posteriorly.

Above:—fore wings have the three larger green spots separated by broad black spaces, the first produced towards the base of the wing, the second notched above; the fourth spot in the cell much more linear. Hind wings have the green markings more elongate and narrower, and an additional narrow mark at the abdominal margin.

Beneath, the spots all separated by broad black lines; the abdominal stripe, which is quite wanting in _P. Bathycles_, larger than above; an ochre-yellow spot on the hind wings, near the base of the inner margin (absent in _P. Bathycles_); the submarginal pale spots larger, and the row of reddish-ochre spots less developed. Expanse of wings 3⅓ inches.

_Hab._ Assam, Sylhet.

114. PAPILIO EURYPYLUS, Linnæus.

_P. Eurypylus_, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 122. f. C, D; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 233.

_Hab._ Amboyna (type), Ceram, Bouru, Batchian, New Guinea (_Wall._).

_Remark._—The _male_ has the abdomen above and abdominal margin white; the _female_ blackish.

115. PAPILIO JASON, Esper.

_P. Jason_, Esp. Ausl. Schmett. t. 58. f. 5; _P. Jason_, L.? _P. Eurypylus_, var., Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 233.

_Hab._ Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—This species is readily distinguished from _P. Eurypylus_ by the abdomen above, and the abdominal margin, being black in both sexes, by the smaller size, more pointed upper wings, and by the lower wings having a narrower band and larger spots. of a deeper green colour. On the under surface the marginal lunules, the cell-spots, and sub-basal stripe are all larger.

Variety or dimorphic form _a_.—_Evemon_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 234.

_Hab._ Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo (♂, ♀). (_Wall._)

This may be a distinct species, but is more probably a case of dimorphism. The two forms are absolutely identical, except that the red spot at the base of the lower wings beneath, in _P. Jason_, is constantly absent in _P. Evemon_.

116. PAPILIO TELEPHUS, n. s. Tab. VII. fig. 4 (♂).

Larger than _P. Eurypylus_; anterior wings more elongated, with their costal margin abruptly curved near the base.

Above, the four spots in the cell of the upper wings linear, of equal width, not increasing in thickness from the base outwards, as in _P. Eurypylus_; the macular band narrower, nearly white on the lower wings; abdomen and abdominal margin pure white.

Beneath, the red anal spot is not produced upwards along the abdominal margin, the pearly spots have a distinct dusky border, owing to their exceeding in size those on the upper surface. Expanse of wings 4¼ inches.

_Hab._ Celebes (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—This is a powerful species of very rapid flight, and difficult to capture. It comes about muddy places in the villages of South Celebes, and is also found abundantly at pools in the half-dry mountain-streams. I consider it quite distinct from all the allied forms.

117. PAPILIO ÆGISTUS, Linnæus.

_P. Ægistus_, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 241. f. C, D; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 231.

_Hab._ Ceram, Gilolo, Batchian, Aru Islands (_Wall._)

118. PAPILIO AGAMEMNON, Linnæus.

_P. Agamemnon_, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 106. f. C, D; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 230.

This species presents numerous slight modifications of form and marking, which seem hardly prominent enough to characterize as species, though tolerably constant in each locality. Type tailed.

_Hab._ India, Manilla.

Local form _a_. Tail shorter; wings rather pointed.

_Hab._ Timor, Flores (_Wall._).

Local form _b_. Tail as in the last; two outer rows of spots on the lower wings absent.

_Hab._ Ké Island (_Wall._).

Local form _c_. Size small; tail very short.

_Hab._ Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Java (_Wall._).

Local form _d_. Wings much elongated, abruptly curved near the base; tail very short; size large.

_Hab._ Celebes (_Wall._).

Local form _e_. Broader and less sinuated wings, body large, tail very short.

_Hab._ Ceram, Bouru, Batchian (_Wall._).

Local form _f_. Form of _c_; tail reduced to a tooth; markings and spots well defined, rounded.

_Hab._ New Guinea, Aru Islands, Waigiou (_Wall._).

119. PAPILIO RAMA, Felder.

_P. Rama_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Mal. p. 1. _P. Arycles_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 231?

_Hab._ Malacca, Sumatra (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—I have little doubt but this is the _P. Arycles_ of Boisduval. His description, however, does not mention the distinctive character of the four large spots only in the discoidal cell; I have therefore used Dr. Felder’s name.

LEPTOCIRCUS, Swainson.

This small but interesting genus differs somewhat from _Papilio_ in the neuration of the wings, but is best distinguished by the longitudinal fold and great elongation of the hind wings. The species frequent water, often settling on the edges of rills, or hovering over pools and rivulets in the sunshine. The few species known are all very closely allied, and might with equal propriety have been considered as local forms of one species. Three have been already described, and I have therefore thought it better to add one more, than to attempt to reduce those which have been generally accepted as species to a lower rank.

120. LEPTOCIRCUS MEGES, Zinken.

_P. Meges_, Zink. Beitr. Ins. Java, p. 161, tab. 15. f. 8. _Leptocircus Curius_, Sw. Zool. Ill. pl. 106; Boisd. Sp. Gén. pl. 7. f. 1, pl. 17. f. 3, p. 381.

_Hab._ Java, Malacca (_Wall._).

121. LEPTOCIRCUS CURTIUS, n. s.

Larger than _L. Meges_; outer black margin broader, and apical nervures thicker; bluish band much narrower, of equal width on both wings, straight, abruptly narrow where it crosses the discoidal cell of the fore wings, and rounded at the inner margin so as to form a small notch at the junction of the fore and hind wings.

Under side with the band bluish silvery; the three small bands on the anal margin differing from those on _L. Curius_ and _L. Meges_, the first being transverse, and not produced obliquely to join the vertical band, the second small and nearly obsolete, the third at the anal angle transverse, very little curved, and sharply defined.

Body beneath and base of all the wings greenish ashy. Expanse of wings 1⁹⁄₁₀–2 inches. Length, head to tip of tail 2⁶⁄₁₀ inches.

_Hab._ Celebes (_Wall._).

122. LEPTOCIRCUS DECIUS, Felder.

_L. Decius_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 13. _L. Corion_, G. R. Gray, List of Pap. in Brit. Mus.

_Hab._ Philippine Islands.

123. LEPTOCIRCUS CURIUS, Fabricius.

_L. Curius_, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 28; Doubleday, Zoologist, 1843, p. 111; Gen. of Diurnal Lep. pl. 4*. f. 1; Don. Ins. Ind. pl. 47. f. 1.

_Hab._ Java (_Wall._), North India.

NOTE.

In referring to the species described by Dr. Felder, I have quoted from papers which he has sent me, with distinct titles and separate paging, but which were all first published in the ‘Wiener Entomologischen Monatschrift,’ viz. “Lepidopterologische Fragmente” (quoted as “Lep. Fragm.”), published at intervals from June 1859 to August 1860, “Lepidoptera Nova Malayica” (quoted as “Lep. Nov. Mal.”), published in 1860, and “Lepidoptera Nova a Dr. Carolo Semper in insulis Philippinis collecta” (quoted as “Lep. Nov. Philipp.”), published in 1861. It is to be regretted that the titles and paging of these separate papers were not made to correspond with the original publication, so as to have made a more exact reference possible.

I have also quoted Zinken’s ‘Beitrag zur Insecten-Fauna von Java’ separated from the ‘Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Curios.’; but in this case the pages and the numbering of the plates have been preserved as in the original work.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

Represents the various forms of _Papilio Memnon_ (see pages 6 and 46). N.B. The left side of each figure shows the upper surface, and the right side the under surface of the same insect.

Fig. 1. A male, from Borneo (a slight local variety).

Fig. 2. A female, from Java (a variety like _P. Agenor_, Cr.).

Fig. 3. A female, from Sumatra (a variety near _P. Anceus_, Cr.). The last two are varieties of the 1st dimorphic form of female in this species.

Fig. 4. A female, from Java (_P. Achates_, Cr.). The 2nd dimorphic form of female of _Papilio Memnon_.

PLATE II.

Represents the various forms of _Papilio Pammon_ (figs. 1, 3, 5, and 6) and _P. Theseus_ (figs. 2, 4, and 7). (See pages 6, 7, 51, 52, and 53.) N.B. The left side of each figure shows the upper surface, and the right side the under surface of the same insect.

Fig. 1. _Papilio Pammon_; a male, from Malacca.

Fig. 3. The first form of female, closely resembling the male, from India.

Fig. 5. The second form of female (_P. Polytes_, L.), from Singapore. This is the most common and widely distributed form of female, occurring everywhere with the male.

Fig. 6. The third form of female (_P. Romulus_, Cr.), from India.

Fig. 2. _Papilio Theseus_, the first form of female, almost exactly resembling the male, from Timor. This form is very rare.

Fig. 4. The second form of female, from Timor.

Fig. 7. The third form of female (_P. Theseus_, Cr.), from Sumatra. The second and third forms of female seem about equally plentiful, but are generally confined to separate islands. A fourth form of female (_P. Melanides_, De Haan) would have been figured, but could not be brought on to the plate. (See pages 7 and 53.)

PLATE III.

Represents the various forms of _Papilio Ormenus_ (see pages 8, 55, and 56). N.B. The left side of each figure shows the upper surface, and the right side the under surface of the same insect.

Fig. 2. A male, from the island of Goram.

Fig. 1. The first form of female, from Waigiou.

Fig. 3. The second form of female, from Waigiou.

Fig. 4. The third form of female (_P. Amanga_, Bd.), from the island of Goram.

PLATE IV.

Represents two species allied to _Papilio Ormenus_, but whose females are not _dimorphic_ (see pages 57 and 58). N.B. The left side of each figure shows the upper surface, and the right side the under surface of the same insect.

Fig. 1. A female of _Papilio Adrastus_, peculiar to the island of Banda (see page 57).

Fig. 3. _Papilio Tydeus_; a male, from Batchian.

Fig. 2. The female of _Papilio Tydeus_, exhibiting a single permanent form confined to a small group of islands (Batchian and Gilolo), intermediate between the two forms of _Papilio Ormenus_ ♀ which are represented on Plate III. figs. 3 and 4.

PLATE V.

Represents several new species of Papilio, illustrating “local variation.” N.B. The right side of each figure shows the upper surface, and the left side the under surface of the same insect.

Fig. 1. The male of _Papilio Noctis_, from Borneo (see page 41). The female was figured by Mr. Hewitson in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ 1859, plate 66. fig. 5.

Fig. 2. _Papilio Leodamas_, male, from Mysol (see page 42).

Fig. 3. _Papilio Hecuba_, male, from Celebes (see pages 16 and 50).

Fig. 4. _Papilio Pertinax_, male, from Celebes (see page 49).

Fig. 5. _Papilio Albinus_, male, from New Guinea (see page 49).

PLATE VI.

Represents four species not before figured, belonging to the most brilliantly coloured group of Eastern Papilios, and illustrating local modifications of form. N.B. The right side shows the upper surface, and the left side the under surface of the same insect.

Fig. 1. _Papilio Pericles_, male, from Timor (see page 45).

Fig. 2. _Papilio Macedon_, male, from Celebes (see page 45). This species exhibits in a marked manner the strongly arched wings characteristic of those from Celebes, as contrasted with those represented at figs. 1 and 3, from other islands (see pages 16, 17 and 18).

Fig. 3. _Papilio Philippus_, female, from Ceram (see page 45).

Fig. 4. _Papilio Blumei_, male, from the north of Celebes (see page 46). This also exhibits the arched wing, as compared with its ally from the Moluccas (fig. 3).

PLATE VII.

Represents six remarkable species of Papilio not before figured. N.B. Except in fig. 1, the right side shows the upper surface, and the left side the under surface of the same insect.

Fig. 1. _Papilio Thule_, male. The upper surfaces of two varieties or local forms of this species are figured. The right side represents the form found in New Guinea, the left side that obtained in Waigiou. It resembles _Danais sobrina_, Bd., which inhabits the same countries, and varies in a somewhat similar manner (see pages 20 and 63).

Fig. 3. _Papilio Ænigma_, male, from Sumatra (see page 60). This species was named as above, from its puzzling resemblance to _Papilio Paradoxa_, which is found in the same districts. Both species appear to mimic _Euplœa Midamus_ (see page 20).

Fig. 2. _Papilio Miletus_, male, from Celebes (see page 65). This species and the next exhibit in a striking manner the abruptly curved wing peculiar to Celebes. Figs. 5 and 6 represent species almost equally remarkable in this respect.

Fig. 4. _Papilio Telephus_, male, from Celebes (see page 67).

Fig. 5. _Papilio Androcles_, male, from Celebes (see page 63).

Fig. 6. _Papilio Gigon_, female, from Celebes (see page 59).

PLATE VIII.

Illustrates, by comparative outlines of the anterior wings, the local modification of form in the Papilios of Celebes as compared with those of the surrounding islands. In each pair of outlines, the upper one represents a species peculiar to Celebes, while the one beneath it shows the most closely allied species or variety from any of the surrounding islands. (For details, see page 16.) The following are the names of the species:—

Fig. 1. _Papilio Gigon_, from Celebes; _P. Demolion_, from Java.

Fig. 2. _Papilio Macedon_, from Celebes; _P. Peranthus_, from Java.

Fig. 3. _Papilio Androcles_, from Celebes; _P. Antiphates_, from Borneo.

Fig. 4. _Papilio Telephus_, from Celebes; _P. Jason_, from Sumatra.

Fig. 5. _Papilio Miletus_, from Celebes; _P. Sarpedon_, from Java.

Fig. 6. _Papilio Agamemnon_, var., from Celebes; _P. Agamemnon_, var., from Sumatra.

[Illustration:

TRANS LINN SOC. VOL. XXV TAB 1 ]

[Illustration:

TRANS LINN SOC VOL XXV TAB 2. ]

[Illustration:

TRANS LINN SOC VOL XXV TAB. 3.

J. O. Westwood, del. Day & Son, lith^{rs} to the Queen. ]

[Illustration:

TRANS LINN SOC VOL XXV TAB 4 ]

[Illustration:

TRANS LINN. SOC., VOL. XXV, TAB 5

J. O. Westwood, del. Vincent Brooks, Imp. ]

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. _Papilio Pericles_, male, from Timor (see page 45).

Fig. 3. _Papilio Philippus_, female, from Ceram (see page 45).

Fig. 4. _Papilio Blumei_, male, from the north of Celebes (see page 46). This also exhibits the arched wing, as compared with its ally from the Moluccas (fig. 3).

Wallace, A. R., “On the phenomena of variation and geographical distribution as illustrated by the Papilionidæ of the Malayan region,” _The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London_, V. 25, 1866, p. 1–71.

[Illustration:

TRANS LINN SOC. VOL XXV, TAB 6

J. O. Westwood, del. Vincent Brooks, Imp ]

[Illustration:

TRANS LINN SOC. VOL XXV, TAB 7.

J. O. Westwood, del. Vincent Brooks, Imp ]

[Illustration:

TRANS. LINN. SOC. VOL XXV., TAB. 8

J. O. Westwood, del. Vincent Brooks, Imp ]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Page Changed from Changed to 75 Trans Linn Soc Vol XXV Tab Trans Linn Soc Vol XXV Tab 2.

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Used numbers for footnotes. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. ● The caret (^) serves as a superscript indicator, applicable to individual characters (like 2^d) and even entire phrases (like 1^{st}).