Part 9
_Beneath_: as in _P. Peranthus_, but the posterior range of lunules margined with brilliant blue and orange brown.
Expanse of wings 3½ inches.
_Hab._ Timor (♂) (_Wall._).
37. PAPILIO PHILIPPUS, Wallace. Tab. VI. fig. 3.
_P. Peranthus_, var. A, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 204.
_Above_: basal half of the wings of a rich green-blue, the rest black, with a triangular patch at the apex of the uppers, formed of green atoms situated between the nervures; on the lower wings six large submarginal lunules, the lowest of which sends out some green atoms along the tail. The black cottony spot is of a different form from that of _P. Peranthus_, the separate patches being only joined in the middle, and two of them extending along the nervures in a point nearly to the discoidal cell.
_Beneath_: brilliantly marked with lunules of buff, black, and blue.
Expanse of wings 4½–5 inches.
_Hab._ Moluccas (_Wall._).
_Remarks._—My specimen from Ceram is of a greener tinge, and the colour extends a little beyond the end of the discoidal cell; that from Batchian is smaller, of a bluer tinge, and the colour of less extent. The species seems to be very rare.
38. PAPILIO MACEDON, Wallace. Tab. VI. fig. 2 (♂).
_P. Peranthus_, var. B., Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 204.
Boisduval’s description sufficiently shows the remarkable differences of form, size, and colouring which this species presents, compared with that of which he considers it a variety. The female agrees with the male, except that the colours are a little less brilliant, and the cottony patches of the fore wings are absent.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 5 inches; ♀, 5–6 inches.
_Hab._ Macassar, Menado (Celebes) (_Wall._).
39. PAPILIO BRAMA, Guérin.
_P. Brama_, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 43, t. 1. f. 3, 4. _P. Palinurus_, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. pp. 5, 29.
_Hab._ Malacca, Sumatra (_Wall._).
40. PAPILIO DÆDALUS, Felder.
_P. Dædalus_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 2.
_Hab._ Luzon (Philippine Islands).
41. PAPILIO BLUMEI, Boisduval. Tab. VI. fig. 4 (♂).
_P. Blumei_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 206.
_Hab._ Menado (Celebes) (_Wall._). “Amboyna,” _Bd._, error of locality.
_Remark._—This very fine species comes nearest to the last, but is of much larger size, and is conspicuous by its brilliantly coloured tails.
42. PAPILIO ARJUNA, Horsfield.
_P. Arjuna_, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. Comp. pl. 1. f. 14; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 209. _P. Arjuna_, var. _a._, Brit. Mus. Cat. of Papilionidæ, p. 17.
_Hab._ Java, Borneo, Sumatra (_Wall._).
The Bornean form differs from that of Java by its larger size, and on the under surface by the three middle lunules being formed of a violet line only, with scarcely a trace of red beneath it, and by the orange-red lunules both at the anal and outer angles being divided (not margined) by a violet line. The scales sprinkled at the base of the lower wings are white and blue, and are neither so dense nor do they extend so far as the yellowish scales of the Java specimens. In all these particulars the Sumatra specimens are somewhat intermediate, but approach most to those of Borneo. This is one of the examples which show the isolation of Java, notwithstanding its proximity to Sumatra.
f. _Memnon_ group.
(N.B. The _Protenor_ group of India is intermediate between this and the last group.)
43. PAPILIO MEMNON, Linnæus. Tab. I. figs. 1 (♂), 2, 3, 4 (♀s).
♂, _P. Memnon_, L., Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 91. f. C (♂); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 192.
♀, 1st dimorphic form, _P. Anceus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 222. f. A, B.
? _P. Laomedon_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 50. f. A, B; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 24, t. 3. f. 2.
♀, 2nd dimorphic form, _P. Achates_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 243. A.
_Hab._ Java, Sumatra (_Wall._).
Local form _a_.—_Male_: border of posterior wings beneath narrow and of an ashy-blue colour.
_Female_: near _P. Anceus_, Cr., and _P. Laomedon_, Cr., but of an olive-ashy colour.
_Hab._ Borneo (_Wall._).
Local form _b_.—_Male_: band on under side of posterior wings ashy; the spots large, with reddish-orange lunules between the two series, and below the four outer ones.
_Hab._ Lombock (_Wall._).
_Remarks._—The difference between the male and the 2nd form of female is so great, both in form and colouring, that they could not have been imagined to be the same, had they not been bred from the same larvæ. They have also been taken “_in copulâ_” by myself. Each form varies considerably, both individually and locally; yet there are none intermediate between the two. I consider them, therefore, as presenting a fine instance of dimorphism; and I also believe that the second form mimics _P. Coon_, for reasons which I have explained at p. 21.
44. PAPILIO ANDROGEUS, Cramer.
♂, _P. Androgeus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 91. f. A, B.
♀, 1st dimorphic form, _P. Agenor_, L., Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 32. f. A, B.
♀, 2nd dimorphic form, _P. Achates_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 182. f. A, B; _P. Alcanor_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 166, f. A.
_Hab._ Malacca (_Wall._), India.
_Remarks._—Ever since it was discovered that the insects figured by the old authors as _P. Anceus_, _P. Agenor_, _P. Achates_, &c. were varying females of _P. Memnon_ and _P. Androgeus_, the whole of these were very naturally concluded to belong to one varying species. An examination of many extensive collections, however, has convinced me that the continental forms, on the one hand, and the insular ones, on the other, can be readily distinguished, and really form two very well-marked species. The red lunules at the anal region beneath characterize all specimens from India (_Androgeus_, Cr.), while these are entirely absent in all the insular specimens (_Memnon_, Cr.); and the same characteristic difference can be traced in a greater or less degree throughout all the infinitely varying female specimens. My specimen from Malacca has a faint trace only on the upper surface of the characteristic red mark at the base of the anterior wings; in other respects it resembles the continental individuals. This form mimics the Indian form of _P. Coon_ (_P. Doubledayi_, Wall.).
45. PAPILIO LAMPSACUS, Boisduval.
_P. Lampsacus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 23, t. 2. f. 2.
_Hab._ Java (♂) (_Wall._).
46. PAPILIO PRIAPUS, Boisduval.
_P. Priapus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 23, t. 2. f. 1.
_Hab._ Java (_Boisd._), Sumatra (_Raffles_), Borneo (_De Haan_).
47. PAPILIO EMALTHION, Hübner.
♂, _Iliades Emalthion_, Hübn. Samml. Exot. ii. t. 117; _P. Emalthion_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 196; _P. Floridor_, Godt. Enc. Méthod. ix. p. 809; _P. Kruscusterina_ in Eschsch. Voy. Kotzebue, t. 3. f. 5.
♀, 1st form, _P. Emalthion_, Cat. of Lep. Brit. Mus. pl. 5. f. 4.
♀, 2nd form, _P. Rumanzovia_, Eschsch. Voy. Kotz. t. 2. f. 4; _P. Descombesi_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 197; _P. Floridor_, ♀. Godt. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 809.
_Hab._ Philippine Islands.
_Remarks._—I have no doubt whatever that we have here another case of dimorphism, and I therefore unhesitatingly place these supposed species under one name. The male of _P. Emalthion_ very closely resembles the next species (_P. Deiphontes_), and the 2nd form of female (_P. Rumanzovia_, Eschsch.) as closely resembles the female of the same species; so that there can be no doubt that Godardt was right in describing them as the sexes of his _P. Floridor_. The female figured in the British Museum Catalogue is intermediate between these, but has more of the characters of the male; and it is to be remarked that both these forms of female have arrived in Europe accompanied by the same male. I am therefore obliged to reduce by one the hitherto received species of Philippine Papilios.
48. PAPILIO DEIPHONTES, n. s.
_P. Deiphobus_, var. A., Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 201.
♂. _Above_: exactly as in _P. Deiphobus_, but having a small tooth only in place of the tail, and the posterior band of a clear ashy blue.
_Beneath_: with the markings as in _P. Emalthion_, except that the red patch at the base of the upper wings is smaller.
♀. Also tailless, but resembling in markings the same sex of _P. Deiphobus_, the pale patch on the upper wings not extending into the discoidal cell.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 5½ inches; ♀, 5¾ inches.
_Hab._ Batchian, Gilolo, Ternate, Morty Isl. (_Wall._).
49. PAPILIO DEIPHOBUS, Linnæus.
_P. Deiphobus_, L., Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 181. f. A, B; Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 17. f. 2; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 11; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 200.
♀, _P. Alcandor_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 40. f. A, B.
_Hab._ Ceram, Amboyna, Bouru (_Wall._).
_Remark._—A simple variety of both this and the last species frequently occurs, in which all the markings on the under side are ochre-yellow instead of red.
50. PAPILIO ASCALAPHUS, Boisduval.
_P. Ascalaphus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 200 (♂); De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 26, t. 1. f. 2 (♀).
_Hab._ Menado, Macassar (Celebes), Sulla Isl. (_Wall._).
51. PAPILIO ŒNOMAUS, Godardt.
_P. Œnomaus_, Godt. Encyc. Méth. ix. p. 72; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 24, t. 4. f. 1 (♂), 2 (♀).
_Hab._ Timor (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).
_Remark._—As has been already noticed (p. 22), the female of this species closely resembles _P. Liris_ ♀, in company with which it was captured.
g. _Helenus_ group.
52. PAPILIO SEVERUS, Cramer.
_P. Severus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 227. f. A, B (♂), t. 278. f. A, B (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 212.
_Hab._ Bouru, Ceram, Amboyna, Gilolo, Batchian, Aru Isl. (_Wall._).
_Remarks._—This species exhibits a large amount of simple variation, in the presence or absence of a pale patch on the uppers, in the brown submarginal marks on the lower wings, in the form and extent of the yellow band, and in the size of the specimens. The most extreme forms, as well as the intermediate ones, are often found in one locality and in company with each other, indicating that over the above range continual intermixture probably takes place, and thus prevents any one form from becoming specialized in a restricted area. The two following modifications of it, however, have acquired perfect stability, each in a large island situated on the extreme limits of the species. I therefore consider them to be distinct, though the actual differences are but small.
53. PAPILIO PERTINAX, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 4 (♂).
_Upper side_: anterior wings rather more elongate and pointed than in _P. Severus_, dusky brown, with faint longitudinal rows of yellow scales in the cell, and with rather denser scales between the nervures beyond it; these are condensed into a narrow yellowish band parallel to the outer margin, and rather nearer to the cell than to it. Hind wings black, with three yellowish white subquadrate spots (the upper one smallest) situate between the outer angle and the discoidal nervule; beyond these and continued to the anal angle are a few very faint and minute groups of scales.
_Under side_ as above, but the transverse band on the upper wings is whiter, and on the lower wings are seven submarginal brownish-yellow lunules, the middle ones least marked, and those at the outer and anal angles having above them a very small group of minute blue scales.
The female is paler-coloured, with the markings rather more diffused, and has on the under side an imperfect ocellus at the anal angle, a row of faint brown lunules extending to the three white spots, and two irregular lunules of blue atoms below those next the abdominal margin.
Expanse of wings, ♂, 4¼ inches; ♀, 5 inches.
_Hab._ Macassar (Celebes) (_Wall._).
_Remark._—This species was rather abundant near Macassar, in woody places, and was very constant in its markings and general aspect.
54. PAPILIO ALBINUS, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 5 (♂).
Wings broader than in _P. Severus_, costa less arched, tail smaller, and the caudal margin less produced.
_Upper side_: brown-black; anterior wings with very faint horizontal lines of yellowish scales in the cell; apical portion of the wing more thickly powdered between the nervures, the powdering fading away towards the outer angle. Posterior wings with a large yellowish-white patch, commencing close to the anterior margin, widening in the middle so as to cross the end of the cell, and ending in a triangle with prolonged apex at the abdominal margin; the outer edge of this spot is regularly angulated and scalloped; two very faint brown lunules occur next the anal angle; and the outer margin is rather broadly white-edged between the dentations.
_Under side_: the anterior wings have distinct greyish lines of scales between the nervures in the apical region; posterior wings not dotted with scales as in _P. Severus_, but with two or three single rows of scales in the cell only; the yellowish band consisting of a lunule next the upper margin, followed by three rhomboidal spots notched below, of which the middle one is the largest, then a roundish spot and a small horizontal mark; a row of seven submarginal lunules, of which the three middle ones are smallest and nearly obsolete, and that at the anal angle much the largest and, with the whitish marginal spot below it, forming an incomplete ocellus.
Expanse of wings 3½–3¾ inches.
_Hab._ New Guinea (♂) (_Wall._).
55. PAPILIO PHESTUS, Guérin.
_P. Phestus_, Guér. Voyage de la Coquille, t. 14. f. 2; Bd. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, i. p. 41; Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 212.
_Hab._ New Guinea (_Paris Museum_).
56. PAPILIO HELENUS, Linnæus.
_P. Helenus_, L.; Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 153. f. A, B; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 15. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 211.
_Hab._ China (“_type_,” _Cramer’s figure_).
Local form _a_. Has more falcate wings and longer tail; the red marks at the anal angle beneath are divided by a violet-white mark.
_Hab._ North India.
Local form _b_. Same form of wings as the last, but smaller; the third and fourth lunules from the anal angle beneath very small or quite absent.
_Hab._ Java, Sumatra (_Wall._).
57. PAPILIO HECUBA, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 3 (♂).
Upper wings falcate, and their outer margin much hollowed out, as in many of the Celebes butterflies.
♂. _Upper side_: the outer half of the anterior wings of a fine cottony texture, as in _P. Helenus_, but more marked; the red lunule at the anal angle wanting; the rest as in _P. Helenus_.
_Under side_: the lunules and ocelli are ochre-yellow instead of deep red, the two outer ones very small, the third almost obsolete, and the next two absent; the anal ocellus is bordered with blue above, and adjoining it is a blue lunule in the place of the red one in _P. Helenus_.
♀. _Upper side_: of a browner colour; two orange-brown ocelli at the anal angle.
_Under side_: the lunules and ocelli all larger; the two intermediate ones entirely absent, as in the male.
Expanse of wings 5½–5¾ inches.
_Hab._ Macassar, Menado (Celebes) (_Wall._).
58. PAPILIO ISWARA, White.
_P. Iswara_, White, Entom. 1842, p. 280; Doub. and Hew. Gen. of Diurn. Lep. pl. 2. f. 1 (♀).
_Hab._ Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Borneo (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).
59. PAPILIO HYSTASPES, Felder.
_P. Hystaspes_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12.
_Hab._ Luzon (Philippines).
This is the Philippine form of _P. Helenus_.
60. PAPILIO ARASPES, Felder.
_P. Araspes_, Feld. Ent. Fragm. p. 17.
_Hab._ Philippine Islands.
This comes near to _P. Iswara_.
61. PAPILIO NEPHELUS, Boisduval.
_P. Nephelus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 210; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 29, t. 4. f. 4, ♂.
_Hab._ Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo (♂, ♀) (_Wall._), Assam (_Brit. Mus._).
h. _Pammon_ group.
62. PAPILIO PAMMON, Linnæus. Tab. II. figs. 1 (♂), 3, 5, 6 (♀ ♀).
♂, _P. Pammon_, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 141. f. B; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 272.
♀, _P. Polytes_, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 265. f. A, B, C.
_Hab._ Malacca, Singapore (_Wall._), China, India, Ceylon.
The continental specimens of _P. Pammon_ have all considerably developed tails in both sexes; the insular specimens on the other hand, (which I treat as a separate species), have only a prominent tooth or very short tail in the males. The females also differ considerably, presenting an analogous but distinct series of forms. In the true _P. Pammon_ the males are very constant; but the females exist under three distinct forms, each of them presenting more or less numerous varieties, viz.:—
_1st form_ of female. Tab. II. fig. 3.
This exactly resembles the male, except in the possession of a distinct ocellus at the anal angle on the upper surface. Rarely a variety occurs having in addition a submarginal row of red lunules, indicating a slight approximation towards some varieties of the second form.
_2nd form_ of female (_P. Polytes_). Tab. II. fig. 5.
This is by far the most common form of female. A variety of this rarely occurs, which wants the red patch at the anal angle, and has the white patch formed of a row of spots all situated a little below the discoidal cell. This is the nearest approach to the first form.
_3rd form_ of female (_P. Romulus_, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 43. f. A; _P. Mutius_, Fab., Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 270; _P. Hector_ ♀, De Haan). Tab. II. fig. 6.
This not uncommon Indian butterfly I consider to be a third form of the female of _P. Pammon_. I was first led to suspect this by finding that no males of it are known (the male and female from Ceylon, noted in the British Museum List, I have ascertained to be both females), nor have I been able to find any after an examination of the chief collections in England. It is also to be observed that it has been received from no locality which is not also inhabited by _P. Pammon_; there is no other known Indian butterfly that can possibly be the other sex of it; and lastly, it agrees very closely with the second form of female (_P. Polytes_) in all its details of form, texture, and neuration; and though at first sight having a very different aspect, specimens are to be found which by a very slight modification could be changed so as to resemble that form. I am therefore quite satisfied in my own mind that I am right in sinking this species into a form of _P. Pammon_. I have already stated my opinion that it mimics _P. Hector_, with which, however, it has no affinity. The resemblance was such as to induce De Haan to place it as the female of that species.
63. PAPILIO THESEUS, Cramer. Tab. II. figs. 2, 4, 7 (♀ ♀).
_P. Theseus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 180. f. B (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 276.
_P. Antiphus_ ♀, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 49, t. 8. f. 2; Brit. Mus. List. Pap. p. 12.
_P. Polyphontes_ ♀, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 4.
_P. Melanides_, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 3 (♀).
Male like _P. Pammon_ ♂, but smaller, and the tail always reduced to a projecting tooth.
_Hab._ Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Lombock, Timor (_Wall._).
Local form _a_. Much larger; more falcate wings; a broad short tail.
_Hab._ Macassar (_Wall._)
_1st form_ of female. Tab. II. fig. 2.
Like the male, but with a very slightly marked blue and red ocellus at the anal angle. This is very rare in the islands. I found one specimen only in Timor, which I took “_in copulâ_” with a male almost exactly resembling it.
_2nd form_ of female (_P. Polyphontes_ ♀, De Haan). Tab. II. fig. 4.
Like the 2nd form of _P. Pammon_ ♀; but has the pale portion of the anterior wing of a much lighter colour, and not extending so far towards the base of the wing; the white spot on the hind wings is more rounded, and has always a rather large portion within the cell. This form is to some extent local, not existing, I believe, in Sumatra, where it is replaced by the next.
_Hab._ Borneo, Java, Timor (_Wall._).
_3rd form_ of female (_P. Theseus_, Cr.; _P. Antiphus_ ♀, De Haan). Tab. II. fig. 7.
This is well characterized by the entire absence of the white spot from the hind wings. The red spots and lunules remain; but in some specimens only those in the anal region are visible, and these have a very close resemblance to _P. Antiphus_. This is also a local form, not occurring, I believe, in company with the last.
_Hab._ Sumatra, Lombock (_Wall._).
_4th form_ of female (_P. Melanides_, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 3).
I consider this to be an isolated modification of _P. Theseus_, Cr., peculiar to Borneo. It possesses all the characteristics of a female of this species.
_Hab._ Banjarmassing (Borneo) (_Leyden Museum_).
N.B. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th forms of ♀ are all tailed, as in the females of _P. Pammon_.
64. PAPILIO ALPHENOR, Cramer.
_P. Alphenor_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 90. f. B (♀); Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 274 (♂, ♀); _P. Ledebouria_, Eschsch. Voy. Kotz. t. 3. f. 7.
This is very closely allied to _P. Theseus_. The male is larger, has the caudal tooth scarcely perceptible, and on the under side has white instead of red marginal lunules. The female is tailed, much larger than _P. Theseus_ ♀ form 2nd, from which it further differs by the white patch on the hind wings having the red markings blended with it, and more prominent.
_Hab._ Celebes, Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram (_Wall._), Philippine Islands.
_1st form_ of female (_P. Ledebouria_, Eschsch.).
Like the male, but with a brown tinge and an obscure anal lunule. This has been noticed only in the Philippine Islands.
_2nd form_ of female (_P. Alphenor_, Cr.).
Distribution the same as the male.
_3rd form_ of female (_P. Elyros_, G. R. Gray, B. M. List Pap. p. 26).
The white patch on the lower wings reduced to a small spot, or quite absent. There are many varieties of this, showing very instructively how such isolated forms of female as occur in the two preceding species may have been produced by simple variation followed by a “natural selection” of the forms best adapted to special conditions.
_Hab._ Philippine Islands (_B. M._)
65. PAPILIO NICANOR, Felder, ‘Voyage of the Novara,’ pl. ... f. _c_, _d_.
_Male._ Upper side:—like _P. Alphenor_ ♂; but the band of white spots is broader and more regular, and there is a row of four white submarginal lunules.
Under side as in _P. Alphenor_; but the marginal spots of the upper wings, and the submarginal lunules of the lower wings, are larger and more distinct.
_Female_ quite tailless, like the male. Upper side:—like _P. Alphenor_ ♀; but the rufous anal spots are much smaller, not forming an ocellus at the anal angle, and they do not join the white central patch.
Under side, differs from _P. Alphenor_ in nearly the same manner as on the upper side.
_Hab._ Batchian, Gilolo, Morty Island (_Wall._).
_Remarks._—The absence of tails in the female, and the white submarginal lunules in the male, distinguish this at a glance from all its allies. It has a comparatively restricted range, and is very constant in both sexes. The plate sent me by Dr. Felder is not numbered.
66. PAPILIO HIPPONOUS, Felder[14].
Footnote 14:
Having obtained a specimen of this insect while these sheets are passing through the press, I find that it should have been placed next to _P. Severus_.
_P. Hipponous_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 12; _P. Dironus_, B. M. List (no description).
_Hab._ Luzon, Mindanao (Philippines).
67. PAPILIO AMBRAX, Boisduval.