CHAPTER X
THE ADVERB
1. _Adverbs of Manner._ These are mostly derived from adjectives, with the aid of the suffix =-n=, =-an=, =-on=, =-en=, =-úl= or =-ül=.
tiszta (clean, clear), adverb, tisztá=-n= szabad (free) ” szabad=-on= rövid (short) ” rövid=-en= rossz (bad) ” rossz=-úl=
The primitive adverbs of manner are:—
így, thus, in this way (for things near). úgy, thus, in that way (for things farther).
2. _Adverbs of Time._
ma, to-day holnap, to-morrow tegnap, yesterday most, now akkor, then máskor, another time mindig, always soha, never a múltban, in the past a jövőben, in the future későn, late korán, early már, already reggel, in the morning nappal, in the daytime este, in the evening éjszaka, in the night gyakran, often ritkán, seldom időnként, from time to time addig, until then
3. _Adverbs of Place._
(_a_) _Rest at_—
itt, here ott, there ben, in belől, inside közel, near messze, far távol, far kint, or künn, or kivűl, outside valahol, somewhere máshol, elsewhere mindenhol, everywhere lent, down there fent, up there
(_b_) _Motion towards or from._
ide, hither oda, thither föl or fel, up le, down addig, as far as there be, into ki, out of máshova, elsewhere mindenhova, everywhere eddig, as far as here
4. _Adverbs of Degree._
kevéssé or kissé, little. inkább or jobban, more, rather. leginkább, most. egészen or teljesen, wholly, entirely. nagyon, very, very much.
5. _Adverbs of Interrogation._
hogy? how? mikor? when? hol? where? hova? whither? honnan? whence? miért? why? meddig? how far? or, how long?
In connection with these adverbs must be mentioned the _interrogative suffix_ =-e=, which is joined to words to mark a question; as, szép-e, esik-e.
This construction is only used, however, in dependent sentences (except in the case of ugy-e? Isn’t it so?).
Mondd meg, szép-e a könyv? Tell me, is the book pretty? or, Tell me whether the book is pretty. Nézd meg, esik-e? See if it is raining.
6. _Adverbs of Affirmation._
igen, yes aligha nem, probably bizony, verily igazán, truly talán, perhaps
7. _Adverbs of Negation._
nem, no, not ne, not (in commands) sem, neither semmi esetre, in no case aligha, hardly.
_Note._—Ne is only used with the imperative and subjunctive moods; as, ne mondd, do not say; hogy ne irjak, that I may not write. In all other cases nem is used.
The suffix =-ig= is used for both time and place, and has the force of _until_ or _as far as_.
tíz órá=-ig=, until ten o’clock, tíz percz=-ig=, for ten minutes. a kapu=-ig=, as far as the gate. a határ=-ig=, as far as the frontier.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
All adverbs derived from adjectives form their comparative and superlative by adding the adverbial ending to the comparative and superlative of the adjective from which they are derived: as—
Adjective: szép, szebb, legszebb. Adverb: szép=-en=, szebb=-en=, legszebb=-en=.
Adjective: rossz, rosszabb, legrosszabb. Adverb: rossz=-úl=, rosszabb=-úl=, legrosszabb=-úl=.
Of primitive adverbs, some take both a comparative and a superlative, while some are lacking in either one or the other.
távol, far; távolabb, legtávolabb erre, this way; errébb (has no superlative) arra, that way; arrább ” ” elől, in front; legelől, foremost (has no comparative) belül, within; legbelül, innermost ” ”
Inkább has no positive, but is used only in the comparative and superlative, in both cases expressing preference.
inkább, sooner, rather; leginkább, soonest, especially.
EXERCISE X.
Ha magyarul beszélsz, tisztán mondj ki minden hangot. Imre király nemesen győzte le öccsét, mikor ez álnokul támadta meg. “Jobb ma egy veréb, mint holnap egy túzok.” Nagyon sajnálom, hogy önök nem jöhetnek el. A dinnye belül piros, kivül zöld. A hangverseny tizenegy óráig tartott. Elkisérlek a sarokig. Szeretném tudni, eljösz-e? Ne lármázzatok! A katonák között a huszárok lovagolnak legszebben. Szent László mindig legelöl küzdött a csatában.
I like reading very much. You have come very late. I saw him yesterday, and hope to speak with him again to-morrow. Are you going far? As far as the bridge. When did you buy that horse? Tell me if he is a good one. You walk much more quickly than your elder brother. I would rather eat a pear.
magyarul, in Hungarian beszélni, to speak hang, sound Imre, Emmeric nemesen, nobly legyőzni, to overcome öcs, younger brother álnokul, treacherously megtámadni, to attack tuzok, bustard sajnálni, to regret dinnye, melon hangverseny, concert tartani, to last elkisérni, to accompany sarok, corner lármázni, to make a noise huszár, hussar lovagolni, to ride on horseback szent, saint László, Ladislas küzdeni, to fight csata, battle