CHAPTER VI

POSTPOSITIONS

These resemble the suffixes just enumerated, except in the circumstance that they are not joined to the noun, but stand after it as separate words.

az egér fut a macska =elől=, the mouse runs from the cat.

Many have three forms, according as they answer the question _When? Whither? Whence?_

alatt, under (stationary): a macska az asztal =alatt= van, the cat is under the table. alá, under (towards): menj a fa =alá=, go under the tree. alól, under (from under): a növény kikel a föld =alól=, the plant comes from under the ground.

Such postpositions may be tabulated as follows:—

_Where?_ _Whither?_ _Whence?_

under alatt alá alól before előtt elé elől above fölött fölé fölől around körött köré körül between or among között közé közül behind mögött mögé mögül beside mellett mellé mellől on hegyett hegyé towards felé away from felől

_Other Postpositions._

ellen, against gyanánt, as, for iránt, towards miatt, because of mulva, after, at the end of nélkül, without óta, since szerint, according to után, after végett, for the purpose of helyett, instead of

The above postpositions do not necessitate any orthographical modification of the preceding substantive.

a Duna mellett, beside the Danube.

The following postpositions do necessitate some change.

=közel=, near.

=képest=, in comparison with, in proportion to.

Before these the substantive takes =-hoz=, =-hez=, or =-höz=.

a templom=-hoz közel=, near the church. öccsé=-hez képest= magas, he is tall compared with his younger brother.

=fogva=, since, by, from.

The substantive takes the suffix =-nál=, =-nél=, or =-tól=, =-től=.

kezé=-nél fogva=, by his hand. tavasz=-tól fogva= épitik ezt a házat, they have been building this house since the spring.

=nézve=, in regard to.

The substantive takes the suffix =-ra=, =-re=.

a dolog barátom=-ra nézve= kellemetlen, the business is disagreeable as regards my friend. a külsejé=-re nézve= megnyerő, he is pleasing as regards his appearance.

=együtt=, together with.

The substantive takes the suffix =-val=, =-vel=.

Sándor Mari=-val együtt= érkezett, Alexander has arrived together with Mary.

_Note._—együtt can also be used as an adverb, meaning _together_.

a három ember =együtt= érkezett, the three men arrived together.

The following postpositions necessitate the addition to the substantives of the ending =-n=, =-on=, =-en=, or =-ön=.

=alul=, below, under.

a becsár=on alul= adták el mindenét, all his belongings were sold under their value.

=át=, =által=, across, over.

a katonák a hid=on át= mentek el, the soldiers went away over the bridge.

=belül=, within, inside.

az ajtó=n belül=, inside the door.

=fölül=, above.

a felhőkö=n fölül=, above the clouds.

=innen=, this side of.

a folyó=n innen=, this side of the river

=keresztül=, through, across.

az erdő=n keresztül=, through the wood.

=kívül=, outside.

a város=on kívül=, outside the town.

=túl=, beyond, the other side of.

az erdő=n túl= vadásznak, they are hunting the other side of the wood.

The above postpositions (with the exception of gyanánt, mulva, óta, közel, képest, fogva, nézve, együtt, át, belül, innen, keresztül, and túl) may, like the suffixes in the preceding chapter, take the personal endings.

alattam, under me alattad, under thee, &c. nélkülem, without me nélküled, without thee, &c. kívülem, besides me kívüled, besides thee, &c.

=alúl=, =belül=, =fölül=, =kívül=, =közel=, and =túl= can take the suffix for direction =-ról=, =ről= (from), and they then mean from under, from within, &c.

alúl-ról, from under belül-ről, from within fölül-ről, from above kívül-ről, from without közel-ről, from near túl-ról, from beyond

EXERCISE VI.

A tehenek és lovak istállói tágasak és tiszták a gazdaságban. Magyarország hegyeiben sok ércz van. Atyánk uj könyvei a könyvtárban vannak. Hétfő helyett szerdán megyek el. A három közül ez a legszebb. A füst elszállt a tető fölől. A hirlap szerint a király megérkezett.

My father is in his garden, but will soon go into the house. The horses are in their stalls. The boys are coming out of school. The chimney fell down from the roof. Do not go to the shop without money. Flour is made into bread.

tágas, spacious hegy, hill ércz, metal könyvtár, library hétfő, Monday szerda, Wednesday legszebb, finest elszállt, has flown tető, roof hirlap, newspaper hamar, soon jönnek, are coming iskola, school kémény, chimney bolt, shop ne menj, do not go liszt, flour kenyér, bread csinálják, they make (the passive is not used)