CHAPTER VIII
THE PRONOUN
1. _Personal Pronouns._
_Nominative._
én, I mi, we te, thou ti, you ő, he or she ők, they
_Dative._
nekem, to or for me nekünk, to or for us neked, ” thee nektek, ” you neki, ” him or her nekik, ” them
_Accusative._
engem, me minket or bennünket, us téged, thee titeket or benneteket, you őt, him or her őket, them
_The Possessive Pronoun._
(_a_) Where the object possessed is a single object.
enyém, mine mienk, ours tied, thine tietek, yours övé, his or hers övék, theirs
(_b_) Where more objects than one are possessed.
enyéim, mine mieink, ours tieid, thine tieitek, yours övéi, his or hers övéik, theirs
This pronoun is not used attributively, like the English _my_, _thy_, &c., but predicatively, like _mine_, _thine_, &c.
Ez a könyv az =enyém=, a másik a =tied=, this book is _mine_, the other is _yours_. Ezek a könyvek az =enyéim=, these books are _mine_.
The force of the English _my_, _thy_, &c., is usually given by the personal endings, as explained in Chapter IV.: as, for instance, a kalap=-om=, my hat; az atyá=-d=, thy father. But if stress is laid on the fact that an object is mine, thine, &c., then the simple pronoun én, te, &c., is placed before the substantive, which takes in addition the personal endings.
Ez az =én= kalap=-om=, this is _my_ hat. A magasabbik az =én= ház=-am=, a kisebbik az =övé=, the taller is _my_ house, the smaller is _his_.
As there is no verb “to have” in Hungarian, the word =van= (vannak, &c.) is often used with nekem, neked, &c., to express possession (see page 11), the object possessed taking the personal endings.
Nekem van toll-am, I have a pen. Neked van kert-ed, thou hast a garden.
2. _Reflexive Pronouns._
magam, myself magunk, ourselves magad, thyself magatok, yourselves maga, himself or herself maguk, themselves
These pronouns are inflected like substantives. They are sometimes used as equivalent to _my own, thy own_, &c., as, magam könyve, my own book; magad könyve, thy own book, &c. The object possessed, in such cases, always takes the third person singular personal ending, because magam könyve, magad könyve, &c., strictly means _my self’s book, thy self’s book_, &c.
The reflexive pronouns may take the possessive suffix =-é=; as, a magam-é, mine.
Sometimes these pronouns are used to express solitude; as, magam vagyok, I am alone.
=Egymás= is a _Reciprocal Pronoun_ = one another, each other.
Szeretik egymást, they like one another. Levelet irtak egymásnak, they wrote a letter to one another.
_The Use of the Second Person._
In Hungarian, when speaking to one or more persons, the second person is only used among members of the same family or by intimate friends, or else in poetry.
In addressing strangers, instead of te, neked, &c., one must use =ön= or =maga=, maga being rather less formal than ön.
_Nominative._ _Dative._ _Accusative._
Sing.: ön önnek önt Plural: önök önöknek önöket
Sing.: maga magának magát Plural: maguk maguknak magukat
These are all in the third person, and take the verb in the third person, _e.g._ ön elmegy, you are going away.
Similarly the words nagyságod, sir or madam; nagysád, madam; méltóságod, nagyméltóságod, your excellency, while formally in the second person, always takes the verb in the third person, _e.g._ nagyméltóságod tudja, your excellency knows.
=kegyed= (kegyetek, &c.) resembles ön, but is becoming old-fashioned.
3. _Relative Pronouns._
ki, aki, who (only for persons). mely, amely, which (for things determinate). mi, ami, which (for things indeterminate, and when the pronoun relates to an abstract idea or a preceding phrase).
These pronouns are inflected like substantives.
4. _Interrogative Pronouns._
ki? kicsoda? who? mi? micsoda? what? (for things). melyik? which? (for persons or things). milyen? minő? milyféle? what kind?
5. _Demonstrative Pronouns._
ez, this az,[6] that emez, this amaz, that ugyanez, this same ugyanaz, that same ezen, this azon, that ugyanezen, this same ugyanazon, that same ily, ilyen, such as this oly, olyan, such as that emily, emilyen, ” ” amoly, amolyan, ” ”
emez, amaz, ezen, azon, ugyanezen and ugyanazon, are rarely used.
ezen, azon, stand before the substantive without the article, while ez and az are always followed by the article. Also, while ez and az are inflected like substantives, ezen and azon are incapable of inflection.
Before suffixes beginning with a consonant, ez and az change their final z into the first letter of such suffix; thus—
instead of az-nak we have annak. ” az-ba ” abba. ” az-ra ” arra, &c.
The suffixes -val, -vel, -vá, -vé, usually change their v into a letter like the final consonant of the word to which they are joined. When, however, they are combined with ez, az, either the v may change to z, or the z of the demonstrative to v. It is equally correct to write ezzel or evvel, azzal or avval.
These demonstratives may be used both as pronouns and as adjectives.
6. _Definite Pronouns._
mindenki, everybody egyik, one (of more) senki, nobody másik, the other kiki, each one semmi, nothing mindenik, all (of persons) mind, all (of persons or things) mindnyájan, all ” minden, all ” ”
7. _Indefinite Pronouns._
valaki, somebody akármi, anything valami, something némelyik, some akárki, anyone valamelyik, one (of them)
EXERCISE VIII.
Ti már egészségesek vagytok, de ők még betegek. Csak neked mondom meg a titkot. Holnap délután várlak. Téged is kértelek, Ferenczet is. A tietek ez a kocsi? Nem a mienk, hanem barátunké. A réten sok tehén van, az enyéim mind fehérek, az övéik mind feketék. Árpád, aki Magyarországot elfoglalta, nagy hős volt. A könyvtár amelyben dolgozom, csendes. Géza és Béla ismerik egymást. Szerencsét kivánok önnek.
This book is not mine but yours. My garden is not so pretty as theirs. I have a pretty garden. Ilona and her mother often write letters to each other. Everybody likes Ilona. Tell me what (ami) is true.
már, already egészséges, healthy, well még, still beteg, ill mondani, to tell titok, a secret holnap, to-morrow délután, afternoon várlak, I wait for thee kértelek, I asked thee is, also kocsi, coach hanem, but rét, meadow fekete, black Magyarország, Hungary elfoglalni, to occupy, to take hős, hero dolgozni, to work csendes, quiet, still ismerni, to know szerencse, good luck kivánni, to wish
FOOTNOTES:
[6] Az, demonstrative, must be distinguished from az, the article. The demonstrative always stands before the article, and it is capable of inflection, while the article is not.