Part 1
# Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Dübner, Johann Friedrich" to "Dyeing": Volume 8, Slice 8 ### By Various
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Transcriber's notes:
(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n.
(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.
(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.
(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.
(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters.
(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:
ARTICLE DUFOUR, WILHELM HEINRICH: "During the Hundred Days he attained the rank of captain, and was employed in raising fortifications at Grenoble." 'captain' amended from 'captian'.
ARTICLE DUFOUR, WILHELM HEINRICH: "... were acknowledged by a gift of 60,000 francs from the diet and various honours from different cities and cantons of the confederation." 'confederation' amended from 'confederaton'.
ARTICLE DUHRING, EUGEN KARL: "In economics he is best known by his vindication of the American writer H.C. Carey, who attracts him both by his theory of value, which suggests an ultimate harmony of the interests of capitalist and labourer ..." 'In' amended from 'It'.
ARTICLE DUNBLANE: "The first church is alleged to have been erected by Blane, a saint of the 7th century, but the cathedral was founded by David I. in 1141 ..." 'was' amended from 'as'.
ARTICLE DUPONT, PIERRE: "... and in 1851 he paid the penalty of having become the poet laureate of the socialistic aspirations of the time by being condemned to seven years of exile from France." 'condemned' amended from 'comdemned'.
ARTICLE DURAN: "... and filled by men who derived their income from a profession, especially medicine." 'especially' amended from 'epecially'.
ARTICLE DURANCE: "After passing through some narrow gorges near Sisteron the bed of the river becomes wide, and spreads desolation around, the frequent overflows being kept within bounds by numerous dykes and embankments." 'embankments' amended from 'enbankments'.
ARTICLE DURER, ALBRECHT: "This altarpiece was afterwards replaced at Frankfort (all except the portraits of the donors, which remained behind) by a copy, while the original was transported to Munich, where it perished by fire in 1674." 'portraits' amended from 'protraits'.
ARTICLE DURER, ALBRECHT: "... but by means of an infinity of single lines swept, with a miraculous certainty and fineness of touch, in the richest and most intricate of decorative curves." 'and' amended from 'amd'.
ARTICLE DURHAM: "DURHAM, a city and municipal and parliamentary borough, and the county town of Durham, England, 256 m. N. by W. from London, on the North Eastern railway." 'municipal' amended from 'muncipal'.
ARTICLE DURHAM: "... and in 1889 a hostel was opened for the accommodation of women, who may take any course of instruction except the theological." 'accommodation' amended from 'accomodation'.
ARTICLE DURHAM: "Among other subjects may be mentioned the granting of degrees in hygiene, and of diplomas in public health and education ..." 'degrees' amended from 'degress'.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION
ELEVENTH EDITION
VOLUME VIII, SLICE VIII
Dubner to Dyeing
ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:
DUBNER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH DUNFERMLINE, JAMES ABERCROMBY DUBOIS, FRANCOIS THEODORE DUNFERMLINE (burgh of Scotland) DUBOIS, GUILLAUME DUNGANNON DUBOIS, JEAN ANTOINE DUNGARPUR DUBOIS, PAUL DUNGARVAN DUBOIS, PIERRE DUNGENESS DUBOIS (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) DUNGEON DUBOIS-CRANCE, EDMOND ALEXIS DUNKELD DU BOIS-REYMOND, EMIL DUNKIRK (France) DUBOS, JEAN-BAPTISTE DUNKIRK (New York, U.S.A.) DUBUQUE DUNLOP, JOHN COLIN DU CAMP, MAXIME DUNMORE DU CANGE, CHARLES DU FRESNE DUNMOW DUCANGE, VICTOR HENRI BRAHAIN DUNNE, FINLEY PETER DUCAS (Byzantine family) DUNNOTTAR CASTLE DUCAS (Byzantine historian) DUNOIS, JEAN DUCASSE, PIERRE EMMANUEL ALBERT DUNOON DUCAT DUNROBIN CASTLE DU CHAILLU, PAUL BELLONI DUNS DUCHENNE, GUILLAUME AMAND DUNSINANE DU CHESNE, ANDRE DUNS SCOTUS, JOHN DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER DUNSTABLE DUCIS, JEAN FRANCOIS DUNSTAFFNAGE DUCK DUNSTAN, SAINT DUCKING and CUCKING STOOLS DUNSTER DUCKWEED DUNTOCHER DUCKWORTH, SIR JOHN THOMAS DUNTON, JOHN DUCLAUX, AGNES MARY F. DUNTZER, JOHANN HEINRICH JOSEPH DUCLOS, CHARLES PINOT DUNWICH DUCOS, PIERRE ROGER DUOVIRI DUCTLESS GLANDS DUPANLOUP, FELIX ANTOINE PHILIBERT DUDERSTADT DUPERRON, JACQUES DAVY DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF DUPIN, ANDRE MARIE JEAN JACQUES DUDLEY, EDMUND DU PIN, LOUIS ELLIES DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT DUPLEIX, JOSEPH FRANCOIS DUDLEY, THOMAS DUPONT, PIERRE DUDLEY (English county & town) DUPONT DE L'ETANG, PIERRE ANTOINE DUDO DUPONT DE L'EURE, JACQUES CHARLES DUDWEILER DU PONT DE NEMOURS, PIERRE SAMUEL DUEL DUPORT, ADRIEN DUENNA DUPORT, JAMES DUET DUPPEL DUFAURE, JULES ARMAND STANISLAS DU PRAT, ANTOINE DUFF, ALEXANDER DUPRE, JULES DUFFERIN AND AVA, FREDERICK DUPUIS, CHARLES FRANCOIS DUFF-GORDON, LUCIE DUPUY, CHARLES ALEXANDRE DUFFTOWN DUPUY, PIERRE DUFFY, SIR CHARLES GAVAN DUPUY DE LOME, STANISLAS LAURENT DUFOUR, WILHELM HEINRICH DUPUYTREN, GUILLAUME DUFRENOY, OURS PIERRE ARMAND DUQUE DE ESTRADA, DIEGO DUFRESNY, CHARLES DUQUESNE, ARRAHAM DUGAZON DUQUESNE (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM DURAMEN DUGONG DURAN DUGUAY-TROUIN, RENE DURAN, AGUSTIN DU GUESCLIN, BERTRAND DURANCE DUHAMEL, JEAN BAPTISTE DURAND, ASHER BROWN DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, HENRI LOUIS DURAND, GUILLAUME DUHRING, EUGEN KARL DURAND, GUILLAUME DUIGENAN, PATRICK DURANDO, GIACOMO DUIKER DURANGO (state of Mexico) DUILIUS, GAIUS DURANGO (city of Mexico) DUISBURG DURANI DUK-DUK DURANTE, FRANCESCO DUKE DURAO, JOSE DE SANTA RITA DUKE OF EXETER'S DAUGHTER DURAZZO DUKER, CARL ANDREAS D'URBAN, SIR BENJAMIN DUKERIES, THE DURBAN DUKES, LEOPOLD DURBAR DUKINFIELD DUREN DULCIGNO DURENE DULCIMER DURER, ALBRECHT DULKEN DURESS DULONG, PIERRE LOUIS D'URFEY, THOMAS DULSE DURFORT DULUTH DURGA DULWICH DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON DUMAGUETE DURHAM (county of England) DUMANJUG DURHAM (city of England) DU MARSAIS, CESAR CHESNEAU DURHAM (North Carolina, U.S.A.) DUMAS, ALEXANDRE DURIAN DUMAS, ALEXANDRE (Fils) DURIS DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU DURKHEIM DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE DURLACH DU MAURIER, GEORGE BUSSON DUROC, GERAUD CHRISTOPHE MICHEL DUMBARTON DUROCHER, JOSEPH MARIE ELISABETH DUMBARTONSHIRE DURRA DUMB WAITER DURUY, JEAN VICTOR DUM-DUM DU RYER, PIERRE DUMESNIL, MARIE FRANCOISE DUSE, ELEANORA DUMFRIES DUSSEK, JOHANN LUDWIG DUMFRIESSHIRE DUSSELDORF DUMICHEN, JOHANNES DUSSERAH DUMMLER, ERNST LUDWIG DUST DUMONT DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY, THE DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT DUTCH LANGUAGE DUMONT, FRANCOIS DUTCH LITERATURE DUMONT, JEAN DUTCH WARS DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY, THE DUMONT D'URVILLE, JULES DUTENS, LOUIS DUMORTIERITE DUTROCHET, RENE JOACHIM HENRI DUMOULIN, CHARLES DUTT, MICHAEL MADHU SUDAN DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS DUTY DUMP DU VAIR, GUILLAUME DUNASH DUVAL, ALEXANDRE VINCENT PINEUX DUNBAR, GEORGE DUVAL, CLAUDE DUNBAR, PAUL LAURENCE DUVENECK, FRANK DUNBAR, WILLIAM DU VERGIER DE HAURANNE, JEAN DUNBAR (seaport of Scotland) DUVEYRIER, HENRI DUNBLANE DUX DUNCAN (Scottish kings) DUXBURY DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN DVINA DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN DVINSK DUNCAN, THOMAS DVORAK, ANTON DUNCE DWARAKA DUNCKER, MAXIMILIAN WOLFGANG DWARF DUNCKLEY, HENRY DWARS DUNCOMBE, SIR CHARLES DWIGHT, JOHN DUNDALK DWIGHT, JOHN SULLIVAN DUNDEE, JOHN OF CLAVERHOUSE DWIGHT, THEODORE WILLIAM DUNDEE (city of Scotland) DWIGHT, TIMOTHY DUNDERLANDSDAL DYAKS DUNDONALD, THOMAS COCHRANE DYCE, ALEXANDER DUNEDIN DYCE, WILLIAM DUNES DYEING DUNFERMLINE, ALEXANDER SETON
DUBNER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1802-1867), German classical scholar (naturalized a Frenchman), was born in Hor selgau, near Gotha, on the 20th of December 1802. After studying at the university of Gottingen he returned to Gotha, where from 1827-1832 he held a post (_inspector coenobii_) in connexion with the gymnasium. During this period he made his name known by editions of Justin and Persius (after Casaubon). In 1832 he was invited by the brothers Didot to Paris, to co-operate in a new edition of H. Etienne's Greek _Thesaurus_. He also contributed largely to the _Bibliotheca Graeca_ published by the same firm, a series of Greek classics with Latin translation, critical notes and valuable indexes. One of Dubner's most important works was an edition of Caesar undertaken by command of Napoleon III., which obtained him the cross of the Legion of Honour. His editions are considered to be models of literary and philological criticism, and did much to raise the standard of classical scholarship in France. He violently attacked Burnouf's method of teaching Greek, but without result. Dubner may have gone too far in his zeal for reform, and his opinions may have been too harshly expressed, but time has shown him to be right. The old text-books have been discarded, and a great improvement in classical teaching has taken place in recent years. Dubner died at Montreuil-sous-Bois, near Paris, on the 13th of December 1867.
See F. Godefroy, _Notice sur J.F. Dubner_ (1867); Sainte-Beuve, _Discours a la memoire de Dubner_ (1868); article in _Allgemeine deutsche Biographic_.
DUBOIS, FRANCOIS CLEMENT THEODORE (1837- ), French musical composer, was born at Rosney (Marne) on the 24th of August 1837. He studied at the Conservatoire under Ambroise Thomas, and won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1861 with his cantata _Atala_. After the customary sojourn in Rome, Dubois returned to Paris and devoted himself to teaching. He was appointed "maitre de Chapelle" at the church of Ste Clotilde, where Cesar Franck was organist, in 1863, and remained at this post for five years, during which time he composed a quantity of sacred music, notably _Les Sept Paroles du Christ_ (1867), a work which has become well known in France. In 1868 he became "maitre de Chapelle" at the church of the Madeleine, and nine years later succeeded Camille Saint-Saens there as organist. He became professor of harmony at the Conservatoire in 1871, and was appointed professor of composition in succession to Leo Delibes in 1891. At the death of Ambroise Thomas in 1896 he became director of the Conservatoire. Dubois is an extremely prolific composer and has written in a variety of forms. His sacred works include four masses, a requiem, _Les Sept Paroles du Christ_, a large number of motets and pieces for organ. For the theatre he has composed _La Guzla de l'Emir_, an opera comique in one act, played at the Theatre Lyrique de l'Athenee in 1873; _Le Pain bis_, an opera comique in one act, given at the Opera Comique in 1879; _La Farandole_, a ballet in three acts, produced at the Grand Opera in 1883; _Aben-Hamet_, a four-act opera, heard at the Theatre Italien in 1884; _Xaviere_, a dramatic idyll in three acts, played at the Opera Comique in 1895. His orchestral works include two concert overtures, the overture to _Frithioff_ (1880), several suites, _Marche heroique de Jeanne d'Arc_ (1888), &c. He is also the author of _Le Paradis perdu_, an oratorio which gained for him the prize offered by the city of Paris in 1878; _L'Enlevement de Proserpine_ (1879), a _scene lyrique_; _Delivrance_ (1887), a cantata; _Hylas_ (1890), a _scene lyrique_ for soli, chorus and orchestra; _Notre Dame de la mer_, a symphonic poem (1897); and a musical setting of a Latin ode on the baptism of Clovis (1899). In addition, he composed much for the piano and voice.
DUBOIS, GUILLAUME (1656-1723), French cardinal and statesman, was born at Brive, in Limousin, on the 6th of September 1656. He was, according to his enemies, the son of an apothecary, his father being in fact a doctor of medicine of respectable family, who kept a small drug store as part of the necessary outfit of a country practitioner. He was educated at the school of the Brothers of the Christian Doctrine at Brive, where he received the tonsure at the age of thirteen. In 1672, having finished his philosophy course, he was given a scholarship at the college of St Michel at Paris by Jean, marquis de Pompadour, lieutenant-general of the Limousin. The head of the college, the abbe Antoine Faure, who was from the same part of the country as himself, befriended the lad, and continued to do so for many years after he had finished his course, finding him pupils and ultimately obtaining for him the post of tutor to the young duke of Chartres, afterwards the regent duke of Orleans. Astute, ambitious and unrestrained by conscience, Dubois ingratiated himself with his pupil, and, while he gave him formal school lessons, at the same time pandered to his evil passions and encouraged him in their indulgence. He gained the favour of Louis XIV. by bringing about the marriage of his pupil with Mademoiselle de Blois, a natural but legitimated daughter of the king; and for this service he was rewarded with the gift of the abbey of St Just in Picardy. He was present with his pupil at the battle of Steinkirk, and "faced fire," says Marshal Luxembourg, "like a grenadier." Sent to join the French embassy in London, he made himself so active that he was recalled by the request of the ambassador, who feared his intrigues. This, however, tended to raise his credit with the king. When the duke of Orleans became regent (1715) Dubois, who had for some years acted as his secretary, was made councillor of state, and the chief power passed gradually into his hands.
His policy was steadily directed towards maintaining the peace of Utrecht, and this made him the main opponent of the schemes of Cardinal Alberoni for the aggrandizement of Spain. To counteract Alberoni's intrigues, he suggested an alliance with England, and in the face of great difficulties succeeded in negotiating the Triple Alliance (1717). In 1719 he sent an army into Spain, and forced Philip V. to dismiss Alberoni. Otherwise his policy remained that of peace. Dubois's success strengthened him against the bitter opposition of a large section of the court. Political honours did not satisfy him, however. The church offered the richest field for exploitation, and in spite of his dissolute life he impudently prayed the regent to give him the archbishopric of Cambray, the richest in France. His demand was supported by George I., and the regent yielded. In one day all the usual orders were conferred on him, and even the great preacher Massillon consented to take part in the ceremonies. His next aim was the cardinalate, and, after long and most profitable negotiations on the part of Pope Clement XI., the red hat was given to him by Innocent XIII. (1721), whose election was largely due to the bribes of Dubois. It is estimated that this cardinalate cost France about eight million francs. In the following year he was named first minister of France (August). He was soon after received at the French Academy; and, to the disgrace of the French clergy, he was named president of their assembly.
When Louis XV. attained his majority in 1723 Dubois remained chief minister. He had accumulated an immense private fortune, possessing in addition to his see the revenues of seven abbeys. He was, however, a prey to the most terrible pains of body and agony of mind. His health was ruined by his debaucheries, and a surgical operation became necessary. This was almost immediately followed by his death, at Versailles, on the 10th of August 1723. His portrait was thus drawn by the duc de St Simon:--"He was a little, pitiful, wizened, herring-gutted man, in a flaxen wig, with a weasel's face, brightened by some intellect. All the vices--perfidy, avarice, debauchery, ambition, flattery--fought within him for the mastery. He was so consummate a liar that, when taken in the fact, he could brazenly deny it. Even his wit and knowledge of the world were spoiled, and his affected gaiety was touched with sadness, by the odour of falsehood which escaped through every pore of his body." This famous picture is certainly biassed. Dubois was unscrupulous, but so were his contemporaries, and whatever vices he had, he gave France peace after the disastrous wars of Louis XIV.
In 1789 appeared _Vie privee du Cardinal Dubois_, attributed to one of his secretaries, Mongez; and in 1815 his _Memoires secrets et correspondance inedite_, edited by L. de Sevelinges. See also A. Cheruel, _Saint-Simon et l'abbe Dubois_; L. Wiesener, _Le Regent, l'abbe Dubois et les Anglais_ (1891); and memoirs of the time.
DUBOIS, JEAN ANTOINE (1765-1848), French Catholic missionary in India, was ordained in the diocese of Viviers in 1792, and sailed for India in the same year under the direction of the Missions Etrangeres. He was at first attached to the Pondicherry mission, and worked in the southern districts of the present Madras Presidency. On the fall of Seringapatam in 1799 he went to Mysore to reorganize the Christian community that had been shattered by Tipu Sultan. Among the benefits which he conferred upon his impoverished flock were the founding of agricultural colonies and the introduction of vaccination as a preventive of smallpox. But his great work was his record of _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_. Immediately on his arrival in India he saw that the work of a Christian missionary should be based on a thorough acquaintance with the innermost life and character of the native population. Accordingly he abjured European society, adopted the native style of clothing, and made himself in habit and costume as much like a Hindu as he could. He gained an extraordinary welcome amongst people of all castes and conditions, and is still spoken of in many parts of South India with affection and esteem as "the prince's son, the noblest of Europeans." Although Dubois modestly disclaimed the rank of an author, his collections were not so much drawn from the Hindu sacred books as from his own careful and vivid observations, and it is this, united to a remarkable prescience, that makes his work so valuable. It is divided into three parts: (1) a general view of society in India, and especially of the caste system; (2) the four states of Brahminical life; (3) religion--feasts, temples, objects of worship. Not only does the abbe give a shrewd, clear-sighted, candid account of the manners and customs of the Hindus, but he provides a very sound estimate of the British position in India, and makes some eminently just observations on the difficulties of administering the Empire according to Western notions of civilization and progress with the limited resources that are available. Dubois's French MS. was purchased for eight thousand rupees by Lord William Bentinck for the East India Company in 1807; in 1816 an English translation was published, and of this edition about 1864 a curtailed reprint was issued. The abbe, however, largely recast his work, and of this revised text (now in the India Office) an edition with notes was published in 1897 by H.K. Beauchamp. Dubois left India in January 1823, with a special pension conferred on him by the East India Company, and on reaching Paris was appointed director of the Missions Etrangeres, of which he afterwards became superior (1836-1839). He translated into French the famous book of Hindu fables called _Panchatantra_, and also a work called _The Exploits of the Guru Paramarta_. Of more interest were his _Letters on the State of Christianity in India_, in which he asserted his opinion that under existing circumstances there was no human possibility of so overcoming the invincible barrier of Brahminical prejudice as to convert the Hindus as a nation to any sect of Christianity. He acknowledged that low castes and outcastes might be converted in large numbers, but of the higher castes he wrote: "Should the intercourse between individuals of both nations, by becoming more intimate and more friendly, produce a change in the religion and usages of the country, it will not be to turn Christians that they will forsake their own religion, but rather ... to become mere atheists." He died in 1848.
DUBOIS, PAUL (1829-1905), French sculptor and painter, was born at Nogent-sur-Seine on the 18th of July 1829. He studied law to please his family, and art to please himself, and finally adopted the latter, and placed himself under Toussaint. After studying at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Dubois went to Rome. His first contributions to the Paris Salon (1860) were busts of "The Countess de B." and "A Child." For his first statues, "St John the Baptist" and "Narcissus at the Bath" (1863), he was awarded a medal of the second class. The statue of "The Infant St John," which had been modelled in Florence in 1860, was exhibited in Paris in bronze, and was acquired by the Luxemburg. "A Florentine Singer of the Fifteenth Century," one of the most popular statuettes in Europe, was shown in 1865; "The Virgin and Child" appeared in the Paris Universal Exhibition in 1867; "The Birth of Eve" was produced in 1873, and was followed by striking busts of Henner, Dr Parrot, Paul Baudry, Pasteur, Gounod and Bonnat, remarkable alike for life, vivacity, likeness, refinement and subtle handling. The chief work of Paul Dubois was "The Tomb of General Lamoriciere" in the cathedral of Nantes, a brilliant masterpiece conceived in the Renaissance spirit, with allegorical figures and groups representing Warlike Courage, Charity, Faith and Meditation, as well as bas-reliefs and enrichments; the two first-named works were separately exhibited in the Salon of 1877. The medallions represent Wisdom, Hope, Justice, Force, Rhetoric, Prudence and Religion. The statue of the "Constable Anne de Montmorency" was executed for Chantilly, and that of "Joan of Arc" (1889) for the town of Reims. The Italian influence which characterized the earlier work of Dubois disappeared as his own individuality became clearly asserted. As a painter he restricted himself mainly to portraiture. "My Children" (1876) being probably his most noteworthy achievement. His drawings and copies after the Old Masters are of peculiar excellence: they include "The Dead Christ" (after Sebastian del Piombo) and "Adam and Eve" (after Raphael). In 1873 Dubois was appointed keeper of the Luxemburg Museum. He succeeded Guillaume as director of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, 1878, and Perraud as member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts. Twice at the Salon he obtained the medal of honour (1865 and 1876), and once at the Universal Exhibition (1878). He also won numerous other distinctions, and was appointed grand cross of the Legion of Honour. He was made a member of several European orders, and in 1895 was elected an honorary foreign academician of the Royal Academy of London. He died at Paris in 1905.