Part 17

Among his works are _Bauurkunde des Tempels von Dendera_ (1865); _Geographische Inschriften altagyptischer Denkmaler_ (4 vols., 1865-1885); _Altagyptische Kalenderinschriften_ (1866); _Altagypt. Tempelinschriften_ (2 vols., 1867); _Historische Inschriften altagypt. Denkmaler_ (2 vols., 1867-1869); _Baugeschichte und Beschreibung des Denderatempels_ (Strassburg, 1877); _Die Oasen der libyschen Wuste_ (1878); _Die kalendarischen Opferfestlisten von Medinet-Habu_(1881); _Gesch. des alten Aegypten_ (1878-1883); _Der Grabpalast des Patuamenap in der thebanischen Nekropolis_ (1884-1894).

DUMMLER, ERNST LUDWIG (1830-1902), German historian, the son of Ferdinand Dummler (1777-1846), a Berlin bookseller, was born in Berlin, on the 2nd of January 1830. He studied at Bonn under J.W. Lobell (1786-1863), under L. von Ranke and W. Wattenbach, and his doctor's dissertation, _De Arnulfo Francorum rege_ (Berlin, 1852), was a notable essay. He entered the faculty at Halle in 1855, and started an historical _Seminar_. In 1858 he became professor extraordinary, in 1866 full professor. In 1875 he became a member of the revised committee directing the _Monumenta Germaniae historica_, himself undertaking the direction of the section _Antiquitates_, and in 1888 became president of the central board in Berlin. This was an official recognition of Dummler's leading position among German historians. In addition to numerous critical works and editions of texts, he published _Piligrim von Passau und das Erzbistum Lorch_ (1854), _Uber die alteren Slawen in Dalmatien_ (1856), _Das Formelbuch des Bischofs Salomo III. von Konstanz_ (1857) and _Anselm der Peripatetiker_ (1872). But his great work was the _Geschichte des ostfrankischen Reiches_ (Berlin, 1862-1865, in 2 vols.; 2nd ed. 1887-1888, in 3 vols.). In conjunction with Wattenbach he completed the _Monumenta Alcuiniana_ (Berlin, 1873), which had been begun by Philipp Jaffe, and with R. Kopke he wrote _Kaiser Otto der Grosse_ (Leipzig, 1876). He edited the first and second volumes of the _Poetae latini aevi Carolini_ for the _Monumenta Germaniae historica_ (Berlin, 1881-1884). Dummler died in Berlin on the 11th of September 1902.

His son, Ferdinand (1859-1896), who won some reputation as an archaeologist and philologist, was professor at the university of Basel from 1890 until his death on the 15th of November 1896.

DUMONT, the name of a family of prominent French artists. Francois Dumont (1688-1726), a sculptor, best known for his figures in the church of Saint Sulpice, Paris, was the brother of the painter Jacques Dumont,[1] known as "le Romain" (1701-1781), whose chief success was gained with a great allegorical composition for the Paris _hotel-de-ville_ in 1761. Francois's son Edme (1720-1775), the latter's son Jacques Edme (1761-1844), and the last-named's son Augustin Alexander (1801-1884) were also famous sculptors.

See G. Vattier, _Une Famille d'artistes_ (1890).

FOOTNOTE:

[1] Not to be confounded with his contemporary Jean Joseph Dumons (1687-1779), sometimes called Dumont, best known for his designs for the Aubusson tapestries.

DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT (1809-1857), Belgian geologist, was born at Liege on the 15th of February 1809. His first work was a masterly _Memoire_ on the geology of the province of Liege published in 1832. A few years later he became professor of mineralogy and geology and afterwards rector in the university of Liege. His attention was now given to the mineralogical and stratigraphical characters of the geological formations in Belgium--and the names given by him to many subdivisions of Cretaceous and Tertiary ages have been adopted. His _Memoire sur les terrains ardennais et rhenan de l'Ardenne, du Brabant et du Condroz_ (1847-1848) is notable for the care with which the mineral characters of the strata were described, but the palaeontological characters were insufficiently considered, and neither the terms "Silurian" nor "Devonian" were adopted. During twenty years he laboured at the preparation of a geological map of Belgium (1849). He spared no pains to make his work as complete as possible, examining on foot almost every area of importance in the country. Journeying to the more southern parts of Europe, he investigated the shores of the Bosphorus, the mountains of Spain and other tracts, and gradually gathered materials for a geological map of Europe: a work of high merit which was "one of the first serious attempts to establish on a larger scale the geological correlation of the various countries of Europe." The Geological Society of London awarded him in 1840 the Wollaston medal. He died at Liege on the 28th of February 1857.

See Memoir by Major-General J.E. Portlock in _Address to Geol. Soc._ (London, 1858).

DUMONT, FRANCOIS (1751-1831), French miniature painter, was born at Luneville (Meurthe), and was left an orphan when quite young, with five brothers and sisters to support. He was for a while a student under Jean Girardet, and then, on the advice of a Luneville Academician, Madame Coster, set up a studio for himself. In 1784 he journeyed to Rome, returning after four years' careful study, and in 1788 was accepted as an Academician and granted an apartment in the Louvre. He married the daughter of Antoine Vestier, the miniature painter, and had two sons, Aristide and Bias, both of whom became painters. He was one of the three greatest miniature painters of France, painting portraits of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, Louis XVIII. and Charles X., and of almost all the important persons of his day. His own portrait was engraved both by Audouin and by Tardieu. He resided the greater part of his life in Paris, and there he died. A younger brother, known as Tony Dumont, was also a miniature painter, a pupil of his brother, a frequent exhibitor and the recipient of a medal from the Academy in 1810. Each artist signed with the surname only, and there is some controversy concerning the attribution to each artist of his own work. Tony was an expert violinist and delighted in painting portraits of persons who were playing upon the violin. Many of Dumont's finest paintings came into the collection of Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, but others are in the Louvre, presented by the heir of Bias Dumont. The work of both painters is distinguished by breadth, precision and a charming scheme of colouring, and the unfinished works of the elder brother are amongst some of the most beautiful miniatures ever produced.

See _The History of Portrait Miniatures_, by G.C. Williamson (London, 1904); also the privately printed _Catalogue of the Collection of Miniatures of Mr J. Pierpont Morgan_, vol. iv. (G. C. W.)

DUMONT, JEAN (d. 1726), French publicist, was born in France in the 17th century, the precise date being unknown. He followed the profession of arms; but, not obtaining promotion so rapidly as he expected, he quitted the service and travelled through different parts of Europe. He stopped in Holland with the intention of publishing an account of his travels. But in the interval, at the request of his bookseller, he wrote and published several pamphlets, which were eagerly sought after, owing to the unceremonious manner in which he treated the ministry of France. This freedom having deprived him of all hope of employment in his own country, he thought of forming a permanent establishment in that where he resided, and accordingly commenced a course of lectures on public law. The project succeeded far beyond his expectations; and some useful compilations which he published about the same period made him favourably known in other countries. The emperor appointed him his historiographer, and some time afterwards conferred on him the title of baron de Carlscroon. He died at Vienna in 1726, at an advanced age.

The following is a list of his publications:--(1) _Voyages en France, en Italie, en Allemagne, a Malte, et en Turquie_ (Hague, 1699, 4 vols. 12mo); (2) _Memoires politiques pour servir a la parfaite intelligence de l'histoire de la Paix de Ryswick_ (Hague, 1699, 4 vols. 12mo); (3) _Recherches modestes des causes de la presente guerre, en ce qui concerne les Provinces Unies_ (1713, 12mo); (4) _Recueil de traites d'alliance, de pai, et de commerce entre les rois, princes, et etats, depuis la Paix de Munster_ (Amsterdam, 1710, 2 vols. 12mo); (5) _Soupirs de l'Europe a la vue du projet de paix contenu dans la harangue de la reine de la Grande-Bretagne_ (1712, 12mo); (6) _Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens, contenant un recueil des traites de paix, d'alliance, &c., faits en Europe, depuis Charlemagne jusqu'a present_ (Amsterdam, 1626, and following years, 8 vols. fol., continued after Dumont's death by J. Rousset); and (7) _Batailles gagnees par le Prince Eugene de Savoie_ (Hague, 1723). Dumont was also the author of _Lettres historiques contenant ce qui se passe de plus important en Europe_ (12mo). This periodical, which was commenced in 1692, two volumes appearing annually, Dumont conducted till 1710, from which time it was continued by Basnage and others until 1728. The earlier volumes are much prized.

DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS (1759-1829), French political writer, was born on the 18th of July 1759 at Geneva, of which his family had been citizens of good repute from the days of Calvin. He was educated for the ministry at the college of Geneva, and in 1781 was chosen one of the pastors of the city. The political troubles which disturbed Geneva in 1782, however, suddenly turned the course of his life. He belonged to the liberals or democrats, and the triumph of the aristocratic party, through the interference of the courts of France and Sardinia, made residence in his native town impossible, though he was not among the number of the proscribed. He therefore went to join his mother and sisters at St Petersburg. In this he was probably influenced in part by the example of his townsman Pierre Lefort, the first tutor, minister, and general of the tsar. At St Petersburg he was for eighteen months pastor of the French church. In 1785 he removed to London, Lord Shelburne, then a minister of state, having invited him to undertake the education of his sons. It was at the house of Lord Shelburne, now 1st marquess of Lansdowne, where he was treated as a friend or rather member of the family, that he became acquainted with many illustrious men, amongst others Fox, Sheridan, Lord Holland and Sir Samuel Romilly. With the last of these he formed a close and enduring friendship, which had an important influence on his life and pursuits.

In 1788 Dumont visited Paris with Romilly. During a stay of two months in that city he had almost daily intercourse with Mirabeau, and a certain affinity of talents and pursuits led to an intimacy between two persons diametrically opposed to each other in habits and in character. On his return from Paris Dumont made the acquaintance of Jeremy Bentham. Filled with admiration for the genius of Bentham, Dumont made it one of the chief objects of his life to recast and edit the writings of the great English jurist in a form suitable for the ordinary reading public. This literary relationship was, according to Dumont's own account, one of a somewhat peculiar character. All the fundamental ideas and most of the illustrative material were supplied in the manuscripts of Bentham; Dumont's task was chiefly to abridge by striking out repeated matter, to supply lacunae, to secure uniformity of style, and to improve the French. The following works of Bentham were published under his editorship: _Traite de legislation civile et penale_ (1802), _Theorie des peines et des recompenses_ (1811), _Tactique des assemblees legislatives_ (1815), _Traite des preuves judiciaires_ (1823) and _De l'organization judiciaire et de la codification_ (1828).

In the summer of 1789 Dumont went to Paris. The object of the journey was to obtain through Necker, who had just returned to office, an unrestricted restoration of Genevese liberty, by cancelling the treaty of guarantee between France and Switzerland, which prevented the republic from enacting new laws without the consent of the parties to this treaty. The proceedings and negotiations to which this mission gave rise necessarily brought Dumont into connexion with most of the leading men in the Constituent Assembly, and made him an interested spectator, sometimes even a participator, indirectly, in the events of the French Revolution. The same cause also led him to renew his acquaintance with Mirabeau, whom he found occupied with his duties as a deputy, and with the composition of his journal, the _Courier de Provence_. For a time Dumont took an active and very efficient part in the conduct of this journal, supplying it with reports as well as original articles, and also furnishing Mirabeau with speeches to be delivered or rather read in the assembly, as related in his highly instructive and interesting posthumous work entitled _Souvenirs sur Mirabeau_ (1832). In fact his friend George Wilson used to relate that one day, when they were dining together at a _table d'hote_ at Versailles, he saw Dumont engaged in writing the most celebrated paragraph of Mirabeau's address to the king for the removal of the troops. He also reported such of Mirabeau's speeches as he did not write, embellishing them from his own stores, which were inexhaustible. But this co-operation soon came to an end; for, being attacked in pamphlets as one of Mirabeau's writers, he felt hurt at the notoriety thus given to his name in connexion with a man occupying Mirabeau's peculiar position, and returned to England in 1791.

In 1801 he travelled over various parts of Europe with Lord Henry Petty, afterwards 3rd marquess of Lansdowne, and on his return settled down to the editorship of the works of Bentham already mentioned. In 1814 the restoration of Geneva to independence induced Dumont to return to his native place, and he soon became the leader of the supreme council. He devoted particular attention to the judicial and penal systems of his native state, and many improvements on both are due to him. He died at Milan when on an autumn tour on the 29th of September 1829.

DUMONT D'URVILLE, JULES SEBASTIEN CESAR (1790-1842), French navigator, was born at Conde-sur-Noireau, in Normandy, on the 23rd of May 1790. The death of his father, who before the revolution had held a judicial post in Conde, devolved the care of his education on his mother and his maternal uncle, the Abbe de Croizilles. Failing to pass the entrance examination for the Ecole Polytechnique, he went to sea in 1807 as a novice on board the "Aquilon." During the next twelve years he gradually rose in the service, and added a knowledge of botany, entomology, English, German, Spanish, Italian and even Hebrew and Greek to the professional branches of his studies. In 1820, while engaged in a hydrographic survey of the Mediterranean, he was fortunate enough to recognize the Venus of Milo (Melos) in a Greek statue recently unearthed, and to secure its preservation by the report he presented to the French ambassador at Constantinople. A wider field for his energies was furnished in 1822 by the circumnavigating expedition of the "Coquille" under the command of his friend Duperrey; and on its return in 1825 his services were rewarded by promotion to the rank of _capitaine de fregate_, and he was entrusted with the control of a similar enterprise, with the especial purpose of discovering traces of the lost explorer La Perouse, in which he was successful. The "Astrolabe," as he renamed the "Coquille," left Toulon on the 25th of April 1826, and returned to Marseilles on the 25th of March 1829, having traversed the South Atlantic, coasted the Australian continent from King George's Sound to Port Jackson, charted various parts of New Zealand, and visited the Fiji Islands, the Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Amboyna, Van Diemen's Land, the Caroline Islands, Celebes and Mauritius. Promotion to the rank of _capitaine de vaisseau_ was bestowed on the commander in August 1829; and in August of the following year he was charged with the delicate task of conveying the exiled king Charles X. to England. His proposal to undertake a voyage of discovery to the south polar regions was discouraged by Arago and others, who criticized the work of the previous expedition in no measured terms; but at last, in 1837, all difficulties were surmounted, and on the 7th of September he set sail from Toulon with the "Astrolabe" and its convoy "La Zelee." On the 15th of January 1838 they sighted the Antarctic ice, and soon after their progress southward was blocked by a continuous bank, which they vainly coasted for 300 m. to the east. Returning westward they visited the South Orkney Islands and part of the New Shetlands, and discovered Joinville Island and Louis Philippe Land, but were compelled by scurvy to seek succour at Talcahuano in Chile. Thence they proceeded across the Pacific and through the Asiatic archipelago, visiting among others the Fiji and the Pelew Islands, coasting New Guinea, and circumnavigating Borneo. In 1840, leaving their sick at Hobart Town, Tasmania, they returned to the Antarctic region, and on the 21st of the month were rewarded by the discovery of Adelie Land, which D'Urville named after his wife, in 140 deg. E. The 6th of November found them at Toulon. D'Urville was at once appointed _contre-amiral_, and in 1841 he received the gold medal of the Societe de Geographie. On the 8th of May 1842 he was killed, with his wife and son, in a railway accident near Meudon.

His principal works are--_Enumeratio plantarum quas in insulis Archipelagi aut littoribus Ponti Euxini_, &c. (1822); _Voyage de la corvette "l'Astrolabe," 1826-1829_ (Paris, 1830-1835), and _Voyage au pole sud et dans l'Oceanie, 1837-1840_ (Paris, 1842-1854), in each of which his scientific colleagues had a share; _Voyages autour du monde; resume general des voyages de Magellan_, &c. (Paris, 1833 and 1844). An island (also called Kairu) off the north coast of New Guinea, and a cape on the same coast, bear the name of D'Urville.

DUMORTIERITE, a mineral described in 1881 by M.F. Gonnard, who named it after Eugene Dumortier, a palaeontologist of Lyons, France. It is essentially a basic aluminium borosilicate, belonging to the orthorhombic system; it occurs usually in fibrous forms, of smalt-blue, greenish-blue, lavender or almost black colour, and exhibits strong pleochroism. According to W.T. Schaller (_Amer. Journ. Sci._, 1905 (iv.), 19, p. 211) a purple colour may be due to the presence of titanium. Analyses of some specimens point to the formula (SiO4)3Al(AlO)7(BO)H, which, written in this form, explains the analogy with andalusite and the alteration into muscovite. Dumortierite occurs in gneiss at Chaponost, near Lyons, and at a few other European localities; it is found also in the United States, being known from near New York City, from Riverside and San Diego counties, California, and from Yuma county, Arizona. The last-named locality yields the mineral in some quantity in the form of dense fibres embedded in quartz, to which it imparts a blue colour. The mineral aggregate is polished as an ornamental stone, rather resembling lapis-lazuli.

DUMOULIN, CHARLES [MOLINAEUS] (1500-1566), French jurist, was born in Paris in 1500. He began practice as an advocate before the parlement of Paris. Dumoulin turned Calvinist, and when the persecution of the Protestants began he went to Germany, where for a long time he taught law at Strassburg, Besancon and elsewhere. He returned to France in 1557. Dumoulin had, in 1552, written _Commentaire sur l'edit du roi Henri II sur les petites dates_, which was condemned by the Sorbonne, but his _Conseil sur le fait du concile de Trente_ created a still greater stir, and aroused against him both the Catholics and the Calvinists. He was imprisoned by order of the parlement until 1564. It was as a jurist that Dumoulin gained his great reputation, being regarded by his contemporaries as the "prince of jurisconsults." His remarkable erudition and breadth of view had a considerable effect on the subsequent development of French law. He was a bitter enemy of feudalism, which he attacked in his _De feudis_ (Paris, 1539). Other important works were his commentaries on the customs of Paris (Paris, 1539, 1554; Frankfort, 1575; Lausanne, 1576), valuable as the only commentary on those in force in 1510, and the _Extricatio labyrinthi dividui et individui_, a treatise on the law of surety.

A collected edition of Dumoulin's works was published in Paris in 1681 (5 vols.).

DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1739-1823), French general, was born at Cambray in 1739. His father was a commissary of the royal army, and educated his son most carefully in various branches of learning. The boy continued his studies at the college of Louis-le-Grand, and in 1757 began his military career as a volunteer in the campaign of Rossbach. He received a commission for good conduct in action, and served in the later German campaigns of the Seven Years' War with distinction; but at the peace he was retired as a captain, with a small pension and the cross of St Louis. Dumouriez then visited Italy and Corsica, Spain and Portugal, and his memorials to the duc de Choiseul on Corsican affairs led to his re-employment on the staff of the French expeditionary corps sent to the island, for which he gained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After this he became a member of the _Secret du roi_, the secret service under Louis XV., where his fertility of diplomatic resource had full scope. In 1770 he was sent on a mission into Poland, where in addition to his political business he organized a Polish militia. The fall of Choiseul brought about his recall, and somewhat later he was imprisoned in the Bastille, where he spent six months, occupying himself with literary pursuits. He was then removed to Caen, where he was detained until the accession of Louis XVI.