Part 50

BRENNER PASS, the lowest (4495 ft.) and one of the most frequented passes across the Alps in all ages, though the name itself rarely occurs in the middle ages, the route over it being said to lie through "the valley of Trent." It may be described as the great gate of Italy, and by it most of the Teutonic tribes made their way to Italy. One reason of its importance is that many side passes in the end join this great thoroughfare. It was crossed no fewer than 66 times by various emperors, between 793 and 1402. A carriage road was constructed over it as far back as 1772, while the railway over it was built in 1864-1867. From Innsbruck to the summit of the pass is a distance by rail of 25 m. The line then descends through the Eisack valley past Brixen (34 m.) to Botzen (24 m.). Thence it follows the valley of the Adige to Trent (35 m.) and on to Verona (56-1/2 m.)--in all 174-1/2 m. by rail from Innsbruck to Verona. (W. A. B. C.)

BRENNUS, the name, or perhaps the official title, of two chiefs of the Celtic Gauls.

(1) The first Brennus crossed the Apennines in 391 B.C., ravaged Etruria, and annihilated a Roman army of about 40,000 men on the Allia some 12 m. from Clusium (July 16, 390). Rome thus lay at his mercy, but he wasted time, and the Romans were able to occupy and provision the Capitol (though they had not sufficient forces to defend their walls) and to send their women and children to Veii. When on the third day the Gauls took possession, they found the city occupied only by those aged patricians who had held high office in the state. For a while the Gauls withheld their hands out of awe and reverence, but the ruder passions soon prevailed. The city was sacked and burnt; but the Capitol itself withstood a siege of more than six months, saved from surprise on one occasion only by the wakefulness of the sacred geese and the courage of Marcus Manlius. At last the Gauls consented to accept a ransom of a thousand pounds of gold. As it was being weighed out, the Roman tribune complained of some unfairness. Brennus at once threw his heavy sword into the scale; and when asked the meaning of the act, replied that it meant _Vae victis_ ("woe to the conquered"). The Gauls returned home with their plunder, leaving Rome in a condition from which she took long to recover. A later legend, probably an invention, represents M. Furius Camillus as suddenly appearing with an avenging army at the moment when the gold was being weighed, and defeating Brennus and all his host.

See null v. 33-49; Plutarch, _Camillus_, 17, 22, 28; Polybius i. 6, ii. 18; Dion. Halic. xiii. 7.

(2) The second Brennus is said to have been one of the leaders of an inroad made by the Gauls from the east of the Adriatic into Thrace and Macedonia (280), when they defeated and slew Ptolemy Ceraunus, then king of Macedonia. Whether Brennus took part in this first invasion or not is uncertain; but its success led him to urge his countrymen to a second expedition, when he marched with a large army through Macedonia and Thessaly until he reached Thermopylae. To this point the united forces of the northern Greeks--Athenians, Phocians, Boeotians and Aetolians--had fallen back; and here the Greeks a second time held their foreign invaders in check for many days, and a second time had their rear turned, owing to the treachery of some of the natives, by the same path which had been discovered to the Persians two hundred years before. Brennus and his Gauls marched on to Delphi, of whose sacred treasures they had heard much. But the little force which the Delphians and their neighbours had collected--about 4000 men--favoured by the strength of their position, made a successful defence. They rolled down rocks upon their enemies as they crowded into the defile, and showered missiles on them from above. A thunderstorm, with hail and intense cold, increased their confusion, and on Brennus himself being wounded they took to flight, pursued by the Greeks all the way back to Thermopylae. Brennus killed himself, "unable to endure the pain of his wounds," says Justin; more probably determined not to return home defeated.

See Justin xxiv. 6; Diod. Sic. xxii. 11; Pausanias x. 19-23; L. Contzen, _Die Wanderungen der Kelten_ (Leipzig, 1861).

BRENTANO, KLEMENS (1778-1842), German poet and novelist, was born at Ehrenbreitstein on the 8th of September 1778. His sister was the well-known Bettina von Arnim (q.v.), Goethe's correspondent. He studied at Jena, and afterwards resided at Heidelberg, Vienna and Berlin. In 1818, weary of his somewhat restless and unsettled life, he joined the Roman Catholic Church and withdrew to the monastery of Dulmen where he lived for some years in strict seclusion. The latter part of his life he spent in Regensburg, Frankfort and Munich, actively engaged in Catholic propaganda. He died at Aschaffenburg on the 28th of July 1842. Brentano, whose early writings were published under the pseudonym Maria, belonged to the Heidelberg group of German romantic writers, and his works are marked by excess of fantastic imagery and by abrupt, bizarre modes of expression. His first published writings were _Satiren und poetische Spiele_ (1800), and a romance _Godwi_ (1801-1802); of his dramas the best are _Ponce de Leon_ (1804), _Victoria_ (1817) and _Die Grundung Prags_ (1815). On the whole his finest work is the collection of _Romanzen vom Rosenkranz_ (published posthumously in 1852); his short stories, and more especially the charming _Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schonen Annerl_ (1838), which has been translated into English, are still popular. Brentano also assisted Ludwig Achim von Arnim, his brother-in-law, in the collection of folk-songs forming _Des Knaben Wunderhorn_ (1806-1808).

Brentano's collected works, edited by his brother Christian, appeared at Frankfort in 9 vols. (1851-1855). Selections have been edited by J.B. Diel (1873), M. Koch (1892), and J. Dohmke (1893). See J.B. Diel and W. Kreiten, _Klemens Brentano_ (2 vols., 1877-1878), the introduction to Koch's edition, and R. Steig, _A. von Arnim und K. Brentano_ (1894).

BRENTANO, LUDWIG JOSEPH [called LUJO] (1844- ), German economist, a member of the same family as the preceding, was born at Aschaffenburg on the 18th of December 1844. He received some of his academical education in Dublin. In 1868 he made a thorough study of trade-unionism in England, which resulted in his principal work, _Die Arbeitergilden der Gegenwart_ (Leipzig, 1871-1872; Eng. trans, by L.T. Smith). The book was assailed by Bamberger and other economists, but is important not only as an authority on modern associations of workmen, but for having given an impetus to the study of the gilds of the middle ages, and the examination of the great stores of neglected information bearing upon the condition of the people in olden days. Brentano's other works are of a more theoretical character, and chiefly relate to political economy, of which he was professor at Breslau from 1872 to 1882, at Strassburg from 1882 to 1888, at Vienna 1888-1889, at Leipzig 1889-1891, and at Munich since 1891. We may mention _Das Arbeitsverhaltnis gemass dem heutigen Recht_ (1877); _Die christlich-soziale Bewegung in England_ (1883); _Uber das Verhaltnis von Arbeitslohn und Arbeitszeit zur Arbeitsleistung_ (1893); _Agrarpolitik_ (1897).

BRENTFORD, a market town in the Brentford parliamentary division of Middlesex, England, 10-1/2 m. W. of Waterloo terminus, London, by the London & South-Western railway, at the junction of the river Brent with the Thames. Pop. of urban district (1901) 15,171. The Grand Junction Canal joins the Brent, affording ample water-communications to the town, which has considerable industries in brewing, soap-making, saw-milling, market-gardening, &c. The Grand Junction waterworks are situated here. Brentford has been the county-town for elections since 1701.

In 1016 Brentford, or, as it was often called Braynford, was the scene of a great defeat inflicted on the Danes by Edmund Ironside. In 1280 a toll was granted by Edward I., who granted the town a market, for the construction of a bridge across the river, and in the reign of Henry VI. a hospital of the Nine Orders of Angels was founded near its western side. In 1642 a battle was fought here in which the royalists defeated the parliamentary forces. For his services on this occasion the Scotsman Ruthven, earl of Forth, was made earl of Brentford, a title afterwards conferred by William III. on Marshal Schomberg. Brentford was during the 16th and 17th centuries a favourite resort of London citizens; and its inn of the Three Pigeons, which was kept for a time by John Lowin, one of the first actors of Shakespeare's plays, is frequently alluded to by the dramatists of the period. Falstaff is disguised as the "Fat Woman of Brentford" in Shakespeare's _Merry Wives of Windsor_, and numerous other references to the town in literature point, in most cases, to its reputation for excessive dirt. The "two kings of Brentford" mentioned in Cowper's _Task_, and elsewhere, seem to owe their mythical existence to the play, _The Rehearsal_, by George Villiers, second duke of Buckingham, produced in 1671.

South of Brentford, towards Isleworth, is Sion House, a mansion founded by Lord Protector Somerset in 1547, and rebuilt and enlarged by the 10th earl of Northumberland and Sir Hugh Smithson, afterwards duke of Northumberland, the architects being Inigo Jones and Robert Adam. The gardens are very beautiful. The site of Sion or Syon House was previously occupied by a convent of Bridgetine nuns established at Twickenham by Henry V. in 1415 and removed here in 1431.

BRENTON, SIR JAHLEEL (1770-1844), British admiral, was born in Rhode Island, U.S.A., on the 22nd of August 1770. He was the son of Rear-Admiral Jahleel Brenton (1729-1802), who belonged to a loyalist family which suffered the loss of most of its property in the insurrection of the American colonies. He was a lieutenant in the British navy when the war began, and emigrated with his family to the mother country. Three of the sons entered the navy--Jahleel (the eldest), Captain Edward Pelham Brenton (1774-1839), and James Wallace Brenton, who was killed young in 1799 when attacking a Spanish privateer near Barcelona in the boats of the "Petrel," of which he was lieutenant. Jahleel went to sea first with his father in 1781, and on the return of peace was sent to the "maritime school" at Chelsea. He served in the peace before the beginning of the war in 1793, and passed his examination as lieutenant, but seeing no chance of employment went with other English naval officers to serve in the Swedish navy against the Russians. In 1790 he received his commission and returned home. Till 1799 he served as lieutenant, or acting commander, mostly under Earl St Vincent, and was present in the battle from which the admiral received his title. As commander of the "Speedy" brig he won much distinction in

## actions with Spanish gunboats in the Straits of Gibraltar. In 1800 he

reached the rank of post-captain, and had the good fortune to serve as flag-captain to Sir James (afterwards Lord) Saumarez in the action at Algeciras, and in the Straits in 1801. During the peace of Amiens he married Miss Stewart, a lady belonging to a loyalist family of Nova Scotia. After the renewal of the war he commanded a succession of frigates. In 1803 he had the misfortune to be wrecked on the coast of France, and remained for a time in prison, where his wife joined him. Having been exchanged he was named to another ship. His most brilliant

## action was fought with a flotilla of Franco-Neapolitan vessels outside

of Naples in May 1801. He was severely wounded, and Murat, then king of Naples, praised him effusively. He was made a baronet in 1812 and K.C.B. in 1815. After his recovery from his wound he was unable to bear sea service, but was made commissioner of the dockyard at Port Mahon, and then at the Cape, and was afterwards lieutenant-governor of Greenwich hospital till 1840. He reached flag rank in 1830. In his later years he took an active part in philanthropic work, in association with his brother, Captain E.P. Brenton, who had seen much service but is best remembered by his writings on naval and military history,--_Naval History of Great Britain from the Year 1783 to 1822_ (1823), and _The Life and Correspondence of John, Earl of St Vincent_ (1838).

A _Memoir of the Life and Services of Vice-Admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton_, based on his own papers, was published in 1846 by the Rev. Henry Raikes, and reissued by the admiral's son, Sir L.C.L. Brenton, in 1855. (D. H.)

BRENTWOOD, a market town in the mid or Chelmsford parliamentary division of Essex, England; 18 m. E.N.E. of London by the Great Eastern railway (Brentwood and Worley station). Pop. of urban district (1901) 4932. The neighbouring country is pleasantly undulating and well wooded. The church of St Thomas the Martyr, with several chapels, is modern. The old assize house, an Elizabethan structure, remains. A free grammar school was founded in 1557. The county asylum is in the vicinity. There are breweries and brick works. To the south lies the fine upland of Worley Common, with large barracks. Adjoining Brentwood to the north-east is Shenfield, with the church of St Mary the Virgin, Early English and later. Brentwood was formerly an important posting station on the main road to the eastern counties, which follows the line of the railway to Colchester. The name (_Burntwood_) is supposed to record an original settlement made in a clearing of the forest. The district is largely residential.

BRENZ, JOHANN (1499-1570), Lutheran divine, eldest son of Martin Brenz, was born at Weil, Wurttemberg, on the 24th of June 1499. In 1514 he entered the university of Heidelberg, where Oecolampadius was one of his teachers, and where in 1518 he heard Luther discuss. Ordained priest in 1520, and appointed preacher (1522) at Hall in Swabia, he gave himself to biblical exposition. He ceased to celebrate mass in 1523, and reorganized his church in 1524. Successful in resisting the peasant insurrection (1525), his fortunes were affected by the Schmalkaldic War. From Hall, when taken by the imperial forces, he fled on his birthday in 1548. Protected by Duke Ulrich of Wurttemberg, he was appointed (January 1553) provost of the collegiate church of Stuttgart. As organizer of the reformation in Wurttemberg he did much fruitful work. A strong advocate of Lutheran doctrine, and author of the _Syngramma Suevicum_ (October 21, 1525), which set forth Luther's doctrine of the Eucharist, he was free from the persecuting tendencies of the age. He is praised and quoted (as Joannes Witlingius) for his judgment against applying the death penalty to anabaptists or other heretics in the _De Haereticis, an sint persequendi_ (1554), issued by Sebastian Castellio under the pseudonym of Martinus Bellius. An incomplete edition of his works (largely expository) appeared at Tubingen, 1576-1590. Several of his sermons were reproduced in contemporary English versions. A volume of _Anecdota Brentiana_ was edited by Pressel in 1868. He died on the 11th of September 1570, and was buried in his church at Stuttgart; his grave was subsequently violated. He was twice married, and his eldest son, Johann Brenz, was appointed (1562) professor of theology in Tubingen at the early age of twenty-two.

See Hartmann and Jager, _Johann Brenz_ (1840-1842); Bossert, in Hauck's _Realencyklop_. (1897). (A. Go.*)

BREQUIGNY, LOUIS GEORGES OUDARD FEUDRIX DE (1714-1795), French scholar, was born at Gainneville near Havre, on the 22nd of February 1714, and died at Paris on the 3rd of July 1795. His first publications were anonymous: an _Histoire des revolutions de Genes jusqu'a la paix de 1748_ (1750), and a series of _Vies des orateurs grecs_ (1752). Elected a member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres in 1759, he contributed an _Histoire de Posthume empereur des Gaules_ (vol. xxx., 1760) to the collected works of that illustrious society, and also a _Memoire sur l'etablissement de la religion et de l'empire de Mahomet_ (vol. xxxii., 1761-1763). After the close of the Seven Years' War he was sent to search in the archives of England for documents bearing upon the history of France, more particularly upon that of the French provinces which once belonged to England. This mission (1764-1766) was very fruitful in results; Brequigny brought back from it copies of about 7000 documents, which are now in the Bibliotheque Nationale. A useful selection of these documents was published (unfortunately without adequate critical treatment) by Jean Jacques Champollion-Figeac, under the title _Lettres de rois, reines et autres personnages des cours de France et d'Angleterre, depuis Louis VII. jusqu'a Henri IV., tirees des archives de Londres par Brequigny_ (collection of _Documents inedits relatifs a l'histoire de France_, 2 vols., 1839, 1847). Brequigny himself drew the material for many important studies from the rich mine which he had thus exploited. These were included in the collection of the Academie des Inscriptions: _Memoire sur les differends entre la France et l'Angleterre sous le regne de Charles le Bel_ (vol. xli.); _Memoire sur la vie de Marie, reine de France, soeur de Henri VIII., roi d'Angleterre_ (vol. xlii.); four _Memoires pour senir a l'histoire de Calais_ (vols. xliii. and l.); and _Memoire sur les negotiations touchant les projets de mariage d'Elizabeth, reine d'Angleterre, d'abord avec le duc d'Anjou, ensuite avec le due d'Alencon, tons deux freres de Charles IX._ (vol. l.). This last was read to the Academy on the 22nd of January 1793, the morrow of Louis XVI.'s execution. Meanwhile, Brequigny had taken part in three great and erudite works. For the _Recueil des ordonnances des rois de France_ he had prepared volumes x.-xiv., the preface to vol. xi. containing important researches into the French communes. To the _Table chronologique des diplomes, chartes, lettres, et actes imprimes concernant l'histoire de France_ he contributed three volumes in collaboration with Mouchet (1769-1783). Charged with the supervision of a large collection of documents bearing on French history, analogous to Rymer's _Foedera_, he published the first volume (_Diplomatat. Chartae_, &c., 1791). The Revolution interrupted him in his collection of _Memoires concernant l'histoire, les sciences, les lettres, et les arts des Chinois_, begun in 1776 at the instance of the minister Bertin, when fifteen volumes had appeared.

See the note on Brequigny at the end of vol. i. of the _Memoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions_ (1808); the Introduction to vol. iv. of the _Table chronologique des diplomes_ (1836); Champollion-Figeac's preface to the _Lettres des rois et reines_; the _Comite des travaux historiques_, by X. Charmes, vol. i. _passim_; N. Oursel, _Nouvelle biographie normande_ (1886); and the _Catalogue des manuscrits des collections Duchesne et Brequigny_ (in the Bibliotheque Nationale), by Rene Poupardin (1905). (C. B.*)