Part 27

Aryan, an Indo-European family of languages, 43, 80, 177. mode of tracing back the grammatical fragments of the Aryan languages to original independent words, 231-233. Aryan grammar, 234. northern and southern divisions of the, 211. the original Aryan clan of Central Asia, 212. period when this clan broke up, 212. formation of the locative in all the Aryan languages, 219. Aryan civilization proved by the evidence of language, 235. origin and gradual spreading of the word _Arya_, 236. original seat of the Aryans, 238. the Aryan and Semitic the only _families_ of speech deserving that title, 282. genealogical table, 394, 395.

Asia Minor, origin of the Turks of, 306.

Asiatic Society, foundation of the, at Calcutta, 158.

Aśoka, King, his rock inscriptions, 146.

_Assyria_, various forms of the name, 247.

Astrology, causes of the extinction of the science, 19.

_Astronomy_, origin of the word, 16. the Ptolemæan system, although wrong, important to science, 26.

Auramazda, of the cuneiform inscriptions, 207. _See_ Ormuzd.

Auxentius on Ulfilas, 181-186 _note_.

Baber, his Indian empire, 299.

Babylonia, literature of, 278. probability of the recovery of, from the cuneiform inscriptions, 278.

Barabas tribe, in the steppes between the Irtish and the Ob, 304.

Barbarians, the, of the Greeks, 91. seemed to have possessed greater facility for acquiring languages than either Greeks or Romans, 94. the term Barbarian as used by the Greeks and Romans, 127. unfortunate influence of the term, 127.

Bashkirs, race of the, in the Altaic mountains, 303.

Basil, St., his denial that God had created the names of all things, 40 _note_.

Baziane tribe, in the Caucasus, 303.

Beaver, the, sagacity of, 24.

Behar, Pâli once the popular dialect of, 146.

Beowolf, the ancient English epic of, 177.

Berber, dialects of Northern Africa, origin of the, 282.

Berners, Juliana, on the expressions proper for certain things, 72.

Berosus, his study and cultivation of the Greek language, 94. his history of Babylon, 95. his knowledge of the cuneiform inscriptions, 95.

Bible, number of obsolete words and senses in the English translation of 1611, 45.

Bibliandro, his work on language, 131 _note_.

Birúni, Abu Rihan al, 150. his “Taríkhu-l-Hind,” 150.

Bishop and sceptic derived from the same root, 257.

Boëthius, Song of, age of the, 196.

Bohemian, oldest specimens of, 201.

Bonaparte, Prince L., his collection of English dialects, 70.

Booker’s “Scripture and Prayer-Book Glossary” referred to, 45.

Books, general destruction of, in China in 213, B. C. 227.

Bopp, Francis, his great work, 166. results of his “Comparative Grammar,” 234.

_Botany_, origin of the word, 15. the Linnæan system, although imperfect, important to science, 26.

Brahman, the highest being, known through speech, 88.

Brahmans, their deification of language, 87. their early achievements in grammatical analysis, 88. difficulties of Alexander in conversing with them, 93.

Brâhmanas, the, on language, 87.

Brennus, 199.

Brown, Rev. Mr. on the dialects of the Burmese, 63.

Brutes, faculties of, 351. instinct and intellect, 353. language the difference between man and brute, 354. the old name given to brutes, 379.

Buddhism, date of its introduction into China, 147.

Bulgarian Kingdom on the Danube, 319. language and literature, 200.

Bulgaric branch of the Finnic class of languages, 319.

Bulgarian tribes and dialects, 319.

Buriates, dialects of the, new phase of grammatical life of the, 64.

Burmese language and literature, 63. dialects, 63.

Burnouf, Eugène, his studies of Zend, 168, 206. and of cuneiform inscriptions, 168.

Cæsar, Julius, publication of his work “De analogia,” 110. invented the term _ablative_, 110.

Carneades forbidden by Cato to lecture at Rome, 109.

Carthaginian language, closely allied to Hebrew, 280.

_Case_, history of the word, 111.

Cases, formation of, in the Aryan languages, 218.

Cassius, Dionysius, of Utica, his translation of the agricultural work of Mago, 95 _note_.

Castor and Pollux, worship of, in Italy, 102.

Castren on the Mongolian dialects, 64.

_Cat_, origin of the word, 365.

Catherine the Great of Russia, her “Comparative Dictionary,” 143.

Cato, his history of Rome in Latin, 104. his acquisition of the Greek language in his old age, 106. reasons for his opposition to everything Greek, 106.

Caucasus, tribes of the, 303.

Celtic language, substantive existence of, 79.

Celtic, a branch of the Indo-European family of languages, 198.

Celts, their former political autonomy, 198.

Chaldee, in what it consisted, 276. fragments in Ezra, 276. language of the Targums, 277. literature of Babylon and Nineveh, 278. the modern Mendaïtes or Nasoreans, 279.

Changes, historical, affecting every variety of language. 44. rapid changes in the languages of savage tribes, 44. words or senses obsolete in English since 1611, 45. smaller changes, 45. grammatical changes, 46. laws of, in language, 73.

Children, probable influence of the language of, on the gradual disappearance of irregular conjugations and declensions, 75.

Chili, language of, 293 _note_.

China, date of the introduction of Buddhism into, 147. Chinese Buddhist pilgrims to India, 149. conquered by the Mongols, 299.

Chinese language, ancient, no trace of grammar in, 86, 117. notes by M. Stanislas Julien, on Chinese substantives and adjectives, 118 _note_. formation of the locative in Chinese, 218. and of the instrumental, 218. number of roots in Chinese, 265. number of words in the Chinese dictionary, obsolete, rare, and in use, 265 _note_. no analysis required to discover its component parts, 272. mode of using a predicative root in, 268. roots in Chinese, 287. the parts of speech determined in Chinese by the position of the word in a sentence, 288. rudimentary traces of agglutination in Chinese, 329. imitative sounds in, 366 _note_. list of Chinese interjections, 369 _note_. natural selection of roots in, 386.

Chingis-Khán, founds the Mongolian empire, 296.

Christianity, humanizing influence of, 128.

Chudic branch of the Finnic languages, 317.

Chudic, the national epic of the Finns, 317.

Cicero, his provincial Latin, 67. quoted as an authority on grammatical questions, 109. Cæsar’s _De analogia_ dedicated to Cicero, 110.

Class dialects, 66.

Classical, or literary languages, origin of, 65. stagnation and inevitable decay of, 68.

Classification, in the physical sciences, 24. object of classification, 27.

Colchis, dialects of, according to Pliny, 61.

Conjugation, most of the terminations of, demonstrative roots, 270.

Constantinople, taking of, 308.

Copernicus, causes which led to the discovery of his system, 29.

Cornish, last person who spoke, 80.

Cosmopolitan Club, 107.

Crates of Pergamus, his visit to Rome, 109. his public lectures, there on grammar, 109.

_Cuckoo_, the word, 361.

Cuneiform inscriptions, the, deciphered by Burnouf, 168. importance of the discovery of the inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes, 206. progress in deciphering, 278. letter from Sir H. Rawlinson quoted, 278.

D, origin of the letter, in forming English preterites, 231.

Dacian language, the ancient, 126 _note_, 195 _note_.

_Dame_, origin of the word, 226.

Danish language, growth of the, 71, 191.

Darius, claimed for himself an Aryan descent, 241.

Dative, case in Greek, 221. in Chinese, 118 _note_.

_Daughter_, origin of the word, 57.

Decay, phonetic, one of the processes which comprise the growth of language, 51. instances of phonetic decay, 52-54.

Declension, most of the terminations of, demonstrative roots, 270.

_Dello_, _dell_, origins of the Italian, 75.

Democritus, his travels, 94.

Dialect, what is meant by, 58.

Dialects, Italian, 58, 69. French, 59. Modern Greek, 58. Friesian, 59. English, 60. the feeders rather than the channels of a literary language, 60, 70. Grimm on the origin of dialects in general, 60. difficulty in tracing the history of dialects, 61. American dialects, 63. Burmese, 63. of the Ostiakes, 63. Mongolian, 64. Southern Africa, 64. class dialects, 66. unbounded resources of dialects, 71. dialectical growth beyond the control of individuals, 74.

Dictionary, Comparative, of Catherine the Great of Russia, 143.

_Did_, origin of, as a preterite, 233.

Diez, Professor, his “Comparative Grammar of the Six Romance Dialects,” 196.

Dionysius Thrax, the author of the first practical Greek grammar, 100.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the Pelasgi, 125 _note_.

_Discussion_, etymology of, 52.

Dorpat dialect of Esthonian, 318.

_Du_, origin of the French, 74.

Dual, the, first recognized by Zenodotus, 99.

Dumaresq, Rev. Daniel, his “Comparative Vocabulary of Eastern Languages,” 143.

Duret, Claude, his work on language, 132 _note_.

Dutch language, work of Goropius written to prove that it was the language spoken in Paradise, 135. age of Dutch, 178.

Earl, origin of the title, 226.

Earth, guess of Philolaus as to its motion round the sun, 29.

Eddas, the two, 191. the name Edda, 194 _note_.

Egypt, number of words in the ancient vocabulary of, 266.

Egyptian language, family to which it is referable, 282.

Elder, origin of the word, 226.

Elements, constituent, of language, 250.

English language, changes in the, since the translation of the Bible in 1611, 46. richness of the vocabulary of the dialects of, 60. real sources of the English language, 69. Prince L. Bonaparte’s collection of English dialects, 70. the English language Teutonic, 80. full of words derived from the most distant sources, 84. proportion of Saxon to Norman words, 84. tests proving the Teutonic origin of the English language, 85. genitives in English, 117. nominatives and accusatives, 119. origin of grammatical forms in the English language, 120. number of words in the English language, 266 _note_. number of words in Milton, Shakspeare, and the Old Testament, 267.

Ennius, 105. his translations from Greek into Latin, 105.

Eos, original meaning of the name, 21.

Ephraem Syrus, 276 _note_.

Epicharmus, his philosophy translated into Latin by Ennius, 105.

Epicurus, doctrines of, embraced, in Rome, 107.

_Erin_, Pictet’s derivation of the name, 245. Mr. Whitley Stokes’s remarks on the word Erin, 245 _note_.

_Espiègle_, origin of the word, 260.

Esths, or Esthonians, their language, 318. dialects of, 318.

Estienne, Henry, his grammatical labors anticipated by the Brahmans, 500 B. C. 88. his work on language, 131 _note_.

Ethiopic, or Abyssinian, origin of the, 281.

Eudemos, on the Aryan race, 241.

Euhemerus, of Messene, his neologian work translated into Latin, by Ennius, 105.

Eulalia, Song of, age of the, 196.

Euripides, first translated into Latin, by Ennius, 105.

Ewald, on the relation of the Turanian to the Aryan languages, 338.

Ezour-Veda, the, 156 _note_.

Ezra, Chaldee fragments in the Book of, 276.

Fabius Pictor, his history of Rome in Greek, 104.

Fa-hian, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, 149.

Families of languages, tests for reducing the principal dialects of Europe and Asia to certain, 172.

_Fatum_, original meaning of the name, 21.

_Feeble_, origin of the word, 123.

Feizi and the Brahman, story of, 152.

_Feu_, origin of the French word, 123.

Finnic class of languages, 315. branches of Finnic, 316. the “Kalewala,” the “Iliad” of the Finns, 318. tribes, original seat of the, 315. their language and literature, 317. national feeling lately arisen, 317.

Finnish, peculiarity of its grammar, 119.

Firdusi, language in which he wrote his “Shahnameh,” 210.

Fire-worshippers. _See_ Parsis.

Firoz Shah, translations from Sanskrit into Persian, made by order of, 150.

Flaminius, his knowledge of Greek, 103.

Flemish language and literature, 178.

French dialects, number of, 58. laws of change in the French language, 73. nominatives and accusatives, 119.

French, origin of grammatical terminations in French, 229. origin of the French future in _rai_, 229.

Friesian, multitude of the dialects of, 59. language and literature, 178.

_Fromage_, origin of the French word, 123.

Future, the, in French, 229. in Latin, 230. in Greek, 230. in Chinese, 388. in other languages, 231.

Galatia, foundation and language of, 199.

Galla language of Africa, family to which it belongs, 282.

Ganas, the, or lists of remarkable words in Sanskrit, 116.

Garo, formation of adjectives in, 113 _note_.

Gâthâs, or songs of Zoroaster, 209.

Gebelin, Court de, his “Monde Primitif,” 140. compared with Hervas, 140.

Gees language, 281.

Genitive case, the term used in India, 111. terminations of the genitive in most cases, identical with the derivative suffixes by which substantives are changed into adjectives, 112. mode of forming the genitive in Chinese, 118 _note_. formation of genitives in Latin, 220.

_Geometry_, origin of the word, 15.

German language, history of the, 179.

Gipsies, language of the, 211.

Glass, painted, before and since the Reformation, 20.

Gordon, Captain, on the dialects of Burmese, 63.

Goropius, his work written to prove that Dutch was the language spoken in Paradise, 135.

_Gospel_, origin of the word, 122.

Gothic, a modern language, 122. similarity between Gothic and Latin, 127. class of languages to which Gothic belongs, 189. number of roots in it, 265 _note_.

Goths, the, and Bishop Ulfilas, 187.

Grammar, the criterion of relationship in almost all languages, 85. English grammar unmistakably of Teutonic origin, 85. no trace of grammar in ancient Chinese, 86. early achievements of the Brahmans in grammar, 88. and the Greeks, 89. origin of grammar, 90. causes of the earnestness with which Greek grammar was taken up at Rome, 108. the Hindú science of grammar, 116. origin and history of Sanskrit grammar, 116. origin of grammatical forms, 120. historical evidence, 121. collateral evidence, 122. genealogical classification, 124. comparative value of grammar in the classification of languages, 170. comparative grammar, 214. Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar,” 214. origin of grammatical forms, 215. mode of tracing back the grammatical framework of the Aryan languages to original independent words, 231-234. result of Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar,” 234. Aryan grammar, 234. Turkish grammar, 308. Turkic grammar, 309.

Grammatici, the, at Rome, 103.

Greek language, the, studied and cultivated by the barbarians, Berosus, Menander, and Manetho, 94, 95. critical study of ancient Greek at Alexandria, 97. the first practical Greek grammar, 100. generally spoken at Rome, 101.

Greek, earnestness with which Greek grammar was taken up at Rome, 108, 110. principles which governed the formation of adjectives and genitives, 113 _note_. spread of the Greek grammar, 114. genitives in Greek, 117. the principle of classification, never applied to speech by the Greeks, 124. Greeks and Barbarians, 125. Plato’s notion of the origin of the Greek language, 126. similarity between Greek and Sanskrit, 142. affinity between Sanskrit and Greek, 159. formation of the dative in Greek, 221. the future in Greek, 230. number of forms each verb in Greek yields, if conjugated through all its voices, tenses &c., 272 _note_. modern, number of the dialects of, 58.

Greeks, their speculations on languages, 89. the Grammarians, 90. reasons why the ancient Greeks never thought of learning a foreign language, 92. first encouragement given by trade to interpreters, 93. imaginary travels of Greek philosophers, 94 _note_. the Greek use of the term Barbarian, 127.

Gregory of Nyssa, St., his defence of St. Basil, 40 _note_.

Grimm, on the origin of dialects in general, quoted, 60. on the idiom of nomads, quoted, 71. his “Teutonic Grammar,” 167.

Growth of language, 47, 66. examination of the idea that man can change or improve language, 48. causes of the growth of language, 50.

Guichard, Estienne, his work on language, 132 _note_.

Guebres. _See_ Parsis.

Halhead, his remarks on the affinity between Greek and Sanskrit, quoted, 159. his “Code of Gentoo Laws,” 159 _note_.

Hamilton, Sir W., on the origin of the general and particular in language, 377 _note_.

Harald Ilaarfagr, King of Norway, his despotic rule and its consequences, 192.

Haru-spex, origin of the name, 259.

Harun-al-Rashid, translations made from Sanskrit works at his court, 149.

Haug, his labors in Zend, 209.

Haussa language of Africa, family to which it belongs, 282.

Hebrew, idea of the fathers of the church that it was the primitive language of mankind, 132. amount of learning and ingenuity wasted on this question, 133. Leibniz, the first who really conquered this prejudice, 135. number of roots in, 265. ancient form of the, 280. Aramean modifications of, 280. swept away by Arabic, 281.

Hekate, an old name of the moon, 22.

“Heljand,” the, of the Low Germans, 178.

Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, 198.

Herat, origin of the name, 247.

Hermippus, his translation of the works of Zoroaster into Greek, 96.

Herodotus, his travels, 94. on the Pelasgi, 125 _note_.

Hervas, his reduction of the multitude of American dialects to eleven families, 63. his list of works published during the 16th century, on the science of language, 131 _note_. account of him and of his labors, 139. compared with Gebelin, 140. his discovery of the Malay and Polynesian family of speech, 141.

Hickes, on the proportion of Saxon to Norman words in the English language, 84.

Himyaritic, inscriptions in, 281.

Hindústání, real origin of, 70. the genitive and adjective in, 113 _note_. Urdu-zeban, the proper name of Hindústání, 316.

Hiouen-thsang, the Chinese pilgrim, his travels into India, 149.

Hiram, fleet of, 202.

History and language, connection between, 76.

Hliod, or quida, of Norway, 193. Saemund’s collection of, 193.

Hoei-seng, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, 149.

Homer, critical study of, at Alexandria, 97. influence of the critical study of, on the development of grammatical terminology, 98.

Horace, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, 67.

_Hors_, origin of the French word, 123.

_House_, name for in Sanskrit, and other Aryan languages, 236, and _note_.

Humanity, the word not to be found in Plato or Aristotle, 128.

Humboldt, Alex. von, on the limits of exact knowledge, quoted, 29.

Humboldt, William von, his patronage of Comparative Philology, 167.

Hungarians, ancestors of the, 320. language of the, 320, 321. its affinity to the Ugro-Finnic dialects, 321.

Huron Indians, rapid changes in the dialects of the, 62.

Hyades, origin of the word, 17.

Ibn-Wahshiyyah, the Chaldean, his Arabic translation of “the Nabatean Agriculture,” 279. account of him and his works, 279 _note_.

Iceland, foundation of an aristocratic republic in, 192. intellectual and literary activity of the people of, 192. later history of, 193.

Icelandic language, 190.

Iconium, Turkish, sultans of, 307.

Illumination of Manuscripts, lost art of, 20.

Illyrians, Greek and Roman writers on the race and language of the, 126 _note_.

Illyrian language, the ancient, 196 _note_.

Illyrian languages, 200.

India, the Mulla Abdu-l-Kádir Maluk’s general history of, 151 _note_. origin of the name of _India_, 228.

Indian Philosophers, difficulty of admitting the influence of, on Greek philosophers, 94 _note_.

_Indies, East_ and _West_, historical meaning of the names, 227.

Indo-European family of languages. _See_ Aryan.

Inflectional stage of language, 324.

Instrumental, formation of the, in Chinese, 119 _note_, 218.

Interjectional theory of roots, 367.

Interpreters, first encouragement given to, by trade, 93.

Irán, modern name of Persia, origin of the, 242.

Iranic class of languages, 205.

_Iron_, name for, in Sanskrit and Gothic, 236.

Iron, the Os of the Caucasus calling themselves, 243.

Italian dialects, number of, 58, 197. natural growth of, 67. real sources of, 69.

Italians, the, indebted to the Greeks for the very rudiments of civilization, 101.

Italic class of languages, 196.

Italy, dialects spoken in, before the rise of Rome, 197.

_Its_, as a possessive pronoun, introduction of, 46.

Jerome, St., his opinion that Hebrew was the primitive language of mankind, 132.

Jews, literary idiom of the, in the century preceding and following the Christian era, 277. and from the fourth to the tenth centuries, 277. their adoption of Arabic, 277. their return to a kind of modernized Hebrew, 277.

Jones, Sir William, his remarks on the affinity between Sanskrit and Greek, 159.

Julien, M. Stanislas, his notes on the Chinese language, 118 _note_.

Justinian, the Emperor, sends an embassy to the Turks, 302.

“Kalewala,” the, the “Iliad” of the Finns, 318.

Kalmüks, the, 296, 300.

Kapchakian empire, the, 297.

Kara-Kalpak tribes near Aral-Lake, 304.

Karelian dialect of Finnic, 318.

Karians, Greek authors on the, 125 _note_.

Kempe, André, his notion of the languages spoken in Paradise, 135 _note_.

Kepler, quoted, 129 _note_.

Khi-nie, the Chinese pilgrim, his travels into India, 149.

Kirgis tribe, the, 305.

Kirgis Hordes, the three, 305.

Kirgis-Kasak, tribe of the, 305.

Kumüks, tribe of the, in the Caucasus, 303.

Kuthami, the Nabatean, his work on “Nabatean Agriculture,” 280. period in which he lived, 280 _note_.

Laban, language of, 278.

Language, science of, one of the physical sciences, 11, 31. modern date of the science of, 13. names of the science of, 14. meaning of the science of, 14. little it offers to the utilitarian spirit of our age, 20. modern importance of the science of, in political and social questions, 22. the barrier between man and beast, 23. importance of the science of, 33. realm of, 35. the growth of, in contradistinction to the history of, 38. Dr. Whewell on the classification of, 38 _note_. examination of objections against the science of, as a physical science, 39. considered as an invention of man, 39. the science of, considered as a historical science, 42. historical changes of, 44. almost stationary amongst highly civilized nations, 45. growth of, 47. the idea that man can change or improve language examined, 48. causes of the growth of, 50. processes of the growth of:— 1. phonetic decay, 51. 2. dialectical regeneration, 58. laws of change in, 73. futile attempts of single grammarians and purists to improve, 75. connection between language and history, 77. independent of historical events, 79. no possibility of a mixed, 82. the Empirical Stage in the historical progress of the science of, 87. speculations of the Brahmans and Greeks, 87. the classificatory stage of, 115. empirical or formal grammar, 117. genealogical classification of, 124. Hervas’s catalogue of works published during the 16th century on the science of language, 131 _note_. Leibniz, 135 _et seq_. Hervas, 139. Adelung, 142. Catherine the Great, 143. importance of the discovery of Sanskrit, 146, 170. value of comparative grammar, 170. glance at the modern history of language, 173. distinction between the radical and formal elements of, 215. constituent elements of, 250. morphological classification, 275, 286. the inflectional stage of, 324. consideration of the problem of a common origin of languages, 326 _et seq_. former theories, 345. proper method of inquiry, 347. man and brutes, faculties of, 350. the difference between man and brute, 354. the inward power of which language is the outward sign and manifestation, 355. universal ideas, 356. general ideas and roots, 356. the primum cognitum and primum appellatum, 370. knowing and naming, 378. language and reason, 383. sound and thought, 384. natural selection of roots, 386. nothing arbitrary in language, 389. origin and confusion of tongues, 391. the radical stage of language, 285, 286. the terminational stage, 285, 288. the inflectional stage, 285.

Languages, number of known, 35. teaching of foreign languages comparatively a modern invention, 91. reason why the ancient Greeks never learned foreign languages, 91. “The Mountain of Languages,” 93. genealogical classification of, 166. tests for reducing the principal dialects in Europe and Asia to certain families of languages, 174. genealogical classification not applicable to all languages, 174. radical relationship, 176. comparative grammar, 214.

Languages, formal and radical elements of, 216. all formal elements of language originally substantial, 228. degrees of relationship of, 284. all languages reducible in the end to roots, 286.

Langue d’Oil, ancient song in the, 198.

Laps, or Laplanders, 319. their habitat, 319. their language, 319.

Latin, what is meant by, 67. changes in, according to Polybius, 67. the old Salian poems, 67. provincialisms of Cicero, 67. stagnation of Latin when it became the language of civilization, 68. Latin genitives, 117. similarity between Gothic and Latin, 127. genealogical relation of Latin to Greek, 172. the future in Latin, 230.

Leibniz, the first to conquer the prejudice that Hebrew was the primitive language of mankind, 135. and the first to apply the principle of inductive reasoning to the subject of language, 135. his letter to Peter the Great, quoted, 136. his labors in the science of language, 137. his various studies, 138. on the formation of thought and language, quoted, 373.

Lesbos, dialects of the island of, 59.

Lettic language, the, 199.

Lewis, Sir Cornewall, his criticisms on the theory of Raynouard, 171.

Linnæus, his system, although imperfect, important to science, 26.

Literary languages, origin of, 65. inevitable decay of, 68.

Lithuanian language, the, 199. the oldest document in, 199.

Livius Andronicus, 104. his translation of the Odyssey into Latin verse, 104.

Livonians, dialect of the, 318.