CHAPTER XIV Notes

50 F. E. Beneke: _Prolegomena to a Physiology of Morals_ (1822); _The Natural System of Practical Philosophy_ (3 vols., 1837-40). By his appearance as a champion of utilitarianism and his consequent attitude of hostility to Kant, Beneke drew upon himself the enmity of Hegel, and was compelled in 1822 to stop the course of lectures which he was giving as a _Privat-dozent_ at Berlin University. After Hegel’s death he filled a professorship at Berlin.

51 L. A. Feuerbach: _What is Christianity?_ (1841); _Divinity, Freedom, and Immortality from the Standpoint of Anthropology_ (1866).

52 Ernst Laas: _Idealism and Positivism_ (3 vols., 1879-84).

53 _The Physiology of Society_ is the fourth volume of Comte’s _Course of Positive Philosophy_ (6 vols., 1830-42).

54 John Stuart Mill: _Principles of Political Economy_ (2 vols., 1848); _Utilitarianism_ (1861). There is a German translation of his works by Th. Gomperz (12 vols., 1869-86). It was J. S. Mill who introduced into philosophy the word “utilitarian” as the descriptive title of this particular school of ethic.

55 Charles Darwin: _The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex_ (1871).

56 Herbert Spencer: _Social Statics_ (1851); _The Data of Ethics_ (1879); _The Principles of Ethics_ (1892).

57 Henri de Saint-Simon: _L’Organisateur_ (1819-20); _Catéchisme des Industriels_ (1823-24).

58 Charles Fourier: _Le nouveau monde industriel et sociétaire_ (1829).

59 P. J. Proudhon: _Qu’est-ce que la Propriété?_ (1840).

60 Robert Owen: _A New View of Society_ (1813); and _Book of the New Moral World_ (7 parts, 1836-49).

61 Ferdinand Lassalle: _Das System der erwonbenen Rechte_ (2 vols., 1861); _Offenes Antwortschreiben an das Centralkomitee zur Berufung eines allgemeinen deutschen Arbeiterkongresses_ (1863).

62 Karl Marx: _Manifesto of the Communist Party_ (1848, in collaboration with Friedrich Engels); _Capital_ (vol. i., 1867; the second and third volumes were published in 1884 and 1894 by Friedrich Engels).

63 The same spirit pervades the work of the national economist, Gustav Schmoller of Berlin: _Concerning Some Questions of Law and National Economy_ (1875). Schmoller was the leader of the so-called “Socialists of the Chair.”

64 The first to set before Christendom its duty to take part in the solution of the social question is Félicité de Lamennais (1782-1854) in his _Paroles d’un croyant_ (1833). This book was condemned by the Pope in 1834.

65 The English public was made familiar with working-class misery by Kingsley’s novel _Yeast_ (which appeared in 1848 in _Fraser’s Magazine_, and in 1851 was printed as a book), and by two articles of Henry Mayhew’s in the _Morning Chronicle_ (December 14th and 18th, 1849). That Christian Socialism made its appearance first in England and France is connected with the fact that the industry which creates social problems developed earliest in these countries.

66 Leo Tolstoi: _My Confessions_; German translation as _Worin besteht mein Glaube_ (1884); French as _Ma Religion_ (1884); English as _Christ’s Christianity_ (1885). See also _What then shall we do?_ (German, 1886). The fact that Tolstoi’s ethical Christianity associates itself with contempt for civilization brings it near to primitive Christianity. But the all-important question, how the power of the ethical thoughts of Jesus are to work in the temper and the circumstances of modern times, it does not answer. Tolstoi is a great stimulator but no guide.

67 Eduard Bernstein: _The Presuppositions of Socialism, and the Tasks of Social Democracy_ (1899).