Book xi

.

c. 870.—"The mariners say every bunch of PEPPER has over it a leaf that shelters it from the rain. When the rain ceases the leaf turns aside; if rain recommences the leaf again covers the fruit."—_Ibn Khurdādba_, in _Journ. As._ 6th ser. tom. v. 284.

1166.—"The trees which bear this fruit are planted in the fields which surround the towns, and every one knows his plantation. The trees are small, and the PEPPER is originally white, but when they collect it they put it into basons and pour hot water upon it; it is then exposed to the heat of the sun, and dried ... in the course of which process it becomes of a black colour."—_Rabbi Benjamin_, in _Wright_, p. 114.

c. 1330.—"L'albore che fa il PEPE è fatto come l'elera che nasce su per gli muri. Questo pepe sale su per gli arbori che l'uomini piantano a modo de l'elera, e sale sopra tutti li arbori più alti. Questo pepe fa rami a modo dell'uve; ... e maturo si lo vendemiano a modo de l'uve e poi pongono il pepe al sole a seccare come uve passe, e nulla altra cosa si fa del PEPE."—_Odoric_, in _Cathay_, App. xlvii.

PERGUNNAH, s. Hind. _pargana_ [Skt. _pragaṇ_, 'to reckon up'], a subdivision of a 'District' (see ZILLAH).

c. 1500.—"The divisions into _súbas_ (see SOUBA) and PARGANAS, which are maintained to the present day in the province of Tatta, were made by these people" (the Samma Dynasty).—_Tárikh-i-Táhirí_, in _Elliot_, i. 273.

1535.—"Item, from the three PRAGUANAS, viz., Anzor, Cairena, Panchenaa 133,260 _fedeas_."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 139.

[1614.—"I wrote him to stay in the PREGONAS near Agra."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 106.]

[1617.—"For that Muckshud had also newly answered he had mist his PRIGANY."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 415.]

1753.—"Masulipatnam ... est capitale de ce qu'on appelle dans l'Inde un Sercar (see SIRCAR), qui comprend plusieurs PERGANÉS, ou districts

## particuliers."—_D'Anville_, 132.

1812.—"A certain number of villages with a society thus organised, formed a PERGUNNAH."—_Fifth Report_, 16.

PERGUNNAHS, THE TWENTY-FOUR, n.p. The official name of the District immediately adjoining and inclosing, though not administratively including, Calcutta. The name is one of a character very ancient in India and the East. It was the original 'Zemindary of Calcutta' granted to the English Company by a 'Subadar's Perwana' in 1757-58. This grant was subsequently confirmed by the Great Mogul as an unconditional and rent-free JAGHEER (q.v.). The quotation from Sir Richard Phillips' _Million of Facts_, illustrates the development of 'facts' out of the moral consciousness. The

## book contains many of equal value. An approximate parallel to this

statement would be that London is divided into Seven Dials.

1765.—"The lands of the TWENTY-FOUR PURGUNNAHS, ceded to the Company by the treaty of 1757, which subsequently became Colonel _Clive's_ jagghier, were rated on the King's books at 2 lac and 22,000 rupees."—_Holwell, Hist. Events_, 2nd ed., p. 217.

1812.—"The number of convicts confined at the six stations of this division (independent of _Zillah_ TWENTY-FOUR PERGUNNAHS), is about 4,000. Of them probably nine-tenths are dacoits."—_Fifth Report_, 559.

c. 1831.—"Bengal is divided in 24 PERGUNNAHS, each with its judge and magistrate, registrar, &c."—_Sir R. Phillips, Million of Facts_, stereot. ed. 1843, 927.

PERI, s. This Persian word for a class of imaginary sprites, rendered familiar in the verses of Moore and Southey, has no blood-relationship with the English _Fairy_, notwithstanding the exact compliance with Grimm's Law in the change of initial consonant. The Persian word is _parī_, from _par_, 'a feather, or wing'; therefore 'the winged one'; [so F. Johnson, _Pers. Dict._; but the derivation is very doubtful;] whilst the genealogy of _fairy_ is apparently Ital. _fata_, French _fée_, whence _féerie_ ('fay-dom') and thence _fairy_.

[c. 1500?—"I am the only daughter of a Jinn chief of noblest strain and my name is PERI-Banu."—_Arab. Nights, Burton_, x. 264.]

1800.—

"From cluster'd henna, and from orange groves, That with such perfumes fill the breeze As PERIS to their Sister bear, When from the summit of some lofty tree She hangs encaged, the captive of the Dives." _Thalaba_, xi. 24.

1817.—

"But nought can charm the luckless PERI; Her soul is sad—her wings are weary." _Moore, Paradise and the_ PERI.

PERPET, PERPETUANO, s. The name of a cloth often mentioned in the 17th and first part of the 18th centuries, as an export from England to the East. It appears to have been a light and glossy twilled stuff of wool, [which like another stuff of the same kind called '_Lasting_,' took its name from its durability. (See _Draper's Dict._ s.v.)]. In France it was called _perpétuanne_ or _sempiterne_, in Ital. _perpetuana_.

[1609.—"Karsies, PERPETUANOS and other woollen Comodities."—_Birdwood, Letter Book_, 288.

[1617.—"PERPETUANO, 1 bale."—_Cocks's Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 293.

[1630.—"... Devonshire kersies or PERPETUITIES...."—_Forrest, Bombay Letters_, i. 4.

[1680.—"PERPETUANCES."—_Ibid._ ii. 401.]

1711.—"Goods usually imported (to China) from _Europe_ are Bullion Cloths, Clothrash, PERPETUANO'S, and Camblets of Scarlet, black, blew, sad and violet Colours, which are of late so lightly set by; that to bear the Dutys, and bring the prime Cost, is as much as can reasonably be hoped for."—_Lockyer_, 147.

[1717.—"... a Pavilion lined with Imboss'd PERPETS."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. ccclix.]

1754.—"Being requested by the Trustees of the Charity Stock of this place to make an humble application to you for an order that the children upon the Foundation to the number of 12 or 14 may be supplied at the expense of the Honorable Company with a coat of blue PERPETS or some ordinary cloth...."—_Petition of Revd. R. Mapletoft_, in _Long_, p. 29.

1757.—Among the presents sent to the King of Ava with the mission of Ensign Robert Lester, we find:

"2 Pieces of ordinary Red Broad Cloth. 3 Do. of PÉRPETUÁNOES Popingay." In _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 203.

PERSAIM, n.p. This is an old form of the name of BASSEIN (q.v.) in Pegu. It occurs (_e.g._) in _Milburn_, ii. 281.

1759.—"The Country for 20 miles round PERSAIM is represented as capable of producing Rice, sufficient to supply the Coast of CHOROMANDEL from _Pondicherry_ to _Masulipatam_."—Letter in _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 110. Also in a Chart by Capt. G. Baker, 1754.

1795.—"Having ordered presents of a trivial nature to be presented, in return for those brought from Negrais, he referred the deputy ... to the Birman Governor of PERSAIM for a ratification and final adjustment of the treaty."—_Symes_, p. 40. But this author also uses _Bassien_ (_e.g._ 32), and "PERSAIM or _Bassien_" (39), which alternatives are also in the chart by Ensign Wood.

PERSIMMON, s. This American name is applied to a fruit common in China and Japan, which in a dried state is imported largely from China into Tibet. The tree is the _Diospyros kaki_, L. fil., a species of the same genus which produces ebony. The word is properly the name of an American fruit and tree of the same genus (_D. virginiana_), also called date-plum, and, according to the Dictionary of Worcester, belonged to the Indian language of Virginia. [The word became familiar in 1896 as the name of the winner of the Derby.]

1878.—"The finest fruit of Japan is the _Kaki_ or PERSIMMON (_Diospyros Kaki_), a large golden fruit on a beautiful tree."—_Miss Bird's Japan_, i. 234.

PERUMBAUCUM, n.p. A town 14 m. N.W. of Conjevaram, in the district of Madras [Chingleput]. The name is perhaps _perum-pākkam_, Tam., 'big village.'

PESCARIA, n.p. The coast of Tinnevelly was so called by the Portuguese, from the great pearl 'fishery' there.

[c. 1566.—See under BAZAAR.]

1600.—"There are in the Seas of the East three principal mines where they fish pearls.... The third is between the Isle of Ceilon and Cape Comory, and on this account the Coast which runs from the said Cape to the shoals of Ramanancor and Manâr is called, in part, PESCARIA...."—_Lucena_, 80.

[1616.—"PESQUERIA." See under CHILAW.]

1615.—"Iam nonnihil de orâ _Piscariâ_ dicamus quae iam inde a promontorio Commorino in Orientem ad usque breuia Ramanancoridis extenditur, quod haud procul inde celeberrimus, maximus, et copiosissimus toto Oriente Margaritarum piscatus instituitur...."—_Jarric, Thes._ i. 445.

1710.—"The Coast of the PESCARIA of the mother of pearl which runs from the Cape of Camorim to the Isle of Manar, for the space of seventy leagues, with a breadth of six inland, was the first debarcation of this second conquest."—_Sousa, Orient. Conquist._ i. 122.

PESHAWUR, n.p. _Peshāwar_. This name of what is now the frontier city and garrison of India towards Kābul, is sometimes alleged to have been given by Akbar. But in substance the name is of great antiquity, and all that can be alleged as to Akbar is that he is said to have modified the old name, and that since his time the present form has been in use. A notice of the change is quoted below from Gen. Cunningham; we cannot give the authority on which the statement rests. Peshāwar could hardly be called a frontier town in the time of Akbar, standing as it did according to the administrative division of the _Āīn_, about the middle of the Sūba of Kābul, which included Kashmīr and all west of it. We do not find that the modern form occurs in the text of the _Āīn_ as published by Prof. Blochmann. In the translation of the _Ṭabaḳāt-i-Akbarī_ of Nizāmu-d-din Ahmad (died 1594-95), in Elliot, we find the name transliterated variously as _Pesháwar_ (v. 448), _Parsháwar_ (293), _Parshor_ (423), _Pershor_ (424). We cannot doubt that the Chinese form _Folausha_ in Fah-hian already expresses the name _Parashāwar_, or _Parshāwar_.

c. 400.—"From Gandhâra, going south 4 days' journey, we arrive at the country of FO-LAU-SHA. In old times Buddha, in company with all his disciples, travelled through this country."—_Fah-hian_, by _Beal_, p. 34.

c. 630.—"The Kingdom of Kien-to-lo (Gândhâra) extends about 1000 _li_ from E. to W. and 800 _li_ from S. to N. On the East it adjoins the river _Sin_ (Indus). The capital of this country is called PU-LU-SHA-PU-LO (Purashapura).... The towns and villages are almost deserted.... There are about a thousand convents, ruined and abandoned; full of wild plants, and presenting only a melancholy solitude...."—_Hwen T'sang, Pèl. Boud._ ii. 104-105.

c. 1001.—"On his (Mahmúd's) reaching PURSHAUR, he pitched his tent outside the city. There he received intelligence of the bold resolve of Jaipál, the enemy of God, and the King of Hind, to offer opposition."—_Al-Utbi_, in _Elliot_, ii. 25.

c. 1020.—"The aggregate of these waters forms a large river opposite the city of PARSHÁWAR."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i. 47. See also 63.

1059.—"The Amír ordered a letter to be despatched to the minister, telling him 'I have determined to go to Hindustán, and pass the winter in Waihind, and Marminára, and BARSHÚR...."—_Baihaki_, in _Elliot_, ii. 150.

c. 1220.—"FARSHĀBŪR. The vulgar pronunciation is BARSHĀWŪR. A large tract between Ghazna and Lahor, famous in the history of the Musulman conquest."—_Yāḳūt_, in _Barbier de Maynard, Dict. de la Perse_, 418.

1519.—"We held a consultation, in which it was resolved to plunder the country of the Aferîdî Afghâns, as had been proposed by Sultan Bayezîd, to fit up the fort of PERSHÂWER for the reception of their effects and corn, and to leave a garrison in it."—_Baber_, 276.

c. 1555.—"We came to the city of PURSHAWAR, and having thus fortunately passed the _Kotal_ we reached the town of Joshāya. On the Kotal we saw rhinoceroses, the size of a small elephant."—_Sidi 'Ali_, in _J. As._ Ser. i. tom. ix. 201.

c. 1590.—"Tumān Bagrām, which they call PARSHĀWAR; the spring here is a source of delight. There is in this place a great place of worship which they call Gorkhatri, to which people, especially Jogis, resort from great distances."—_Āīn_ (orig.), i. 592; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 404. In iii. 69, PARASHÁWAR].

1754.—"On the news that PEISHOR was taken, and that Nadir Shah was preparing to pass the Indus, the Moghol's court, already in great disorder, was struck with terror."—_H. of Nadir Shah_, in _Hanway_, ii. 363.

1783.—"The heat of PESHOUR seemed to me more intense, than that of any country I have visited in the upper parts of India. Other places may be warm; hot winds blowing over tracts of sand may drive us under the shelter of a wetted skreen; but at PESHOUR, the atmosphere, in the summer solstice, becomes almost inflammable."—_G. Forster_, ed. 1808, ii. 57.

1863.—"Its present name we owe to Akbar, whose fondness for innovation led him to change the ancient PARASHÂWARA, of which he did not know the meaning, to PESHÂWAR, or the 'frontier town.' Abul Fazl gives both names."—_Cunningham, Arch. Reports_, ii. 87. Gladwin does in his translation give both names; but see above.

PESHCUBZ, s. A form of dagger, the blade of which has a straight thick back, while the edge curves inwardly from a broad base to a very sharp point. Pers. _pesh-ḳabz_, 'fore-grip.' The handle is usually made of _shirmāhī_, 'the white bone (tooth?) of a large cetacean'; probably morse-tooth, which is repeatedly mentioned in the early English trade with Persia as an article much in demand (_e.g._ see _Sainsbury_, ii. 65, 159, 204, 305; iii. 89, 162, 268, 287, &c.). [The _peshḳubz_ appears several times in Mr. Egerton's _Catalogue of Indian Arms_, and one is illustrated, Pl. xv. No. 760.]

1767.—

"Received for sundry jewels, &c. (Rs.) 7326 0 0 Ditto for knife, or PESHCUBZ (misprinted _pesheolz_) 3500 0 0." _Lord Clive's Accounts_, in _Long_, 497.

PESHCUSH, s. Pers. _pesh-kash_. Wilson interprets this as literally 'first-fruits.' It is used as an offering or tribute, but with many specific and technical senses which will be found in Wilson, _e.g._ a fine on appointment, renewal, or investiture; a quit-rent, a payment exacted on lands formerly rent-free, or in substitution for service no longer exacted; sometimes a present to a great man, or (loosely) for the ordinary Government demand on land. PESHCUSH, in the old English records, is most generally used in the sense of a present to a great man.

1653.—"PESKET est vn presant en Turq."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 553.

1657.—"As to the PISCASH for the King of Golcundah, if it be not already done, we do hope with it you may obteyn our liberty to coyne silver Rupees and copper Pice at the Fort, which would be a great accommodation to our Trade. But in this and all other PISCASHES be as sparing as you can."—_Letter of Court to Ft. St. Geo._, in _Notes and Exts._, No. i. p. 7.

1673.—"Sometimes sending PISHCASHES of considerable value."—_Fryer_, 166.

1675.—"Being informed that Mr. Mohun had sent a PISCASH of Persian Wine, Cases of Stronge Water, &c. to ye Great Governour of this Countrey, that is 2_d._ or 3_d._ pson in ye kingdome, I went to his house to speake abt. it, when he kept me to dine with him."—_Puckle's Diary_, MS. in India Office.

[1683.—"PISCASH." (See under FIRMAUN.)]

1689.—"But the PISHCUSHES or Presents expected by the _Nabobs_ and _Omrahs_ retarded our Inlargement for some time notwithstanding."—_Ovington_, 415.

1754.—"After I have refreshed my army at DELHIE, and received the subsidy (_Note._—'This is called a PEISCHCUSH, or present from an inferior to a superior. The sum agreed for was 20 crores') which must be paid, I will leave you in possession of his dominion."—_Hist. of Nadir Shah_, in _Hanway_, ii. 371.

1761.—"I have obtained a promise from his Majesty of his royal confirmation of all your possessions and priviledges, provided you pay him a proper PISHCUSH...."—_Major Carnac_ to the Governor and Council, in _Van Sittart_, i. 119.

1811.—"By the _fixed or regulated sum_ ... the Sultan ... means the PAISHCUSH, or tribute, which he was bound by former treaties to pay to the Government of Poonah; but which he does not think proper to ... designate by any term denotive of inferiority, which the word _Paishcush_ certainly is."—_Kirkpatrick_, Note on _Tippoo's Letters_, p. 9.

PESH-KHĀNA, PESH-KHIDMAT, ss. Pers. 'Fore-service.' The tents and accompanying retinue sent on over-night, during a march, to the new camping ground, to receive the master on his arrival. A great personage among the natives, or among ourselves, has a complete double establishment, one portion of which goes thus every night in advance. [Another term used is PESHKHAIMA Pers. 'advance tents,' as below.]

1665.—"When the King is in the field, he hath usually two Camps ... to the end that when he breaketh up and leaveth one, the other may have passed before by a day and be found ready when he arriveth at the place design'd to encamp at; and 'tis therefore that they are called PEICHE-KANES, as if you should say, Houses going before...."—_Bernier_, E.T. 115; [ed. _Constable_, 359].

[1738.—"PEISH-KHANNA is the term given to the royal tents and their appendages in India."—_Hanway_, iv. 153.

[1862.—"The result of all this uproarious bustle has been the erection of the Sardár's peshkhaima, or advanced tent."—_Bellew, Journal of Mission_, 409.]

PESHWA, s. from Pers. 'a leader, a guide.' The chief minister of the Mahratta power, who afterwards, supplanting his master, the descendant of Sivaji, became practically the prince of an independent State and chief of the Mahrattas. The Peshwa's power expired with the surrender to Sir John Malcolm of the last Peshwa, Bājī Rāo, in 1817. He lived in wealthy exile, and with a _jāgīr_ under his own jurisdiction, at Bhitūr, near Cawnpoor, till January 1851. His adopted son, and the claimant of his honours and allowances, was the infamous Nānā Sāhib.

Mr C. P. Brown gives a feminine _peshwīn_: "The princess Gangā Bāī was _Peshwīn_ of Purandhar." (MS. notes).

1673.—"He answered, it is well, and referred our Business to _Moro Pundit_ his PESHUA, or Chancellour, to examine our Articles, and give an account of what they were."—_Fryer_, 79.

1803.—"But how is it with the PESHWAH? He has no minister; no person has influence over him, and he is only guided by his own caprices."—_Wellington Desp._, ed. 1837, ii. 177.

In the following passage (_quandoquidem dormitans_) the Great Duke had forgotten that things were changed since he left India, whilst the editor perhaps did not know:

1841.—"If you should draw more troops from the Establishment of Fort St. George, you will have to place under arms the subsidiary force of the Nizam, the PEISHWAH, and the force in Mysore, and the districts ceded by the Nizam in 1800-1801."—Letter from the _D. of Wellington_, in _Ind. Adm. of Lord Ellenborough_, 1874. (Dec. 29). The Duke was oblivious when he spoke of the Peshwa's Subsidiary Force in 1841.

PETERSILLY, s. This is the name by which 'parsley' is generally called in N. India. We have heard it quoted there as an instance of the absurd corruption of English words in the mouths of natives. But this case at least might more justly be quoted as an example of accurate transfer. The word is simply the Dutch term for 'parsley,' viz. PETERSILIE, from the Lat. _petroselinum_, of which _parsley_ is itself a double corruption through the French _persil_. In the Arabic of Avicenna the name is given as _fatrasiliūn_.

PETTAH, s. Tam. _pēṭṭai_. The extramural suburb of a fortress, or the town attached and adjacent to a fortress. The _pettah_ is itself often separately fortified; the fortress is then its citadel. The Mahratti _peṭh_ is used in like manner; [it is Skt. _peṭaka_, and the word possibly came to the Tamil through the Mahr.]. The word constantly occurs in the histories of war in Southern India.

1630.—"'Azam Khán, having ascended the Pass of Anjan-dúdh, encamped 3 _kos_ from Dhárúr. He then directed Multafit Khán ... to make an attack upon ... Dhárúr and its PETTA, where once a week people from all parts, far and near, were accustomed to meet for buying and selling."—_Abdul Hamīd_, in _Elliot_, vii. 20.

1763.—"The pagoda served as a citadel to a large PETTAH, by which name the people on the Coast of Coromandel call every town contiguous to a fortress."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, i. 147.

1791.—"... The PETTA or town (at Bangalore) of great extent to the north of the fort, was surrounded by an indifferent rampart and excellent ditch, with an intermediate berm ... planted with impenetrable and well-grown thorns.... Neither the fort nor the PETTA had drawbridges."—_Wilks, Hist. Sketches_, iii. 123.

1803.—"The PETTAH wall was very lofty, and defended by towers, and had no rampart."—_Wellington_, ed. 1837, ii. 193.

1809.—"I passed through a country little cultivated ... to Kingeri, which has a small mud-fort in good repair, and a PETTAH apparently well filled with inhabitants."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 412.

1839.—"The English ladies told me this PETTAH was 'a horrid place—quite native!' and advised me never to go into it; so I went next day, of course, and found it most curious—really _quite native_."—_Letters from Madras_, 289.

PHANSEEGAR, s. See under THUG.

[PHOOLKAREE, s. Hind. _phūl-kārī_, 'flowered embroidery.' The term applied in N. India to the cotton sheets embroidered in silk by village women,

## particularly Jats. Each girl is supposed to embroider one of these for her

marriage. In recent years a considerable demand has arisen for specimens of this kind of needlework among English ladies, who use them for screens and other decorative purposes. Hence a considerable manufacture has sprung up of which an account will be found in a note by Mrs. F. A. Steel, appended to Mr. H. C. Cookson's _Monograph on the Silk Industry of the Punjab_ (1886-7), and in the _Journal of Indian Art_, ii. 71 _seqq._

[1887.—"They (native school girls) were collected in a small inner court, which was hung with the pretty PHULCARRIES they make here (Rawal Pindi), and which ... looked very Oriental and gay."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal Life_, 336.]

[PHOORZA, s. A custom-house; Gujarātī _phurjā_, from Ar. _furẓat_ 'a notch,' then 'a bight,' 'river-mouth,' 'harbour'; hence 'a tax' or 'custom-duty.'

[1791.—The East India Calendar (p. 131) has "John Church, PHOORZA-Master, Surat."

[1727.—"And the Mogul's FURZA or custom-house is at this place (Hughly)."—_A. Hamilton_, ed. 1744, ii. 19.

[1772.—"But as they still insisted on their people sitting at the gates on the PHOORZER Coosky ..."—_Forrest, Bombay Letters_, i. 386, and see 392, "PHOORZE Master." _Coosky_ = P.—Mahr. _Khushkī_, "inland transit-duties."

[1813.—"... idols ... were annually imported to a considerable number at the Baroche PHOORZA, when I was custom-master at that settlement."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 334.]

PIAL, s. A raised platform on which people sit, usually under the verandah, or on either side of the door of the house. It is a purely S. Indian word, and partially corresponds to the N. Indian _chabūtra_ (see CHABOOTRA). Wilson conjectures the word to be Telugu, but it is in fact a form of the Portuguese _poyo_ and _poyal_ (Span. _poyo_), 'a seat or bench.' This is again, according to Diez (i. 326), from the Lat. _podium_, 'a projecting base, a balcony.' Bluteau explains _poyal_ as 'steps for mounting on horseback' (_Scoticè_, 'a louping-on stone') [see _Dalboquerque_, Hak. Soc. ii. 68]. The quotation from Mr. Gover describes the S. Indian thing in full.

1553.—"... paying him his courtesy in Moorish fashion, which was seating himself along with him on a POYAL."—_Castanheda_, vi. 3.

1578.—"In the public square at Goa, as it was running furiously along, an infirm man came in its way, and could not escape; but the elephant took him up in his trunk, and without doing him any hurt deposited him on a POYO."—_Acosta, Tractado_, 432.

1602.—"The natives of this region who are called Iaos, are men so arrogant that they think no others their superiors ... insomuch that if a Iao in passing along the street becomes aware that any one of another nation is on a POYAL, or any place above him, if the person does not immediately come down, ... until he is gone by, he will kill him."—_Couto_, IV. iii. 1. [For numerous instances of this superstition, see _Frazer, Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. i. 360 _seqq._]

1873.—"Built against the front wall of every Hindu house in southern India ... is a bench 3 feet high and as many broad. It extends along the whole frontage, except where the house-door stands.... The posts of the VERANDA or PANDAL are fixed in the ground a few feet in front of the bench, enclosing a sort of platform: for the basement of the house is generally 2 or 3 feet above the street level. The raised bench is called the PYAL, and is the lounging-place by day. It also serves in the hot months as a couch for the night.... There the visitor is received; there the bargaining is done; there the beggar plies his trade, and the _Yogi_ (see JOGEE) sounds his CONCH; there also the members of the household clean their teeth, amusing themselves the while with belches and other frightful noises...."—_Pyal Schools in Madras_, by _E. C. Gover_, in _Ind. Antiq._ ii. 52.

PICAR, s. Hind. _paikār_, [which again is a corruption of Pers. _pā'e-kār_, _pā'e_, 'a foot'], a retail-dealer, an intermediate dealer or broker.

1680.—"PICAR." See under DUSTOOR.

1683.—"Y^e said Naylor has always corresponded with Mr. Charnock, having been always his intimate friend; and without question either provides him goods out of the Hon. Comp.'s Warehouse, or connives at the Weavers and PICCARS doing of it."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 133.

[1772.—"PYKÂRS (_Dellols_ (see DELOLL) and Gomastahs) are a chain of agents through whose hands the articles of merchandize pass from the loom of the manufacturer, or the store-house of the cultivator, to the public merchant, or exporter."—_Verelst, View of Bengal, Gloss._ s.v.]

PICE, s. Hind. _paisā_, a small copper coin, which under the Anglo-Indian system of currency is ¼ of an anna, 1/64 of a rupee, and somewhat less than 3/2 of a farthing. _Pice_ is used slangishly for money in general. By Act XXIII. of 1870 (cl. 8) the following copper coins are current:—1. Double _Pice_ or Half-anna. 2. _Pice_ or ¼ anna. 3. _Half-pice_ or ⅛ anna. 4. _Pie_ or 1/12 anna. No. 2 is the only one in very common use. As with most other coins, weights, and measures, there used to be PUCKA pice, and CUTCHA pice. The distinction was sometimes between the regularly minted copper of the Government and certain amorphous pieces of copper which did duty for small change (_e.g._ in the N.W. Provinces within memory), or between single and double pice, _i.e._ ¼ anna-pieces and ½ anna-pieces. [Also see PIE.]

c. 1590.—"The _dám_ ... is the fortieth part of the rupee. At first this coin was called PAISAH."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 31.

[1614.—"Another coin there is of copper, called a PIZE, whereof you have commonly 34 in the mamudo."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 11.]

1615.—"PICE, which is a Copper Coyne; twelve Drammes make one PICE. The English Shilling, if weight, will yeeld thirtie three _Pice_ and a halfe."—_W. Peyton_, in _Purchas_, i. 530.

1616.—"Brasse money, which they call PICES, whereof three or thereabouts countervail a Peny."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1471.

1648.—"... de PEYSEN zijn kooper gelt...."—_Van Twist_, 62.

1653.—"PEÇA est vne monnoye du Mogol de la valeur de 6 deniers."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 553.

1673.—"PICE, a sort of Copper Money current among the Poorer sort of People ... the Company's Accounts are kept in Book-rate PICE, viz. 32 to the Mam. [i.e. _Mamoodee_, see GOSBECK], and 80 PICE to the Rupee."—_Fryer_, 205.

1676.—"The Indians have also a sort of small Copper-money; which is called PECHA.... In my last Travels, a _Roupy_ went at Surat for nine and forty PECHA'S."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 22; [ed. _Ball_, i. 27].

1689.—"Lower than these (pice), bitter-Almonds here (at Surat) pass for Money, about Sixty of which make a PICE."—_Ovington_, 219.

1726.—"1 _Ana_ makes 1½ stuyvers or 2 PEYS."—_Valentijn_, v. 179. [Also see under MOHUR GOLD.]

1768.—"Shall I risk my cavalry, which cost 1000 rupees each horse, against your cannon balls that cost two PICE?—No.—I will march your troops until their legs become the size of their bodies."—_Hyder Ali_, Letter to _Col. Wood_, in _Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 287; [2nd ed. ii. 300].

c. 1816.—"'Here,' said he, 'is four PUCKER-PICE for Mary to spend in the bazar; but I will thank you, Mrs. Browne, not to let her have any fruit....'"—_Mrs. Sherwood's Stories_, 16, ed. 1863.

PICOTA, s. An additional allowance or percentage, added as a handicap to the weight of goods, which varied with every description,—and which the editor of the _Subsidios_ supposes to have lead to the varieties of BAHAR (q.v.). Thus at Ormuz the bahar was of 20 farazolas (see FRAZALA), to which was added, as _picota_, for cloves and mace 3 maunds (of Ormuz), or about 1/72 additional; for cinnamon 1/20 additional; for benzoin 1/5 additional, &c. See the _Pesos_, &c. of _A. Nunes_ (1554) _passim_. We have not been able to trace the origin of this term, nor any modern use.

[1554.—"PICOTAA." (See under BRAZIL-WOOD, DOOCAUN.)]

PICOTTAH, s. This is the term applied in S. India to that ancient machine for raising water, which consists of a long lever or yard, pivotted on an upright post, weighted on the short arm and bearing a line and bucket on the long arm. It is the _ḍhenklī_ of Upper India, the _shādūf_ of the Nile, and the old English _sweep_, _swape_, or _sway-pole_. The machine is we believe still used in the Terra Incognita of market-gardens S.E. of London. The name is Portuguese, _picota_, a marine term now applied to the handle of a ship's pump and post in which it works—a 'pump-brake.' The _picota_ at sea was also used as a pillory, whence the employment of the word as quoted from Correa. The word is given in the Glossary attached to the "Fifth Report" (1812), but with no indication of its source. Fryer (1673, pub. 1698) describes the thing without giving it a name. In the following the word is used in the marine sense:

1524.—"He (V. da Gama) ordered notice to be given that no seaman should wear a cloak, except on Sunday ... and if he did, that it should be taken from him by the constables (_lhe serra tomada polos meirinhos_), and the man put in the PICOTA in disgrace, for one day. He found great fault with men of military service wearing cloaks, for in that guise they did not look like soldiers."—_Correa, Lendas_, II. ii. 822.

1782.—"Pour cet effet (arroser les terres) on emploie une machine appellée PICÔTE. C'est une bascule dressée sur le bord d'un puits ou d'un réservoir d'eaux pluviales, pour en tirer l'eau, et la conduire ensuite où l'on veut."—_Sonnerat, Voyage_, i. 188.

c. 1790.—"Partout les PAKOTIÉS, ou puits à bascule, étoient en mouvement pour fournir l'eau nécessaire aux plantes, et partout on entendoit les jardiniers égayer leurs travaux par des chansons."—_Haafner_, ii. 217.

1807.—"In one place I saw people employed in watering a rice-field with the _Yatam_, or PACOTA, as it is called by the English."—_Buchanan, Journey through Mysore_, &c., i. 15. [Here _Yatam_, is Can. _yāta_, Tel. _ētamu_, Mal. _ēttam_.]

[1871.—

"Aye, e'en PICOTTA-work would gain By using such bamboos." _Gover, Folk Songs of S. India_, 184.]

PIE, s. Hind. _pā'ī_, the smallest copper coin of the Anglo-Indian currency, being 1/12 of an anna, 1/192 of a rupee, = about ½ a farthing. This is now the authorised meaning of _pie_. But _pā'ī_ was originally, it would seem, the fourth part of an anna, and in fact identical with PICE (q.v.). It is the H.—Mahr. _pā'ī_, 'a quarter,' from Skt. _pad_, _pādikā_ in that sense.

[1866.—"... his father has a one PIE share in a small village which may yield him perhaps 24 rupees per annum."—_Confessions of an Orderly_, 201.]

PIECE-GOODS. This, which is now the technical term for Manchester cottons imported into India, was originally applied in trade to the Indian cottons exported to England, a trade which appears to have been deliberately killed by the heavy duties which Lancashire procured to be imposed in its own interest, as in its own interest it has recently procured the abolition of the small import duty on English piece-goods in India.[223] [In 1898 a duty at the rate of 3 per cent. on cotton goods was reimposed.]

Lists of the various kinds of Indian piece-goods will be found in Milburn (i. 44, 45, 46, and ii. 90, 221), and we assemble them below. It is not in our power to explain their peculiarities, except in very few cases, found under their proper heading. [In the present edition these lists have been arranged in alphabetical order. The figures before each indicate that they fall into the following classes: 1. Piece-goods formerly exported from Bombay and Surat; 2. Piece-goods exported from Madras and the Coast; 3. Piece-goods: the kinds imported into Great Britain from Bengal. Some notes and quotations have been added. But it must be understood that the classes of goods now known under these names may or may not exactly represent those made at the time when these lists were prepared. The names printed in capitals are discussed in separate articles.]

1665.—"I have sometimes stood amazed at the vast quantity of Cotton-Cloth of all sorts, fine and others, tinged and white, which the _Hollanders_ alone draw from thence and transport into many places, especially into _Japan_ and _Europe_; not to mention what the _English_, _Portingal_ and _Indian_ merchants carry away from those parts."—_Bernier_, E.T. 141; [ed. _Constable_, 439].

1785.—(Res^n. of Court of Directors of the E.I.C., 8th October) "... that the Captains and Officers of all ships that shall sail from any part of India, after receiving notice hereof, shall be allowed to bring 8000 pieces of PIECE-GOODS and no more ... that 5000 pieces and no more, may consist of white Muslins and Callicoes, stitched or plain, or either of them, of which 5000 pieces only 2000 may consist of any of the following sorts, viz., _Alliballies_, _Alrochs_ (?), _Cossaes_, _Doreas_, _Jamdannies_, _Mulmuls_, _Nainsooks_, _Neckcloths_, _Tanjeebs_, and _Terrindams_, and that 3000 pieces and no more, may consist of coloured piece-goods...." &c., &c.—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 83.

[ABRAWAN, P. _āb-i-ravān_, 'flowing water'; a very fine kind of Dacca muslin. 'Woven air' is the name applied in the _Arabian Nights_ to the Patna gauzes, a term originally used for the produce of the Coan looms (_Burton_, x. 247.) "The Hindoos amuse us with two stories, as instances of the fineness of this muslin. One, that the Emperor Aurungzebe was angry with his daughter for exposing her skin through her clothes; whereupon the young princess remonstrated in her justification that she had seven _jamahs_ (see JAMMA) or suits on; and another, in the Nabob Allaverdy Khawn's time a weaver was chastised and turned out of the city for his neglect, in not preventing his cow from eating up a piece of ABROOAN, which he had spread and carelessly left on the grass."—_Bolt, Considerations on Affairs of India_, 206.]

3. ADATIS.

2. ALLEJAS.

3. ALLIBALLIES.—"_Alaballee_ (signifying according to the weavers' interpretation of the word 'very fine') is a muslin of fine texture."—(_J. Taylor, Account of the Cotton Manufacture at Dacca_, 45). According to this the word is perhaps from Ar. _ā'lā_, 'superior,' H. _bhalā_, 'good.'

3. ALLIBANEES.—Perhaps from _ā'lā_, 'superior,' _bānā_, 'woof.'

1. ANNABATCHIES.

3. ARRAHS.—Perhaps from the place of that name in Shahābād, where, according to Buchanan Hamilton (_Eastern India_, i. 548) there was a large cloth industry.

3. AUBRAHS.

2. AUNNEKETCHIES.

3. BAFTAS.

3. BANDANNAS.

1. BEJUTAPAUTS.—H. _be-jūṭā_, 'without join,' _pāt_, 'a piece.'

1. BETEELAS.

3. BLUE CLOTH.

1. BOMBAY STUFFS.

1. BRAWL.—The _N.E.D._ describes Brawl as a 'blue and white striped cloth manufactured in India.' In a letter of 1616 (_Foster_, iv. 306) we have "Lolwee champell and BURRAL." The editor suggests H. _biral_, 'open in texture, fine.' But Roquefort (s.v.) gives: "_Bure_, _Burel_, grosse étoffe en laine de couleur rousse ou grisâtre, dont s'habillent ordinairement les ramoneurs; cette étoffe est faite de brebis noire et brune, sans aucune autre teinture." And see _N.E.D._ s.v. _Borrel_.

3. BYRAMPAUTS. (See BEIRAMEE.)

2. CALLAWAPORES.

3. CALLIPATTIES.—H. _Kālī_, 'black,' _pattī_, 'strip.'

3. CAMBAYS.

3. CAMBRICS.

3. CARPETS.

3. CARRIDARIES.

2. CATTAKETCHIES.

1. CHALIAS. (See under SHALEE.)

3. CHARCONNAES.—H. _chār-khāna_, 'chequered.' "The _charkana_, or chequered muslin, is, as regards manufacture, very similar to the _Doorea_ (see DOREAS below). They differ in the breadth of the stripes, their closeness to each other, and the size of the squares." (_Forbes Watson, Textile Man._ 78). The same name is now applied to a silk cloth. "The word _chārkhāna_ simply means 'a check,' but the term is applied to certain silk or mixed fabrics containing small checks, usually about 8 or 10 checks in a line to an inch." (_Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk_, 93. Also see _Journ. Ind. Art_, iii. 6.)

1683.—"20 yards of CHARKONNAS."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 94.

2. CHAVONIS.

1. CHELLOES. (See SHALEE.)

3. CHINECHURAS.—Probably cloth from CHINSURA.

1. CHINTZ, of sorts.

3. CHITTABULLIES.

3. CHOWTARS.—This is almost certainly not identical with CHUDDER. In a list of cotton cloths in the _Āīn_ (i. 94) we have _chautār_, which may mean 'made with four threads or wires.' _Chautāhī_, 'four-fold,' is a kind of cloth used in the Punjab for counterpanes (_Francis, Man. Cotton_, 7). This cloth is frequently mentioned in the early letters.

1610.—"CHAUTARES are white and well requested."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 75.

1614.—"The CHAUTERS of Agra and fine baftas nyll doth not here vend."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 45.

1615.—"Four pieces fine white COWTER."—_Ibid._ iv. 51.

3. CHUCLAES.—This may be H. _chaklā_, _chakrī_, which Platts defines as 'a kind of cloth made of silk and cotton.'

3. CHUNDERBANNIES.—This is perhaps H. _chandra_, 'the moon,' _bānā_, 'woof.'

3. CHUNDRACONAES.—Forbes Watson has: "_Chunderkana_, second quality muslin for handkerchiefs": "Plain white bleached muslin called _Chunderkora_." The word is probably _chandrakhāna_, 'moon checks.'

3. CLOUTS, common coarse cloth, for which see _N.E.D._

3. COOPEES.—This is perhaps H. _kaupin_, _kopin_, 'the small LUNGOOTY worn by Fakirs.'

3. CORAHS.—H. _korā_, 'plain, unbleached, undyed.' What is now known as Kora silk is woven in pieces for waist-cloths (see _Yusuf Ali_, _op. cit._ 76).

3. COSSAES.—This perhaps represents Ar. _khāṣṣa_ 'special.' In the _Āīn_ we have _khāçah_ in the list of cotton cloths (i. 94). Mr. Taylor describes it as a muslin of a close fine texture, and identifies it with the fine muslin which, according to the _Āīn_ (ii. 124), was produced at Sonārgāon. The finest kind he says is "_jungle-khasu_." (_Taylor_, _op. cit._ 45.)

3. CUSHTAES.—These perhaps take their name from Kushtia, a place of considerable trade in the Nadiya District.

3. CUTTANNEES. (See COTTON.)

1. DHOOTIES. (See DHOTY.)

3. DIAPERS.

3. DIMITIES.

3. DOREAS.—H. _ḍoriyā_, 'striped cloth,' _ḍor_, 'thread.' In the list in the _Āīn_ (i. 95), _Doriyah_ appears among cotton stuffs. It is now also made in silk: "The simplest pattern is the stripe; when the stripes are longitudinal the fabric is a _doriya_.... The _doriya_ was originally a cotton fabric, but it is now manufactured in silk, silk-and-cotton, _tasar_, and other combinations." (_Yusuf Ali_, _op. cit._ 57, 94.)

1683.—"3 pieces DOOREAS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 94.

3. DOSOOTIES.

3. DUNGAREES.

3. DYSUCKSOYS.

3. ELATCHES.—Platts gives H. _Ilāchā_, 'a kind of cloth woven of silk and thread so as to present the appearance of cardamoms (_ilāchī_).' But it is almost certainly identical with ALLEJA. It was probably introduced to Agra, where now alone it is made, by the Moghuls. It differs from _doriya_ (see DOREAS above) in having a substantial texture, whereas the _doriya_ is generally flimsy. (_Yusuf Ali_, _op. cit._ 95.)

3. EMMERTIES.—This is H. _amratī_, _imratī_, 'sweet as nectar.'

2. GINGHAMS.

2. GUDELOOR (dimities).—There is a place of the name in the Neilgherry District, but it does not seem to have any cloth manufacture.

1. GUINEA STUFFS.

3. GURRAHS.—This is probably the H. _gārhā_: "unbleached fabrics which under names varying in different localities, constitute a large proportion of the clothing of the poor. They are used also for packing goods, and as a covering for the dead, for which last purpose a large quantity is employed both by Hindoos and Mahomedans. These fabrics in Bengal pass under the name of GARRHA and GUZEE." (_Forbes Watson_, _op. cit._ 83.)

3. HABASSIES.—Probably P. _'abbāsī_, used of cloths dyed in a sort of magenta colour. The recipe is given by _Hadi, Mon. on Dyeing in the N.W.P._ p. 16.

3. HERBA TAFFETIES.—These are cloths made of GRASS-CLOTH.

3. HUMHUMS, from Ar. _ḥammām_, 'a Turkish bath' "(apparently so named from its having been originally used at the bath), is a cloth of a thick stout texture, and generally worn as a wrapper in the cold season." (_Taylor_, _op. cit._ 63.)

2. IZAREES.—P. _izār_, 'drawers, trousers.' Watson (_op. cit._ 57, note) says that in some places it is peculiar to men, the women's drawers being _Turwar_. Herklots (_Qanoon-e-Islam_, App. xiv.) gives _eezar_ as equivalent to SHULWAUR, like the PYJAMMA, but not so wide.

3. JAMDANNIES.—P.-H. _jāmdānī_, which is said to be properly _jāmahdānī_, 'a box for holding a suit.' The _jāmdānī_ is a loom-figured muslin, which Taylor (_op. cit._ 48) calls "the most expensive productions of the Dacca looms."

3. JAMWARS. H. _jāmawār_, 'sufficient for a dress.' It is not easy to say what stuff is intended by this name. In the _Āīn_ (ii. 240) we have _jamahwār_, mentioned among Guzerat stuffs worked in gold thread, and again (i. 95) _jāmahwār Parmnarm_ among woollen stuffs. Forbes Watson gives among Kashmīr shawls: "_Jamewars_, or striped shawl pieces"; in the Punjab they are of a striped pattern made both in pashm and wool (_Johnstone, Mon. on Wool_, 9), and Mr. Kipling says, "the stripes are broad, of alternate colours, red and blue, &c." (_Mukharji, Art Manufactures of India_, 374.)

3. KINCHA CLOTH.

3. KISSORSOYS.

3. LACCOWRIES.

1. LEMMANNEES.

3. LONG CLOTHS.

3. LOONGHEES, HERBA. (See GRASS-CLOTH.)

1. LOONGHEE, MAGHRUB. Ar. _maghrib_, _maghrab_, 'the west.'

3. MAMOODEATIS.

3. MAMMOODIES. Platts gives _Maḥmūdī_, 'praised, fine muslin.' The _Āīn_ (i. 94) classes the _Maḥmūdī_ among cotton cloths, and at a low price. A cloth under this name is made at Shāhābād in the Hardoi District. (_Oudh Gazetteer_, ii. 25.)

2. MONEPORE CLOTHS. (See MUNNEPORE.)

2. MOOREES.—"_Moories_ are blue cloths, principally manufactured in the districts of Nellore and at Canatur in the Chingleput collectorate of Madras.... They are largely exported to the Straits of Malacca." (_Balfour, Cycl._ ii. 982.)

1684-5.—"MOOREES superfine, 1000 pieces."—_Pringle, Diary Ft. St. Geo._ iv. 41.

3. MUGGADOOTIES. (See MOONGA.)

3. MULMULS.

3. MUSHRUES.—P. _mashrū'_, 'lawful.' It is usually applied to a kind of silk or satin with a cotton back. "Pure silk is not allowed to men, but women may wear the most sumptuous silk fabrics" (_Yusuf Ali_, _op. cit._ 90, _seq._). "All _Mushroos_ wash well, especially the finer kinds, used for bodices, petticoats, and trousers of both sexes." (_Forbes Watson_, _op. cit._ 97.)

1832.—"... MUSSHEROO (striped washing silks manufactured at Benares)...."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observations_, i. 106.

1. MUSTERS.

3. NAIBABIES.

3. NAINSOOKS.—H. _nainsukh_, 'pleasure of the eye.' A sort of fine white calico. Forbes Watson (_op. cit._ 76) says it is used for neckerchiefs, and Taylor (_op. cit._ 46) defines it as "a thick muslin, apparently identical with the _tunsook_ (_tansak'h_, _Blochmann_, i. 94) of the _Ayeen_." A cloth is made of the same name in silk, imitated from the cotton fabric. (_Yusuf Ali_, _op. cit._ 95.)

1. NEGANEPAUTS.

1. NICANNEES.—Quoting from a paper of 1683, Orme (_Fragments_, 287) has "6000 NICCANNEERS, 13 yards long."

3. NILLAES.—Some kind of blue cloth, H. _nīlā_, 'blue.'

1. NUNSAREES.—There is a place called Nansārī in the Bhandāra District (_Central Provinces Gazetteer_, 346).

2. ORINGAL (cloths). Probably take their name from the once famous city of Warangal in Hyderabad.

3. PALAMPORES.

3. PENIASCOES.—In a paper quoted by Birdwood (_Report on Old Records_, 40) we have PINASCOS, which he says are stuffs made of pine-apple fibre.

2, 3. PERCAULAS.—H. _parkālā_, 'a spark, a piece of glass.' These were probably some kind of spangled robe, set with pieces of glass, as some of the modern PHOOLKARIS are. In the _Madras Diaries_ of 1684-5 we have "PERCOLLAES," and "PERCOLLES, fine" (_Pringle_, i. 53, iii. 119, iv. 41.)

3. PHOTAES.—In a letter of 1615 we have "Lunges (see LOONGHEE) and FOOTAES of all sorts." (_Foster, Letters_, iv. 306), where the editor suggests H. _phūṭā_, 'variegated.' But in the _Āīn_ we find "_Fautahs_ (loin-bands)" (i. 93), which is the P. _foṭa_, and this is from the connection the word probably meant.

3. PULECAT handkerchiefs. (See MADRAS handkerchiefs and BANDANNA.)

2. PUNJUM.—The _Madras Gloss._ gives Tel. _punjamu_, Tam. _puñjam_, _lit._ 'a collection.' "In Tel. a collection of 60 threads and in Tam. of 120 threads skeined, ready for the formation of the warp for weaving. A cloth is denominated 10, 12, 14, up to 40 _poonjam_, according to the number of times 60, or else 120, is contained in the total number of threads in the warp. _Poonjam_ thus also came to mean a cloth of the length of one _poonjam_ as usually skeined; this usual length is 36 cubits, or 18 yards, and the width from 38 to 44 inches, 14 lbs. being the common weight; pieces of half length were formerly exported as SALEMPOORY." Writing in 1814, Heyne (_Tracts_, 347) says: "Here (in Salem) two punjums are designated by 'first call,' so that twelve punjums of cloth is called 'six call,' and so on."

3. PUTEAHS. (See PUTTEE.) In a letter of 1610 we have: "PATTA, katuynen, with red stripes over thwart through." (_Danvers, Letters_, i. 72.)

2. PUTTON KETCHIES.—Cloths which ossibly took their name from the city of Anhilwāra PATAN in CUTCH.

1727.—"That country (Tegnapatam) produces Pepper, and coarse Cloth called CATCHAS."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 335.

3. RAINGS.—"_Rang_ is a muslin which resembles jhuna in its transparent gauze or net-like texture. It is made by passing a single thread of the warp through each division of the reed" (_Taylor_, _op. cit._ 44.) "1 Piece of RAIGLINS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 94.

1. SALOOPAUTS. (See SHALEE.)

3. SANNOES.

2. SASSERGATES.—Some kind of cloth called 'that of the 1000 knots,' H. _sahasra granṭhi_. "_Saserguntees_" (_Birdwood, Rep. on Old Records_, 63).

2. SASTRACUNDEES.—These cloths seem to take their name from a place called _Sāstrakunḍa_, 'Pool of the Law.' This is probably the place named in the _Āīn_ (ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 124): "In the township of _Kiyāra Sundar_ is a large reservoir which gives a peculiar whiteness to the cloths washed in it." Gladwin reads the name _Catarashoonda_, or _Catarehsoonder_ (see _Taylor_, _op. cit._ 91).

3. SEERBANDS, SEERBETTIES.—These are names for turbans, H. _sirband_, _sirbatti_. Taylor (_op. cit._ 47) names them as Dacca muslins under the names of _surbund_ and _surbutee_.

3. SEERSHAUDS.—This is perhaps P. _sirshād_, 'head-delighting,' some kind of turban or veil.

3. SEERSUCKERS.—Perhaps, _sir_, 'head,' _sukh_, 'pleasure.'

3. SHALBAFT.—P. _shālbāft_, 'shawl-weaving.' (See SHAWL.)

3. SICKTERSOYS.

3. SOOSIES.

3. SUBNOMS, SUBLOMS.—"_Shubnam_ is a thin pellucid muslin to which the Persian figurative name of 'evening dew' (_shabnam_) is given, the fabric being, when spread over the bleaching-field, scarcely distinguishable from the dew on the grass." (_Taylor_, _op. cit._ 45.)

3. SUCCATOONS. (See SUCLAT.)

3. TAFFATIES of sorts. "A name applied to plain woven silks, in more recent times signifying a light thin silk stuff with a considerable lustre or gloss" (_Drapers' Dict._ s.v.). The word comes from P. _tāftan_, 'to twist, spin.' The _Āīn_ (i. 94) has _tāftah_ in the list of silks.

3. TAINSOOKS.—H. _tansukh_, 'taking ease.' (See above under NAINSOOKS.)

3. TANJEEBS. P. _tanzeb_, 'body adorning.'—"A tolerably fine muslin" (_Taylor_, _op. cit._ 46; _Forbes Watson_, _op. cit._ 76). "The silk _tanzeb_ seems to have gone out of fashion, but that in cotton is very commonly used for the chicken work in Lucknow." (_Yusuf Ali_, _op. cit._ 96.)

1. TAPSEILS. (See under ALLEJA.) In the _Āīn_ (i. 94) we have: "_Tafçilah_ (a stuff from Mecca)."

1670.—"So that in your house are only left some TAPSEILES and cotton yarn."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. ccxxvi. Birdwood in _Report on Old Records_, 38, has TOPSAILS.

2. TARNATANNES.—"There are various kinds of muslins brought from the East Indies, chiefly from Bengal, betelles (see BETTEELA), _tarnatans_...." (_Chambers' Cycl._ of 1788, quoted in 3rd ser. _N. & Q._ iv. 135). It is suggested (_ibid._ 3rd ser. iv. 135) that this is the origin of English _tarletan_, Fr. _tarletane_, which is defined in the _Drapers' Dict._ as "a fine open muslin, first imported from India and afterwards imitated here."

3. TARTOREES.

3. TEPOYS.

3. TERINDAMS.—"_Turundam_ (said by the weavers to mean 'a kind of cloth for the body,' the name being derived from the Arabic word _turuh_ (_tarḥ_, _taraḥ_) 'a kind,' and the Persian one _undam_ (_andām_) 'the body,' is a muslin which was formerly imported, under the name of _terendam_, into this country." (_Taylor_, _op. cit._ 46.)

2. VENTEPOLLAMS.

PIGDAUN, s. A spittoon; Hind. _pīkdān_. _Pīk_ is properly the expectorated juice of chewed betel.

[c. 1665.—"... servants ... to carry the PICQUEDENT or spittoon...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 214. In 283 PIQUEDANS.]

1673.—"The Rooms are spread with Carpets as in _India_, and they have PIGDANS, or Spitting pots of the Earth of this Place, which is valued next to that of China, to void their Spittle in."—_Fryer_, 223.

[1684.—Hedges speaks of purchasing a "Spitting Cup."—_Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 149.]

PIGEON ENGLISH. The vile jargon which forms the means of communication at the Chinese ports between Englishmen who do not speak Chinese, and those Chinese with whom they are in the habit of communicating. The word "_business_" appears in this kind of talk to be corrupted into "_pigeon_," and hence the name of the jargon is supposed to be taken. [For examples see _Chamberlain, Things Japanese_, 3rd ed. pp. 321 _seqq._; _Ball, Things Chinese_, 3rd ed. 430 _seqq._ (See BUTLER ENGLISH.)]

1880.—"... the English traders of the early days ... instead of inducing the Chinese to make use of correct words rather than the misshapen syllables they had adopted, encouraged them by approbation and example, to establish PIGEON ENGLISH—a grotesque gibberish which would be laughable if it were not almost melancholy."—_Capt. W. Gill, River of Golden Sand_, i. 156.

1883.—"The 'PIDJUN ENGLISH' is revolting, and the most dignified persons demean themselves by speaking it.... How the whole English-speaking community, without distinction of rank, has come to communicate with the Chinese in this baby talk is extraordinary."—_Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 37.

PIG-STICKING. This is Anglo-Indian hog-hunting, or what would be called among a people delighting more in lofty expression, 'the chase of the Wild Boar.' When, very many years since, one of the present writers, destined for the Bengal Presidency, first made acquaintance with an Indian mess-table, it was that of a Bombay regiment at Aden—in fact of that gallant corps which is now known as the 103rd Foot, or Royal Bombay Fusiliers. Hospitable as they were, the opportunity of enlightening an aspirant Bengalee on the short-comings of his Presidency could not be foregone. The chief counts of indictment were three: 1st. The inferiority of the Bengal Horse Artillery system; 2nd. That the Bengalees were guilty of the base effeminacy of drinking beer out of champagne glasses; 3rd. That in pig-sticking they _threw_ the spear at the boar. The two last charges were evidently ancient traditions, maintaining their ground as facts down to 1840 therefore; and showed how little communication practically existed between the Presidencies as late as that year. Both the allegations had long ceased to be true, but probably the second had been true in the 18th century, as the third certainly had been. This may be seen from the quotation from R. Lindsay, and by the text and illustrations of Williamson's _Oriental Field Sports_ (1807), [and much later (see below)]. There is, or perhaps we should say more diffidently there was, still a difference between the Bengal practice in pig-sticking, and that of Bombay. The Bengal spear is about 6½ feet long, loaded with lead at the butt so that it can be grasped almost quite at the end and carried with the point down, inclining only slightly to the front; the boar's charge is received on the right flank, when the point, raised to 45° or 50° of inclination, if rightly guided, pierces him in the shoulder. The Bombay spear is a longer weapon, and is carried under the armpit like a dragoon's lance. Judging from Elphinstone's statement below we should suppose that the Bombay as well as the Bengal practice originally was to throw the spear, but that both independently discarded this, the QUI-HIS adopting the short overhand spear, the DUCKS the long lance.

1679.—"In the morning we went a hunting of wild Hoggs with Kisna Reddy, the chief man of the Islands" (at mouth of the Kistna) "and about 100 other men of the island (Dio) with lances and Three score doggs, with whom we killed eight Hoggs great and small, one being a Bore very large and fatt, of greate weight."—_Consn. of Agent and Council of Fort St. Geo._ on Tour. In _Notes and Exts._ No. II.

The party consisted of Streynsham Master "Agent of the Coast and Bay," with "Mr. Timothy Willes and Mr. Richard Mohun of the Councell, the Minister, the Chyrurgeon, the Schoolmaster, the Secretary, and two Writers, an Ensign, 6 mounted soldiers and a Trumpeter," in all 17 Persons in the Company's Service, and "Four Freemen, who went with the Agent's Company for their own pleasure, and at their own charges." It was a Tour of Visitation of the Factories.

1773.—The Hon. R. Lindsay _does_ speak of the "Wild-boar chase"; but he wrote after 35 years in England, and rather eschews Anglo-Indianisms:

"Our weapon consisted only of a short heavy spear, three feet in length, and well poised; the boar being found and unkennelled by the spaniels, runs with great speed across the plain, is pursued on horseback, and the first rider who approaches him throws the javelin...."—_Lives of the Lindsays_, iii. 161.

1807.—"When (the hog) begins to slacken, the attack should be commenced by the horseman who may be nearest pushing on to his left side; into which the spear should be thrown, so as to lodge behind the shoulder blade, and about six inches from the backbone."—_Williamson, Oriental Field Sports_, p. 9. (_Left_ must mean hog's _right_.) This author says that the bamboo shafts were 8 or 9 feet long, but that _very short_ ones had formerly been in use; thus confirming Lindsay.

1816.—"We hog-hunt till two, then tiff, and hawk or course till dusk ... we do not throw our spears in the old way, but poke with spears longer than the common ones, and never part with them."—_Elphinstone's Life_, i. 311.

[1828.—"... the boar who had made good the next cane with only a slight scratch from a spear thrown as he was charging the hedge."—_Orient. Sport. Mag._ reprint 1873, i. 116.]

1848.—"Swankey of the Body-Guard himself, that dangerous youth, and the greatest buck of all the Indian army now on leave, was one day discovered by Major Dobbin, _tête-à-tête_ with Amelia, and describing the sport of PIGSTICKING to her with great humour and eloquence."—_Vanity Fair_, ii. 288.

1866.—"I may be a young PIG-STICKER, but I am too old a sportsman to make such a mistake as that."—_Trevelyan, The Dawk Bungalow_, in _Fraser_, lxxiii. 387.

1873.—"PIGSTICKING may be very good fun...."—_A True Reformer_, ch. i.

1876.—"You would perhaps like tiger-hunting or PIG-STICKING; I saw some of that for a season or two in the East. Everything here is poor stuff after that."—_Daniel Deronda_, ii. ch. xi.

1878.—"In the meantime there was a 'PIG-STICKING' meet in the neighbouring district."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 140.

PIG-TAIL, s. This term is often applied to the Chinaman's long plait of hair, by transfer from the _queue_ of our grandfathers, to which the name was much more appropriate. Though now universal among the Chinese, this fashion was only introduced by their Manchu conquerors in the 17th century, and was "long resisted by the natives of the Amoy and Swatow districts, who, when finally compelled to adopt the distasteful fashion, concealed the badge of slavery beneath cotton turbans, the use of which has survived to the present day" (_Giles, Glossary of Reference_, 32). Previously the Chinese wore their unshaven back hair gathered in a net, or knotted in a chignon. De Rhodes (Rome, 1615, p. 5) says of the people of Tongking, that "_like the Chinese_ they have the custom of gathering the hair in fine nets under the hat."

1879.—"One sees a single Sikh driving four or five Chinamen in front of him, having knotted their PIGTAILS together for reins."—_Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 283.

PILAU, PILOW, PILÁF, &c., s. Pers. _pulāo_, or _pilāv_, Skt. _pulāka_, 'a ball of boiled rice.' A dish, in origin purely Mahommedan, consisting of meat, or fowl, boiled along with rice and spices. Recipes are given by Herklots, ed. 1863, App. xxix.; and in the _Āīn-i-Akbarī_ (ed. _Blochmann_, i. 60), we have one for _ḳīma pulāo_ (_ḳīma_ = 'hash') with several others to which the name is not given. The _name_ is almost as familiar in England as CURRY, but not the _thing_. It was an odd circumstance, some 45 years ago, that the two surgeons of a dragoon regiment in India were called _Currie_ and _Pilleau_.

1616.—"Sometimes they boil pieces of flesh or hens, or other fowl, cut in pieces in their rice, which dish they call PILLAW. As they order it they make it a very excellent and a very well tasted food."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1471.

c. 1630.—"The feast begins: it was compounded of a hundred sorts of PELO and candied dried meats."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1638, p. 138, [and for varieties, p. 310].

[c. 1660.—"... my elegant hosts were fully employed in cramming their mouths with as much PELAU as they could contain...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 121.]

1673.—"The most admired Dainty wherewith they stuff themselves is PULLOW, whereof they will fill themselves to the Throat and receive no hurt, it being so well prepared for the Stomach."—_Fryer_, 399. See also p. 93. At p. 404 he gives a recipe.

1682.—"They eate their PILAW and other spoone-meate withoute spoones, taking up their pottage in the hollow of their fingers."—_Evelyn, Diary_, June 19.

1687.—"They took up their Mess with their Fingers, as the Moors do their PILAW, using no Spoons."—_Dampier_, i. 430.

1689.—"PALAU, that is Rice boil'd ... with Spices intermixt, and a boil'd Fowl in the middle, is the most common _Indian_ Dish."—_Ovington_, 397.

1711.—"They cannot go to the Price of a PILLOE, or boil'd Fowl and Rice; but the better sort make that their principal Dish."—_Lockyer_, 231.

1793.—"On a certain day ... all the Musulman officers belonging to your department shall be entertained at the charge of the _Sircar_, with a public repast, to consist of PULLAO of the first sort."—_Select Letters of Tippoo S._, App. xlii.

c. 1820.—

"And nearer as they came, a genial savour Of certain stews, and roast-meats, and PILAUS, Things which in hungry mortals' eyes find favour."—_Don Juan_, v. 47.

1848.—"'There's a PILLAU, Joseph, just as you like it, and Papa has brought home the best turbot in Billingsgate.'"—_Vanity Fair_, i. 20.

PINANG, s. This is the Malay word for Areca, and it is almost always used by the Dutch to indicate that article, and after them by some Continental writers of other nations. The Chinese word for the same product—_pin-lang_—is probably, as Bretschneider says, a corruption of the Malay word. (See PENANG.)

[1603.—"They (the Javans) are very great eaters—and they haue a certaine hearbe called _bettaile_ (see BETEL) which they vsually have carryed with them wheresouer they goe, in boxes, or wrapped vp in a cloath like a sugar loafe: and also a nut called PINANGE, which are both in operation very hott, and they eate them continually to warme them within, and keepe them from the fluxe. They do likewise take much tabacco, and also opium."—_E. Scott, An Exact Discovrse_, &c., _of the East Indies_, 1606, Sig. N. 2.

[1665.—"Their ordinary food ... is Rice, Wheat, PINANGE...."—_Sir T. Herbert, Travels_, 1677, p. 365 (_Stanf. Dict._).]

1726.—"But Shah Sousa gave him (viz. Van der Broek, an envoy to Rajmahal in 1655) good words, and regaled him with PINANG (a great favour), and promised that he should be amply paid for everything."—_Valentijn_, v. 165.

PINDARRY, s. Hind. _pinḍārī_, _pinḍārā_, but of which the more original form appears to be Mahr. _penḍhārī_, a member of a band of plunderers called in that language _penḍhār_ and _penḍhārā_. The etymology of the word is very obscure. We may discard as a curious coincidence only, the circumstance observed by Mr. H. T. Prinsep, in the work quoted below (i. 37, note), that "PINDARA seems to have the same reference to _Pandour_ that _Kuzāk_ has to _Cossack_." Sir John Malcolm observes that the most popular etymology among the natives ascribes the name to the dissolute habits of the class, leading them to frequent the shops dealing in an intoxicating drink called _pinda_. (One of the senses of _penḍhā_, according to Molesworth's _Mahr. Dict._, is 'a drink for cattle and men, prepared from _Holcus sorghum_' (see JOWAUR) 'by steeping it and causing it to ferment.') Sir John adds: 'Kurreem Khan' (a famous Pindarry leader) 'told me he had never heard of any other reason for the name; and Major Henley had the etymology confirmed by the most intelligent of the Pindarries of whom he enquired' (_Central India_, 2nd ed. i. 433). Wilson again considers the most probable derivation to be from the Mahr. _penḍhā_, but in the sense of a 'bundle of rice-straw,' and _hara_, 'who takes,' because the name was originally applied to horsemen who hung on to an army, and were employed in collecting forage. We cannot think either of the etymologies very satisfactory. We venture another, as a plausible suggestion merely. Both _pinḍ-paṛnā_ in Hindi, and _pinḍās-basneṅ_ in Mahr. signify 'to follow'; the latter being defined 'to stick closely to; to follow to the death; used of the adherence of a disagreeable fellow.' Such phrases would aptly apply to these hangers-on of an army in the field, looking out for prey. [The question has been discussed by Mr. W. Irvine in an elaborate note published in the _Indian Antiq._ of 1900. To the above three suggestions he adds two made by other authorities: 4. that the term was taken from the _Beder_ race; 5. from _Pinḍārā_, _pinḍ_, 'a lump of food,' _ār_, 'bringer,' a plunderer. As to the fourth suggestion, he remarks that there was a Beder race dwelling in Mysore, Belary and the Nizam's territories. But the objection to this etymology is that as far back as 1748 both words, _Bedar_ and _Pinḍārī_, are used by the native historian, Rām Singh Munshī, side by side, but applied to different bodies of men. Mr. Irvine's suggestion is that the word _Pinḍārī_, or more strictly _Panḍhār_, comes from a place or region called _Pāndhār_ or _Pandhār_. This place is referred to by native historians, and seems to have been situated between Burhānpur and Handiya on the Nerbudda. There is good evidence to prove that large numbers of Pindāris were settled in this part of the country. Mr. Irvine sums up by saying: "If it were not for a passage in Grant Duff (_H. of the Mahrattas_, Bombay reprint, 157), I should have been ready to maintain that I had proved my case. My argument requires two things to make it irrefutable: (1) a very early connection between Pandhār and the Pindhāris; (2) that the Pindhāris had no early home or settlement outside Pandhār. As to the first point, the recorded evidence seems to go no further back than 1794, when Sendhiah granted them lands in Nimār; whereas before that time the name had become fixed, and had even crept into Anglo-Indian vocabularies. As to the second point, Grant Duff says, and he if anybody must have known, that "there were a number of Pindhāris about the borders of Mahārāshtra and the Carnatic...." Unless these men emigrated from Khandesh about 1726 (that is a hundred years before 1826, the date of Grant Duff's book), their presence in the South with the same name tends to disprove any special connection between their name, Pindhāri, and a place, Pindhār, several hundred miles from their country. On the other hand, it is a very singular coincidence that men known as Pindhāris should have been newly settled about 1794 in a country which had been known as Pandhār at least ninety years before they thus occupied it. Such a mere fortuitous connection between Pandhār and the Pindhāris is so extraordinary that we may call it an impossibility. A fair inference is that the region Pandhār was the original home of the Pindhāris, that they took their name from it, and that grants of land between Burhānpur and Handiya were made to them in what had always been their home-country, namely Pandhār."]

The Pinḍārīs seem to have grown up in the wars of the late Mahommedan dynasties in the Deccan, and in the latter part of the 17th century attached themselves to the Mahrattas in their revolt against Aurangzīb; the first mention which we have seen of the name occurs at this time. For some

## particulars regarding them we refer to the extract from Prinsep below.

During and after the Mahratta wars of Lord Wellesley's time many of the Pinḍārī leaders obtained grants of land in Central India from Sindia and Holkar, and in the chaos which reigned at that time outside the British territory their raids in all directions, attended by the most savage atrocities, became more and more intolerable; these outrages extended from Bundelkhand on the N.E., Kadapa on the S., and Orissa on the S.E., to Guzerat on the W., and at last repeatedly violated British territory. In a raid made upon the coast extending from Masulipatam northward, the Pinḍārīs in ten days plundered 339 villages, burning many, killing and wounding 682 persons, torturing 3600, and carrying off or destroying property to the amount of £250,000. It was not, however, till 1817 that the Governor-General, the Marquis of Hastings, found himself armed with permission from home, and in a position to strike at them effectually, and with the most extensive strategic combinations ever brought into action in India. The Pinḍārīs were completely crushed, and those of the native princes who supported them compelled to submit, whilst the British power for the first time was rendered truly paramount throughout India.

1706-7.—"Zoolfecar Khan, after the rains pursued Dhunnah, who fled to the Beejapore country, and the Khan followed him to the banks of the Kistnah. The PINDERREHS took Velore, which however was soon retaken.... A great caravan, coming from Aurungabad, was totally plundered and everything carried off, by a body of Mharattas, at only 12 coss distance from the imperial camp."—_Narrative of a Bondeela Officer_, app. to Scott's Tr. of Firishta's _H. of Deccan_, ii. 122. [On this see _Malcolm, Central India_, 2nd ed. i. 426. Mr. Irvine in the paper quoted above shows that it is doubtful if the author really used the word. "By a strange coincidence the very copy used by J. Scott is now in the British Museum. On turning to the passage I find 'Peḍā Baḍar,' a well-known man of the period, and not _Pindārā or Pinderreh_ at all."]

1762.—"Siwaee Madhoo Rao ... began to collect troops, stores, and heavy artillery, so that he at length assembled near 100,000 horse, 60,000 PINDAREHS, and 50,000 matchlock foot.... In reference to the PINDAREHS, it is not unknown that they are a low tribe of robbers entertained by some of the princes of the Dakhan, to plunder and lay waste the territories of their enemies, and to serve for guides."—_H. of Hydur Naik_, by _Meer Hassan Ali Khan_, 149. [Mr. Irvine suspects that this may be based on a misreading as in the former quotation. The earliest undoubted mention of the name in native historians is by Rām Singh (1748). There is a doubtful reference in the _Tārīkh-i-Muhammadī_ (1722-23)].

1784.—"BINDARRAS, who receive no pay, but give a certain monthly sum to the commander-in-chief for permission to maraud, or plunder, under sanction of his banners."—_Indian Vocabulary_, s.v.

1803.—"Depend upon it that no PINDARRIES or straggling horse will venture to your rear, so long as you can keep the enemy in check, and your detachment well in advance."—_Wellington_, ii. 219.

1823.—"On asking an intelligent old PINDARRY, who came to me on the part of Kurreem Khan, the reason of this absence of high character, he gave me a short and shrewd answer: 'Our occupation' (said he) 'was incompatible with the fine virtues and qualities you state; and I suppose if any of our people ever had them, the first effect of such good feeling would be to make him leave our community.'"—_Sir John Malcolm, Central India_, i. 436.

[ " "He had ascended on horseback ... being mounted on a PINDAREE pony, an animal accustomed to climbing."—_Hoole, Personal Narrative_, 292.]

1825.—"The name of PINDARA is coeval with the earliest invasion of Hindoostan by the Mahrattas.... The designation was applied to a sort of sorry cavalry that accompanied the Pêshwa's armies in their expeditions, rendering them much the same service as the Cossacks perform for the armies of Russia.... The several leaders went over with their bands from one chief to another, as best suited their private interests, or those of their followers.... The rivers generally became fordable by the close of the DUSSERA. The horses then were shod, and a leader of tried courage and conduct having been chosen as _Luhbureea_, all that were inclined set forth on a foray or _Luhbur_, as it was called in the PINDAREE nomenclature; all were mounted, though not equally well. Out of a thousand, the proportion of good cavalry might be 400: the favourite weapon was a bamboo spear ... but ... it was a rule that every 15th or 20th man of the fighting PINDAREES should be armed with a matchlock. Of the remaining 600, 400 were usually common _looteas_ (see LOOTY), indifferently mounted, and armed with every variety of weapon, and the rest, slaves, attendants, and camp-followers, mounted on TATTOOS, or wild ponies, and keeping up with the _luhbur_ in the best manner they could."—_Prinsep, Hist. of Pol. and Mil. Transactions_ (1813-1823), i. 37, note.

1829.—"The person of whom she asked this question said '_Brinjaree_' (see BRINJARRY) ... but the lady understood him PINDAREE, and the name was quite sufficient. She jumped out of the palanquin and ran towards home, screaming, 'PINDAREES, PINDAREES.'"—_Mem. of John Shipp_, ii. 281.

[1861.—

"So I took to the hills of Malwa, and the free PINDAREE life."] _Sir A. Lyall, The Old Pindaree._

PINE-APPLE. (See ANANAS.) [The word has been corrupted by native weavers into PINAPHAL or MINAPHAL, as the name of a silk fabric, so called because of the pine-apple pattern on it. (See _Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk_, 99.)]

PINJRAPOLE, s. A hospital for animals, existing perhaps only in Guzerat, is so called. Guz. _pinjrāpor_ or _pinjrapol_, [properly a cage (_pinjra_) for the sacred bull (_pola_) released in the name of Siva]. See _Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 120, and _Ovington_, 300-301; [_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 67, 70. _Forbes_ (_Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 156) describes "the Banian hospital" at Surat; but they do not use this word, which Molesworth says is quite modern in Mahr.]

1808.—"Every marriage and mercantile transaction among them is taxed with a contribution for the PINJRAPOLE ostensibly."—_R. Drummond._

PINTADO. From the Port.

A. A 'painted' (or 'spotted') cloth, _i.e._ CHINTZ (q.v.). Though the word was applied, we believe, to all printed goods, some of the finer Indian chintzes were, at least in part, finished by hand-painting.

1579.—"With cloth of diverse colours, not much unlike our vsuall PENTADOES."—_Drake, World Encompassed_, Hak. Soc. 143.

[1602.—"... some fine PINTHADOES."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 34.]

1602-5.—"... about their loynes a fine PINTADOE."—_Scot's Discourse of Iava_, in _Purchas_, i. 164.

1606.—"Heare the Generall deliuered a Letter from the KINGS MAIESTIE of ENGLAND, with a fayre standing Cuppe, and a cover double gilt, with divers of the choicest PINTADOES, which hee kindly accepted of."—_Middleton's Voyage_, E. 3.

[1610.—"PINTADOES of divers sorts will sell.... The names are Sarassa, Berumpury, large Chaudes, Selematt Cambaita, Selematt white and black, Cheat Betime and divers others."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 75.

c. 1630.—"Also they stain Linnen cloth, which we call PANTADOES."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1677, p. 304.]

1665.—"To Woodcott ... where was a roome hung with PINTADO, full of figures greate and small, prettily representing sundry trades and occupations of the Indians."—_Evelyn's Diary_, Dec. 30.

c. 1759.—"The chintz and other fine PAINTED GOODS, will, if the market is not overstocked, find immediate vent, and sell for 100 p. cent."—_Letter from Pegu_, in _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 120.

B. A name (not Anglo-Indian) for the Guinea-fowl. This _may_ have been given from the resemblance of the speckled feathers to a chintz. But in fact _pinta_ in Portuguese is 'a spot,' or fleck, so that probably it only means speckled. This is the explanation of _Bluteau_. [The word is more commonly applied to the cape Pigeon. See Mr. Gray's note on _Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 21, who quotes from Fryer, p. 12.]

PISACHEE, Skt. _piśāchī_, a she-demon, m. _piśācha_. In S. India some of the demons worshipped by the ancient tribes are so called. The spirits of the dead, and particularly of those who have met with violent deaths, are especially so entitled. They are called in Tamil _pey_. Sir Walter Elliot considers that the _Piśāchīs_ were (as in the case of _Rākshasas_) a branch of the aboriginal inhabitants. In a note he says: 'The _Piśāchī_ dialect appears to have been a distinct Dravidian dialect, still to be recognised in the speech of the _Paraiya_, who cannot pronounce distinctly some of the pure Tamil letters.' There is, however, in the Hindu drama a _Piśāchā bhāshā_, a gibberish or corruption of Sanskrit, introduced. [This at the present day has been applied to English.] The term _piśāchī_ is also applied to the small circular storms commonly by Europeans called DEVILS (q.v.). We do not know where Archdeacon Hare (see below) found the _Piśāchī_ to be a _white_ demon.

1610.—"The fifth (mode of Hindu marriage) is the _Pisácha-viváha_, when the lover, without obtaining the sanction of the girl's parents, takes her home by means of talismans, incantations, and such like magical practices, and then marries her. PISÁCH, in Sanskrit, is the name of a demon, which takes whatever person it fixes on, and as the above marriage takes place after the same manner, it has been called by this name."—_The Dabistán_, ii. 72; [See _Manu_, iii. 34].

c. 1780.—"'Que demandez-vous?' leur criai-je d'un ton de voix rude. 'Pourquoi restez-vous là à m'attendre? et d'où vient que ces autres femmes se sont enfuies, comme si j'étois un PÉSCHASEH (esprit malin), ou une bête sauvage qui voulût vous devorer?'"—_Haafner_, ii. 287.

1801.—"They believe that such men as die accidental deaths become PYSÁCHI, or evil spirits, and are exceedingly troublesome by making extraordinary noises, in families, and occasioning fits and other diseases, especially in women."—_F. Buchanan's Mysore_, iii. 17.

1816.—"Whirlwinds ... at the end of March, and beginning of April, carry dust and light things along with them, and are called by the natives PESHASHES or devils."—_Asiatic Journal_, ii. 367.

1819.—"These demons or PEISACHES are the usual attendants of Shiva."—_Erskine_ on _Elephanta_, in _Bo. Lit. Soc. Trans._ i. 219.

1827.—"As a little girl was playing round me one day with her white frock over her head, I laughingly called her PISASHEE, the name which the Indians give to their white devil. The child was delighted with so fine a name, and ran about the house crying out to every one she met, _I am the_ PISASHEE, _I am the_ PISASHEE. Would she have done so, had she been wrapt in black, and called _witch_ or _devil_ instead? No: for, as usual, the reality was nothing, the sound and colour everthing."—_J. C. Hare_, in _Guesses at Truth, by Two Brothers_, 1st Series, ed. 1838, p. 7.

PISANG, s. This is the Malay word for PLANTAIN or BANANA (qq.v.). It is never used by English people, but is the usual word among the Dutch, and common also among the Germans, [Norwegians and Swedes, who probably got it through the Dutch.]

1651.—"Les _Cottewaniens_ vendent des fruits, come du PISANG, &c."—_A. Roger, La Porte Ouverte_, p. 11.

c. 1785.—"Nous arrivâmes au grand village de _Colla_, où nous vîmes de belles allées de bananiers ou PISANG...."—_Haafner_, ii. 85.

[1875.—"Of the PISANG or plantain ... there are over thirty kinds, of which, the _Pisang-mas_, or golden plantain, so named from its colour, though one of the smallest, is nevertheless most deservedly prized."—_Thomson, The Straits of Malacca_, 8.]

PISHPASH, s. Apparently a factitious Anglo-Indian word, applied to a slop of rice-soup with small pieces of meat in it, much used in the Anglo-Indian nursery. [It is apparently P. _pash-pash_, 'shivered or broken in pieces'; from Pers. _pashīdan_.]

1834.—"They found the Secretary disengaged, that is to say, if surrounded with huge volumes of Financial Reports on one side, and a small silver tray holding a mess of PISHPASH on the other, can be called disengaged."—_The Baboo_, &c. i. 85.

PITARRAH, s. A coffer or box used in travelling by palankin, to carry the traveller's clothes, two such being slung to a BANGHY (q.v.). Hind. _piṭārā_, _peṭārā_, Skt. _piṭaka_, 'a basket.' The thing was properly a basket made of cane; but in later practice of tin sheet, with a light wooden frame.

[1833.—"... he sat in the palanquin, which was filled with water up to his neck, whilst everything he had in his BATARA (or 'trunk') was soaked with wet...."—_Travels of Dr. Wolff_, ii. 198.]

1849.—"The attention of the staff was called to the necessity of putting their PITARAHS and property in the Bungalow, as thieves abounded. 'My dear Sir,' was the reply, 'we are quite safe; we have nothing.'"—_Delhi Gazette_, Nov. 7.

1853.—"It was very soon settled that Oakfield was to send to the dák bungalow for his PETARAHS, and stay with Staunton for about three weeks."—_W. D. Arnold, Oakfield_, i. 223.

PLANTAIN, s. This is the name by which the _Musa sapientum_ is universally known to Anglo-India. Books distinguish between the _Musa sapientum_ or plantain, and the _Musa paradisaica_ or banana; but it is hard to understand where the line is supposed to be drawn. Variation is gradual and infinite.

The botanical name _Musa_ represents the Ar. _mauz_, and that again is from the Skt. _mocha_. The specific name _sapientum_ arises out of a misunderstanding of a passage in Pliny, which we have explained under the head JACK. The specific _paradisaica_ is derived from the old belief of Oriental Christians (entertained also, if not originated by the Mahommedans) that this was the tree from whose leaves Adam and Eve made themselves aprons. A further mystical interest attached also to the fruit, which some believed to be the forbidden apple of Eden. For in the pattern formed by the core or seeds, when the fruit was cut across, our forefathers discerned an image of the Cross, or even of the Crucifix. Medieval travellers generally call the fruit either _Musa_ or 'Fig of Paradise,' or sometimes 'Fig of India,' and to this day in the W. Indies the common small plantains are called 'figs.' The Portuguese also habitually called it 'Indian Fig.' And this perhaps originated some confusion in Milton's mind, leading him to make the BANYAN (_Ficus Indica_ of Pliny, as of modern botanists) the Tree of the aprons, and greatly to exaggerate the size of the leaves of that _ficus_.

The name BANANA is never employed by the English in India, though it is the name universal in the London fruit-shops, where this fruit is now to be had at almost all seasons, and often of excellent quality, imported chiefly, we believe, from Madeira, [and more recently from Jamaica. Mr. Skeat adds that in the Strait Settlements the name PLANTAIN seems to be reserved for those varieties which are only eatable when cooked, but the word BANANA is used indifferently with PLANTAIN, the latter being on the whole perhaps the rarer word].

The name _plantain_ is no more originally Indian than is _banana_. It, or rather _platano_, appears to have been the name under which the fruit was first carried to the W. Indies, according to Oviedo, in 1516; the first edition of his book was published in 1526. That author is careful to explain that the plant was _improperly_ so called, as it was quite another thing from the _platanus_ described by Pliny. Bluteau says the word is Spanish. We do not know how it came to be applied to the _Musa_. [Mr. Guppy (8 ser. _Notes & Queries_, viii. 87) suggests that "the Spaniards have obtained _platano_ from the Carib and Galibi words for _banana_, viz., _balatanna_ and _palatana_, by the process followed by the Australian colonists when they converted a native name for the casuarina trees into 'she-oak'; and that we can thus explain how _platano_ came in Spanish to signify both the plane-tree and the banana." Prof. Skeat (_Concise Dict._ s.v.) derives plantain from Lat. _planta_, 'a plant'; properly 'a spreading sucker or shoot'; and says that the plantain took its name from its spreading leaf.] The rapid spread of the plantain or banana in the West, whence both names were carried back to India, is a counterpart to the rapid diffusion of the ANANAS in the Old World of Asia. It would seem from the translation of Mendoça that in his time (1585) the Spaniards had come to use the form _plantano_, which our Englishmen took up as _plantan_ and _plantain_. But even in the 1736 edition of Bailey's Dict. the only explanation of plantain given is as the equivalent of the Latin _plantago_, the field-weed known by the former name. _Platano_ and _Plantano_ are used in the Philippine Islands by the Spanish population.

1336.—"Sunt in Syriâ et Aegypto poma oblonga quae Paradisi nuncupantur optimi saporis, mollia, in ore cito dissolubilia: per transversum quotiescumque ipsa incideris invenies _Crucifixum_ ... diu non durant, unde per mare ad nostras partes duci non possunt incorrupta."—_Gul. de Boldensele._

c. 1350.—"Sunt enim in orto illo Adae de Seyllano primo _musae_, quas incolae ficus vocant ... et istud vidimus oculis nostris quod ubicunque inciditur per transversum, in utrâque parte incisurae videtur ymago hominis _crucifixi_ ... et de istis foliis ficûs Adam et Eva fecerunt sibi perizomata...."—_John de' Marignolli, in Cathay_, &c. p. 352.

1384.—"And there is again a fruit which many people assert to be that regarding which our first father Adam sinned, and this fruit they call _Muse_ ... in this fruit you see a very great miracle, for when you divide it anyway, whether lengthways or across, or cut it as you will, you shall see inside, as it were, the image of the _Crucifix_; and of this we comrades many times made proof."—_Viaggio di Simone Sigoli_ (Firenze, 1862, p. 160).

1526 (tr. 1577).—"There are also certayne plantes whiche the Christians call PLATANI. In the myddest of the plant, in the highest part thereof, there groweth a cluster with fourtie or fiftie PLATANS about it.... This cluster ought to be taken from the plant, when any one of the PLATANS begins to appeare yelowe, at which time they take it, and hang it in their houses, where all the cluster waxeth rype, with all his PLATANS."—_Oviedo_, transl. in _Eden's Hist. of Travayle_, f. 208.

1552 (tr. 1582).—"Moreover the Ilande (of Mombas) is verye pleasaunt, having many orchards, wherein are planted and are groweing ... Figges of the Indias...."—_Castañeda_, by N. L., f. 22.

1579.—"... a fruit which they call _Figo_ (Magellane calls it a figge of a span long, but it is no other than that which the Spaniards and Portingalls have named PLANTANES)."—_Drake's Voyage_, Hak. Soc. p. 142.

1585 (tr. 1588).—"There are mountaines very thicke of orange trees, siders [_i.e._ _cedras_, 'citrons'], limes, PLANTANOS, and palmas."—_Mendoça_, by _R. Parke_, Hak. Soc. ii. 330.

1588.—"Our Generall made their wiues to fetch vs PLANTANS, Lymmons, and Oranges, Pine-apples, and other fruits."—_Voyage of Master Thomas Candish_, in _Purchas_, i. 64.

1588 (tr. 1604).—"... the first that shall be needefulle to treate of is the PLANTAIN (_Platano_), or PLANTANO, as the vulgar call it.... The reason why the Spaniards call it PLATANO (for the Indians had no such name), was, as in other trees for that they have found some resemblance of the one with the other, even as they called some fruites prunes, pines, and cucumbers, being far different from those which are called by those names in Castille. The thing wherein was most resemblance, in my opinion, between the PLATANOS at the Indies and those which the ancients did celebrate, is the greatnes of the leaves.... But, in truth, there is no more comparison nor resemblance of the one with the other than there is, as the Proverb saith, betwixt an egge and a chesnut."—_Joseph de Acosta_, transl. by E. G., Hak. Soc. i. 241.

1593.—"The PLANTANE is a tree found in most parts of Afrique and America, of which two leaves are sufficient to cover a man from top to toe."—_Hawkins, Voyage into the South Sea_, Hak. Soc. 49.

1610.—"... and every day failed not to send each man, being one and fiftie in number, two cakes of white bread, and a quantitie of Dates and PLANTANS...."—_Sir H. Middleton_, in _Purchas_, i. 254.

c. 1610.—"Ces Gentils ayant pitié de moy, il y eut vne femme qui me mit ... vne seruiete de feuilles de PLANTANE accommodées ensemble auec des espines, puis me ietta dessus du rys cuit auec vne certaine sauce qu'ils appellent _caril_ (see CURRY)...."—_Mocquet, Voyages_, 292.

[ " "They (elephants) require ... besides leaves of trees, chiefly of the Indian fig, which we call Bananes and the Turks PLANTENES."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 345.]

1616.—"They have to these another fruit we English there call a PLANTEN, of which many of them grow in clusters together ... very yellow when they are Ripe, and then they taste like unto a _Norwich_ Pear, but much better."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 360.

c. 1635.—

"... with candy PLANTAINS and the juicy Pine, On choicest Melons and sweet Grapes they dine, And with Potatoes fat their wanton wine." _Waller, Battle of the Summer Islands._

c. 1635.—

"Oh how I long my careless Limbs to lay Under the PLANTAIN'S Shade; and all the Day With amorous Airs my Fancy entertain." _Waller, Battle of the Summer Islands._

c. 1660.—

"The Plant (at Brasil _Bacone_ call'd) the Name Of the Eastern PLANE-TREE takes, but not the same: Bears leaves so large, one single Leaf can shade The Swain that is beneath her Covert laid; Under whose verdant Leaves fair Apples grow, Sometimes two Hundred on a single Bough...." _Cowley, of Plants_, Bk. v.

1664.—

"Wake, Wake Quevera! Our soft rest must cease, And fly together with our country's peace. No more must we sleep under PLANTAIN shade, Which neither heat could pierce nor cold invade; Where bounteous Nature never feels decay, And opening buds drive falling fruits away." _Dryden, Prologue to the Indian Queen._

1673.—"Lower than these, but with a Leaf far broader, stands the curious PLANTAN, loading its tender Body with a Fruit, whose clusters emulate the Grapes of _Canaan_, which burthened two men's shoulders."—_Fryer_, 19.

1686.—"The PLANTAIN I take to be King of all Fruit, not except the Coco itself."—_Dampier_, i. 311.

1689.—"... and now in the Governour's Garden (at St. Helena) and some others of the Island are quantities of PLANTINS, BONANOES, and other delightful Fruits brought from the East...."—_Ovington_, 100.

1764.—

"But round the upland huts, BANANAS plant; A wholesome nutriment bananas yield, And sunburnt labour loves its breezy shade, Their graceful screen let kindred PLANTANES join, And with their broad vans shiver in the breeze." _Grainger_, Bk. iv.

1805.—"The PLANTAIN, in some of its kinds, supplies the place of bread."—_Orme, Fragments_, 479.

PLASSEY, n.p. The village _Palāsī_, which gives its name to Lord Clive's famous battle (June 23, 1757). It is said to take its name from the _pālas_ (or DHAWK) tree.

1748.—"... that they have great reason to complain of Ensign English's conduct in not waiting at PLACY ... and that if he had staid another day at PLACY, as Tullerooy Caun was marching with a large force towards Cutway, they presume the Mahrattas would have retreated inland on their approach and left him an open passage...."—_Letter from Council at Cossimbazar_, in _Long_, p. 2.

[1757.—Clive's original report of the battle is dated on the "plain of PLACIS."—_Birdwood, Report on Old Records_, 57.]

1768-71.—"General CLIVE, who should have been the leader of the English troops in this battle (PLASSY), left the command to Colonel COOTE, and remained hid in his palankeen during the combat, out of the reach of the shot, and did not make his appearance before the enemy were put to flight."—_Stavorinus_, E.T. i. 486. This stupid and inaccurate writer says that several English officers who were present at the battle related this "anecdote" to him. This, it may be hoped, is as untrue as the rest of the story. Even to such a writer one would have supposed that Clive's mettle would be familiar.

PODÁR, s. Hind. _poddār_, corrn. of Pers. _fot̤adār_, from _fot̤a_, 'a bag of money.' A cash-keeper, or especially an officer attached to a treasury, whose business it is to weigh money and bullion and appraise the value of coins.

[c. 1590.—"The Treasurer. Called in the language of the day FOTADAR."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 49.]

1680.—"PODAR." (See under DUSTOOR.)

1683.—"The like losses in proportion were preferred to be proved by Ramchurne PODAR, Bendura bun PODAR, and Mamoobishwas who produced their several books for evidence."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 84.

[1772.—"PODĀR, a money-changer or teller, under a SHROFF."—_Verelst, View of Bengal_, Gloss. s.v.]

POGGLE, PUGGLY, &c., s. Properly Hind. _pāgal_; 'a madman, an idiot'; often used colloquially by Anglo-Indians. A friend belonging to that body used to adduce a macaronic adage which we fear the non-Indian will fail to appreciate: "PAGAL _et pecunia jaldè separantur_!" [See NAUTCH.]

1829.—"It's true the people call me, I know not why, the PUGLEY."—_Mem. John Shipp_, ii. 255.

1866.—"I was foolish enough to pay these BUDMASHES beforehand, and they have thrown me over. I must have been a PAUGUL to do it."—_Trevelyan, The Dawk Bungalow_, 385.

[1885.—"He told me that the native name for a regular picnic is a 'POGGLE-_khana_,' that is, a fool's dinner."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal Life_, 88.]

POISON-NUT, s. _Strychnos nux vomica_, L.

POLEA, n.p. Mal. _pulayan_, [from Tam. _pulam_, 'a field,' because in Malabar they are occupied in rice cultivation]. A person of a low or impure tribe, who causes pollution (_pula_) to those of higher caste, if he approaches within a certain distance. [The rules which regulate their meeting with other people are given by Mr. Logan (_Malabar_, i. 118).] From _pula_ the Portuguese formed also the verbs _empolear-se_, 'to become polluted by the touch of a low-caste person,' and _desempolear-se_, 'to purify oneself after such pollution' (_Gouvea_, f. 97, and _Synod._ f. 52_v_), superstitions which Menezes found prevailing among the Christians of Malabar. (See HIRAVA.)

1510.—"The fifth class are called POLIAR, who collect pepper, wine, and nuts ... the POLIAR may not approach either the Naeri (see NAIR) or the Brahmins within 50 paces, unless they have been called by them...."—_Varthema_, 142.

1516.—"There is another lower sort of gentiles called PULER.... They do not speak to the nairs except for a long way off, as far as they can be heard speaking with a loud voice.... And whatever man or woman should touch them, their relations immediately kill them like a contaminated thing...."—_Barbosa_, 143.

1572.—

"A ley, da gente toda, ricca e pobre, De fabulas composta se imagina: Andão nus, e somente hum pano cobre As partes que a cubrir natura ensina. Dous modos ha de gente; porque a nobre _Nayres_ chamados são, e a minos dina POLEAS tem por nome, a quem obriga A ley não misturar a casta antiga." _Camões_, vii. 37.

By Burton:

"The Law that holds the people high and low, is fraught with false phantastick tales long past; they go unclothèd, but a wrap they throw for decent purpose round the loins and waist: Two modes of men are known: the nobles know the name of Nayrs, who call the lower caste POLÉAS, whom their haughty laws contain from intermingling with the higher strain...."

1598.—"When the Portingales came first into India, and made league and composition with the King of _Cochin_, the _Nayros_ desired that men shovld give them place, and turne out of the Way, when they mette in the Streetes, as the POLYAS. ..." (used to do).—_Linschoten_, 78; [Hak. Soc. i. 281; also see i. 279].

1606.—"... he said by way of insult that he would order him to touch a POLEAA, which is one of the lowest castes of Malauar."—_Gouvea_, f. 76.

1626.—"These PULER are Theeves and Sorcerers."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 553.

[1727.—"POULIAS." (See under MUCOA.)

[1754.—"Niadde and PULLIE are two low castes on the _Malabar_ coast...."—_Ives_, 26.

[1766.—"... POOLIGHEES, a cast hardly suffered to breathe the common air, being driven into the forrests and mountains out of the commerce of mankind...."—_Grose_, 2nd ed. ii. 161 _seq._]

1770.—"Their degradation is still more complete on the Malabar coast, which has not been subdued by the Mogul, and where they (the pariahs) are called POULIATS."—_Raynal_, E.T. 1798, i. 6.

1865.—"Further south in India we find polyandry among ... POLERES of Malabar."—_McLennan, Primitive Marriage_, 179.

POLIGAR, s. This term is peculiar to the Madras Presidency. The persons so called were properly subordinate feudal chiefs, occupying tracts more or less wild, and generally of predatory habits in former days; they are now much the same as ZEMINDARS in the highest use of that term (q.v.). The word is Tam. _pāḷaiyakkāran_, 'the holder of a _pālaiyam_,' or feudal estate; Tel. _paḷegāḍu_; and thence Mahr. _pālegār_; the English form being no doubt taken from one of the two latter. The southern Poligars gave much trouble about 100 years ago, and the "Poligar wars" were somewhat serious affairs. In various assaults on Pānjālamkurichi, one of their forts in Tinnevelly, between 1799 and 1801 there fell 15 British officers. Much regarding the Poligārs of the south will be found in Nelson's _Madura_, and in Bishop Caldwell's very interesting _History of Tinnevelly_. Most of the quotations apply to those southern districts. But the term was used north to the Mahratta boundary.

1681.—"They pulled down the POLEGAR'S houses, who being conscious of his guilt, had fled and hid himself."—_Wheeler_, i. 118.

1701.—"Le lendemain je me rendis à Tailur, c'est une petite ville qui appartient à un autre PALEAGAREN."—_Lett. Edif._ x. 269.

1745.—"J'espère que Votre Eminence agréera l'établissement d'une nouvelle Mission près des Montagnes appellées vulgairement des PALLEAGARES, où aucun Missionnaire n'avait paru jusqu'à présent. Cette contrée est soumise à divers petits Rois appellés également PALLEAGARS, qui sont independans du Grand Mogul quoique placés presque au milieu de son Empire."—_Norbert, Mem._ ii. 406-7.

1754.—"A POLYGAR ... undertook to conduct them through defiles and passes known to very few except himself."—_Orme_, i. 373.

1780.—"He (Hyder) now moved towards the pass of Changana, and encamped upon his side of it, and sent ten thousand POLYGÀRS to clear away the pass, and make a road sufficient to enable his artillery and stores to pass through."—_Hon. James Lindsay_, in _Lives of the Lindsays_, iii. 233.

" "The matchlock men are generally accompanied by POLIGARS, a set of fellows that are almost savage, and make use of no other weapon than a pointed bamboo spear, 18 or 20 feet long."—_Munro's Narrative_, 131.

1783.—"To Mahomet Ali they twice sold the Kingdom of Tanjore. To the same Mahomet Ali they sold at least twelve sovereign Princes called the POLYGARS."—_Burke's Speech on Fox's India Bill_, in _Works_, iii. 458.

1800.—"I think Pournaya's mode of dealing with these rajahs ... is excellent. He sets them up in palankins, elephants, &c., and a great SOWARRY, and makes them attend to his person. They are treated with great respect, which they like, but can do no mischief in the country. Old Hyder adopted this plan, and his operations were seldom impeded by POLYGAR wars."—_A. Wellesley_ to _T. Munro_, in _Arbuthnot's Mem._ xcii.

1801.—"The southern POLIGARS, a race of rude warriors habituated to arms of independence, had been but lately subdued."—_Welsh_, i. 57.

1809.—"Tondiman is an hereditary title. His subjects are POLYGARS, and since the late war ... he is become the chief of those tribes, among whom the singular law exists of the female inheriting the sovereignty in preference to the male."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 364.

1868.—"There are 72 bastions to the fort of Madura; and each of them was now formally placed in charge of a particular chief, who was bound for himself and his heirs to keep his post at all times, and under all circumstances. He was also bound to pay a fixed annual tribute; to supply and keep in readiness a quota of troops for the Governor's armies; to keep the Governor's peace over a particular tract of country.... A grant was made to him of a tract of a country ... together with the title of _Páleiya Kâran_ (POLIGAR)...."—_Nelson's Madura_, Pt. iii. p. 99.

" "Some of the POLIGARS were placed in authority over others, and in time of war were answerable for the good conduct of their subordinates. Thus the Sethupati was chief of them all; and the POLIGAR of Dindigul is constantly spoken of as being the chief of eighteen POLIGARS ... when the levying of troops was required the Delavay (see DALAWAY) sent requisitions to such and such POLIGARS to furnish so many armed men within a certain time...."—_Nelson's Madura_, Pt. iii. p. 157.

The word got transferred in English parlance to the people _under_ such Chiefs (see quotations above, 1780-1809); and especially, it would seem, to those whose habits were predatory:

1869.—"There is a third well-defined race mixed with the general population, to which a common origin may probably be assigned. I mean the predatory classes. In the south they are called POLIGARS, and consist of the tribes of Marawars, Kallars (see COLLERY), Bedars (see BYDE), Ramuses (see RAMOOSY): and in the North are represented by the Kolis (see COOLY) of Guzerat, and the Gujars (see GOOJUR) of the N.W. Provinces."—_Sir Walter Elliot_, in _J. Ethn. Soc. L._, N.S. i. 112.

[POLIGAR DOG, s. A large breed of dogs found in S. India. "The Polygar dog is large and powerful, and is peculiar in being without hair" (_Balfour, Cycl._ i. 568).]

[1853.—"It was evident that the original breed had been crossed with the bull-dog, or the large POLIGAR DOG of India."—_Campbell, Old Forest Ranger_, 3rd ed. p. 12.]

POLLAM, s. Tam. _pālaiyam_; Tel. _pāḷemu_; (see under POLIGAR).

1783.—"The principal reason which they assigned against the extirpation of the POLYGARS (see POLIGAR) was that the weavers were protected in their fortresses. They might have added, that the Company itself which stung them to death, had been warmed in the bosom of these unfortunate princes; for on the taking of Madras by the French, it was in their hospitable POLLAMS that most of the inhabitants found refuge and protection."—_Burke's Speech on Fox's E. I. Bill_, in _Works_, iii. 488.

1795.—"Having submitted the general remarks on the POLLAMS I shall proceed to observe that in general the conduct of the POLIGARS is much better than could be expected from a race of men, who have hitherto been excluded from those advantages, which almost always attend conquered countries, an intercourse with their conquerors. With the exception of a very few, when I arrived they had never seen a European...."—_Report on Dindigal_, by _Mr. Wynch_, quoted in _Nelson's Madura_, Pt. iv. p. 15.

POLO, s. The game of hockey on horseback, introduced of late years into England, under this name, which comes from Baltī; _polo_ being properly in the language of that region the ball used in the game. The game thus lately revived was once known and practised (though in various forms) from Provence to the borders of China (see CHICANE). It had continued to exist down to our own day, it would seem, only near the extreme East and the extreme West of the Himālaya, viz. at Manipur in the East (between Cachar and Burma), and on the West in the high valley of the Indus (in Ladāk, Balti, Astōr and Gilgit, and extending into Chitrāl). From the former it was first adopted by our countrymen at Calcutta, and a little later (about 1864) it was introduced into the Punjab, almost simultaneously from the Lower Provinces and from Kashmīr, where the summer visitors had taken it up. It was first played in England, it would seem at Aldershot, in July 1871, and in August of the same year at Dublin in the Phœnix Park. The next year it was played in many places.[224] But the first mention we can find in the _Times_ is a notice of a match at Lillie-Bridge, July 11, 1874, in the next day's paper. There is mention of the game in the _Illustrated London News_ of July 20, 1872, where it is treated as a new invention by British officers in India. [According to the author of the _Badminton Library_ treatise on the game, it was adopted by Lieut. Sherer in 1854, and a club was formed in 1859. The same writer fixes its introduction into the Punjab and N.W.P. in 1861-62. See also an article in _Baily's Magazine_ on "The Early History of Polo" (June 1890). The Central Asian form is described, under the name of _Baiga_ or _Kok-büra_, 'grey wolf,' by Schuyler (_Turkistan_, i. 268 _seqq._) and that in Dardistan by Biddulph (_Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh_, 84 _seqq._).] In Ladāk it is not indigenous, but an introduction from Baltistan. See a careful and interesting account of the game of those parts in Mr. F. Drew's excellent book, _The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories_, 1875, pp. 380-392.

We learn from Professor Tylor that the game exists still in Japan, and a very curious circumstance is that the polo _racket_, just as that described by Jo. Cinnamus in the extract under CHICANE has survived there. [See _Chamberlain, Things Japanese_, 3rd ed. 333 _seqq._]

1835.—"The ponies of Muneepoor hold a very conspicuous rank in the estimation of the inhabitants.... The national game of Hockey, which is played by every male of the country capable of sitting a horse, renders them all expert equestrians; and it was by men and horses so trained, that the princes of Muneepoor were able for many years not only to repel the aggressions of the Burmahs, but to save the whole country ... and plant their banners on the banks of the Irrawattee."—_Pemberton's Report on the E. Frontier of Br. India_, 31-32.

1838.—"At Shighur I first saw the game of the Chaughán, which was played the day after our arrival on the MYDAN or plain laid out expressly for the purpose.... It is in fact hocky on horseback. The ball, which is larger than a cricket ball, is only a globe made of a kind of willow-wood, and is called in Tibeti 'PULU.'... I can conceive that the Chaughán requires only to be seen to be played. It is the fit sport of an equestrian nation.... The game is played at almost every valley in Little Tibet and the adjoining countries ... Ladakh, Yessen, Chitral, &c.; and I should recommend it to be tried on the Hippodrome at Bayswater...."—_Vigne, Travels in Kashmir, Ladakh, Iskardo_, &c. (1842), ii. 289-392.

1848.—"An assembly of all the principal inhabitants took place at Iskardo, on some occasion of ceremony or festivity.... I was thus fortunate enough to be a witness of the chaugan, which is derived from Persia, and has been described by Mr. Vigne as hocky on horseback.... Large quadrangular enclosed meadows for this game may be seen in all the larger villages of Balti, often surrounded by rows of beautiful willow and poplar trees."—_Dr. T. Thomson, Himalaya and Tibet_, 260-261.

1875.—

"POLO, Tent-pegging, Hurlingham, the Rink, I leave all these delights." _Browning, Inn Album_, 23.

POLLOCK-SAUG, s. Hind. _pālak_, _pālak-sāg_; a poor vegetable, called also 'country spinach' (_Beta vulgaris_, or _B. Bengalensis_, Roxb.). [Riddell (_Domest. Econ._ 579) calls it 'Bengal Beet.']

POLONGA, TIC-POLONGA, s. A very poisonous snake, so called in Ceylon (_Bungarus?_ or _Daboia elegans?_); Singh. _poloñgarā_. [The _Madras Gloss._ identifies it with the _Daboia elegans_, and calls it 'Chain viper,' 'Necklace snake,' 'Russell's viper,' or COBRA MANILLA. The Singh. name is said to be TITPOLANGA, _tit_, 'spotted,' _polanga_, 'viper.']

1681.—"There is another venomous snake called POLONGO, the most venomous of all, that kills cattel. Two sorts of them I have seen, the one green, the other of reddish gray, full of white rings along the sides, and about five or six feet long."—_Knox_, 29.

1825.—"There are only four snakes ascertained to be poisonous; the COBRA DE CAPELLO is the most common, but its bite is not so certainly fatal as that of the TIC POLONGA, which destroys life in a few minutes."—_Mrs. Heber_, in _H.'s Journal_, ed. 1844, ii. 167.

POMFRET, POMPHRET, s. A genus of sea-fish of broad compressed form, embracing several species, of good repute for the table on all the Indian coasts. According to Day they are all reducible to _Stromateus sinensis_, 'the white Pomfret,' _Str. cinereus_, which is, when immature, 'the silver Pomfret,' and when mature, 'the gray Pomfret,' and _Str. niger_, 'the black P.' The French of Pondicherry call the fish _pample_. We cannot connect it with the πομπίλος of _Aelian_ (xv. 23) and Athenaeus (Lib. VII. cap. xviii. _seqq._) which is identified with a very different fish, the 'pilot-fish' (_Naucrates ductor_ of Day). The name is probably from the Portuguese, and a corruption of _pampano_, 'a vine-leaf,' from supposed resemblance; this is the Portuguese name of a fish which occurs just where the _pomfret_ should be mentioned. Thus:

[1598.—"The best fish is called Mordexiin, PAMPANO, and Tatiingo."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 11.]

1613.—"The fishes of this Mediterranean (the Malayan sea) are very savoury SABLES, and SEER FISH (_serras_) and PAMPANOS, and rays...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 33_v_.

[1703.—"... Albacores, Daulphins, PAUMPHLETS."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccxxxiv.]

1727.—"Between _Cunnaca_ and _Ballasore_ Rivers ... a very delicious Fish called the PAMPLEE, come in Sholes, and are sold for two Pence per Hundred. Two of them are sufficient to dine a moderate Man."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 396; [ed. 1744].

1810.—

"Another face look'd broad and bland Like PAMPLET floundering on the sand; Whene'er she turned her piercing stare, She seemed alert to spring in air."— _Malay verses_, rendered by _Dr. Leyden_, in _Maria Graham_, 201.

1813.—"The POMFRET is not unlike a small turbot, but of a more delicate flavour; and epicures esteem the BLACK POMFRET a great dainty."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 52-53; [2nd ed. i. 36].

[1822.—"... the lad was brought up to catch PAMPHLETS and bombaloes...."—_Wallace, Fifteen Years in India_, 106.]

1874.—"The greatest pleasure in Bombay was eating a fish called 'POMFRET.'"—_Sat. Rev._, 30th May, 690.

[1896.—"Another account of this sort of seine fishing, for catching POMFRET fish, is given by Mr. Gueritz."—_Ling Roth, Natives of Sarawak_, i. 455.]

POMMELO, PAMPELMOOSE, &c., s. _Citrus decumana_, L., the largest of the orange-tribe. It is the same fruit as the SHADDOCK of the West Indies; but to the larger varieties some form of the name Pommelo seems also to be applied in the West. A small variety, with a fine skin, is sold in London shops as "the Forbidden fruit." The fruit, though grown in gardens over a great part of India, really comes to perfection only near the Equator, and especially in Java, whence it was probably brought to the continent. For it is called in Bengal _Batāvī nimbū_ (_i.e._ _Citrus Bataviana_). It probably did not come to India till the 17th century; it is not mentioned in the _Āīn_. According to Bretschneider the Pommelo is mentioned in the ancient Chinese Book of the _Shu-King_. Its Chinese name is _Yu_.

The form of the name which we have put first is that now general in Anglo-Indian use. But it is probably only a modern result of 'striving after meaning' (quasi _Pomo-melone_?). Among older authors the name goes through many strange shapes. Tavernier calls it _pompone_ (_Voy. des Indes_, liv. iii. ch. 24; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 360]), but the usual French name is _pampel-mousse_. Dampier has _Pumplenose_ (ii. 125); Lockyer, _Pumplemuse_ (51); Forrest, _Pummel-nose_ (32); Ives, '_pimple-noses_, called in the West Indies _Chadocks_' [19]. Maria Graham uses the French spelling (22). _Pompoleon_ is a form unknown to us, but given in the _Eng. Cyclopaedia_. Molesworth's _Marāṭhi Dict._ gives "_papannas_, _papanas_, or _papanis_ (a word of. S. America)." We are unable to give the true etymology, though Littré says boldly "Tamoul, _bambolimas_." Ainslie (_Mat. Medica_, 1813) gives _Poomlimas_ as the Tamil, whilst Balfour (_Cycl. of India_) gives _Pumpalimas_ and _Bambulimas_ as Tamil, _Bombarimasa_ and _Pampara-panasa_ as Telugu, _Bambali naringi_ as Malayālim. But if these are real words they appear to be corruptions of some foreign term. [Mr. F. Brandt points out that the above forms are merely various attempts to transliterate a word which is in Tamil _pambalimāsu_, while the Malayālim is _bambāli-nārakam_ '_bambili_ tree.' According to the _Madras Gloss._ all these, as well as the English forms, are ultimately derived from the Malay _pumpulmas_. Mr. Skeat writes: "In an obsolete Malay dict., by Howison (1801) I find '_poomplemoos_, a fruit brought from India by Captain Shaddock, the seeds of which were planted at Barbadoes,' and afterwards obtained his name: the affix _moos_ appears to be the Dutch _moes_, 'vegetable.'" If this be so, the Malay is not the original form.]

1661.—"The fruit called by the Netherlanders PUMPELMOOS, by the Portuguese _Jamboa_, grows in superfluity outside the city of Batavia.... This fruit is larger than any of the lemon-kind, for it grows as large as the head of a child of 10 years old. The core or inside is for the most part reddish, and has a kind of sourish sweetness, tasting like unripe grapes."—_Walter Schulzen_, 236.

PONDICHERRY, n.p. This name of what is now the chief French settlement in India, is _Pudu-ch'chēri_, or _Puthuççēri_, 'New Town,' more correctly _Pudu-vai_, _Puthuvai_, meaning 'New Place.' C. P. Brown, however, says it is _Pudi-cherū_, 'New Tank.' The natives sometimes write it _Phulcheri_. [Mr. Garstin (_Man. S. Arcot_, 422) says that Hindus call it _Puthuvai_ or _Puthuççeri_, while Musulmans call it _Pulcheri_, or as the _Madras Gloss._ writes the word, _Pulchari_.]

1680.—"Mr. Edward Brogden, arrived from Porto Novo, reports arrival at PUDDICHERRY of two French ships from Surat, and the receipt of advices of the death of Sevajie."—_Fort St. Geo. Consn._, May 23. In _Notes and Exts._ No. iii. p. 20.

[1683.—"... Interlopers intend to settle att Verampatnam, a place neer PULLICHERRY...."—_Pringle, Diary Ft. St. Geo._, 1st ser. ii. 41. In iv. 113 (1685) we have PONDICHERRY.]

1711.—"The French and Danes likewise hire them (Portuguese) at PONT DE CHEREE and Trincombar."—_Lockyer_, 286.

1718.—"The Fifth Day we reached BUDULSCHERI, a French Town, and the chief Seat of their Missionaries in India."—_Prop. of the Gospel_, p. 42.

1726.—"POEDECHERY," in _Valentijn, Choro._ 11.

1727.—"PUNTICHERRY is the next Place of Note on this Coast, a colony settled by the French."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 356; [ed. 1744].

1753.—"L'établissement des François à PONDICHERI remonte jusqu'en l'année 1674; mais par de si foibles commencements, qu'on n'auroit eu de la peine à imaginer, que les suites en fussent aussi considerables."—_D'Anville_, p. 121.

1780.—"An English officer of rank, General Coote, who was unequalled among his compeers in ability and experience in war, and who had frequently fought with the French of PHOOLCHERI in the Karnatic and ... had as often gained the victory over them...."—_H. of Hyder Naik_, 413.

PONGOL, s. A festival of S. India, observed early in January. Tam. _pŏngăl_, 'boiling'; _i.e._ of the rice, because the first act in the feast is the boiling of the new rice. It is a kind of harvest-home. There is an interesting account of it by the late Mr. C. E. Gover (_J. R. As. Soc._ N.S. v. 91), but the connection which he traces with the old Vedic religion is hardly to be admitted. [See the meaning of the rite discussed by _Dr. Fraser, Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. iii. 305 _seq._]

1651.—"... nous parlerons maintenant du PONGOL, qui se celebre le 9 de Janvier en l'honneur du Soleil.... Ils cuisent du ris avec du laict.... Ce ris se cuit hors la maison, afin que le Soleil puisse luire dessus ... et quand ils voyent, qu'il semble le vouloir retirer, ils crient d'une voix intelligible, PONGOL, PONGOL, PONGOL, PONGOL...."—_Abr. Roger_, Fr. Tr. 1670, pp. 237-8.

1871.—"Nor does the gentle and kindly influence of the time cease here. The files of the Munsif's Court will have been examined with cases from litigious enemies or greedy money lenders. But as PONGOL comes round many of them disappear.... The creditor thinks of his debtor, the debtor of the creditor. The one relents, the other is ashamed, and both parties are saved by a compromise. Often it happens that a process is postponed 'till after PONGOL!'"—_Gover_, as above, p. 96.

POOJA, s. Properly applied to the Hindu ceremonies in idol-worship; Skt. _pūjā_; and colloquially to any kind of rite. Thus _jhanḍā kī pūjā_, or 'Pooja of the flag,' is the sepoy term for what in St. James's Park is called 'Trooping of the colours.' [Used in the plural, as in the quotation of 1900, it means the holidays of the Durgā Pūjā or DUSSERA.]

[1776.—"... the occupation of the _Bramin_ should be ... to cause the performance of the POOJEN, _i.e._ the worship to _Dewtàh_...."—_Halhed, Code_, ed. 1781, Pref. xcix.

[1813.—"... the Pundits in attendance commenced the POOJA, or sacrifice, by pouring milk and curds upon the branches, and smearing over the leaves with wetted rice."—_Broughton, Letters_, ed. 1892, p. 214.]

1826.—"The person whose steps I had been watching now approached the sacred tree, and having performed PUJA to a stone deity at its foot, proceeded to unmuffle himself from his shawls...."—_Pandurang Hari_, 26; [ed. 1873, i. 34].

1866.—"Yes, Sahib, I Christian boy. Plenty POOJAH do. Sunday time never no work do."—_Trevelyan, The Dawk Bungalow_, in _Fraser_, lxxiii. 226.

1874.—"The mass of the ryots who form the population of the village are too poor to have a family deity. They are forced to be content with ... the annual PUJAHS performed ... on behalf of the village community."—_Cal. Rev._ No. cxvii. 195.

1879.—"Among the curiosities of these lower galleries are little models of costumes and country scenes, among them a grand POOJA under a tree."—_Sat. Rev._ No. 1251, p. 477.

[1900.—"Calcutta has been in the throes of the PUJAHS since yesterday."—_Pioneer Mail_, 5 Oct.].

POOJAREE, s. Hind. _pujārī_. An officiating priest in an idol temple.

1702.—"L'office de POUJARI ou de Prêtresse de la Reine mère était incompatible avec le titre de servante du Seigneur."—_Lett. Edif._ xi. 111.

[1891.—"Then the PŪJĀRI, or priest, takes the Bhuta sword and bell in his hands...."—_Monier-Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism_, 4th ed. 249.]

POOL, s. P.—H. _pul_, 'a bridge.' Used in two of the quotations under the next article for 'embankment.'

[1812.—"The bridge is thrown over the river ... it is called the POOL Khan...."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, 124.]

POOLBUNDY, s. P.—H. _pulbandī_, 'Securing of bridges or embankments.' A name formerly given in Bengal to a civil department in charge of the embankments. Also sometimes used improperly for the embankment itself.

[1765.—"Deduct POOLBUNDY advanced for repairs of dykes, roads, &c."—_Verelst, View of Bengal_, App. 213.

[c. 1781.—"Pay your constant devoirs to Marian Allypore, or sell yourself soul and body to POOLBUNDY."—Ext. from _Hicky's Gazette_, in _Busteed, Echoes of Old Calcutta_, 3rd ed. 178. This refers to Impey, who was called by this name in allusion to a lucrative contract given to his relative, a Mr. Fraser.]

1786.—"That the Superintendent of POOLBUNDY Repairs, after an accurate and diligent survey of the BUNDS and POOLS, and the provincial Council of Burdwan ... had delivered it as their opinion...."—_Articles of Charge against Warren Hastings_, in _Burke_, vii. 98.

1802.—"The Collector of Midnapore has directed his attention to the subject of POOLBUNDY, and in a very ample report to the Board of Revenue, has described certain abuses and oppressions, consisting chiefly of pressing ryots to work on the POOLS, which call aloud for a remedy."—_Fifth Report_, App. p. 558.

1810.—"... the whole is obliged to be preserved from inundation by an embankment called the POOL BANDY, maintained at a very great and regular expense."—_Williamson, V. M._, ii. 365.

POON, PEON, &c., s. Can. _ponne_, [Mal. _punna_, Skt. _punnāga_]. A timber tree (_Calophyllum inophyllum_, L.) which grows in the forests of Canara, &c., and which was formerly used for masts, whence also called _mast-wood_. [Linschoten refers to this tree, but not by name (Hak. Soc. i. 67).]

[1727.—"... good POON-masts, stronger but heavier than Firr."—_A. Hamilton_, ed. 1744, i. 267.

[1776.—"... POHOON-masts, chiefly from the Malabar coast."—_Grose_, 2nd ed. ii. 109.]

[1773.—"POON tree ... the wood light but tolerably strong; it is frequently used for masts, but unless great care be taken to keep the wet from the ends of it, it soon rots."—_Ives_, 460.]

1835.—"PEON, or PUNA ... the largest sort is of a light, bright colour, and may be had at Mangalore, from the forests of Corumcul in Canara, where it grows to a length of 150 feet. At Mangalore I procured a tree of this sort that would have made a foremast for the Leander, 60-gun ship, in one piece, for 1300 Rupees."—_Edye_, in _J. R. As. Soc._ ii. 354.

POONAMALEE, n.p. A town, and formerly a military station, in the Chingleput Dist. of Madras Presidency, 13 miles west of Madras. The name is given in the _Imp. Gazetteer_ as _Pūnamallu_ (?), and _Ponda malāi_, whilst Col. Branfill gives it as "_Pūntha malli_ for _Pūvirunthamalli_," without further explanation. [The _Madras Gloss._ gives Tam. _Pundamalli_, 'town of the jasmine-creeper,' which is largely grown there for the supply of the Madras markets.

[1876.—"The dog, a small piebald cur, with a short tail, not unlike the 'POONAMALLEE terrier,' which the British soldier is wont to manufacture from PARIAH dogs for 'GRIFFINS' with sporting proclivities, was brought up for inspection."—_McMahon, Karens of the Golden Chersonese_, 236.]

POONGEE, PHOONGY, s. The name most commonly given to the Buddhist _religieux_ in British Burma. The word (_p'hun-gyi_) signifies 'great glory.'

1782.—"... leurs Prêtres ... sont moins instruits que les Brames, et portent le nom de PONGUIS."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 301.

1795.—"From the many convents in the neighbourhood of Rangoon, the number of Rhahans and PHONGIS must be very considerable; I was told it exceeded 1500."—_Symes, Embassy to Ava_, 210.

1834.—"The TALAPOINS are called by the Burmese PHONGHIS, which term means great glory, or _Rahans_, which means perfect."—_Bp. Bigandet_, in _J. Ind. Archip._ iv. 222-3.

[1886.—"Every Burman has for some time during his life to be a POHNGEE, or monk."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal Life_, 177.]

POORÁNA, s. Skt. _purāṇa_, 'old,' hence 'legendary,' and thus applied as a common name to 18 books which contain the legendary mythology of the Brahmans.

1612.—"... These books are divided into bodies, members, and joints (_cortos, membros, e articulos_) ... six which they call _Xastra_ (see SHASTER), which are the bodies; eighteen which they call PURANÁ, which are the members; twenty-eight called _Agamon_, which are the joints."—_Couto_, Dec. V. liv. vi. cap. 3.

1651.—"As their PORANAS, _i.e._ old histories, relate."—_Rogerius_, 153.

[1667.—"When they have acquired a knowledge of Sanscrit ... they generally study the PURANA, which is an abridgment and interpretation of the Beths" (see VEDAS).—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, p. 335.]

c. 1760.—"Le PURAN comprend dix-huit livres qui renferment l'histoire sacrée, qui contient les dogmes de la religion des Bramines."—_Encyclopédie_, xxvii. 807.

1806.—"Ceux-ci, calculoient tout haut de mémoire tandis que d'autres, plus avancés, lisoient, d'un ton chantant, leurs POURANS."—_Haafner_, i. 130.

POORUB, and POORBEEA, ss. Hind. _pūrab_, _pūrb_, 'the East,' from Skt. _pūrva_ or _pūrba_, 'in front of,' as _paścha_ (Hind. _pachham_) means 'behind' or 'westerly' and _dakshina_, 'right-hand' or southerly. In Upper India the term means usually Oudh, the Benares division, and Behar. Hence POORBEEA (_pūrbiya_), a man of those countries, was, in the days of the old Bengal army, often used for a sepoy, the majority being recruited in those provinces.

1553.—"Omaum (Humāyūn) Patxiah ... resolved to follow Xerchan (Sher Khān) and try his fortunes against him ... and they met close to the river Ganges before it unites with the river Jamona, where on the West bank of the river there is a city called Canose (Canauj), one of the chief of the kingdom of Dely. Xerchan was beyond the river in the tract which the natives call PURBA...."—_Barros_, IV. ix. 9.

[1611.—"PIERB is 400 cose long."—_Jourdain_, quoted in _Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 538.]

1616.—"Bengala, a most spacious and fruitful province, but more properly to be called a kingdom, which hath two very large provinces within it, PURB and Patan, the one lying on the east, the other on the west side of the river."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 357.

1666.—"La Province de Halabas s'appelloit autrefois PUROP...."—_Thevenot_, v. 197.

[1773.—"Instead of marching with the great army he had raised into the PURBUNEAN country ... we were informed he had turned his arms against us...."—_Ives_, 91.]

1881.—

"... My lands were taken away, And the Company gave me a pension of just eight annas a day; And the POORBEAHS swaggered about our streets as if they had done it all...." _Attar Singh loquitur_, by '_Sowar_,' Sir M. Durand in an Indian paper, the name and date lost.

POOTLY NAUTCH, s. Properly Hind. _kāṭh-putlī-nāch_, 'wooden-puppet-dance.' A puppet show.

c. 1817.—"The day after tomorrow will be my lad James Dawson's birthday, and we are to have a PUTTULLY-NAUTCH in the evening."—_Mrs. Sherwood's Stories_, 291.

POPPER-CAKE, in Bombay, and in Madras POPADAM, ss. These are apparently the same word and thing, though to the former is attributed a Hind. and Mahr. origin _pāpaṛ_, Skt. _parpaṭa_, and to the latter a Tamil one, _pappaḍam_, as an abbreviation of _paruppu-aḍam_, 'lentil cake.' [The _Madras Gloss._ gives Tel. _appadam_, Tam. _appalam_ (see HOPPER), and Mal. _pappatam_, from _parippu_, 'DHALL,' _ata_, 'cake.'] It is a kind of thin scone or wafer, made of any kind of pulse or lentil flour, seasoned with assafoetida, &c., fried in oil, and in W. India baked crisp, and often eaten at European tables as an accompaniment to curry. It is not bad, even to a novice.

1814.—"They are very fond of a thin cake, or wafer, called POPPER, made from the flour of _oord_ or _mash_ ... highly seasoned with assa-foetida; a salt called POPPER-_khor_; and a very hot massaula (see MUSSALLA), compounded of turmeric, black pepper, ginger, garlic, several kinds of warm seeds, and a quantity of the hottest Chili pepper."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 50; [2nd ed. i. 347].

1820.—"PAPAḌOMS (fine cakes made of gram-flour and a fine species of alkali, which gives them an agreeable salt taste, and serves the purpose of yeast, making them rise, and become very crisp when fried...."—_As. Researches_, xiii. 315.

" "PAPER, the flour of _ooreed_ (see OORD), salt, assa-foetida, and various spices, made into a paste, rolled as thin as a wafer, and dried in the sun, and when wanted for the table baked crisp...."—_T. Coates_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._ iii. 194.

PORCA, n.p. In _Imp. Gazetteer_ _Porakád_, also called _Piracada_; properly _Puṛākkāḍŭ_, [or according to the _Madras Gloss._ _Purakkātu_, Mal. _pura_, 'outside,' _kātu_, 'jungle']. A town on the coast of Travancore, formerly a separate State. The Portuguese had a fort here, and the Dutch, in the 17th century, a factory. Fra Paolina (1796) speaks of it as a very populous city full of merchants, Mahommedan, Christian, and Hindu. It is now insignificant. [See _Logan, Malabar_, i. 338.]

[1663-4.—"Your ffactories of Carwarr and PORQUATT are continued but to very little purpose to you."—_Forrest, Bombay Letters_, i. 18.]

PORCELAIN, s. The history of this word for China-ware appears to be as follows. The family of univalve mollusks called _Cypraeidae_, or COWRIES, (q.v.) were in medieval Italy called _porcellana_ and _porcelletta_, almost certainly from their strong resemblance to the body and back of a pig, and not from a grosser analogy suggested by Mahn (see in Littré _sub voce_). That this is so is strongly corroborated by the circumstance noted by Dr. J. E. Gray (see _Eng. Cyc. Nat. Hist._ s.v. _Cypraeidae_) that _Pig_ is the common name of shells of this family on the English coast; whilst _Sow_ also seems to be a name of one or more kinds. The enamel of this shell seems to have been used in the Middle Ages to form a coating for ornamental pottery, &c., whence the early application of the term _porcellana_ to the fine ware brought from the far East. Both applications of the term, viz. to cowries and to China-ware, occur in _Marco Polo_ (see below). The quasi-analogous application of _pig_ in Scotland to earthen-ware, noticed in an imaginary quotation below, is probably quite an accident, for there appears to be a Gaelic _pige_, 'an earthen jar,' &c. (see _Skeat_, s.v. _piggin_). We should not fail to recall Dr. Johnson's etymology of _porcelaine_ from "_pour cent années_," because it was believed by Europeans that the materials were matured under ground 100 years! (see quotations below from Barbosa, and from Sir Thomas Brown).

c. 1250.—Capmany has the following passage in the work cited. Though the same writer published the Laws of the Consulado del Mar in 1791, he has deranged the whole of the chapters, and this, which he has quoted, is omitted altogether!

"In the XLIVth chap. of the maritime laws of Barcelona, which are undoubtedly not later than the middle of the 13th century, there are regulations for the return cargoes of the ships trading with Alexandria.... In this are enumerated among articles brought from Egypt ... cotton in bales and spun wool _de capells_ (for hats?), PORCELANAS, alum, elephants' teeth...."—_Memorias, Hist. de Barcelona_, I. Pt. ii. p. 44.

1298.—"Il ont monoie en tel mainere con je voz dirai, car il espendent PORCELAINE blance, celle qe se trovent en la mer et qe se metent au cuel des chienz, et vailent les quatre-vingt PORCELAINES un saic d'arjent qe sunt deus venesians gros...."—_Marco Polo_, oldest French text, p. 132.

" "Et encore voz di qe en ceste provence, en une cité qe est apellé Tinugui, se font escuelle de PORCELLAINE grant et pitet les plus belles qe l'en peust deviser."—_Ibid._ 180.

c. 1328.—"Audivi quòd ducentas civitates habet sub se imperator ille (Magnus Tartarus) majores quàm Tholosa; et ego certè credo quòd plures habeant homines.... Alia non sunt quae ego sciam in isto imperio digna relatione, nisi vasa pulcherrima, et nobilissima, atque virtuosa PORSELETA."—_Jordani Mirabilia_, p. 59.

In the next passage it seems probable that the shells, and not China dishes, are intended.

c. 1343.—"... ghomerabica, vernice, armoniaco, zaffiere, coloquinti, PORCELLÁNE, mirra, mirabolani ... si vendono a Vinegia a cento di peso sottile" (_i.e._ by the CUTCHA hundredweight).—_Pegolotti, Practica della Mercatura_, p. 134.

c. 1440.—"... this Cim and Macinn that I haue before named arr ii verie great provinces, thinhabitants whereof arr idolaters, and there make they vessells and disshes of PORCELLANA."—_Giosafa Barbaro_, Hak. Soc. 75.

In the next the shells are clearly intended:

1442.—"_Gabelle di Firenze_ ... PORCIELETTE marine, la libra ... soldi ... denari 4."—_Uzzano, Prat. della Mercatura_, p. 23.

1461.—"PORCELLANE pezzi 20, cioè 7 piattine, 5 scodelle, 4 grandi e una piccida, piattine 5 grandi, 3 scodelle, una biava, e due bianche."—_List of Presents sent by the_ Soldan of Egypt _to the Doge_ Pasquale Malepiero. In _Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores_, xxi. col. 1170.

1475.—"The seaports of Cheen and Machin are also large. PORCELAIN is made there, and sold by the weight and at a low price."—_Nikitin_, in _India in the XVth Cent._, 21.

1487.—"... le mando lo inventario del presente del Soldano dato a Lorenzo ... vasi grandi di PORCELLANA mai più veduti simili ne meglio lavorati...."—_Letter of P. da Bibbieno to Clar. de' Medici_, in _Roscoe's Lorenzo_, ed. 1825, ii. 371.

1502.—"In questo tempo abrusiorno xxi nave sopra il porto di Calechut; et de epse hebbe tãte drogarie e speciarie che caricho le dicte sei nave. Praeterea me ha mandato sei vasi di PORZELLANA excellitissimi et grãdi: quatro bochali de argento grandi cõ certi altri vasi al modo loro per credentia."—_Letter of K. Emanuel_, 13.

1516.—"They make in this country a great quantity of PORCELAINS of different sorts, very fine and good, which form for them a great article of trade for all parts, and they make them in this way. They take the shells of sea-snails (? _caracoli_), and eggshells, and pound them, and with other ingredients make a paste, which they put underground to refine for the space of 80 or 100 years, and this mass of paste they leave as a fortune to their children...."—_Barbosa_, in _Ramusio_, i. 320_v_.

1553.—(In China) "The service of their meals is the most elegant that can be, everything being of very fine PROCELANA (although they also make use of silver and gold plate), and they eat everything with a fork made after their fashion, never putting a hand into their food, much or little."—_Barros_, III. ii. 7.

1554.—(After a suggestion of the identity of the _vasa murrhina_ of the ancients): "Ce nom de PORCELAINE est donné à plusieurs coquilles de mer. Et pource qu'vn beau Vaisseau d'vne coquille de mer ne se pourroit rendre mieux à propos suyuãt le nom antique, que de l'appeller de PORCELÁINE i'ay pensé que les coquilles polies et luysantes, resemblants à Nacre de perles, ont quelque affinité auec la matière des vases de PORCELAINE antiques: ioinct aussi que le peuple Frãçois nomme les patesnostres faictes de gros vignols, patenostres de PORCELAINE. Les susdicts vases de PORCELAINE sont transparents, et coustent bien cher au Caire, et disent mesmement qu'ilz les apportent des Indes. Mais cela ne me sembla vraysemblable: car on n'en voirroit pas si grande quantité, ne de si grãdes pieces, s'il failloit apporter de si loing. Vne esguiere, vn pot, ou vn autre vaisseau pour petite qu'elle soit, couste vn ducat: si c'est quelque grãd vase, il coustera d'auantage."—_P. Belon, Observations_, f. 134.

c. 1560.—"And because there are many opinions among the Portugals which have not beene in _China_, about where this PORCELANE is made, and touching the substance whereof it is made, some saying, that it is of oysters shels, others of dung rotten of a long time, because they were not enformed of the truth, I thought it conuenient to tell here the substance...."—_Gaspar da Cruz_, in _Purchas_, iii. 177.

[1605-6.—"... China dishes or PUSELEN."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 77.

[1612.—"Balanced one part with sandal wood, PORCELAIN and pepper."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 197.]

1615.—"If we had in England beds of PORCELAIN such as they have in China,—which PORCELAIN is a kind of plaster buried in the earth, and by length of time congealed and glazed into that substance; this were an artificial mine, and part of that substance...."—_Bacon, Argument on Impeachment of Waste_; _Works_, by _Spedding_, &c., 1859, vii. 528.

c. 1630.—"The _Bannyans_ all along the sea-shore pitch their Booths ... for there they sell Callicoes, China-satten, PURCELLAIN-ware, scrutores or Cabbinets...."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1665, p. 45.

1650.—"We are not thoroughly resolved concerning PORCELLANE or China dishes, that according to common belief they are made of earth, which lieth in preparation about an hundred years underground; for the relations thereof are not only divers but contrary; and Authors agree not herein...."—_Sir Thomas Browne, Vulgar Errors_, ii. 5.

[1652.—"Invited by Lady Gerrard I went to London, where we had a greate supper; all the vessels, which were innumerable, were of PORCELAN, she having the most ample and richest collection of that curiositie in England."—_Evelyn, Diary_, March 19.]

1726.—In a list of the treasures left by Akbar, which is given by Valentijn, we find:

"In PORCELYN, &c., Ropias 2507747."—iv. (_Suratte_), 217.

1880.—"'Vasella quidem delicatiora et caerulea et venusta, quibus inhaeret nescimus quid elegantiae, PORCELLANA vocantur, quasi (sed nescimus quare) a _porcellis_. In partibus autem Britanniae quae septentrionem spectant, vocabulo forsan analogo, vasa grossiora et fusca _pigs_ appellant barbari, quasi (sed quare iterum nescimus) a _porcis_.' _Narrischchen und Weitgeholt, Etymol. Universale_, s.v. 'Blue China.'"—Motto to _An Ode in Brown Pig, St. James's Gazette_, July 17.

PORGO, s. We know this word only from its occurrence in the passage quoted; and most probably the explanation suggested by the editor of the _Notes_ is correct, viz. that it represents Port. _peragua_. This word is perhaps the same as _pirogue_, used by the French for a canoe or 'dug-out'; a term said by Littré to be (_piroga_) Carib. [On the passage from T. B. quoted below Sir H. Yule has the following note: "J. (_i.e._ T.) B., the author, gives a rough drawing. It represents the _Purgoe_ as a somewhat high-sterned lighter, not very large, with five oar-pins a side. I cannot identify it exactly with any kind of modern boat of which I have found a representation. It is perhaps most like the _palwār_. I think it must be an Orissa word, but I have not been able to trace it in any dictionary, Uriya or Bengali." On this Col. Temple says: "The modern Indian _palwār_ (Malay _palwa_) is a skiff, and would not answer the description." Anderson (_loc. cit._) mentions that in 1685 several "well-laden _Purgoes_" and boats had put in for shelter at Rameswaram to the northward of Madapollam, _i.e._ on the Coromandel Coast. There seems to be no such word known there now. I think, however, that the term _Purgoo_ is probably an obsolete Anglo-Indian corruption of an Indian corruption of the Port. term _barco_, _barca_, a term used for any kind of sailing boat by the early Portuguese visitors to the East (_e.g._ _D'Alboquerque_, Hak. Soc. ii. 230; _Vasco da Gama_, Hak. Soc. 77, 240).]

[1669-70.—"A PURGOO: These Vse for the most part between Hugly and Pyplo and Ballasore: with these boats they carry goods into ye Roads on board English and Dutch, &c. Ships, they will liue a longe time in ye Sea, beinge brought to anchor by ye Sterne, as theire Vsual way is."—MS. by T. B.[ateman], quoted by _Anderson, English Intercourse with Siam_, p. 266.]

1680.—Ft. St. Geo. Consn., Jany. 30, "records arrival from the Bay of the 'Success,' the Captain of which reports that a PORGO [_Peragua_?, a fast-sailing vessel, Clipper] drove ashore in the Bay about Peply...."—_Notes and Exts._ No. iii. p. 2.

[1683.—"The Thomas arrived with ye 28 bales of Silk taken out of the PURGA."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 65.

[1685.—"In Hoogly letter to Fort St. George, dated February 6 PORGO occurs coupled with 'bora' (Hind. bhar, 'a lighter')."—_Pringle, Diary Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. iii. 165.]

PORTIA, s. In S. India the common name of the _Thespesia populnea_, Lam. (N.O. _Malvaceae_), a favourite ornamental tree, thriving best near the sea. The word is a corruption of Tamil _Puarassu_, 'Flower-king'; [_pu-varasu_, from _pu_, 'flower,' _arasu_, 'PEEPUL tree']. In Ceylon it is called _Suria gansuri_, and also the Tulip-tree.

1742.—"Le bois sur lequel on les met (les toiles), et celui qu'on employe pour les battre, sont ordinairement de tamarinier, ou d'un autre arbe nommé PORCHI."—_Lett. Edif._ xiv. 122.

1860.—"Another useful tree, very common in Ceylon, is the _Suria_, with flowers so like those of a tulip that Europeans know it as the tulip tree. It loves the sea air and saline soils. It is planted all along the avenues and streets in the towns near the coast, where it is equally valued for its shade and the beauty of its yellow flowers, whilst its tough wood is used for carriage-shafts and gun-stocks."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, i. 117.

1861.—"It is usual to plant large branches of the PORTIA and banyan trees in such a slovenly manner that there is little probability of the trees thriving or being ornamental."—_Cleghorn, Forests and Gardens of S. India_, 197.

PORTO NOVO, n.p. A town on the coast of South Arcot, 32 m. S. of Pondicherry. The first mention of it that we have found is in Bocarro, _Decada_, p. 42 (c. 1613). The name was perhaps intended to mean 'New Oporto,' rather than 'New Haven,' but we have not found any history of the name. [The Tamil name is _Parangi-pēṭṭai_, 'European town,' and it is called by Mahommedans _Maḥmūd-bandar_.]

1718.—"At Night we came to a Town called PORTA NOVA, and in Malabarish _Pirenkī Potei_ (_Parangipēṭṭai_)."—_Propagation of the Gospel_, &c., Pt. ii. 41.

1726.—"The name of this city (_Porto Novo_) signifies in Portuguese NEW HAVEN, but the Moors call it _Mohhammed Bendar_ ... and the Gentoos _Perringepeente_."—_Valentijn, Choromandel_, 8.

PORTO PIQUENO, PORTO GRANDE, nn.pp. 'The Little Haven and the Great Haven'; names by which the Bengal ports of SATIGAM (q.v.) and _Chatigam_ (see CHITTAGONG) respectively were commonly known to the Portuguese in the 16th century.

1554.—"PORTO PEQUENO _de Bemgala_ ... COWRIES are current in the country; 80 cowries make 1 _pone_ (see PUN); of these _pones_ 48 are equal to 1 LARIN more or less."—_A. Nunes_, 37.

1554.—"PORTO GRANDE _de Bemgala_. The MAUND (_mão_), by which they weigh all goods, contains 40 SEERS (_ceros_), each seer 18-2/5 ounces...."—_A. Nunes_, 37.

1568.—"Io mi parti d'Orisa per Bengala al PORTO PICHENO ... s'entra nel fiume Ganze, dalla bocca del qual fiume sino a _Satagan_ (see SATIGAM) città, oue si fanno negotij, et oue i mercadanti si riducono, sono centi e venti miglia, che si fanno in diciotto hore a remi, cioè, in tre crescenti d'acqua, che sono di sei hore l'uno."—_Ces. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 392.

1569.—"Partissemo di Sondiua, et giungessemo in Chitigan il GRAN PORTO di Bengala, in tempo che già i Portoghesi haueuano fatto pace o tregua con i Rettori."—_Ibid._ 396.

1595.—"Besides, you tell me that the traffic and commerce of the PORTO PEQUENO of Bemguala being always of great moment, if this goes to ruin through the Mogors, they will be the masters of those tracts."—_Letter of the K. of Portugal_, in _Archiv. Port. Orient._, Fascic. 3, p. 481.

1596.—"And so he wrote me that the Commerce of PORTO GRANDE of Bengala is flourishing, and that the King of the Country had remitted to the Portuguese 3 per cent. of the duties that they used to pay."—_Ibid._ p. 580.

1598.—"When you thinke you are at the point de Gualle, to be assured thereof, make towards the Iland, to know it ... where commonlie all the shippes know the land, such I say as we sayle to _Bengalen_, or to any of the Hauens thereof, as PORTO PEQUENO or PORTO GRANDE, that is the small, or the great Haven, where the Portingalles doe traffique...."—_Linschoten_,