C.

Cabanis, i. 168 _n._

Calendar, ancients', iv. 325 _n._

Campbell, Dr. George, iii. 391 _n._

Campbell, Prof. Lewis, on _Theætêtus_, iii. 111 _n._, 112 _n._, 146 _n._, 158 _n._; advance of modern experimental science, 155 _n._

Canon of Plato, ancient discussions, i. 264; works in Alexandrine library at the time of Kallimachus, 276; probability of being in Alexandrine library at formation, 283; editions from Alexandrine library, 295; spurious works possibly in other libraries, 286; Aristophanes, the grammarian, first arranged Platonic canon, _ib._; in trilogies, 273; indicated by Plato himself, 325; catalogue by Aristophanes trustworthy, 285; ten dialogues rejected by all ancient critics, following Alexandrine authorities, 297; Thrasyllus follows Aristophanes' classification, 295, 299; Tetralogies, 273 _n._; not the order established by Plato, 335 _n._; his classification, 289; its principle, 295 _n._; division into _dramatic_ and _diegematic_, 288; incongruity of divisions, 294; classification, defective but useful--dialogues of Search, of Exposition, 361; erroneously applied, 364; the scheme, when its principles correctly applied, 365; sub-classes recognised, 366; coincides with Aristotle's two methods, Dialectic, Demonstrative, 363; Thrasyllus did not doubt _Hipparchus_, 297 _n._; authority acknowledged till 16th century, 301; more trustworthy than modern critics, 299 _n._, 335; Diogenes Laertius, 291 _n._, 294; Serranus, 302; _Phædrus_ considered by Tennemann keynote of series, 303; Schleiermacher, _ib._; proofs slender, 317, 324; includes a preconceived scheme and an order of interdependence, 318; assumptions as to _Phædrus_ inadmissible, 319; his reasons internal, _ib._, 337, iv. 431; _Phædon_, the first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, i. 288; considered spurious by Panætius the Stoic, _ib._; no internal theory yet established, 319; Ast, 304; admits only fourteen, 305; Socher, 306; Stallbaum, 307; K. F. Hermann, _ib._; coincides with Susemihl, 310; principle reasonable, 322; more tenable than Schleiermacher's, 324; Ueberweg attempts reconcilement of Schleiermacher and Hermann, 313; Steinhart rejects several, 309; Munk, 311; next to Schleiermacher's in ambition, 320; Trendelenburg, 345 _n._; other critics, 316; the problem incapable of solution, 317; few certainties or reasonable presumptions for fixing date or order of dialogues, 324; positive date of any dialogue unknown, 326; age of Sokrates in a dialogue, of no moment, 320; no sequence or interdependence of the dialogues provable, 322, 407; circumstances of Plato's intellectual and philosophical development little known, 323 _n._; Plato did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443 _n._; proofs, 327-334; unsafe ground of modern theories, 336; shown by Schleiermacher, 337; a true theory must recognise Plato's varieties and be based on all the works in the canon, 339; dialogues may be grouped, 361; inconsistency no proof of spuriousness, _xiii._, 344, 375, 400 _n._, ii. 299, iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 182 _n._, 284, 332, 400, 420, iv. 138; see _Dialogues_, _Epistles_.

Category of relation, iii. 128 _n._

Cause, Aristotle blames Demokritus for omitting _final_, i. 73 _n._; only the _material_ attended to by Ionic philosophy, 88; designing cause, 74 _n._; Sokrates' intellectual development turned on different views as to a true, ii. 398; first doctrine, rejected, 391, 399; second principle, optimistic, renounced, 395, 403; efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400; third doctrine, assumption of ideas as separate entia, 396, 403; ideas the only true, 396; substitution of physical for mental, Anaxagoras, Sokrates, Aristotle, Descartes, Newton, 401; tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real, 404 _n._; no common idea of, 405, 407, 410 _n._; but common search for, 406; Aristotle and Plato differ, 407; Plato's _formal_ and _final_, 408 _n._; principal and auxiliary, iii. 266; controversy of Megarics and Aristotle, i. 135-141; depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141; potential as distinguished from actual, 139; meaning of, Hobbes, _ib._ _n._, 144; regular and irregular, ii. 408; no regular sequence of antecedent on consequent, doctrine of Sokrates, Plato, Aristotle, i. 142; Aristotle's graduation of, _ib._; Aristotle's notion of _Chance_, _ib._; Stoics, 143 _n._; Aristotle's four, in middle ages, ii. 409 _n._; More's Emanative, 403 _n._; modern inductive theory, 408; chief point of divergence of modern schools, 409 _n._

Cave, simile of, iv. 67-70.

Cavendish, discovery of composition of water, ii. 163 _n._

Chance, of Demokritus and the Epikureans, i. 73 _n._; Aristotle's notion of, 142; Theophrastus, 143 _n._; Stoics, _ib._

Chaos, Hesiod, i. 4 _n._; Empedokles, 39, 54; Anaxagoras, 50, _ib._ _n._; postulated in _Timæus_, iv. 220, 240.

_Charmidês_, authenticity, i. 306-7, ii. 171; date, i. 308-10, 312, 315, 328, 331; excellent specimen of dialogues of search, ii. 163; scene and interlocutors, 153; temperance, a kind of sedateness, objections, 154; a variety of feeling of shame, refuted, _ib._; doing one's own business, refuted, 155, iv. 136, 137; distinction of _making_ and _doing_, ii. 155; self-knowledge, _ib._; is impossible, 167; no object of knowledge distinct from the knowledge itself, 156; knowledge of knowledge impossible, analogies, _ib._; all properties relative, 157; all knowledge relative to some object, _ib._; if cognition of cognition possible, yet cognition of non-cognition impossible, 158; temperance as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no avail for happiness, 159, 161; knowledge of good and evil contributes most to happiness, 160; different from other sciences, 168; temperance not the science of good and evil, 161; temperance undiscovered, but a good, 162; compared with _Lachês_, 168; _Lysis_, 172, 184 _n._; _Politikus_, iii. 282; _Republic_, iv. 137, 138.

Charondas, iv. 323 _n._, 398 _n._

Chinese compared with Pythagorean philosophers, i. 159 _n._

Chrysippus, sophisms, i. 128 _n._, 141; communism of wives, 189 _n._

Cicero, on freedom of thought, i. 384 _n._; state religion alone allowed, iv. 379 _n._; _De Amicitia_ compared with _Lysis_, ii. 189 _n._; Plato's reminiscence, 250 _n._; immortality of the soul, 423 _n._; pleasure, iii. 389 _n._; _Menexenus_, 407 _n._; Sokrates, _concitatio_, 423 _n._; proëms to laws, iv. 322 _n._; Stoics, i. 130 _n._, 157 _n._; Academics, 131 _n._; Megarics, 135 _n._

Classes, fiction as to origin of, iv. 30; see _Demos_, _State_.

Classification, emotional and scientific contrasted, iii. 61, 195, 196 _n._; conscious and unconscious, 345; the feeling of Plato's age respecting, 192 _n._, 344; dialogues of search a lesson in, 177, 188; novelty and value of this, 190; all particulars of equal value, 195; tendency to omit sub-classes, 255, 342; well illustrated in _Philêbus_, 254, 344; but feebly applied, 369; importance of founding it on sensible resemblances, 255; Plato's doctrine not necessarily connected with that of Ideas, 345; Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368; same principle of, applied to cognitions and pleasures in _Philêbus_, 382, 394; its valuable principles, 395; of sciences as more or less true, dialectic the standard, 382; of Megarics, over-refined, 196 _n._

Cleynaerts, iv. 380 _n._

Climate, influence of, iv. 330 _n._

Colenso, Bp., iii. 303 _n._

Collard, Royer, iii. 165 _n._

Colour, Demokritean theory, i. 77; defined, ii. 235; pleasures of, true, iii. 356.

Comedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited, iii. 355 _n._; Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._

Commerce, each artisan only one trade, iv. 361; importation, by magistrates, of what is imperatively necessary only, _ib._; Benefit Societies,g 399; retailers, 21, 361, 401; punishment for fraud, 492; Attic law compared, 403; Xenophon inexperienced in, i. 236; admired by Xenophon, _ib._; Metics, iv. 362; Xenophon on encouragement of, i. 238.

Communism of guardians, iv. 140, 169, 198; necessary to maintenance of state, 170, 178; peculiarity of Plato's, 179; Aristotle on, 189 _n._; acknowledged impracticable, 327; of wives, opinions of Aristippus, Diogenes, Zeno, and Chrysippus, i. 189, _ib._ _n._

Comte, three stages of progress, ii. 407.

Concrete, its Greek equivalent, ii. 52 _n._; see _Abstract_.

Condorcet, iv. 232 _n._, 258 _n._

Connotation, or essence, to be known before accidents and antecedents, ii. 242.

Consciousness, judgment implied in every act of, iii. 165 _n._; the facts of, not explicable by independent Subject and Object, 131.

Contradiction, principle of, in Plato, iii. 99 _n._; logical maxim of, 239; necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 149 _n._, 150; contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 _n._

Contraries, ten pairs of opposing, Pythagorean, i. 15; the Pythagorean "principia of existing things," _ib._ _n._; Herakleitus, 29, 31; excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7 _n._

Copula, logical function of, i. 169; misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 _n._, 251 _n._, ii. 47 _n._

Cornutus, i. 128, 133.

Council, Nocturnal, to conserve the original scheme of State, iv. 416, 418; to comprehend and carry out the end of the State, _ib._, 425, 429; training in _Epinomis_, 420, 424.

Courage, what is, ii. 143; not endurance, 144; is knowledge, 288; a right estimate of terrible things, 144, 296, 307, iv. 138; such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii. 148; the intelligence of good and evil generally, too wide, 146; relation to rest of virtue, 288, 304 _n._, iv. 426, 283 _n._; of philosopher and ordinary citizen, different principles, ii. 308 _n._; in state, iv. 34-5; imparted by gymnastic, 29; _Lachês_ difficulties ignored in _Politikus_, iii. 282; Plato and Aristotle compared, ii. 170.

Cousin, the absolute, iii. 298 _n._; on _Sophistês_, 244; _Timæus_, iv. 224 _n._

Creation out of nothing denied by all ancient physical philosophers, i. 52; see _Body_, _Kosmos_.

Crime, distinction of damage and injury, iv. 365, 367-9; three causes of misguided proceedings, 366; purpose of punishment, to heal criminals' distemper or deter, _ib._, 408; sacrilege and high treason the gravest, 363; see _Law-administration_.

Criticism, value of, ii. 118.

Cudworth, entities, iii. 74 _n._

Cynics, origin of name, i. 150 _n._; a [Greek: ai(/resis], 160 _n._; asceticism, 157; Sokrates' precepts fullest carried out by, 160; suicide, 161 _n._; coincidence of Hegesias with, 203; an order of mendicant friars, 163; connection with Christian monks, _ib._ _n._; the decorous and the indecorous, iii. 390 _n._

Cyrus, iv. 312,** i. 223.